Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 6 views

    Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Jump To Navigation Jump To Search

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Estayan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Jump To Navigation Jump To Search

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Estayan
    6 views6 pages

    Original Title

    sars II

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    6 views6 pages

    Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Jump To Navigation Jump To Search

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Estayan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Severe acute respiratory syndrome

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    Jump to navigationJump to search
    "SARS" redirects here. For China's special administrative regions (SARs), see Special
    administrative regions of China. For other uses, see SARS (disambiguation).

    Severe acute respiratory syndrome


    (SARS)

    Other names Sudden acute respiratory syndrome[1]

    Electron micrograph of SARS coronavirus virion

     /sɑːrz/
    Pronunciation

    Specialty Infectious disease

    Symptoms Fever, persistent dry cough, headache, muscle pains,

    difficulty breathing

    Complications Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with

    other comorbidities that eventually leads to death

    Causes Severe acute respiratory syndrome

    coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1)

    Prevention Hand washing, cough etiquette, avoiding close

    contact with infected persons, avoiding travel to


    affected areas[2]

    Prognosis 9.5% chance of death (all countries)

    Frequency 8,098 cases

    Deaths 774 known

    Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory


    disease of zoonotic origin caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
    coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the first identified strain of the
    SARS coronavirus species severe acute respiratory syndrome–related
    coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). The syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In
    late 2017, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm
    civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.[3]
    SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the
    incidence was 8,422 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%.[4] No cases of SARS-
    CoV-1 have been reported worldwide since 2004. [5] As of 2020, SARS is
    considered eradicated in humans, but as the virus also infects animals, it is possible
    that it will re-emerge in the future.[6]
    In December 2019, another strain of SARS-CoV was identified as severe acute
    respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[7] This new strain
    causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease which brought about
    the COVID-19 pandemic.[8]

    Contents

     1Signs and symptoms


     2Transmission
     3Diagnosis
     4Prevention
     5Treatment
    o 5.1Vaccine
     6Prognosis
     7Epidemiology
    o 7.1Outbreak in South China
    o 7.2Spread to other regions
     7.2.1Hong Kong
     7.2.2Toronto
    o 7.3Identification of virus
     7.3.1Origin and animal vectors
    o 7.4Containment
    o 7.5Laboratory accidents
     8Society and culture
     9See also
     10References
     11Further reading
     12External links

    Signs and symptoms[edit]


    SARS produces flu-like symptoms and may include fever, muscle pain, lethargy,
    cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms. The only symptom common to all
    patients appears to be a fever above 38 °C (100 °F). SARS may eventually lead
    to shortness of breath and pneumonia; either direct viral pneumonia or
    secondary bacterial pneumonia.[citation needed]
    The average incubation period for SARS is 4–6 days, although rarely it could be as
    short as 1 day or as long as 14 days.[9]

    Transmission[edit]
    The primary route of transmission for SARS-CoV is contact of the mucous
    membranes with respiratory droplets or fomites. While diarrhea is common in people
    with SARS, the fecal–oral route does not appear to be a common mode of transmission.
    [9]
     The basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV, R0, ranges from 2 to 4 depending on
    different analyses. Control measures introduced in April 2003 reduced the R to 0.4. [9]

    Diagnosis[edit]

    A chest X-ray showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of pneumonia, in a patient with SARS

    SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has:

     Any of the symptoms, including a fever of 38 °C (100 °F) or higher, and


     Either a history of:
    o Contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a diagnosis of SARS
    within the last 10 days or
    o Travel to any of the regions identified by the World Health
    Organization (WHO) as areas with recent local transmission of
    SARS.
     Clinical Criteria of Sars-Cov Diagnosis[10]
    o Early illness: equal to or more than 2 of the following: chills,
    rigors, myalgia, diarrhea, sore throat (self – reported or observed)
    o Mild-to-Moderate illness: temperature of > 38 plus indications of
    lower respiratory tract infection (cough, dyspnea)
    o Severe Illness: ≥1 of radiographic evidence, presence of ARDS,
    autopsy findings in late patients.
    For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be indicative for atypical
    pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    The WHO has added the category of "laboratory confirmed SARS" which means
    patients who would otherwise be considered "probable" and have tested positive for
    SARS based on one of the approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR) but
    their chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection(e.g. ground glass opacities,
    patchy consolidations unilateral).[10][11]
    The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally
    appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates.[12]

    Prevention[edit]
    There is no vaccine for SARS, although immunologist Anthony Fauci mentioned that the
    CDC developed one and placed it in the US national stockpile. [13] That vaccine, however,
    is a prototype and not field-ready as of March 2020. [14] Clinical
    isolation and quarantine remain the most effective means to prevent the spread of
    SARS. Other preventive measures include:

     Hand-washing with soap and water, or use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer[15]


     Disinfection of surfaces of fomites to remove viruses
     Avoiding contact with bodily fluids
     Washing the personal items of someone with SARS in hot, soapy water
    (eating utensils, dishes, bedding, etc.)[16]
     Keeping children with symptoms home from school
     Simple hygiene measures
     Isolating oneself as much as possible to minimize the chances of
    transmission of the virus
    Many public health interventions were made to try to control the spread of the disease,
    which is mainly spread through respiratory droplets in the air, either inhaled or
    deposited on surfaces and subsequently transferred to a body's mucous membranes.
    These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who
    are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of personal protective
    equipment (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns. [4] A 2017 meta-analysis found
    that for medical professionals wearing N-95 masks could reduce the chances of getting
    sick up to 80% compared to no mask.[17] A screening process was also put in place at
    airports to monitor air travel to and from affected countries. [18]
    SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the
    second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that quarantine was highly
    effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted the
    disease to others.[9]
    Although no cases have been identified since 2004, as of 2017, the CDC was still
    working to make federal and local rapid-response guidelines and recommendations in
    the event of a reappearance of the virus.[19]

    Treatment[edit]

    Award to the staff of the Hôpital Français de Hanoï for their dedication during the SARS crisis

    As SARS is a viral disease, antibiotics do not have direct effect but may be used against
    bacterial secondary infection. Treatment of SARS is mainly supportive with antipyretics,
    supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed. While Ribavirin is
    commonly used to treat SARS, there seems to have little to no effect on SARS-CoV,
    and no impact on patient's outcomes.[20] There is currently no proven antiviral therapy.
    Tested substances, include ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, type I interferon, that have thus
    far shown no conclusive contribution to the disease's course. [21] Administration
    of corticosteroids, is recommended by the British Thoracic Society/British Infection
    Society/Health Protection Agency in patients with severe disease and O2 saturation of
    <90%.[22]
    People with SARS-CoV must be isolated, preferably in negative-pressure rooms, with
    complete barrier nursing precautions taken for any necessary contact with these
    patients, to limit the chances of medical personnel becoming infected. [10] In certain
    cases, natural ventilation by opening doors and windows is documented to help
    decreasing indoor concentration of virus particles.[23]
    Some of the more serious damage caused by SARS may be due to the body's own
    immune system reacting in what is known as cytokine storm.[24]
    Vaccine[edit]
    See also: Economics of vaccines and COVID-19 vaccine
    As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be
    both safe and effective in humans.[25][26] According to research papers published in 2005
    and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat
    SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world. [27][28]
    [29]
     In early 2004, an early clinical trial on volunteers was planned. [30] A major researcher's
    2016 request, however, demonstrated that no field-ready SARS vaccine had been
    completed because likely market-driven priorities had ended funding. [14]

    Prognosis[edit]
    Several consequent reports from China on some recovered SARS patients showed
    severe long-time sequelae. The most typical diseases include, among other
    things, pulmonary fibrosis, osteoporosis, and femoral necrosis, which have led in some
    cases to the complete loss of working ability or even self-care ability of people who have
    recovered from SARS. As a result of quarantine procedures, some of the post-SARS
    patients have been documented as suffering from post-traumatic stress
    disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder.[31][32]

    Epidemiology[edit]
    Main article: 2002–2004 SARS outbreak
    SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the
    incidence was 8,422 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%.[4]
    The case fatality rate (CFR) ranges from 0% to 50% depending on the age group of the
    patient.[9] Patients under 24 were least likely to die (less than 1%); those 65 and older
    were most likely to die (over 55%).[33]
    As with MERS and COVID-19, SARS resulted in significantly more deaths of males than
    females.

    You might also like