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Modern Methods of Construction to Build Homes More Quickly and Efﬁciently: A

Study of the UK Industry
Research · December 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21757.51684
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2
Modern Methods of Construction to Build Homes More

Quickly and Efficiently: A Study of the UK Industry
Victor Gitonga
University Of Embu
Abstract
The current study reveals that modern construction methods to complete build houses
more quickly was the most standing out aspect of adopting the construction approach. It has
several benefits over the traditional construction methods which include reducing risks /
accidents that occur on construction sites, Reduced the time for delivery of the project due to
simplified construction processes, improving the quality and reducing works defects due to
factory control and was better in consistency in standards / quality. The current research is a
quantitative study with used survey as a data collection tool. This approach was chosen because
Quantitative research provides quantifiable information presented in a numerical form, which
allows the use of statistics to generalize the research findings. The questionnaire was
administered online over the internet created as web forms by smart survey.com and the link
shared to the participant through email. The researcher sent 75 invites to the selected
participants of the study to participate in the online survey. Out of the 75 questionnaires sent to
the participants, only 25 were filled correctly which were used in the analysis. The most adopted
form of the modern construction methods was the sub-assemblies and components with 68% of
the respondents reporting to have used them in construction projects. Site based MMC systems
were more used than pods, accounting for 18% and 8% respectively. The findings of the current
study show that it is the least adopted form of modern construction, an indication that there is
need for more effort to promote the adoption of this particular form of MMC. Suggestions for
future research include evaluating the emerging technologies in the modern construction sector
and what impact do they have in reducing the housing crisis in the United Kingdom.
Table of Contents
Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2
Modern Methods of Construction 3
List of tables ........................................................................................................................ 5

List of figures ...................................................................................................................... 5
List of appendices ..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Acknowledgement .............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Abbreviations .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 6
1.1 Background of the study ....................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Overview of modern construction methods........................................................ 7
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 8

1.3 Study Justification ................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Research ....................................................................... 8
1.5 Research questions .................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Structure of chapters/sections.................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 10
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10
2.1.1 Types of MMC ................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Overview of modern construction methods ............................................................ 12
2.2.1 History of modern construction methods in the U.K........................................ 12

2.2.2 Modern construction methods versus traditional methods in addressing
uncertainties experienced in the UK housing industry .......................................................... 13
2.3 Adoption of MMC in the U.K ................................................................................. 15

2.3.1 Impact of modern construction methods in the U.K construction industry ......... 15
2.3.2 Drivers of Modern Construction Methods in U.K Construction Industry ........ 16

2.3.3Benefits of Modern Construction Methods ....................................................... 17
2.3.4 Barriers of Modern Construction Methods ....................................................... 18
2.3.5 Strategies to Overcome Barriers Holding Back Adoption of MMC ................ 19
2.5 Adoption of Modern construction methods in other countries ............................... 20
2.5.1MMC in Japan ................................................................................................... 20

2.5.2 MMC in Scandinavia ........................................................................................ 21
2.6 Summary of the Literature Review ......................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 22
3.1 Setting and Design of the Study .............................................................................. 23

3.2 Study Population ..................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1 Population Characteristics ................................................................................ 23
3.4 Sampling Technique ................................................................................................ 24

3.5 Data collection methods and procedures ................................................................. 24
3.5.1 Overview of the questionnaire design .............................................................. 25

3.5.2 Validity and reliability ...................................................................................... 25
3.6 Ethical Consideration .............................................................................................. 26

3.9 Study Limitation and Remedies .............................................................................. 26
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .................................................................................................. 27

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ................................................... 34
5.1 Analysis of the Questionnaire ................................................................................. 34

5.2 Use of modern construction methods ...................................................................... 36
5.3 Quality of modern construction methods in comparison to traditional construction
methods ..................................................................................................................................... 41
5.4 Benefits of modern construction method ................................................................ 42
5.5 Barriers to adoption of modern construction methods ............................................ 44
5.6 Strategies to promote the adoption of MMC ........................................................... 46
5.7 potential of MMC to address the housing crisis in the U.K .................................... 48
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMEDATIONS ............................................ 51

FUTURE RESERCH ........................................................................................................ 53
REFERENCES: ................................................................................................................ 54
Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 57
Appendix 1: Questionnaire............................................................................................ 57
Appendix II: Participants consent ................................................................................. 66
List of tables
Table 1: comparison of traditional and modern construction methods......................................... 15
Table 3: Types of participant’s organizations .............................................................................. 27
Table 4: participants experience in the construction industry. ..................................................... 28
Table 5: Different forms of MMC used by Participants ............................................................... 29
Table 6: quality MMC on completed projects when compared to the traditional construction
methods ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Table 7: particular aspects of the MMC that impressed the participants in their previously
completed projects ........................................................................................................................ 30
Table 8: Advantages of MMC ...................................................................................................... 31
Table 9: Barriers Hindering the Adoption of MMC ..................................................................... 32
Table 10: Strategies That Are Effective in Overcoming barriers hindering the adoption of the
MMC ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Table 11: potential of the MMC to address the current housing crisis in the U.K ....................... 33
List of figures
Figure 1: Nature of participant’s organization .............................................................................. 34
Figure 2: average years of experience for the participants in the construction industry .............. 35
Figure 3: Usage of Different Systems of MMC............................................................................ 36
Figure 4: Paneled Forms of MMC ................................................................................................ 37
Figure 5: Pod forms of MMC ....................................................................................................... 38
Figure 6: Site Based Forms of MMC ............................................................................................ 38
Figure 7: Subassemblies and Components Forms of MMC ........................................................ 39

Figure 8: Volumetric Forms of MMC .......................................................................................... 40
Figure 9: Comparison on Quality of MMC over Traditionally Constructed Projects .................. 41
Figure 10: Particular Aspects That Stood Out In MMC Completed Projects............................... 42
Figure 11: benefits of MMC on a scale of 1-5(1 is least important and 5 are the most important)
....................................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 12 barriers Adoption of MMC on A Scale of 1-5(1 is Least Important And 5 Is the Most
Important) ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 13 Strategies to Promote MMC on A Scale of 1-5(1 Is Least Important And 5 Is the Most
Important) ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 14: potential of the MMC in addressing house shortage ................................................... 49
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Estimates indicate that the need for affordable housing in the U.K lies between 230,000-
300,000 units every year (Heath, 2014). This level of demand is currently three times above the
market supply largely indicating the inability of the currently used traditional construction
methods to meet the rising housing demand. Although the use of modern construction methods
in the United Kingdom is slightly increasing, it is adopted at a lower rate when compared to
other developed countries in Asia and Europe (Matsumara, 2004). The majority of houses in the
United Kingdom are built using the traditional construction methods, which has a deep history in
U.Ks construction sector. Recent studies still shows that majority of the people in the U.K still
prefer traditional constructed houses despite their proven inefficiency in addressing the U.Ks
housing crisis.
Modern construction methods are a collection of relatively new techniques, which are
significantly more efficient and advantageous over the traditional construction approaches. These
methods have been proven to be faster, giving this method the potential to address the rising
housing demand experienced in the United Kingdom. Currently, U.K government is
encouraging house builders to adopt modern construction methods in an attempt to address
unresolved challenges that face the traditional construction methods. In addition, construction
companies are also exploring innovative ways to lower the rising operating costs due to
emerging economic crisis, and provide high quality and affordable housing as more people are
unable to acquire houses due to the rising housing prices (Cho, 2014). Are the modern
construction methods more efficient and quicker when compared to the traditional construction
approaches? This dissertation evaluates the modern construction method as an efficient solution
to building quality and affordable homes efficiently and quickly, and its potential to resolve the
crisis facing the United Kingdom’s housing sector.
1.1.1 Overview of modern construction methods

The modern construction methods gradually evolved from the traditional construction
methods of timber and masonry construction. Currently, the structural insulated panels, thin joint
systems and Aircrete blocks which are a type of modern construction methods evolved from
these traditional construction techniques. These methods evolved as house builders sought
alternatives to meet the demand from the large scale commercial construction at the turn of the
20th century (Hashemi, 2013). Therefore, innovations on construction sector have led to new
construction methods with reduced construction time and allow offsite prefabrication of
construction components in a factory controlled environment. In the U.k, the modern
construction methods were largely used as temporarily solution to meet the post second world
war housing demand, famously known as “prefabs”. However, their poor success in terms of
design and quality has promoted a negative image towards the use of prefabrication construction
methods up to date in the U.K (Phillipson, Scotland, B. R. E., & Lane, 2001).
Currently, modern construction methods have significantly advanced from the prefabs of
1940s. They use fewer materials when compared to the traditional construction approaches, and
have fewer defects hence higher quality (Pan, 2007). In addition, Modern construction methods
are more accurate in terms of forecasting construction costs, and meet the rising demand in
shortage of skilled construction labour. They are also more effectively designed to for efficient
energy consumptions and energy saving, especially for house heating systems which consume an
excessive amount of energy for traditionally built houses. Most important, they have reduced
construction time when compared to the traditional construction methods (Pan, Gibb& Dainty,
2008).
1.2 Problem Statement

The traditional construction approaches which are mostly adopted in the U.K construction sector
has been overwhelmed by the increasing demand for faster, quality and affordable house
construction. The increase in demand for affordable and quality houses in the United Kingdom is
alarming. In the last few years, the demand for affordable houses in the U.K has been rising
significantly, with no probable solution from the construction sector to address the crisis (Elnaas,
2014). Estimates indicate that the prices of houses have increased at almost seven times above
the average income, making it difficult for average citizens to acquire their homes. In addition to
the rising house price to income ratio, the number of new households has also remained higher
than the number of houses built in since 2008 (Ball, 2010). Adopting modern construction
methods seems the most efficient solution to address the housing crisis. MMC has the potential
to build more houses with the same labour used in the traditional or on-site construction methods
and with a less period of time.
1.3 Study Justification

The debate to adopting modern construction methods or continuing to use the traditional
construction methods which are more common in the UK construction sector has intensified in
the last few years. This debate has been highly fueled by the need to find an effective and
affordable solution to the rise in the housing demand in the U.K. Similarly, Scholars and
researchers have also taken the opportunity to evaluate each method’s usage and ability to
address the challenges faced by United Kingdom’s construction sector. Exiting studies have
suggested that modern construction methods are best in addressing the current housing crisis
when compared to the traditional construction methods (Ball, 2010). With more reports claiming
that the modern construction methods are more time, cost and labour saving, it is worth to
investigate its efficiency and speed in constructing affordable and quality housing in the U.K.
1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Research

 To evaluate the adoption of modern construction methods in the U.K construction sector
as well as factors that promote or hinder the adoption of the construction approach.
 To investigate the efficiency and the speed of modern construction methods in housing
construction and its implications in solving the crisis facing the United Kingdom’s
housing sectors.
1.5 Research questions

1) How can modern methods of construction be used to build good quality homes more
quickly and efficiently?
2) What are the major factors for the increasing interest in the use of offsite construction?
3) What are the views of UK house builders on the use of modern methods of construction?
4) What are the main drivers and barriers for the use of modern methods of construction in
the UK?
5) Which forms of MMC are being most widely used within the UK housing industry?
6) To what extent does adoption of MMC help in overcoming the housing shortage being
faced in the UK?
7) What are the strategies which can be adopted to promote the adoption of MMC within the
UK housing industry?
1.6 Structure of chapters/sections

Each chapter is split into sections and subsections. Chapter one provides the background of the
study. Chapter 2 will analyze the relevant existing literature on modern methods of construction
with sections highlighting various types of modern construction, an overview of the modern
construction methods in the U.K such as history and comparing the usage of the modern
construction methods with the traditional construction methods. The chapter will also examine
the existing literature on the adoption of modern construction methods in the U.K, its impact on
the construction sector, the barriers hindering the adoption of MMC and possible strategies to
overcome these barriers and overview of MMC in Japan and Scandinavia. Chapter will present
the methodology used to collect and analyze data for the present study, as well as the population
and sample size involved in the study. Chapter will present the results of the study, with chapter
5 presenting an analysis and interpretation of the current study findings according to the
formulated research questions. Chapter 6 will provide the conclusion on the findings of the
current study, provide recommendations and provide suggestions on the possible area of future
research.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The housing shortage experienced in the United Kingdom since the Second World War
influenced the development of the modern methods of construction to replace the traditional
constructions methods and fill the desperate need for houses quickly (Hashemi, 2013). However,
despite their proven efficiency and quality, modern methods of construction have been slowly
adopted in the country (Pan, Gibb, &Dainty, 2008). Extensive research has been carried out to
establish the perception of the house builders on modern methods of construction as well as the
challenges that they face when adopting the technology in the U.K construction industry. Several
different types of modern construction methods do exist today such as Volumetric or modular
construction, panelized construction, Hybrid construction, Subassemblies and components and
Site based MMC. However, different companies in the construction industry such as the
contractors, suppliers or manufacturers, consultants among others have adopted different
approaches in modern construction methods at different rates. Trikha (1999) defines the modern
construction methods as construction systems that used prefabricated components in a factory
and are taken on the construction site for assembly to form a structure with minimum in-situ
construction Adebayo, Price & Gibb, (2006) define modern methods of construction as
construction methods that incorporate prefabrication and preassembly of modules. Kyjaková,
Mandičák, & Mesároš, (2014) define modern construction as a set of interrelated components or
elements used in construction activities which provide efficient management process leading to
better quality structures in less time. On the other hand, the traditional methods are described as
those which incorporate block or stone as external skin, mortal concrete or slate tiled roofs to
complete a structure on site (Taylor, 2010). This dissertation will therefore examine various
forms of modern construction methods such as Volumetric or modular construction, panelized
construction systems, Hybrid construction, Subassemblies and components as well as Site based
MMC to identify their adoption in the construction sector in building houses faster in the U.K as
well as the effective strategies that be implemented to overcome the factors hindering the
adoption of modern construction methods.
2.1.1 Types of MMC

Currently, there are different and advanced types of modern construction methods that have been
adopted by the construction industry, which is a significant improvement from the prefabs
constructed in the post-world war II period.
Volumetric or modular construction

Jim Kempton Paul Syms, (2009) describes various MMC approaches that have been adopted
today in the construction industry. They include volumetric construction, which is also known as
pod or modular construction and involves the construction of basic shells such as kitchens and
bathrooms and transporting them to the construction site for assembly. MacEachrane (2006) adds
that volumetric construction involves fully fitted three-dimensional units which are made from
light materials such as the light gauge steel, timber frame, concrete or even composites.
According to MacEachrane (2006), volumetric type of modern construction is most efficient
when constructing large numbers of identical units, such as flats.
Panelized construction systems

Panelized construction is another form of modern construction which includes the construction
of flat panel units in a factory as a skeletal structure and transporting it to the site for assembly.
The panels can also involve a higher degree of factory based fit out and are referred to as closed
panels. Open panels include panels delivered to the construction site where all the fittings are
added. MacEachrane (2006) adds that panelized construction includes the wall, floor and roof
panels which create a complete shell. Panels can also be made of concrete such as bricks and
brick slips, composite materials and structural insulated panels which comprise of a sandwich of
two layers to form insulation.
Hybrid construction
The other type of MMC as described by Jim Kempton Paul Syms (2009) is the Hybrid modern
construction method which involves both the volumetric and the panelized construction
technologies. It is most commonly used in residential and commercial building construction.
Subassemblies and components

Other types described include the sub-assemblies and components such as prefabrication of roof
or floor cassettes. They are mainly not full housing components but include large components
incorporated in modern construction methods. MacEachrane (2006) explains that prefabricated
foundations are used to speed up the foundation and floor cassettes are panels that are
prefabricated to ensure faster floor construction. Other components in these categories include
the pre-assembled roof structures, prefabricated dormers, chimney stacks, plumbing, metal web
joists and timber beams.
Site based MMC

Jim Kempton Paul Syms (2009) and MacEachrane (2006) also mention that new site based
modern construction techniques are also emerging such as tunnel form which includes filling the
L-shaped steel shutters with materials such as light gauge steel to create habitable space. Others
are gluelam and joint blocks that involve forming insulation to form hollow sheets blocks to
create thermally efficient and airtight dwelling spaces.
2.2 Overview of modern construction methods

2.2.1 History of modern construction methods in the U.K
Modern methods of construction were adopted in the U.K after the second world war to
addresses the housing crisis resulting from the war damages. The government’s aim was to
provide more houses for the residents without pushing high the price of required resources and
therefore turning to prefabrication of construction components was the optimum solution
(Hashemi, 2013).Thomas, A., Farrell, P., &Auchterlounie (n.d) also agree that the labour
shortages in the post world war era also influenced the need for more affordable and less labour-
intensive construction methods. Therefore, modern construction methods which were adopted as
an alternative to the traditional construction approach required less labour, and led to less
wastage of the limited construction resources (Hashemi, 2013).
2.2.2 Modern construction methods versus traditional methods in addressing uncertainties

experienced in the UK housing industry
House builders in the United Kingdom construction industry note that modern
construction methods provide an efficient product management process that ensures better
quality houses being constructed in less time (Sardén & Engström, 2010).According to Sarden
&Engström (2010), modern methods of construction provide opportunities that are effective in
reducing various uncertainties that are experienced in traditional construction. MMC reduces the
number of on-site workers which allows easy coordination during construction (Mesároš &
Mandičák (2015).The use of standardized products also reduces the delays that result from
regulations, codes, and tolerances required for construction materials (Sardén, Y. and Engström,
2010). In addition, as pre-fabricated components are used repetitively, workers gain more
experience in working on projects using modern methods of construction more easily (Sardén, Y.
and Engström, 2010). Andersson, Aspling, and Johansson (2003) further add that modern
construction methods also reduce the uncertainties associated with traditional construction for
the client. This is because the owners have the ability to maintain control over the construction
process due to the use of standard process and components. Pan, Gibb& Dainty, (2008) note that
in addition to standardized processes and components, modern construction methods are less
affected by bad weather and the responsibility for designing and construction process can be
carried out by one company, further reducing the conflicts of interests involved in working with
different companies and making it easy for the client. The table 1 presents a summary of the
work from different researchers on various uncertainties resulting from the traditional
construction methods can be addressed by adopting modern construction approaches, and the
resulting challenges that are associated with the modern construction methods.
Uncertainty resulting from How the uncertainties can be New challenges resulting from
traditional construction resolved by Modern construction MMC
methods methods
According to Venables, Barlow, & Andersson, Aspling and Johansson The MMC workers require broader
Gann (2004) the traditional (2003) state that MMC allows the training and skills than traditional
construction methods make it construction process to be fragmented construction workers to meet the
difficult to fragment the into different fragments which can be new demands added to the MMC
construction process and require rationally implemented. They also note workforce (Sardén & Engström,
excessive on-site workforce. that the number of onsite workers 2010).
significantly reduces with MMC
Sardén & Engström, (2010), state According to Paevere &MacKenzi The MMC approach has introduced
that difficulty in coordinating the (2006), MMC allows for integration of new regulations and codes that
design and construction process both design and construction require changing the whole
is a major uncertainty associated processes and requires one set of production process. In addition, the
with the traditional construction codes and regulations due to existing laws and regulations in
process. In addition, different standardized components and procurement are a hindrance to
regulations and codes apply to procedures used in MMC. forming strategic alliances between
different processes and standards suppliers and contractors large
of traditional construction projects (Sardén &Engström,
approach. 2010).
Uncertainty resulting from How the uncertainties can be New challenges resulting from
traditional construction resolved by Modern construction MMC
methods methods
Poor integration between different Andersson, Aspling and Johansson MMC has introduced fewer options
actors in the construction (2003), note that MMC allows better for clients to compare alternative
industry, longer learning process integration between different players designs and costs due to
and also high costs(Venables, in the construction significantly standardization of construction
Barlow, &Gann, 2004) reducing the conflicts of interests. In components, creating a bad
addition, standardization of reputation for standardization. It
construction components by MMC has has also created a challenge on
resulted in shorter learning curve for training multi-skilled workforce to
MMC construction workers. MMC takes work of various integrated
shorter building time, less workforce processes in the modern
translating to less overall cost construction industry. In addition,
(Andersson, Aspling & Johansson, clients have little control over the
2003). production of construction
components, and also setting up
prefabrication industries requires a
high initial cost (Sardén &Engström,
2010).
Difficulty to estimate outcomes on More predictable in terms of outcomes MMC requires designing in advance.
basis of costs, objectivity and and costs as construction is speedy In addition, the client has no
logistics and also difficult to and high rate of investments. In control over the production process,
predict quality (Mesároš & addition, MMC also allows predicting limiting the client’s influence quality
Mandičák, 2015). the quality of the project as a result of (Sardén &Engström, 2010).
more control in the production process
in the factory (Hook 2008).
Table 1: comparison of traditional and modern construction methods
2.3 Adoption of MMC in the U.K

Thomas, A., Farrell, P., &Auchterlounie (2006) note that the adoption of the modern
construction methods is below expectations largely because of the bad reputation associated with
the MMC after the Second World War period. This section establishes previous research on the
factors that contribute to the low adoption of the modern construction methods and various
strategies in place to promote its adoption in the construction sector. In addition, it also
highlights previous research on the drivers, benefits, and barriers of the modern construction
methods in the U.K housing sector
2.3.1 Impact of modern construction methods in the U.K construction industry

The use of the modern construction methods in the United Kingdom is not new.
According to Adebayo, Price & Gibb, (2006), modern construction methods have been applied in
the health care sector. Some of the MMC applicable in this sector include non-volumetric
preassembly such as cladding or constructing structural frames of a building, wall panels and
assemblies of pipe work. According to the Adebayo, Price &Gibb, the healthcare sector has
widely adopted modern construction methods because of its various advantages. Cho (2014)
further states that the residential and the industrial real estate sectors have also significantly
adopted the modern methods of construction. Cho (2014) agrees with Adebayo, Price & Gibb
(2006) that the adoption of MMC across different sectors is due to the numerous benefits
associated with the approach.
Modern construction methods have the capacity to supply affordable housing at a faster
rate than the traditional construction methods. Cho (2014) further agrees with Adebayo, Price &
Gibb (2006) that the modern methods of construction have the capacity to offset the rising
housing demand in the U.K. A research survey conducted by NHBC Foundation (2016) found
out that the most adopted methods of modern construction are sub-assemblies and components,
which, in 2015, were installed by about three-quarters of the house builders in the UK. The
secondmost used MMC type as reported by the survey were panelized systems,out of which,
open panel timber frames were found to be used by more than two-thirds of the house builders
who utilized modern construction methods. Volumetric construction or pods were found to be
the least used in the housing sector in the U.K over the three year period surveyed i.e. from 2013
to 2015. However, volumetric construction or pods were more extensively used in apartments
when compared to the panelized systems which were mostly used for the construction of houses.
The survey also revealed Scotland, to be the region in the U.K with the highest use of sub-
assemblies and components as well as panelized system MMC forms because of it’s traditionof
timber framed construction (NHBC Foundation, 2016).
2.3.2 Drivers of Modern Construction Methods in U.K Construction Industry

The major drivers for modern construction methods in the U.K are the undersupply of
affordable housing to cater for the rising house demand in the country (Thomas, A., Farrell, P.,
&Auchterlounie, 2006). The modern construction methods have the capability to build houses
faster and at a lower cost to meet the rising house demand (Pan, Gibb, A. G & Dainty, 2008).
Other drivers include the shortage of skills especially in the local industry, especially for the
skilled labour on the traditional construction skills. Thomas, A., Farrell, P., &Auchterlounie
(2006) note that labour cost in the United Kingdom almost doubled in 2004, and it was expected
to increase by 3.3% in 2005. Jim Kempton Paul Syms, (2009) divides the drivers of MMC in the
U.K into two categories that include the demand and the supply side agreeing with Thomas, A.,
Farrell, P., &Auchterlounie (2006) and also states that shortages in skills are the main reason
house builders are adopting MMC. Addressing the shortage in skills by adopting the modern
construction methods will increase the certainty of time, cost and quality of houses in the U.K.
Elnaas, (2014). On the demand, MMC offered improved quality and energy efficient houses. In
addition, applications of innovation in the modern construction industry imply that they have
improved performance and defects are easy to control and rectify (Jim Kempton Paul Syms,
2009). Taylor (2009) further agrees that the need for quality housing and major problem within
the construction industry such as the shortage of labour is the contributing driver to MMC.
However, Taylor also adds that political initiatives have strongly supported the adoption of the
modern construction methods. Currently, Taylor notes that the modern construction methods
account for only for 2% of the total construction industry, and it’s increasing at a rate of 25% per
year. Elnaas (2014) further adds that the change in the family lifestyle is causing an increase in
the demand for quality and affordable housing in the U.K. This efficiency can only be obtained
in the modern construction industry due to utilization of new resources and use of modern
machinery and techniques which provide a huge potential for the MMC approach to address the
rising housing demand in the United Kingdom construction sector. According to Elnaas, there
are concerns that the existing knowledge in the traditional construction sector lacks the capability
to address the current challenges experienced in the U.Ks housing sector, therefore driving the
need to seek for alternatives in the use of the MMC.
2.3.3Benefits of Modern Construction Methods

Pan, Gibb& Dainty (2008) carried out a research to investigate the benefits associated
with the modern construction methods when compared to the traditional construction methods.
According to Pan, Gibb& Dainty (2008), the modern construction methods are ideal to address
the undersupply and the poor quality of housing in the United Kingdom. Modern construction
methods consume less design time and delivery of the overall project when compared to the
traditional methods of construction. Pan, Gibb& Dainty furthernote that the MMC have required
less time for planning and regulation authorities as they do not require material testing and
approval every time a new project is constructed. These views are upheld by Adebayo, Price &
Gibb (2006) who state that MMC construction methods have facilitated the completing of major
projects in the health care sector when compared to using the traditional methods of construction.
According to research published by the Material Change for A Better Environment (2007),
modern construction methods have a better potential to minimize construction waste. The
research drew across all the major sectors of the United Kingdom evaluating their adoption of
the modern construction methods. It involved the players in the construction industry such as the
manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and designers to gather the research on the modern
construction methods and a wide range of published material on MMC as sources of secondary
data. Several benefits of the modern construction methods found out by the research include
simplified construction processes and the huge potential to avoid climate hazards (Adebayo et al,
2006). It also notes that MMC report fewer accidents and risks on construction sites when
compared to other construction approaches, with less disruption and improved health of the
people and the construction workers Taylor (2009).
The Other benefits are similar to those included by Adebayo, Price & Gibb, (2006) and
Cho, (2014) that modern construction methods have a better project delivery time when
compared to the traditional construction methods. They agree that modern construction methods
have higher quality and greater consistency in standards as the components are controlled in the
factory and transported to the construction site. A report by NHBC Foundation (2016) indicates
that modern methods of construction progress at a faster pace than the traditional methods as the
methods are driven by legislation, and produces buildings that are far much efficient in energy
conservation. The foundation conducted a survey that established 98% of the house builders
building small and medium houses have considered at least one modern construction method
from 2013. The report found out the major reason behind the MMC was its capability to build
houses quickly and a reduction in building costs increasing the profits of the house builders due
to mass production. The maintenance costs associated with the modern construction methods are
also low (Pan, Gibb& Dainty, 2008). The other benefits found out by the research include the
addressing the shortage of labour skills in the construction industry. Therefore, it can be
understood that the adoption of the modern construction methods is an effective solution, leading
to an increased in site productivity for the available labour.
Taylor (2009) states that modern construction methods have adopted state of the art
offsite production techniques which were also highly automated. This elevates the benefits
associated with the MMC approach which include predictability, high-quality assurance, faster
construction and less wastage of resources during the construction process. In addition, there is
improved health and safety concerns for the workers as MMC constructions records a
significantly lower number of accidents when compared to the traditional construction methods
attributed to fewer men on the construction site (Pan, Gibb& Dainty, 2008)
2.3.4 Barriers of Modern Construction Methods

Previous studies have attributed the slow adoption of the modern construction methods
to various factors. According to a study carried out by Pan Gibb& Dainty (2008) involving the
leading house builders in the U.K, the major barriers identified included higher capital costs,
challenges in achieving economies of scale, lack of compatibility with the United Kingdom
planning system, and challenges with the planning capacity. Pan Gibb & Dainty (2008) note that
the perception from the insurance and financial markets was also hampering the adoption of
modern construction methods. A study carried out by Rahman (2013) agrees with the findings by
Pan Gibb & Dainty (2008) that that obtaining credit to support the modern construction methods
poses a great challenge due to the negativeperceptions on these approaches from the financial
market and the insurance. They also identify that modern construction methods have potentially
higher costs due to the processes associated with the method such as transporting the material to
construction sites. The construction industry is not well prepared to switching to the modern
construction methods due to poor integration with the traditional methods of constructions as
well as the existing planning systems (Sardén, Y. and Engström, 2010). Overall, Pan Gibb&
Dainty and others agree that the method has poor public acceptability and the majorities are
reluctant to shift to modern construction methods despite the proven benefits, therefore creating a
less demand for the same for constructors, workers, manufacturers, and designers. A study
carried out by Mesároš& Mandičák (2015), further adds that the successful adoption of the
modern construction methods has failed due the low mass production which can justify a
reduction in the costs when MMC is used. Mesároš& Mandičák (2015)agree that the negative
perception towards the adoption of the modern construction methods by the public and other
partner factors such as financial and insurance sectors have led to the low production of
necessary equipment and processes, a factor that led to many house builders turning to the
traditional construction methods which have fewer requirements. Other factors noted include
political context and lack of construction skills that are required in the modern construction
sector (MacEachrane, 2006).
2.3.5 Strategies to Overcome Barriers Holding Back Adoption of MMC

The low adoption of the modern construction methods has pushed for extensive research
to investigate and evaluate effective strategies that can be used to promote the use of the modern
construction methods in the U.K housing industry. According to Pan, Gibb& Dainty (2008), the
major strategies applicable in promoting the adoption of modern construction methods in the
construction industry include incorporating the MMC with common house designs and
promoting compatibility with the traditional building technology. The respondents in the study
indicated that the collaboration with the key partners to the construction industry such as the
finance and the insurance industries in all the stages of the MMC will boost the adoption of the
MMC in the construction industry. Other suggestions provided by the study include accreditation
for MMC and guidance to the adoption of the methods across all industries. The study further
noted that mandatory use of MMC across some building facilities will promote the adoption of
the method. The methods should also be made more responsive to the social, political and
economic systems. Similarly, Lang, Glass & Goodier (2016) state that increasing pressure
through government legislation to continuously monitor and control house builders to use the
modern construction techniques can increase the adoption of MMC in the construction industry.
In agreement, Ball (2010) adds that house builders should be involved in formulating modern
methods construction policies that are flexible to changes in the housing markets.
2.5 Adoption of Modern construction methods in other countries

2.5.1MMC in Japan
The adoption of the modern construction methods in Japan has evolved significantly
different from the United Kingdom. According to Johnson (2007), Japan adopted the modern
construction methods to address the high housing demand after the Second World War.
However, unlike the U.K, the adoption of modern construction techniques has taken a significant
share of the construction market in Japan. Johnson (2007) further notes that Japan has on average
produced 1.4 million house units annually when compared to the 200,000 units for the United
Kingdom. The modern construction methods have been used in 14% of these units when
compared to 2% of the United Kingdom as for 2004. The modern construction approach allows
for quality construction while reducing the cost incurred by house builders. In addition, builders
utilizing the MMC construction approaches have focused on client desired designs, therefore,
creating a good reputation and image of prefabricated houses in contrast to the bad reputation
about the prefabricated houses held in the U.K housing sector. The government of Japan through
the ministry of construction and ministry of international trade established the Japanese
prefabricated construction supplies and manufacturers association, which has been in the
forefront of promoting adoption of modern construction techniques (Johnson 2007).
The major drivers for the adoption of the prefabricated houses are reliability and quality
irrespective of the initial investment involved. According to Matsumara (2004), the Japanese
construction industry began adopting the modern construction methods as early as 1960 to
replace the traditional construction methods although on a small scale. The major boost in the
adoption of the modern construction methods was due to favorable economic growth that
increased as well as the population growth in the urban areas, where the local builders had no
reach (Matsumara 2004). The Toyota Company and the largest house builder Sekisui began
constructing houses which involved modern construction techniques which became largely
successful in japans’ construction industry (Matsumara 2004). These companies provided their
customers with spacious long lasting flexible houses using the prefabrication approach. The
houses leave the factories 85% complete, and the remaining modules are fitted on site. These
houses are also made with steel-frame construction, therefore, able to withstand heavy
earthquakes frequent in Japan (Matsumara, 2004).
2.5.2 MMC in Scandinavia

Scandinavia has also largely embraced modern construction methods largely due to the influence
of the industrial revolution experienced in the country and the effects of post-war crisis
(Schauerte, 2010). The major drivers to the adoption of modern construction techniques can be
attributed to demand for quality in design and production in the Scandinavian housing sector
Smith (2009). Smith explains that the history of usage of modern construction methods in
Scandinavia is traced to the housing shortage experienced in the country in 1917. The housing
demand experienced in the whole world in the post-world war era pushed the demand for
prefabricated houses in the country even further, as it viewed as a better method of building.
Largely due to the culture of using wood in construction, majority of the prefabricated houses in
the country are built with prefabricated wood components (Schauerte, 2010). Currently,
prefabricated houses are highly acceptable in the Scandinavian society as compared to the United
Kingdom, creating a huge market for construction companies using the modern construction
techniques. According to Smith (2009), the construction industry has almost shunned the
traditional construction techniques in favour of the more affordable modern constructed houses,
with the industry exporting prefabricated homes to Finland, Norway, and Sweden.
2.6 Summary of the Literature Review

In summary, modern construction methods have numerous benefits when compared to
the traditional construction methods. These benefits include quality and timely completion of
projects. These methods also have more potential to manage waste from the construction sites
when compared to the traditional methods. It is easier to monitor standards as it’s controlled in
the factory during production. However, despite these benefits, its adoption has been slow in the
U.K construction industry. This is because of the negative perception about modern construction
methods by the public and the construction industry partners such as the insurance and the
financial sector, which creates a low demand for the house builders using to use the modern
construction approach. However, several drivers are pushing the demand for the modern
construction methods high in the United Kingdom. The major driver for modern construction
methods in the U.K is the undersupply of affordable housing to cater for the rising house demand
in the country. Other drivers include the shortage of skills, especially in the local industry. The
United Kingdom can learn a lot from the adoption of the modern construction methods in
countries such as Japan and Scandinavia, which have adopted the approach in providing quality
and affordable housing for its population’s needs.
Finally, the literature reviewed has identified various factors that hinder the adoption of
the modern construction methods in the U.K as well as the strategies to promote the adoption of
the MMC in the U.K construction industry. The current study will, therefore, evaluate these
strategies and their applicability in promoting the modern construction methods to build homes
more quickly and efficiently in the U.K’s construction industry.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
The study of modern construction methods is a diverse and complex study area. It was
therefore essential to come up with a clear research methodology to ensure all the variables being
investigated by the current study are adequately covered. As stated in the first chapter, the
purpose of the current study is to investigate the modern methods of constructions in
constructing houses more efficiently and quickly in the United Kingdom’s construction sector.
Therefore, utilizing the knowledge and information from the extensive literature review, the
current study explored the efficiency of the modern construction methods as well as its adoption
in the U.Ks construction sector. This chapter presents the procedures and methods utilized in the
study, design of the research, instruments used to collect and present data and the analysis of the
collected data.
3.1 Setting and Design of the Study

The research provides the researcher’s plan of conducting the study to collect the
intended results with a maximum control on the factors that may affect the validity of the results
(Thomas, 2010). The current research is a quantitative study with used survey as a data
collection tool. This approach was chosen because Quantitative research provides quantifiable
information presented in a numerical form, which allows the use of statistics to generalize the
research findings. (Thomas, 2010) states quantitative research assumes that the sample represents
the population, and evaluates the relationship between the variables. Data was collected using a
standardized questionnaire from workers in the construction industry in the U.K selected from
various registered companies in the construction sector. The approach was chosen because of the
nature of the research which was to investigate the efficiency and speed of the modern
construction methods in the construction sector.
3.2 Study Population

3.2.1 Population Characteristics
The study population refers to the aggregate number of people that conform to a set of
specification included in the study. The target population for current study was professionals
working in the construction industry in the United Kingdom who included engineers, designers,
architects and site managers. The participants were working for suppliers, manufacturing,
contractors and consultant companies in the construction industry. The researcher sent
questionnaires to 75 participants drawn from various areas of the construction sector. The size of
the sample was calculated using an online sample size calculator which determined the sample
size as 75 participants based on fisher’s formula, with the level of confidence aimed for the
current study being 95% and calculated percentage for precision as 11%. The online survey was
sent to 75 participants out of which 33 people responded and 25 of the responses were used to
analyze and interpret the results as they were completely filled and the remaining 8 were not
properly filled so could not be used for the analysis.
3.4 Sampling Technique

The principle goal of sampling is indentifying a representative sample for the study and
use the sample to provide accurate generalizations of the population. Based on the nature of the
study, the current study applied convenience sampling which is a form of non-probabilistic
sampling technique. According to Creswell, (2013) non-probabilistic sampling techniques are
less vigorous sampling approach, but most ideal when the research targets to recruit a specific
part of the population to participate in the study. However, the approach has the disadvantage of
less accuracy, than probabilistic samples as not every element of the population is represented in
the sample. The use of convenience sampling in the present study was preferred because allowed
the researcher to select participants who are relevant to the topic and area of study based on
his/her own judgment specifically the construction sector. Tongco, (2007), states that
convenience sampling technique is the most appropriate sampling techniques for the hard to
reach population. The method of sampling allowed the researcher to use only the assessable
participants in the study. However, according to Creswell, (2013) this approach has a greater risk
of biased results.
3.5 Data collection methods and procedures

The questionnaire was used to collect the data for the study. Due to the short time
available to complete the study, personal interviews and observations would not have been
possible. The questionnaire was administered online over the internet created as web forms by
smart survey.com and the link shared to the participant through email. The approach was chosen
because online surveys are relatively easy to administer and collect feedback in less time. In
addition, they are cost effective and also collect a broad data range of data.
The researcher sent 75 invites to the selected participants of the study to participate in the
online survey. Consent was first obtained from the participants and notified that the survey was
voluntary. Creswell, (2013) states that using a sample to represent a population is economical is
not only economical, but also a rational choice where It is impossible to obtain all the population
members for the study like for the case of the current study. Drawing a random sample would
therefore have been difficult, if not impossible for the current study, as some of the respondents
were not available to respond to the questionnaires.
3.5.1 Overview of the questionnaire design

The questionnaire used to collect data for the current study included a set of nine
standardized questions which are stated below.
1. What is the nature of your organization?
Do you have any experience in modern methods of construction? How many years?
2. Please fill the following information depending on the nature of the company selected
above
3. Please check/tick all the forms of MMC that your company uses in construction
projects.
4. How would you rate the quality of completed projects that embraced modern
construction methods when compared to ones completed using traditional construction methods?
5. Were there any particular aspects of the modern methods construction methods that
stood out? If so, what?
6. Please rate the following benefits/advantages of Modern methods of construction on a
scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important:
7. Please rate the following barriers/disadvantages of modern construction methods on a
scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important:
8. Please rate the following strategies to overcome barrier that hold back the adoption of
modern methods of construction on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the
most important:
9. Do you think that using modern methods of constructions will address the problem of
house shortages in the U.K?
3.5.2 Validity and reliability

The validity of the data collected in a research study defines the truth or the falsity of the
data using the instrument used to collect the research data while reliability refers to the degree of
which the results obtained in the study can be replicated (Boynton & Greenhalgh, 2004). The
section discuses the factors that may have affected validity and reliability of the method used to
collect data for the present study. The data collection method for the current study was
questionnaires, which were standardized and asked the same questions to different participants to
increase its reliability. In addition, the researcher also determined the minimum sample to
increase the validity of the results. The threats to the validity of the questionnaire was the
sampling process used to select the participants and other factors related to modern construction
methods rather than the efficiency and speed which were being investigated by the current study.
The convenient sample used in the current study may be a threat to the validity of the results as
opposed to use of random sampling technique when generalizing the obtained study results. The
results of the study were also evaluated for correlation to ensure reliability. Unfortunately, other
methods recommended to check for the reliability of the results were not applicable to the
current study because of the nature of the research. However, the high validity of the
questionnaire also ensures that the instrument was equally reliable.
3.6 Ethical Consideration

The research did not involve any harm to the participants as there were not risks were
involved in participating in the study. In addition, the questions included in the questionnaire had
no anticipated physical discomfort. The participants were at liberty to withdraw if they did not
wish to be part of the study. The participant’s confidential information was withheld to protect
their privacy, and the information published in the study does not link the identity of participants
to a specific questionnaire.
Consent was also obtained from the participants before they could participate in the
survey. The respondents were informed on the nature of the research and the terms of their
participation that there were no remuneration offered to participate, and no penalties if they
chose to withdraw.
Summary
The methodology chapter presents the research design used in the current study,
population, sample size, sampling techniques, eligibility criteria, data collection instrument,
validity of the collected data, ethical considerations and the study limitations and remedies.
3.9 Study Limitation and Remedies

The major limitation for the study was the limited time available to collect and analyze
the study results. This limited the number of participants who were recruited to participate in the
study. The limitation was remedied by the use of online survey results to collect data which
ensured a faster and reliable data collection process.
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Out of the 75 questionnaires sent to the participants, only 25 were filled correctly which
were used in the analysis. This sections presents the results of each questions used included in
the questionnaire.
Question 1: What is the nature of your organization?
Purpose: the purpose of the question was to indentify the different companies that the
participants of the study worked for in the construction sector.
The results of the question are presented in the table 2 below
Nature of the organization Number/percentage of
respondents
Contractor 12 48%
Manufacturer 2 8%
Consultant 4 16%
Others 6 24%
Table 2: Types of participant’s organizations
Question 2: Do you have any experience in modern methods of construction? How

many years? Please fill the following information depending on the nature of the company
selected above
Purpose: the questions aimed to find out the experience of the participants in the
construction industry.
The results of the question are presented in table 3 below.
Nature of the organization Average years of

experience
Contractor 6
Manufacturer 8
Consultant 10
Others 7
Table 3: participants experience in the construction industry.
All the respondents indicated that they had at least five years experience in the
construction industry. The respondents working for the consultant companies had the highest
experience at 10 years and those working for the contractors had the least experience of six
years. The difference between the highest group and the lowest were only 4 years.
Question 3: Please check/tick all the forms of MMC that your company uses in
construction projects.
Purpose: the aim of this question was to find out how often the participants companies
use different forms of modern construction methods. The results of the question are presented in
table 4 below.
The respondents were required to provide the different types of MMC that their companies had
used in construction projects. The components were then groped into categories of different
forms and their percentage presented in table 5. A comparison of the results shows that the
subassemblies and components were the most used form of MMC, accounting for 68% of the
total projects reported. The least used was the volumetric form of MMC, where only Three-
Dimensional Units (Complete Rooms) reported as the only component used in this category
which accounted only 6% of the reported projects.
Form of MMC Individual Total Form of MMC Individual Total

component Frequency component Frequency
use of use use of Use
panelized 40% Pods 8%
Open Panels 27%%
Kitchen Pods 40%
Closed Panels 14% Integrated Panels &Full 40%
Concrete Panels 5% Room/Pod Units
Composite Panels 4%
Structural Insulated Panels 12% Bathroom Pods 20%

(SIPS)
Timber and light steel 38%
frame
Volumetric 6% Subassemblies & 68%
Three-Dimensional Units 100% components
(Complete Rooms) Prefabricated 22%
Foundations
Pre-Fabricated Dormers 24%
Site based MMC Pre-Fabricated Plumbing 20%
Tunnel Form In-Situ 60% 18%
Concrete Roof /roof Cassette 12%
Stair/ Lift Case Component 40% Timber beams 22%
Table 4: Different forms of MMC used by Participants
Question 4: How would you rate the quality of completed projects that embraced
modern construction methods when compared to ones completed using traditional
construction methods?
Purpose: The survey required participants to indicate their rating of the quality and the
efficiency of the MMC completed projects in comparison to the projects completed using
traditional construction methods.
The results are presented in the table 5 below.
Rating Number/percentage of respondents
Good 14 58%
Very good 6 22%
Average 4 16%
Poor 1 4%
Very poor 0 0
Table 5: quality MMC on completed projects when compared to the traditional

construction methods
Question 5: Were there any particular aspects of the modern methods construction
methods that stood out? If so, what?
Purpose: the aim of the question was indentify the areas and aspects of the modern
construction methods that impressed the participants in the previously completed projects.
The results of the question are presented in the table 5 below.
Number/percentage of Particular aspects of the MMC that stood out
respondents
13 55% Speed of construction
6 21% Improved quality of the building
4 16% Ease on shortage of skills
1 4% Increased number of houses built
1 4% High efficiency on energy/sustainable
Table 6: particular aspects of the MMC that impressed the participants in their
previously completed projects
Question 6: Please rate the following benefits/advantages of Modern methods of

construction on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important:
Purpose: the question aimed to collect feedback on the benefits and the advantages of the
modern construction methods as perceived by the participants. The results of the question are
presented in table 7.
Advantages 1 2 3 4 5
Reduced overall project delivery time (simplified construction processes) 3 1 2 4 15
Potentially less design time 12 6 1 2 2
Reduced onsite risks / accidents 1 2 4 6 12
Less disruption at site & transportation frequency (e.g. in material supply) 16 5 2 2 0
Improved working conditions (health & safety): clean &organized site 2 1 3 6 14
Improved quality and reduced defects of works due to factory control 1 1 5 7 16
Greater consistency in standards / quality 1 2 1 5 16
Lower over-all costs: more profitable due to mass production 6 4 1 2 12
Addresses skills shortage: need less skilled labour/ people on-site 2 3 4 6 10
Improved environmental performance (so sustainable development) 15 6 1 1 2
Efficient use of resources and transports 16 7 1 1 1
Less disturbance to local communities: noise, dust, sound, etc. 13 6 3 1 2
Table 7: Advantages of MMC
Question 7: Please rate the following barriers/disadvantages of modern construction

methods on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important:
Purpose: the respondents were also required to rate the barriers that hinder the adoption
construction methods on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most
important: The results are as shown in the table 8 below.
Barriers 1 2 3 4 5
Higher initial (capital) cost to traditional approach 2 0 3 5 15
Potentially higher overall cost to traditional approach 4 1 2 8 9
high expenses from transporting heavy loads over long distances 2 1 4 8 10

Fewer codes/standards available 5 3 4 6 8
Inflexible / not suitable for late design changes 1 1 3 7 13
Poor integration & interface performance with traditional method 4 1 6 8 6
Inadequate coordination: procurement, supply chain, site management 2 3 3 8 9
Lack of required skill sets required for site erection / assembly 5 4 4 6 6

Table 8: Barriers Hindering the Adoption of MMC
Question 8: Please rate the following strategies to overcome barrier that hold back
the adoption of modern methods of construction on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least
important and 5 being the most important:
Purpose: the question aimed to indentify from the respondents the strategies that are effective in
overcoming the above barriers to promote the adoption of MMC in the construction sector.
The results of the question are presented in the table 8 below.
Strategies 1 2 3 4 5
Collaboration / partnering between 'key parties' 1 2 3 6 12
Effective communication between 'key parties' 1 0 4 4 16
Accreditation for quality assurance 3 1 1 5 10

Integrate MMC with building regulations 1 1 5 7 11
Guidance/ guideline on the use of MMC 2 1 3 4 12
Provide better cost data to facilitate more competitive costing 1 1 2 4 16
Government initiatives for use of MMC in social housing sector 1 2 4 10 8
Education and training: within companies 10 6 5 2 2
Education & training: at formal institutions, e.g. Universities 12 4 3 4 2
Industry-academia collaboration on training 4 2 4 5 10
Allow more time for design stages, as against early design freeze 12 6 3 3 1
Ensure design standards to achieve economies of scale 1 2 2 6 13
Table 9: Strategies That Are Effective in Overcoming barriers hindering the adoption of
MMC
Question 9: Do you think that using modern methods of constructions will address
the problem of house shortages in the U.K?
Purpose: the purpose of the question was to evaluate the perception of the participants on the
potential of the modern construction methods to address the current housing crisis in the U.K. the
results are presented in the table 9 below
Feedback Number of respondents/percentage

Agree 12 48%
Strongly agree 10 40%
Neither agree nor disagree 2 8%
Disagree 1 4%
Strongly disagree 0 0%
Table 10: potential of the MMC to address the current housing crisis in the U.K
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The aim of the present research was to determine the efficiency of the modern
construction methods in terms of construction time, quality of the structure, resources. The data
was collected and analyzed using quantitative data analysis methods which include tables of
results, charts and graphs. This chapter presents and analysis and interpretation of the findings of
the current research.
5.1 Analysis of the Questionnaire

A pie chart representation of the results indicates that majority of the respondents who took part
in the study worked for contractor companies. In addition to participants working for other than
the three contractors, manufacturer and others in these made up 24% of the participants, the
categories included in the others category were subcontractors and architectural and structural
designers.
Nature of organization for participnats taking

part in the study
Others
25%
Contractor
Consultant 50%
17%
Manufacturer
8%
Figure 1: Nature of participant’s organization

The results in table 4 indicate that participants working for the consultant companies
reported the highest experience on average, while those working for the contractors reported the
least experience. The majority of the respondents indicated that they worked for contractor
organizations, accounting for 48% of the total respondents. The respondents who indicated that
they worked for manufacturing organizations were least accounting for only 8% of the total
respondents as indicated in table 3.
A graphical representation of the results is shown in figure 2.
Average years of experience
Others Contractor
7 6
Manufacturer
8
Consultant
10
Figure 2: average years of experience for the participants in the construction industry
The highest experience reported on average was 10 years, with the least being 6 years.
The results also indicate that the years of experience for all the participants ranged between 6
years to 10 years. All the participants of the study had at least 5 years of experience, working in
the construction industry. Although the results do not include all the organizations involved in
the construction sector in the U.K, it demonstrates the potential sectors that can be used to
promote the adoption of the modern construction methods. According to Gibb et al (2013), the
construction sector is one of the largest employers in the U.K. the industry also has a higher
retention rate for older workers especially in jobs that are less physically active and with a higher
employment flexibility, an indication of why the consultant companies have the workers with the
highest experience in the construction sector.
5.2 Use of modern construction methods

The results of the current study show that there are different forms of modern
construction methods that are used in the United Kingdom construction sector. The most adopted
form of the modern construction methods was the sub-assemblies and components with 68% of
the respondents reporting to have used them in construction projects. This category includes all
the prefabricated dormers, plumbing and foundation. Others include timber beams and the door
sets among others. The panelized systems were the most second used MMC systems, used by
40% of the respondents in the construction projects. The most used component was timber and
light steel frames. The least used was the volumetric MMC systems, with only reported from
being the Three-Dimensional Units (Complete Rooms) that were large modules that were fitted
out of the site, accounting only for 6% of the total forms of MMC reported. Site based MMC
systems were more used than pods, accounting for 18% and 8% respectively. These finding are
presented in the figure 3 terms of categories as a whole figure 4,5,6,7 & 8 in terms of individual
components.
Diferent Forms Of MMC
panelized
29%
Subassemblies &
components
48%
Volumetric
Site based 4%
MMC
Pods 13%
6%
Figure 3: Usage of Different Systems of MMC
The results show that on average, the average overall usage of all the forms of MMC by house
builders in the U.K is low. Generally, only the subassemblies and components such as the
prefabricated dormers, prefabricated plumbing, roof and floor cassettes and timber beams are
usually utilized. In addition, the results indicate that modern construction methods are applied in
very limited extent in construction projects. The results of the current study indicate although the
uptake of MMC in the construction sector is low, different sectors of the construction sector have
at least one form of modern construction method in at least a single construction project.
Moreover, a significant number of the respondents maintained that modern construction a
significant usage of the subassemblies & components as well as panelized forms of MMC, which
provide an opportunity to promote the adoptions
panelized forms of MMC

40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Timber
Open Closed Concrete and light
Panels Panels Panels steel
frame
panelized forms of MMC 27% 14% 5% 38%
Figure 4: Paneled Forms of MMC
The results indicate that timber and the light steel frame are the most utilized components
of the panelized forms of MMC. They are mainly not full housing components but include large
components incorporated in modern construction methods. MacEachrane (2006) explains that
prefabricated foundations are used to speed up the foundation and floor cassettes are panels that
are prefabricated to ensure faster floor construction. In comparison, the open panels are also
more used in the construction sector than the closed panels and the concrete panels are the least
used. The panelized units are produced in the factory but transported to the construction site
where they are assembled.
Pods
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
intergrated
Kitchen Pods panels & full bathroom pods
room/pod units
(pods)Forms of MMC 40% 40% 20%
Figure 5: Pod forms of MMC
The integrated panels & full room/pod units are the most used pods in the construction
sector according to the findings of the current study. The bathroom pods are least used.
Site based MMC

70%
60%
50%
40%
%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Tunnel Form In-Situ
Stair/ Lift Case Component
Concrete
Site based MMC 60% 40%
Figure 6: Site Based Forms of MMC

On the usage of site based forms of MMC, the tunnel form in situ concrete is the
most used, when compared to the stair/lift case component.
Subassemblies & components

30%
25%
20%
15%
%
10%
5%
0%
Pre- Pre-
Prefabricated Roof /roof
Fabricated Fabricated
Foundations Cassette
Dormers Plumbing
Subassemblies &
22% 24% 20% 12%
components
Figure 7: Subassemblies and Components Forms of MMC
Different forms of subassemblies & components of the MMC are used almost equally on average
in addition to being the most used form of MMC. Therefore, these present the best opportunities
for the adoption and growth of the MMC in the U.K’s construction sector. The
Volumetric
120%
100%
80%
60%
%
40%
20%
0%
Three-Dimensional Units
Volumetric 100%
Figure 8: Volumetric Forms of MMC
Volumetric forms of MMC are rarely used, with only the three dimensional units reported to be
used in this category. MacEachrane (2006) states that volumetric construction involves fully
fitted three-dimensional units which are made from light materials such as the light gauge steel,
timber frame, concrete or even composites. According to MacEachrane (2006), volumetric type
of modern construction is most efficient when constructing large numbers of identical units, such
as flats. However, the findings of the current study show that it is the least adopted form of
modern construction, an indication that there is need for more effort to promote the adoption of
this particular form of MMC.
In comparison with the existing literature, a report by NHBC Foundation (2016) indicates
that modern methods of construction progress at a faster pace than the traditional methods as the
methods are driven by legislation, and produces buildings that are far much efficient in energy
conservation. The foundation conducted a survey that established 98% of the house builders
building small and medium houses have considered at least one modern construction method
from 2013. The major reason for adoption of the construction method was the potential of the
method to build more quickly and efficiently. As found out in the present study, the respondents
added that at least different organizations from which the respondents of the study were drawn
from used modern construction methods in a construction project. These can attributed to the
several benefits which have been reported by several studies analyzed in the literature review as
well as the benefits indentified by the current study. Taylor (2009) adds that adopting modern
construction methods comes with adopting state of the art modern construction technology,
which has a high predictability, high-quality assurance, faster construction and less wastage of
resources during the construction process
5.3 Quality of modern construction methods in comparison to traditional construction

methods
A graphical presentation of the results in fig 9 shows that the respondents widely felt that
the quality of the projects constructed using the modern construction methods were widely better
in comparison to the traditional construction methods.
Quality Of MMC Over Traditional

Constructed Projects
Poor Very poor
4% 0%
Average
16%
Very good Good

22% 58%
Figure 9: Comparison on Quality of MMC over Traditionally Constructed Projects
The participants felt that the ability of the modern construction methods to complete build houses
more quickly was the most standing out aspect of adopting the construction approach. The other
factors included the quality of the project, and the ability to overcome the current challenge on
the quality of labour in the U.K. others mentioned the high number of projects that can be
completed on the same time using the modern construction approaches and others noted that
modern construction methods are more energy efficient and sustainable as presented in the figure
10.
Particulars Aspects That Stood Out In MMC

Projects
High efficiency on
Increased energy/sustainable
number of 4%
houses built
4%
Ease on
shortage of
skills
16%
Speed of construction
Improved quality 55%
of the building
21%
Figure 10: Particular Aspects That Stood Out In MMC Completed Projects
5.4 Benefits of modern construction method

The respondents felt that modern construction methods is most important in reducing
risks / accidents that occur on construction sites, Reduced the time for delivery of the project
due to simplified construction processes, Improving the quality and reducing works defects due
to factory control and was better in consistency in standards / quality. Other advantages that the
respondents felt were important for the modern construction methods included lowering over-all
costs, which made it more profitable due to mass production. It also Addressed the skills
shortage because it less skilled labour/ people on the construction site and lastly improved
working conditions in terms of health & safety of the workers because it was clean &organized
on the construction sites.
Benefits of MMC
18
16
14
no of respondents
12
10
8
6
4 1
2
0 2
3
4
5
Axis Title
Figure 11: benefits of MMC on a scale of 1-5(1 is least important and 5 are the most
important)
In addiioptn, figure 11 shows that the respondents also felt that modern construction
methods were not overall important in potentially less time in designing, causing less disruption
at the construction site and also on the frequency of transporting or supplying materials to the
construction site. In addition, majority of the respondents did not feel that modern construction
methods improved the environmental performance, created an efficient in use of resources and
transports and created fewer disturbances to the local communities through noise sound and dust.
Proverbs, D. G., Holt, G. D., & Cheok, H. Y. (2000) indicate that several problems affect
the U.K construction sector, which is lack of skilled workers and lack of investment in research
and development. These major challenges have contributed to the low adoption of the modern
construction methods as majority of the clients are dissatisfied with the quality of service
provided by the industry.
Proverbs et al (2013) also adds the public perceives the construction sector as inefficient
and unproductive, offering low quality service. In addition, several problems such as
procurement and tendering problems hinder the growth of the industry, with the clients forced to
engage different companies for a single construction project for design, measurement, advice on
cost and the a separate company to carry out the actual construction. This has the effect of
increasing project cost and duration of completion, with the ability of the client organizing the
entire construction process becoming a challenge. Hashemi (2013) also acknowledges that the
traditional construction system is unsatisfactory especially when managing large and complex
systems. The traditional construction approach has long construction duration and there is poor
communication between different companies that are involved in the construction process which
translates to increase in cost.
Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that adopting the modern construction
approaches has the potential to resolve the challenges currently experienced in the U.Ks
construction sector. Fig 11 shows that modern construction method has faster construction time,
improved working conditions, improved quality, greater consistency in standards and most
significant high quality, which the traditional construction approach has failed to meet.
Researchers have also provided several benefits of the construction using modern methods of
construction. According to Adebayo et al, (2006), MMC report fewer accidents and risks on
construction sites when compared to other construction approaches, with less disruption and
improved health of the people and the construction workers. Cho (2014) also adds that modern
construction methods have a better project delivery time when compared to the traditional
construction methods. They agree with the findings of the present study, that modern
construction methods have higher quality and greater consistency in standards as the components
are controlled in the factory and transported to the construction site.
5.5 Barriers to adoption of modern construction methods

The respondents felt that high initial capital for modern construction methods, the
potentially high overall cost, high expenses incurred when transporting modern construction
components to the construction site, the lack of standards and codes to guide the modern
construction sector, and inflexibility of the method especially to changes on design were among
the most significant barriers to adoption of the modern construction methods across the
construction sector. Other barriers that the respondents felt were also important include the poor
integration between modern construction methods and the traditional construction methods,
inadequate coordination in procurement and supply chain and lack of the skill sets required for
assembly of the modern construction components on site were hindering the adoption of the
method in the U.ks construction sector as presented in figure 12.
Barriers Hindering The Adoption Of MMC

16
14
12
10
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 12 barriers Adoption of MMC on A Scale of 1-5(1 is Least Important And 5 Is the
Most Important)
The present study has indentified similar barriers, which hinder the growth of the of the
construction industry, however, unlike in the traditional construction sector, the industry has a
greater potential to grow as the different processes of design, cost and construction can be
undertaken by a single company. In addition, because the designs are standardized, the cost and
the overall durations of the project are predictable.
Previous studies discussed in the literature review attribute the slow adoption of the
modern construction methods to the barriers that face the modern construction methods. The
major barriers identified by the present study included higher capital costs, challenges in
achieving economies of scale, lack of compatibility with the United Kingdom planning system,
and challenges with the planning capacity. The present study also indentified that modern
construction methods have potentially higher costs due to the processes associated with the
method such as transporting the material to construction sites. These views are shared by Sardén,
Y. and Engström, (2010), who notes that the modern construction methods require a high initial
investment as well as the methods fails to integrate with the traditional construction approaches,
a factor which was noted by the findings of the current study as well. This has given the sector
poor public acceptability making majority of the stakeholders in the construction industry
reluctant to shift to the modern methods of construction. MacEachrane, (2006), adds that in
addition, to clients, house builders have also shifted away from adopting MMC, due to these
factors.
5.6 Strategies to promote the adoption of MMC

The responds indicated that most important strategies to increase the adoption of the MMC in the
construction sector were promoting Effective Corporation and partnership between different
parties in the construction sector and ensure there is effective communication as well between
these key parties. The other strategies which the respondents felt would be effective in promoting
the adoption of the MMC in the construction sector include accrediting the quality assurance for
the projects constructed using the modern construction methods and integrating the MMC with
the existing building regulations.
The respondents also felt that coming up with MMC standards on designs would create
economies of scale and promote adoption of MMC in the construction sector. Lastly,
respondents indicated that the collaboration between the industry and the academic institutions,
providing better cost that encourages competitive pricing and a greater role on government
initiatives on the use of MMC on the social housing sector would promote the adoption of the
MMC in U.Ks construction industry. These findings are presented in figure 13.
In addition, existing research provides several strategies on promoting the adoption of the
modern construction methods which can be adopted for the current study. Gibb& Dainty (2008)
adds that major strategies applicable in promoting the adoption of modern construction methods
in the construction industry include incorporating the MMC with common house designs and
promoting compatibility with the traditional building technology. This is in agreement with the
findings of the current study which indicate that collaboration with the key partners to the
construction industry such as the finance and the insurance industries in all the stages of the
MMC will boost the adoption of the MMC in the construction industry. Gibb& Dainty (2008)
adds that the government should promote mandatory adoption of MMC in some sectors as well
as come with responsive social, political and economical policies that favor the adoption of the
MMC in the construction sector.
Similarly, as shown in figure 13 the respondents also felt that Education and training
within companies and the Universities, as well as allowing more time during design stages, as
against early design freeze, was not an important strategy that would promote the increase in the
use of modern construction methods across the U.K construction sector.
Strategies To Promoting Adoption Of MMC

18
16
14
12
10
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 13 Strategies to Promote MMC on A Scale of 1-5(1 Is Least Important And 5 Is the
Most Important)
5.7 potential of MMC to address the housing crisis in the U.K

Lastly, the respondents were required to provide their feedback on the potential of
modern construction methods to address the house shortage in the U.K. majority of the
respondents agreed and strongly agreed that MMC has the potential to solve the housing shortage
crisis in the U.K, with a few neither disagreeing and others disagreeing. There was no respondent
who strongly disagreed on the potential of the MMC to address the house shortage problem in
the U.K as represented in figure 14.
Potential Of MMC In Adressing House

Shortage
Neither agree Disagree
nor disagree 4%
8%
Agree
48%
Strongly agree
40%
Figure 14: potential of the MMC in addressing house shortage
According to a report by the National Audit Office, (2005), the government of the United
Kingdom intends to invest 1.1 billion a year to resolve the housing shortage in the U.K using the
modern construction methods including offsite manufacturing techniques which account for 0.5
billion pounds. This report indicates the interests of the United Kingdom government in the
modern methods of construction, the report notes that modern methods of construction have
better customer satisfaction, and improved efficiency as well sustainability and predictability of
both cost and price, therefore more potential to meet the rising demand for quality and affordable
housing in the U.K when compared to the traditional construction methods. Pan (2007) also
indicates that despite reluctance in adopting the modern methods of construction across the
United Kingdom’s construction sector, majority of the house builders’ belief that the method has
the potential to address the housing crisis experienced in the country. A review carried out by
barker (2003) also acknowledges that the modern construction methods have the potential to
increase the quality of construction and address the challenges of shortage of labour facing the
U.K, therefore addressing the current crisis in the housing sector.
Further Existing research confirms modern construction methods are ideal to address the
undersupply and the poor quality of housing in the United Kingdom (Pan, Gibb& Dainty, 2008).
It uses less design time for the delivery of the overall project when compared to the traditional
construction methods. Adebayo, Price & Gibb (2006) further acknowledge that modern MMC
construction methods have facilitated the completing of major projects in the health care sector
when compared to using the traditional methods of construction. The research published by the
change for a better environment carried out in 2007, further adds that the potential of the modern
construction methods lies in its ability to utilize scarce construction resources with less waste.
Therefore, the players in the construction industry such as the manufacturers, suppliers,
distributors and designers provide tons of existing research on the potential of modern
construction methods as well as a wide range of published material on MMC sources of
secondary data agree with the findings of the present study, that adopting the modern methods of
construction has the potential to resolve the current housing crisis in the U.Ks housing sector.
In comparison, the findings of the present study therefore agree with the existing research
on the potential of the modern construction methods to address the challenges of housing
shortage in the country. About 88% of the respondents in the present study, who are
professionals in the construction sectors, support the adoption of the MMC in resolving housing
crisis when compared to 4% of the respondents who disagreed.
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMEDATIONS

The level of demand for quality and affordable housing in the u.k has incresed
significantly. Estimates indicate that the need for affordable housing in the U.K lies between
230,000-300,000 units every year (Heath, 2014). On the other, the adoption of the modern
construction methods in the U.K is below expectation, when compared to other countries like
Japan and Scandinavia. The majority of houses in the United Kingdom are built using the
traditional construction methods, which has a deep history in U.Ks construction sector
(Matsumara, 2004). Therefore, the U.K misses out on the benefits of modern construction sector,
which has a huge potential to resolve the rising housing demand. Modern construction methods
are not new in the U.K. they have been used to resolve the housing crisis after the second world
war, but suffered from a poor image from poor design and construction quality, forcing house
builders to revert to the traditional construction methods, a trend which has remained up to date.
However, the trend is currently reversing, with more people adopting the advanced MMC
construction approach. Therefore, are the modern construction methods more efficient and
quicker when compared to the traditional construction approaches? This dissertation evaluates
the modern construction method as an efficient solution to building quality and affordable homes
efficiently and quickly, and its potential to resolve the crisis facing the United Kingdom’s
housing sector.
Currently, modern construction methods have significantly advanced from the prefabs of
1940s. They use fewer materials when compared to the traditional construction approaches, and
have fewer defects hence higher quality (Pan, 2007). In addition, Modern construction methods
are more accurate in terms of forecasting construction costs, and meet the rising demand in
shortage of skilled construction labour. The research therefore set up to investigate the feedback
from the professionals in the construction industry on the use of modern construction methods to
build house more quickly and efficiently. An extensive literature review notes that House
builders in the United Kingdom construction industry acknowledge the modern construction
methods provide an efficient product management process that ensures better quality houses
being constructed in less time (Sardén & Engström, 2010). Modern methods of construction
provide opportunities that are effective in reducing various uncertainties that are experienced in
traditional construction. In addition, it modern construction methods use standardized materials,
making controlling quality and design much easier. modern construction methods are less
affected by bad weather and the responsibility for designing and construction process can be
carried out by one company, further reducing the conflicts of interests involved in working with
different companies and making it easy for the client. The present study recruited the
participants working for suppliers, manufacturing, contractors and consultant companies in the
construction industry. The researcher sent questionnaires to 75 participants drawn from various
areas of the construction sector. However, 33 people responded and 25 of the responses were
used to analyze and interpret the results as they were completely filled and the remaining 8 were
not properly filled so could not be used for the analysis. The questionnaire was used to collect
the data for the study.
Due to the short time available to complete the study, personal interviews and
observations would not have been possible. The questionnaire was administered online over the
internet created as web forms by smart survey.com and the link shared to the participant through
email. All the respondents indicated that they had at least five years experience in the
construction industry. The respondents working for the consultant companies had the highest
experience at 10 years. The Participants working for the consultant companies involved in the
current study reported the highest experience on average, while those working for the contractors
reported the least experience. The study findings indicate that the most adopted form of the
modern construction methods was the sub-assemblies and components with 68% of the
respondents reporting to have used them in construction projects. This category includes all the
prefabricated dormers, plumbing and foundation. Others include timber beams and the door sets
among others. The panelized systems were the most second used MMC systems, used by 40% of
the respondents in the construction projects. In addition, timber and the light steel frame are the
most utilized components of the panelized forms of MMC. They are mainly not full housing
components but include large components incorporated in modern construction methods.
The current study reveals that modern construction methods to complete build houses
more quickly was the most standing out aspect of adopting the construction approach. It has
several benefits over the traditional construction methods which include reducing risks /
accidents that occur on construction sites, Reduced the time for delivery of the project due to
simplified construction processes, improving the quality and reducing works defects due to
factory control and was better in consistency in standards / quality. Other benefits include
lowering over-all costs, which made it more profitable due to mass production. It also Addressed
the skills shortage because it less skilled labour/ people on the construction site and lastly
improved working conditions in terms of health & safety of the workers because it was clean
&organized on the construction sites. The findings of the study agree with the existing research
that high initial capital for modern construction methods, the potentially high overall cost, and
high expenses incurred when transporting modern construction components to the construction
site, the lack of standards and codes to guide the modern construction sector, and inflexibility of
the method especially to changes on design
FUTURE RESERCH
The current research evaluates the modern construction methods and its ability to build
affordable and quality houses in the U.K efficiently and faster, investigating the usage, barriers,
strategies and potential to address the housing crisis in the U.K. however, the technology
involved in modern construction methods are changing significantly. Suggestions for future
research include evaluating the emerging technologies in the modern construction sector and
what impact do they have in reducing the housing crisis in the United Kingdom. Future research
should also focus on the existing housing regulations and how can be adjusted to encourage
usage of the modern construction methods.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Questionnaire
This questionnaire will be used in a survey in my MSc Dissertation project at…..
University. My research will examine the various applications of Modern Methods of

Construction (MMC). MMC in this context is used to refer off-site manufacturing, off-site
production, pre-fabrication and industrialized building together with other innovative site centred
construction methods like panels, manufactured concrete blocks and tunnel form construction.
MMC has been applied in the construction industry in the recent past to improve its performance
as well as meet the increased demands like urban housing. There are a number of advantages of
using MMC that have been documented in terms of quality and timely delivery. Nevertheless,
MMC has not been fully integrated into the construction industry. Therefore, the objective of this
project is to identify and determine the current applications of MMC, their advantages,
disadvantages and schemes to overcome the challenges of adopting MMC.
Your participation will be valuable to my dissertation and it will provide me with your
opinions and insights into the important areas. The answers that will be given will remain strictly
confidential and will solely be used for academic purposes.
Yours Sincerely,
Name:
Course:
University
Contact:
1. What is the nature of your organization?
Contractor
manufacturer/supplier
Consultant (architectural/structural designer)
Other (please specify):
Do you have any experience in modern methods of construction? How many years?
2. Please fill the following information depending on the nature of the company
selected above
How many of
How many How many
these projects
years have you completed
have made
worked in the projects have
use of modern
construction you worked
construction
industry? on?
methods?
contractor
supplier/manufacturer
How many of
How many How many
these projects
years have you completed
have made
worked in the projects have
use of modern
construction you worked
construction
industry? on?
methods?
Consultant (
architectural or
structural)
Other
3. Please check/tick all the forms of MMC that your company uses in construction
projects.
never used least used often used mostly used
Open Panels
Closed Panels
Concrete Panels
Composite Panels
Structural Insulated
Panels (SIPS)
Three-Dimensional
Units (Complete
Rooms)
never used least used often used mostly used
Bathroom Pods
Tunnel Form In-Situ

Concrete
Roof Cassette
Kitchen Pods
Integrated Panels &

Full Room/Pod Units
Prefabricated
Foundations
Pre-Fabricated
Dormers
Pre-Fabricated
Plumbing
Timber I Beams
Stair/ Lift Case

Component
4. How would you rate the quality of completed projects that embraced modern
construction methods when compared to ones completed using traditional construction
methods?
Good
Very Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
5. Were there any particular aspects of the modern methods construction methods
that stood out? If so, what?
6. Please rate the following benefits/advantages of Modern methods of construction

on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important:
1 2 3 4 5
Reduced overall project
delivery time (Due to
simplified construction
processes)
Potentially less design

time
1 2 3 4 5
Reduced onsite risks /

accidents
Less disruption at site &

transportation frequency
(e.g. in material supply)
Improved working
conditions (health &
safety): clean &organized
site
Improved quality and

reduced defects of works
due to factory control
Greater consistency in
standards / quality
Lower over-all costs: more

profitable due to mass
production
Addresses skills shortage:

need less skilled labour/
people on-site
Improved environmental
performance (so,
sustainable development)
1 2 3 4 5
Efficient use of resources
and transports
Less disturbance to local

communities: noise, dust,
sound, etc.
7. Please rate the following barriers/disadvantages of modern construction methods

on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important and 5 being the most important:
1 2 3 4 5
Higher initial (/capital)
cost to traditional
approach
Potentially higher
overall cost to
traditional approach
high expenses from

transporting heavy
loads over long
distances
Fewer codes/standards
available
Inflexible / not suitable

for late design changes
Poor integration &

interface performance
1 2 3 4 5
with traditional method
Inadequate
coordination:
procurement, supply
chain, site
management
Lack of required skill

sets required for site
erection / assembly
8. Please rate the following strategies to overcome barrier that hold back the
adoption of modern methods of construction on a scale of 1-5: 1 being the least important
and 5 being the most important:
1 2 3 4 5
Collaboration /
partnering between
'key parties'
Effective
communication
between 'key parties'
Accreditation for quality

assurance
Integrate MMC with

building regulations
1 2 3 4 5
Guidance/ guideline on
the use of MMC
Provide better cost

data to facilitate more
competitive costing
Government initiatives
for use of MMC in
social housing sector
Education and training:

within companies
Education & training: at

formal institutions, e.g.
Universities
Industry-academia
collaboration on
training
Allow more time for

design stages, as
against early design
freeze
Ensure design
standards to achieve
economies of scale
1 2 3 4 5
9. Do you think that using modern methods of constructions will address the
problem of house shortages in the U.K?
Agree
Strongly Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Appendix II: Participants consent

I ……………………………………..give my consent to participate on the study on
Modern Methods of Construction to Build Homes More Quickly and Efficiently: A Study
of the UK Industry.
Name …………………….
Signature ………………..
Date ……………………….
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Modern Methods of Construction to Build Homes More Quickly and Efﬁciently: A

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Modern Methods of Construction to Build Homes More

List of tables ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Background of the study ....................................................................................... 6

1.1.1 Overview of modern construction methods........................................................ 7

1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 10

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10

2.1.1 Types of MMC ................................................................................................. 11

2.2 Overview of modern construction methods ............................................................ 12

2.2.1 History of modern construction methods in the U.K........................................ 12

2.3 Adoption of MMC in the U.K ................................................................................. 15

2.3.2 Drivers of Modern Construction Methods in U.K Construction Industry ........ 16

2.5 Adoption of Modern construction methods in other countries ............................... 20

2.5.1MMC in Japan ................................................................................................... 20

2.5.2 MMC in Scandinavia ........................................................................................ 21

2.6 Summary of the Literature Review ......................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 22

3.1 Setting and Design of the Study .............................................................................. 23

3.2.1 Population Characteristics ................................................................................ 23

3.4 Sampling Technique ................................................................................................ 24

3.5.1 Overview of the questionnaire design .............................................................. 25

3.6 Ethical Consideration .............................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .................................................................................................. 27

5.1 Analysis of the Questionnaire ................................................................................. 34

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMEDATIONS ............................................ 51

Figure 7: Subassemblies and Components Forms of MMC ........................................................ 39

1.1.1 Overview of modern construction methods

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Study Justification

1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Research

1.5 Research questions

1.6 Structure of chapters/sections

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 Types of MMC

Volumetric or modular construction

Panelized construction systems

Subassemblies and components

Site based MMC

2.2 Overview of modern construction methods

2.2.2 Modern construction methods versus traditional methods in addressing uncertainties

Table 1: comparison of traditional and modern construction methods

2.3 Adoption of MMC in the U.K

2.3.1 Impact of modern construction methods in the U.K construction industry

2.3.2 Drivers of Modern Construction Methods in U.K Construction Industry

2.3.3Benefits of Modern Construction Methods

2.3.4 Barriers of Modern Construction Methods

2.3.5 Strategies to Overcome Barriers Holding Back Adoption of MMC

2.5 Adoption of Modern construction methods in other countries

2.5.2 MMC in Scandinavia

2.6 Summary of the Literature Review

3.1 Setting and Design of the Study

3.2 Study Population

3.4 Sampling Technique