TOPIC 5

RIZAL’S EDUCATION

The first teacher of Rizal was his mother

He learned the alphabet and prayers at the age of three

As a tutor, Doña Teodora was patient, conscientious and understanding.

- She first discovered that her son had talent for poetry.
- She encouraged him write poems.
- She related many stories to lighten the monotony of memory the ABC’s
And to stimulate her son’s imagination. (El Amigo De Los Nino o Ang mga
Kaibigan nga mga bata, The moth story)

Rizal’s Parents employed private tutors to give him lessons at home.

 Maestro Celestino – First tutor

 Maestro Lucas Padua – Second Tutor (Arithmetic)
 Leon Monroy – A former classmate of Rizal’s father. This old teacher lived at
Rizal
Home and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. He did not live long and died five
Months later.

After Monroy’s death, the parents of Rizal decided to send him to a private school in Binan.

RIZAL MOVES TO BINAN

- Saturday afternoon of June 1869, Rizal left Calamba to move in Binan.
- Paciano accompanied Rizal on his trip on board a carromata.
- Their travel lasted for one and a half hour. Then proceed to their aunt’s
House where Rizal was to lodge.
- That Sunday night, his cousin Leandro invited him for a walk around the
Town to familiarize Rizal with the place but at that time, he felt homesick
As he remembered his mothers and sisters.
FIRST DAY AT THE VILLAGE SCHOOL
- He was accompanied again by Paciano to the village school under the charge of
Maestro Justiniano Cruz, Paciano’s teacher during his elementary school.
- Pedro (son of Maestro Cruz) – laughed at Rizal because of his response to Maestros
questions.
- Afternoon of Rizal’s first in school, he challenged Pedro to fight.
- After the class in the afternoon, his classmate named Andres Salandanan challenged him
to an arm-wrestling match.
- In succeeding days he had other fights with the boys of Binan. He was not quarrelsome
by nature, but he never ran away from a fight.

ACADEMIC STUDIES AT THE VILLAGE SCHOOL

- Even at this level of education, Rizal was able to demonstrate his intellectual superiority
– the best in his class in Latin, Spanish, and the rest of the subjects.
- Because of this, he was the object of jealousy by his classmates; and thus, was made to
look bad in front of the maestro and was punished.

ACADEMIC INSTRUCTION AT THE VILLAGE SCHOOL

- He did not enjoy his schooling at the village school, under Maestro Justiniano Cruz. He
did not even like his teacher, who he described as a tall man with long neck and sharp
nose and a bent body slightly forward.

END OF SCHOOLING AT THE VILLAGE SCHOOL

- He then returned to Calamba after receiving the letter from his sister Saturnina.
- By December 17, 1870, he was able to return to his hometown.
- He went home by boarding a steamship named Talim.

STUDIES AT ATENEO AND UST

SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877)

 Jose was sent to Manila four months after the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and
with Da Teodora still in prison. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, a college
under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
 Bitter rival of the Dominican owned College of San Juan de Letran.
 Formerly the Escuela Pia(Charity School) – for boys in Manila in 1817.
  In 1859 – name was changed to Ateneo Municipaly the Jesuits and later became
the Ateneo de Manila.

RIZAL ENTERS AT ATENEO

 June 10, 1872 – Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila to take the
entrance examinations on Christian Doctrine, Arithmetic, and reading at the
College of San Juan de Letran, and passed them.
 His father was the first one who wished him to study at Letran but he changed
his mind and decided to send Jose at Ateneo instead.
 Father Magin Ferrando, college registrar of Ateneo Municippal, refused to admit
Jose because he was late for registration and he was sickly and undersized for his
age (11 years old).
 Upon the intercession of Manuel Xeres Burgos, nephew of Father Burgos, he was
admitted at Ateneo.
 Jose adopted the surname “Rizal” at the Ateneo because their family name
“Mercado” had come under suspicion of the Spanish authorities.
 Ateneo was in Intramuros, within the walls of Manila. He boarded in a house on
Caraballo Street, 25 min walk from the college. The boarding house was owned
by Titay, who owed Rizal family Php300. Jose boarded there to collect part of the
debt.

JESUITS SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

 Jesuits trained the character of the student by rigid discipline, humanities, and
religious instruction. They heard Mass early in the morning before the beginning
of daily class. Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
 Students were divided into two groups:
o Roman Empire
o Carthaginian Empire
 Each empire had its rank. Students for positions, with 3 mistakes, opponents
position could lose his position.
o 1st Best: Emperor
o 2nd Best: Tribune
o 3rd Best: Decurion
o 4th Best” Centurion
RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)

 Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech

 Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since he was a newcomer and knows
little Spanish.
 He was an externo (Carthaginians), occupying the end of the line. But at the end
of the month, he become “emperor” of his empire.
 He was the brightest pupil in the whole class, and he was awarded a prize, a
religious prize.
 Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during his noon recesses to
improve his Spanish language paying three pesos for thos extra lessons.
SUMMER VACATION (1873)

 Rizal didn’t enjoy his summer because his mother was in prison so
Neneng(Saturnina) brough him to Tanawan.
 But without telling his father, he went to Santa Cruz to visit her mother in prison.
He told her of his brilliant grades.
 After summer, he returns to Manila and now boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6
Magallanes Street. Dona Pepay, who had a widowed daughter and 4 sons, was
his landlady.
SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-1874)

 At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subject and a
gold medal.
 The count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas – the first favorite novel of Rizal
which made a deep impression on him.
 Universal History by Cesar Cantu – Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set
of historical work that was a great aid in his studies.
 Dr. Feodor Jagor – A German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in
1859-1860 who wrote the travels in the Philippines.
THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)

 Rizal’s grades remained excellent in all subjects, but he won only one medal – in
Latin.
 At the end of the school year (March 1875), Rizal returned to Calamba for the
summer vacation. He himself was not impressed by his scholastic work.
FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-1876)

 June 16, 1875- Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo.

 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s
professors who inspired him to study harder and write poetry.
  Rizal described this Jesuit professor as “model of uprightness, earnestness, and
love for the advancement of his pupils”.
 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subject and won five medals at the end of
school term.
LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877)

 Rizal- The most brilliant Atenean of his time and was truly the pride of the
Jesuits.
 Graduate with Highest Honor.
 March 23, 1877 – Rizal, 16 years old, received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo
Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors.
 The night before graduation, he could not sleep. Early morning on the day of his
graduation, he prayed to the Virgin to commend his life and protect him as he
step into the world.
EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN ATENEO

 He was an active member, later secretary of Marian Congregation of religious

society. He was accepted because of his academic brilliance and devotion to Our
Lady of Immaculate Conception, the college patroness.
 He is also a member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of
Natural Sciences.
 He studied painting under Agustin Saez, a famous painter, and sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus.
 He continued his physical training under hi sports minded Tio Manuel
SCULTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO

 He carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of Batikuling (Philippine

hardwood) with his pocket knife. The Jesuits fathers were amazed.
 Father Lleonart requested him to carve for him an image of the Sacred Heart of
Jesus. He intended to take the image with him in Spain but forgot to do so. So
the Ateneo boarders placed it on the door of their dormitory. It plays a
significant part in Rizal’s last hours at Fort Santiago.
VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER’S BRUTALITY

 Setting: Dark night, summer vacation 1878, Calamba

 He passed by a lieutenant of Guardia Civil but failed to recognize the latter.
 Insulted, the lieutenant slashed Jose’s back with his sword.
 Jose reported to General Primo de Rivera, Spanish governor general, but no
resolution was done because of racial discrimination.
 o March 21, 1887: “I went to the Captain-General but I could not obtain
justice; my wound lasted two weeks”.
TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (1879)

 Literary contest by Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum)

 Rizal, 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina (To the
Filipino Youth)
 The first prize, a feather shaped, a gold ribbon decorated silver pen was given to
Rizal.
 In the poem, Rizal beseeched the Filipino to rise from lethargy, to let their genius
fly swifter than the wind and descend with art science to break the chains that
have long bound the spirit of the people.
 The poem is classic. Two reasons:
o It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino whose merit
was recognized by Spanish literary authorities.
o It expressed the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos and
not the foreigners were the “fair hope of the Fatherland.”
HE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880)

 Another literary contest by the Artistic Literary Lyceum to commemorate the

fourth centennial of the death of the Cervantes, Spanish, and author of Don
Quixote.
 Manuel De Cervantes – Spain’s glorified man of letter.
 Rizal submitted an allegorical drama, El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the
Gods)
 The allegory was based on Greek classics.
 Rizal was aided by the Father Rector of the Ateneo in securing the needed
reference materials.
 The contest was participated by priest, laymen, professors of UST,
newspapermen and scholars.
 Rizal won the first price: he received a gold ring engrave with bust of Cervantes.
 D.N. Del Puzo – a Spanish writer won the 2nd price.
CHAMPION OF THE FILIPINO STUDENTS

 There were frequent student brawls between the Filipinos and the Spaniards
 1880: Rizal founded Companerismo (Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino
UST students. The members were called “Companions of Jehu”
 He was the chief of the society.
 His cousin, Galicano Apacible was the secretary.
  In one of the skirmishes, Rizal was wounded on the head. His friends brought
him to Casa Tomasina where Leonor Rivera took him.
DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD

 Rizal decided to study in Spain after finishing the fourth year of his medical
course
 The people who approved:
o His older brother Paciano
o His sisters Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia
o Uncle Antonio Rivera
o The Valenzuela Family
o Some friends
 The people who did not know his decision:
o Rizal’s parents
o Leonor Rivera
o Spanish authorities

UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST

 Rizal was unhappy in the Dominican Institution because:

o The Dominican professors were hostile to him
o The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards.
o The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.

“Without education and liberty, which are the soil and the sun of man, no reform is possible, no
measure can give the result desire.” – Jose Rizal

RIZAL’S IDEALS AND PHILOSOPHIES

Objectives:
1. To understand Rizal’s ideals and philosophies on different aspects.
2. To know the importance of Rizal’s ideals and philosophies.
3. To release the different ideals and philosophies of Rizal on our daily lives.
EDUCATION
- Education is important in the development of a nation and its people.
- Rizal preaches the need of education and said that “ignorance is slavery”.
- Learning should be adaptable to the needs or actual life of the people.
- “Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan”.
NATIONALISM
- He portrayed the image of the Filipino women in the character of Maria Clara.
- The family, the smallest social group economic units should be associated with certain
positive concepts including dedication and love.
- In order to gain rights and freedom, Filipinos needed to adopt to their own nationalistic
identity as the Spanish had done.
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
- Centers on the provision of the proper motivation in order to bolster the great social
forces to make education a success, to create in the youth innate desire to cultivate his
intelligence and give him life eternal.
- Elevate the country to the highest seat of glory and to develop the people’s mentality.
- The country would be saved from domination only through education.
RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY
- Salvation was not only for Catholics.
- Salvation was not possible even if Catholics composed only a small minority of the world
religious groups.
- Fasting is not sacrifice.
- He did not believe in sale of such religious items such as the cross, medals, rosaries, and
the like in order to propagate the faith and raise the church funds.
POLITICAL PHILOSOPY
- A conquered country like the Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather
should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of the self
government.
- Study and applications of reforms, the extension of human rights, the training for self
government and the arousing of spirit of discontent over oppression brutality,
inhumanity, sensitiveness, and self love.
ETHICAL PHILOSPHY
- Study of human behavior whether it is good or bad or whether it is right or wrong.
- Not only the forces of good and evil but also the tendencies towards good and evil.
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
 - The body of knowledge relating to society including the wisdom which man’s experience
in society.
- Rizal’s social philosophy dealt with:
1. Man in society
2. Influential factors in human life
3. Racial problems
4. Social constant
5. Social justice
6. Poverty and wealth
7. Social ideal
8. Reforms
9. Youth and greatness
10. History and progress
11. Future Philippines

THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE

“The Philippines a Century Hence” is an essay written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal to
forecast the future of the country within a hundred years. Rizal felt that it was time to remind
Spain that the circumstances that ushered in French revolution could have a telling effects for
her in the Philippines.

This essay presents a radical phrophesy of Rizal of how our Motherland will end up centuries
later proposing that our country will end up in either of the three ways:
- That the Philippines will remain to be a colony of Spain but will be in good terms with its
captors
- That the Philippines will try to cut the ties of our Motherland from its captors through
violent means
- Nd lastly that we will be colonized by another country

This essay, published in La Solidaridad in Madrid between September 30, 1889 and February 1,
1890 starts by analyzing the various causes of the miseries suffered by the Filipino people.

Spain’s implementation of her military policies – because of such laws, the Philippine
population decreased dramatically. Poverty became more rampant than ever, and farmlands
were left to wither. The family as a unit of society was neglected, and overall, every aspect of
life of the Filipino was retarded.

Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino indigenous culture – when Spain came with sword
and the cross, it began the gradual destruction of the native Philippine culture. Because of this,
the Filipinos started losing their confidence in their past and their heritage, became doubtful of
their present lifestyle, and eventually lost hope in the future and the preservation of their race.

Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers – one of the most powerful forcers that
influenced a culture of silence among the natives were the Spanish friars. Because of the use of
force, the Filipinos learned to submit themselves to the will of the foreigners.
Eventually, the natives realized that such oppression in their society by foreign colonizers must
no longer be tolerated.

Keeping the people uneducated and ignorant had failed. National consciousness had still
awakened, and great Filipino minds still emerged from the rubble.

Keeping the people impoverished also came to no avail. On the contrary, living a life of eternal
destitution had allowed the Filipinos to act on the desire for a change in their way of life. They
began to explore other horizons through which they could move towards progress.

Exterminating the people as an alternative to hindering progress did not work either. The
Filipino race was able to survive amidst wars and famine and became even more numerous
after such catastrophes. To wipe out the nation altogether would require the sacrifice of
thousands of Spanish soldiers, and this is something Spain would not allow.

The key points in the essay or several issues that concern our country:
- Abuse of human rights
- Lack of freedom of speech
- Lack of representation in the Spanish Cortes

THE SECOND HOMECOMING

From Hongkong, Rizal came back for the following reasons:

 To confer with Gov. Gen. Despujol regarding Borneo Colonization project.

 To establish the La Liga Filipina.
 To prove that he did abandoned his country as alleged.

ARRIVED IN MANILA

 At noon of June 26, 1892 – Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (Wife of Mariano
Herbosa) arrived in Manila.
 “I arrived at Manila on 26 June (1892), Sunday at 12:00 noon. I was met by many
carabineers headed by a major. There were in addition one captain and one
sergeant of the Veteran Civil Guard. I came down with my luggage and the
inspected me at the custom house. From there I went to Hotel de Oriente where
I occupied room No. 22 facing the church of Binondo.”
 In the afternoon, at 4 o’clock, Rizal proceeded to Malacañang Palace to seek
audience with Governor-General Despujol
 He was told to come back at that night at 7 o’clock
 He returned and was able to confer with the Governor.

THE FOUNDING OF LA LIGA FILIPINA

- July 3, 1892 (Sunday) – On the evening of Sunday, following his morning interview with
Governor-General Despujol, Rizal attended a meeting of patriots at home of the
Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Onjuco on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila.
- THE INITIATION:
 Rizal explained the objectives of the La liga Filipina, a civil league of Filipinos,
which he desired to established and make its role in the socioeconomic life of
the people.
 He presented the constitution of the Liga which he had written in Hongkong and
discussed its provisions.

- ALMS OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA:

  To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.
 Mutual protection in every wants and necessity
 Defense against all violence and injustice
 Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce
 Study and application of reforms
 La Liga Motto: “Unus Imstar Omnium” (One like All)
THE LA LIGA GOVERNMENT
- The governing body of the league as the supreme council which had jurisdiction over the
whole country. It was composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal.
There was a provincial council in every province and a popular council in every town.
- THE DUTIES:
 Obey the orders of the supreme council
 To help in recruiting new members
 To keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga authorities
 To have a symbolic name which cannot be change until he becomes the
president of his council
 To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affects the Liga
 To behave well as befits a good Filipino
 To help fellow members in all ways
NO WAY OUT
- July 6(Wednesday)
 Rizal went to Malacañang to resume his series of interviews with governor
general. The governor general showed some printed leaflets were entitle Pobres
Frailes (Poor Frairs).
 Rizal denied having those leaflets. Despite his denial and insistent demand for
investigation. He was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by
Ramon Despojul the nephew and aide of Governor General
- July 7
 Gace de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest the same issue the
gubernatorial decree gave him the reasons for Rizal’s deportation as follows:
1. Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain
which were “frankly anti-Catholic and “prudently anti-friar”
2. A few hours after his arrival “the was found in his packages a bundle of
handbills entitle “Pobres Frailes”.
3. The end to which he pursues in his efforst and writings is to tear from the
loyal Filipino breats the treasures of our catholic faith
 - JULY 15, 1891 (12:30 a.m.)
 Rizal was brough under heavy guard to streamer Cebu which was sailing to
Dapitan (1:00 a.m.) the streamer under Captain Delgras departed sailing south
passing Mindoro and Panay
- JULY 17, 1892
 Reached Dapitan at 7:00 in the evening. Captain Delgras handed Rizal over to
Captain Ricardo Carnicero. Spanish commandant of Dapitan. From that day until
July 31, 1896, Dapitan became the bare witness to one of the most fruitful
periods in Rizal’s life. His stay in the province was more than “he” living in exile –
it was the period when Rizal had been more focused on serving the people and
society through his civic works, medical practices, land development and
promotion of education.
RESCUE ATTEMPTS OF JOSE RIZAL
- 1st attempt: Dr. Pio Valenzuela sent by the Katpinun through Andres Bonifacio to infrom
Jose Rizal about the Katipunan’s aim/plot against the Spanish authority.
- 2nd attempt: Before the outbreak of revolution, Emilio Jacinto boarded the ship Castilla
where Jose Rizal was onboard to rescue him, but Rizal refused.
- 3rd attempt: After the outbreak of the revolution, Rizal was placed under arrest, his
friend in Singapore, Antonio Regidor and Sixth Lopez hired a loyer to fiel a writ ofhabeas
corpus but failed.

LAST HOMECOMING OF RIZAL’S TRIAL

1896
- After he was send supposedly to Cuba as a volunteer doctor, It was his saddest return to
his beloved native land for he was charged and faced trial
- October 8, 1896: While on board going to Spain, Jose Rizal was placed under arrest as he
was being blamed about the bloody revolution happened in the Philippines.
- November 3, 1896: Rizal arrived in Manila as a Prisoner and quietly he was transferred
to Fort Santiago where he was imprisoned
- November 20, 1896: Jose Rizal was brought before Colone Francisco Olive, the judge
advocate for preliminary investigation of the charges against him:
 Illegal association\
 Sedition
 Rebellion
Kinds of Evidences during the preliminary investigation
  Documentary evidence
 Testimonial evidence
- November 26, 1896: Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case to Gov. Gen
Ramon Blanco, and the letter appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez to institute of
corresponding action against Rizal

Judge Advocate General Don Nicolas dela Peña , submitted the following
recommendations