Hybradization

Hybradization
Definition of Hybridization. Hybridization happens when atomic

orbitals mix to form new atomic orbitals. The new orbitals have
the same total electron capacity as the old ones. The properties
and energies of the new, hybridized orbitals are an 'average' of
the original unhybridized orbitals.
Types of Hybridization
Based on the types of orbitals involved in mixing, the
hybridization can be classified as sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2,
sp3d3. Let us now discuss the various types of hybridization
along with their examples.
sp Hybridization
sp hybridization is observed when one s and one p orbital in the
same main shell of an atom mix to form two new equivalent
orbitals. The new orbitals formed are called sp hybridized
orbitals. It forms linear molecules with an angle of 180°
This type of hybridization involves the mixing of one ‘s’ orbital

and one ‘p’ orbital of equal energy to give a new hybrid orbital
known as an sp hybridized orbital.
sp hybridization is also called diagonal hybridization.
Each sp hybridized orbital has an equal amount of s and p
character, i.e., 50% s and p character.
sp Hybridization
Examples of sp Hybridization:
All compounds of beryllium like BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2
All compounds of carbon-containing triple Bond like C2H2.
sp2 Hybridization
sp2 hybridisation is observed when one s and two p orbitals of
the same shell of an atom mix to form 3 equivalent orbital. The
new orbitals formed are called sp2 hybrid orbitals.
sp2 hybridization is also called trigonal hybridization.

It involves mixing of one ‘s’ orbital and two ‘p’ orbital’s of equal
energy to give a new hybrid orbital known as sp2.
A mixture of s and p orbital formed in trigonal symmetry and is
maintained at 1200.
All the three hybrid orbitals remain in one plane and make an
angle of 120° with one another. Each of the hybrid orbitals
formed has 33.33% s character and 66.66% ‘p’ character.
The molecules in which the central atom is linked to 3 atoms
and is sp2 hybridized have a triangular planar shape.
sp2 Hybridization
Examples of sp2 Hybridization

All the compounds of Boron i.e. BF3, BH3
All the compounds of carbon containing a carbon-carbon
double bond, Ethylene (C2H4)
sp3 Hybridization
When one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same
shell of an atom mix together to form four new equivalent
orbital, the type of hybridization is called a tetrahedral
hybridization or sp3. The new orbitals formed are called sp3
hybrid orbitals.
These are directed towards the four corners of a regular

tetrahedron and make an angle of 109°28’ with one another.
The angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is 109.280
Each sp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s character and 75% p
character.
Example of sp3 hybridization: ethane (C2H6), methane.
sp3 Hybridization
sp3d Hybridization
sp3d hybridization involves the mixing of 3p orbitals and 1d
orbital to form 5 sp3d hybridized orbitals of equal energy. They
have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.
The mixture of s, p and d orbital forms trigonal bipyramidal

symmetry.
Three hybrid orbitals lie in the horizontal plane inclined at an
angle of 120° to each other known as the equatorial orbitals.
The remaining two orbitals lie in the vertical plane at 90
degrees plane of the equatorial orbitals known as axial orbitals.
Example: Hybridization in Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)
sp3d Hybridization
sp3d2 Hybridization
sp3d2 hybridization has 1s, 3p and 2d orbitals, that undergo
intermixing to form 6 identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
These 6 orbitals are directed towards the corners of an
octahedron.
They are inclined at an angle of 90 degrees to one another.
Key Features of Hybridization

Atomic orbitals with equal energies undergo hybridization.
The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of
atomic orbitals mixing.
It is not necessary that all the half-filled orbitals must
participate in hybridization. Even completely filled orbitals with
slightly different energies can also participate.
Hybridization happens only during the bond formation and not
in an isolated gaseous atom.
The shape of the molecule can be predicted if hybridization of
the molecule is known.
The bigger lobe of the hybrid orbital always has a positive sign
while the smaller lobe on the opposite side has a negative sign.
Try This: Give the hybridization states of each of the carbon
atom in the given molecule.
H2C = CH – CN
HC ≡ C − C ≡ CH
H2C = C = C = CH2

Hybradization

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Hybradization

Definition of Hybridization. Hybridization happens when atomic

This type of hybridization involves the mixing of one ‘s’ orbital

sp2 hybridization is also called trigonal hybridization.

Examples of sp2 Hybridization

These are directed towards the four corners of a regular

The mixture of s, p and d orbital forms trigonal bipyramidal

Key Features of Hybridization

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