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Pressure Drop Calculation in Pipe & Annulus

The document discusses pressure drop calculations for pipes and annuli in heat exchangers. It provides equations for calculating pressure drop based on parameters like flow rate, viscosity, pipe diameter, and roughness. It then works through an example problem of sizing heat exchanger hairpins to heat benzene using toluene, calculating heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for both the inner pipe and annulus.

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Kusmakar
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203 views8 pages

Pressure Drop Calculation in Pipe & Annulus

The document discusses pressure drop calculations for pipes and annuli in heat exchangers. It provides equations for calculating pressure drop based on parameters like flow rate, viscosity, pipe diameter, and roughness. It then works through an example problem of sizing heat exchanger hairpins to heat benzene using toluene, calculating heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for both the inner pipe and annulus.

Uploaded by

Kusmakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Pressure drop calculation in pipe & annulus

• The pressure-drop allowance in an exchanger is the static fluid


pressure which may be expended to drive the fluid through
the exchanger.
• The pump selected for the circulation of a process fluid is one
which develops sufficient head at the desired capacity to
overcome frictional losses caused by connecting piping,
fittings, control regulators, and the pressure drop in the
exchanger itself.
• To this head the static pressure must be added.
• Once a definite pressure drop allowance has been designated
for an exchanger as a part of a pumping circuit, it should
always be utilized as completely as possible in the exchanger,
since it will otherwise be blown off or expanded through a
pressure reducer.
• Since, ∆𝐹 ∝ 𝐺 2 (nearly, f varies with Re No.)
• ℎ𝑖 ∝ 𝐺 0.8 (for turbulent flow)
• The best use of available pressure is to increase the mass
velocity which also increases hi and lessens the size and cost
of the apparatus
• Thus a pressure drop of 5 to 10 psi ; for each pumped stream
10 psi is fairly standard.
• The pressure drop in pipes can be computed from Fanning
Equation
4𝑓𝑙 𝑣 2
∆𝐹 = 𝑥
𝐷 2𝑔
4𝑓𝑙 𝐺 2
∆𝐹 = (unit m,ft…)
2𝑔𝐷𝑒 𝜌2
• For laminar flow,
16
• 𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
32𝜇𝐺
• ∆𝐹 =
𝑔𝜌2 𝐷2
0.125
• 𝑓 = 0.0014 +
𝑅𝑒 0.32
Or
0.264
𝑓 = 0.0035 + 0.42
𝑅𝑒
• The pressure drop computed by Fanning
Equation does not include the pressure drop
encountered when the fluid enters or leaves
the exchanger
• For inner pipe of double pipe exchangers
connected in series, the entrance loss is
usually negligible, but for annuli it may be
significant.
• The allowance of a pressure drop of one
velocity head, v2/2g per hairpin is provided.
It is desired to heat 1.28 kg/s of cold benzene from 27oC to 50oC
using hot toluene which is cooled from 70oC to 37oC. The specific
gravities at 20oC are 0.88 and 0.87 respectively. A fouling factor of
0.00023 should be provided for both streams and allowable
pressure drop is 10 psi.
A number of 20’ hairpins of 2 by 1.25” IPS are available. How
many hairpins are required?
50 Sp. Heat of benzene = 0.425 kcal/kg oC
10 27 20
37 70 Sp. Heat of toluene = 0.44 kcal/kg oC

LMTD = (20-10)/ln(20/10) = 14.42 Mt ct ∆T = Mb cb ∆t

Mt X 0.44x (70-37) = 1.28 x 0.425x (50-27)

Mt = 0.86 kg/s

Since, the liquids are not very viscous at the cold terminal (µ< 1cp) & temp range/ temp diff are
moderate, the prop. Can be seen at the av. Temp, i.e., 38.5 for benzene; 53.5 for toluene (Fc= 0.5)
Annulus Inner Pipe

• 2” pipe- • 1.25” pipe-


• OD = 2.38”, ID (D2)= 2.067” • OD (D1)= 1.66”, ID= 1.38”

• Flow Area = (π/4) x ID2


• = 9.6 x 10 -4 m2
De = 0.9137” =
0.9137x 2.54 = 2.32 cm
• Flow area of inside pipe is
more, larger stream
(benzene) will be placed in.

Flow Area = 7.68 x 10-4 m2


Cold fluid, inner pipe (benzene)
• Viscosity = 0.5 cp, k= 0.1356 kcal/hr m oC
• G = w/a
• = 1.28/ 9.6 x 10-4 kg/ m2 s = 1333.33 kg/ m2 s
• Re. No. = D G/µ
• = 0.035 x G / 0.5 x 10-3 =93,333
• Pr= Cµ/k
= 0.425 x 0.5 x 10-3/(0.1356/3600)
= 5.64
Nu= 0.027 x Re0.8 x Pr1/3
= 454.77
hi = Nu x k/d
= 1761.91 kcal/ hr m2 oC
hio = hi x ID/OD
= 1464.72 kcal/ hr m2 oC
Hot Fluid, Annulus, Toluene
• Viscosity = 0.41 cp, k= 0.1267 kcal/hr m oC
• G = w/a
= 0.86/ 7.68 x 10-4 kg/ m2 s = 1119.8 kg/ m2 s
• Re. No. = D G/µ
= 0.0232 x G / 0.41 x 10-3 =63,364
• Pr= Cµ/k
= 0.44 x 0.41 x 10-3/(0.1267/3600)
= 5.125
Nu= 0.027 x Re0.8 x Pr1/3
= 323
ho = Nu x k/d
= 1763.8/ hr m2 oC

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