Usmle Step 1: Ultimate Guide
Usmle Step 1: Ultimate Guide
TO THE
USMLE STEP 1®
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW
The Osmosis Ultimate Guide
to USMLE® Step 1
Version 1.1
The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE®) is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB®) and
National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME®). Osmosis is not affiliated with NBME nor FSMB.
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3 I ntroduction
4 W
hat’s on the USMLE Step 1 exam?
4 W
hat skills will the USMLE Step 1 exam test me on?
4 W
hat topics are covered on USMLE Step 1?
5 H
ow are different topics weighted on USMLE Step 1?
6 U
SMLE Step 1 test scores & exam duration
6 W
hat score do I need to pass Step 1?
6 H
ow long is the USMLE Step 1 exam?
7 W
hat’s the best way to study for USMLE Step 1?
7 D
eveloping effective learning habits
8 H
ow to pick a few good resources and stick to them
10 Build a USMLE Step 1 Study Schedule on Osmosis
10 Learn how to break down USMLE-style practice questions
11 Make effective use of flashcards
11 Practice multimedia learning
12 T
he Osmosis Learning Loop
13 Take practice exams
14 Maintain healthy habits in the lead-up to the big day
17 U
SMLE Step 1 exam logistics: What you need to know for the big day
17 How do I apply to take USMLE Step 1 as a US Student?
17 How do I apply to take USMLE Step 1 as an International Medical Student?
17 Can I reschedule my USMLE Step 1 exam date if I need to?
17 When should I take USMLE Step 1?
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Introduction
No doubt that since you got into medical school, or even before you started medical school, you’ve
heard how important the USMLE Step 1 Exam is. This is the first board exam you’ll be taking on
your journey to becoming a full-fledged physician—and the stakes are high.
Until recently, your score has a huge influence on what your residency, specialty, and overall career
options could be in the future. In fact, 9
4% of program directors stated that a candidate’s score on
USMLE Step 1/COMLEX-USA® Level 1 was the most important factor when offering a prospective
residency interview.
With USMLE Step 1 moving to pass/fail in the next couple of years, less emphasis will be placed on
this exam; instead, program directors will likely be more focused on things like your USMLE Step 2
CK score and performance during your clerkships.
Nevertheless, passing Step 1 is essential if you want to continue learning medicine, and for now, it
remains the most high-pressure exam you’ll take on the road to residency.
Well, take it from us: you’re completely capable of passing this exam and getting a high score. You
are a medical student: you’ve come this far and with the right plan you’ll make it all the way.
Osmosis has your back!
In this guide we’ll be covering everything (and we mean everything) about USMLE Step 1, including:
Now, without further ado, let’s get started with the most fundamental question to help you prepare
for Step 1: W
hat’s on the USMLE Step 1 exam?
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USMLE Step 1 covers a range of didactic topics, and evaluates you on a series of physician tasks
and competencies as well:
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Currently, USMLE Step 1 scores range from 1–300, and you need to score at least 194 to pass.
However, this is set to change. On February 12, 2020, t he NRMP announced that scoring for
USMLE Step 1 will be changed to pass/fail. There is no deadline as of now, but these changes are a
couple of years out at least, commencing no earlier than January, 2022.
The whole Step 1 exam takes about 8 hours, broken down as follows:
● Tutorial: 1
5 minutes (optional—more on that later)
● Breaks: 45 minutes
● 7 Testing blocks: 60 minutes per block (~1.5 minutes per question)
There are some nuances around breaks that we’ll cover in more detail in the Step 1 Logistics section
later in this article.
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Learning is a science, and there are many proven techniques that will make your life a whole lot
easier in the lead-up to Step 1. Osmosis Research Director Dr. Sean Tackett developed a full course
on learning science. How to Learn in Medical School helps students become better learners using six
proven learning science techniques:
1. Testing effect
2. Spaced repetition
3. Interleaving
4. Multimedia learning
5. Elaborative interrogation
6. Concrete examples
Spaced repetition is a big part of why learning by Osmosis is so effective. But what is spaced
repetition and how does it work?
Spaced repetition is the act of retrieving knowledge at increasing intervals to reduce forgetting and
enhance long-term learning. Essentially, you’re reviewing information repeatedly over time to burn it
into your long-term memory.
Timing this manually can be difficult, which is why technology-enhanced learning is so effective.
The Osmosis platform uses a spaced repetition algorithm to test you on key information at optimal
times to aid memory retrieval and help you build a knowledge foundation that will last for a lifetime.
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There’s a glut of study resources out there for Step 1 and it can be tough to find the right fit. Some
students will oversaturate themselves with resources—this trial and error process can mean a lot of
wasted time early in the study period. So how do you choose?
The UFAP study resources (UWorld®, First Aid®, Pathoma®) are great, but U FAPO—combining
the resources with Osmosis—is even better. Think of Osmosis as your HQ and right-hand-person
for this momentous challenge ahead of you. All of the UFAP resources can be integrated into the
Osmosis Study Schedule for a completely seamless learning experience that covers all of your
bases.
With Osmosis, you’ll also have the additional support of our extensive video library, which brings to
life the topics covered in First Aid and UWorld’s question explanations—allowing you to have a
better grasp of the material and be more confident on the day of your Step 1 exam.
These videos cover important topics like basic sciences, biostatistics, epidemiology, pharmacology,
microbiology, pathology, physiology, and more. Once you’ve watched the pathology videos, you can
kick your studying into high gear with our new High Yield Pathology series, which has been
specifically designed to highlight all of the important concepts needed for the USMLE Step 1.
Additionally, Osmosis also has flashcards, questions, and H igh-Yield Notes t hat can further assist
you in your mastery of your preclinical knowledge.
Every learner will take a different approach with regard to how they use these resources. In our next
section, we’ll go over some general tips to steer you on the right path.
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The sooner you start studying for Step 1, the better. You should be regularly reviewing concepts
you’ve already learned throughout the year to ingrain them into your long-term memory. This will
save you time during your dedicated study period, as you’ll already be building on a strong base of
knowledge.
Some students like to start studying very early on, and take a practice exam before their dedicated
study period begins. N
BME self-assessments will highlight your weak areas, giving you a better idea
of where you should focus your studying.
A quick Google search will reveal endless Step 1 prep strategies from students—you have to pick
what’s right for you. A general rule for knowing if you’ve studied a topic enough is to try explaining
the concepts to someone. If the information comes easily, you’ve learned it; if you find yourself
struggling, you still have work to do.
When you’re studying pathology for the exam, focus specifically on the typical presentations of
diseases, as the exam will only test you on these. If you try to think about all the possible ways a
condition can manifest, you will end up overthinking things and potentially trip yourself up.
Familiarize yourself with the basics and trust your gut.
If you’ve been studying for over 10 hours and feel like things just aren’t sticking anymore, chances
are, they aren’t. You might have a classmate flexing about pulling regular all-night sessions, but you
don’t know how much of that time is actually productive.
Some students feel “guilty” taking study breaks. If it helps, consider breaking up your study periods
with other “productive” activities, like exercise or meal prep. Whatever you do, step away from the
books, and close your computer—you need this time to absorb the knowledge you’re trying to
retain. It’s all part of the process!
Don’t panic if you see a classmate using a resource you’re not using
As we’ve mentioned already, everyone will take a slightly different approach to learning for Step 1.
Find the resources that work for you, and stick with them.
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Once you’ve picked your study resources, you need to come up with a study plan. Taking an
organized, methodical approach is absolutely essential for getting through all the material while
retaining as much as possible.
Building a study guide is easy with Osmosis. Simply tell the platform when you’re planning on
taking Step 1, what resources you’re using, and on which days of the week you plan to study. The
platform will build you a study guide automatically using this information.
Check out this helpful video from Osmosis learner Greg Wu to get started.
→ Learn how to set up an Osmosis Step 1 Study Schedule.
Knowing your systems and processes inside and out is just one aspect of studying for Step 1. You’ll
also need to be familiar with how USMLE® questions are structured so you can quickly eliminate
incorrect answer options and make the best choice.
Osmosis has several resources that show you how to develop the right mindset to ace Step 1
questions:
● How to Ace Med School & The USMLE with Dr. Maddison Caterine
● Breaking Down USMLE Step 1 Questions with Dr. Justin Ling
● How to Use Question Banks Efficiently
When you’re done with these resources, try putting your learnings into action with the Osmosis
Q-Bank, which contains more than 3,336 Step 1-style practice questions.
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Flashcards are a convenient way to learn a high volume of information quickly. They’re best suited
for learning individual facts rather than interconnected concepts, and a great way to study
on-the-go.
Osmosis Prime has over 16,500 flashcards built into the platform, many of which are derived from
Brosencephalon’s Anki deck, all containing information you may need to know for Step 1. If you’re
using Anki, you can integrate your decks into the Osmosis learning platform.
You can also build your own flashcard decks on Osmosis using the F lashcard Builder. Not sure
where to start? Osmosis learner Jason Lundy wrote a fantastic article on W
riting Great Flashcards.
Multimedia learning is when you incorporate written, visual, and audio materials into your learning.
This is the essence of learning by Osmosis!
When you learn from a variety of sensory stimuli, that information is processed into smaller “bits”
which become part of your working memory. Combining the words you read and listen to with
visual images helps your working memory process them together as integrated “chunks” which
moves the concepts into your long-term memory more efficiently and forms stronger links with
information you’ve already learned.
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● Watch a video
● Go through the flashcards
● Test yourself with practice questions
● Review the information with H igh-Yield Notes
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For a $75 fee, you can visit your local Prometric test center and take a short practice test in the
same environment that you’ll take the actual Step 1 exam. These are shorter than the exam you’ll
take on test day, clocking in at around 3.5 hours, but they’re a good way to familiarize yourself with
the exam setting. To learn more and register, visit the USMLE website.
Step 1 is a long examination, and you need to go in prepared to deal with what can be a physically
and mentally exhausting experience. To get a feel for this, you should try to simulate the test
environment with at-home practice tests before you take the exam.
The NBME’s comprehensive self-assessments will help you identify key areas you need to focus on
to improve your score. Typically, they’re about 4 hours long—doing two of these back-to-back is
gruelling, but good training for test day.
A note about NBME practice tests: many students obsess over their practice test scores and cause
themselves undue stress. Think of this as a practice run, not an exact predictor of your Step 1 score.
Every student will approach practice tests differently. There are a range of approaches, and you
should do what works for you. Some students may take a practice test every 2–3 weeks during their
dedicated study period, including one at the Prometric test center.
Whatever your approach, try to take a practice test at least a month before the actual exam. This
way, if you don’t get a score that is within the range you want, you’ll have time to reevaluate your
goals and rethink your strategy with minimal stress.
The Osmosis Step 1 Study Schedule will automatically integrate practice exams into your schedule if
you create one during the dedicated period, about three months from your test date. The platform
will pick the optimal days for you to take your practice tests.
A little further out from your test date, or don’t have a date selected yet but still want to incorporate
some practice exams into your schedule? The Step 1 Study Schedule allows you to input these
dates manually, along with other resources (question banks, books, and videos).
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Keeping a healthy routine should be part of every study plan. Physical and mental self-care is crucial
for thriving in every stage of your medical education, but the months, weeks and days leading up to
your first board exam are particularly stressful. Here are a few quick tips for maintaining
equilibrium a nd managing any last-minute exam-day jitters s o you feel fully ready to crush Step 1
on test day.
Taking a break will give your brain time to absorb the information for the long-term. Once you see
your productivity levels starting to flag, it's time to step away from the books and do something else,
even if it's just for a few minutes. Check out these study tips from Osmosis learners and the team
for more information on the value of breaks, plus advice on how to optimize your study space for
maximum productivity, and more:
Physical exercise has positive benefits for cognitive performance. It’s also a great way to blow off
steam. Osmosis learners Abe Baker (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford) and Percy
Takyi (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) both watch Osmosis videos while they
exercise!
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When it comes to Step 1 studying, ramen noodles aren’t going to cut it. You need to eat real brain
food. Eating a healthy, balanced diet of green vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins will keep
you alert and focused.
Proper sleep hygiene is important. Going to bed at a consistent time every night will keep your brain
well-rested, which helps strengthen connections between ideas.
While it might be tempting to sneak in a few flashcards on your phone before bed, try to avoid
doing this. Stop studying, switch off, and avoid screens at least an hour before bed.
Maintaining relationships is challenging during medical school, especially during your Step 1 study
period, but it’s very important for your mental wellbeing. Whoever you choose to be part of your
support network, make sure to stay in regular contact with them. Having someone to cheer you on
as you reach towards your goals is incredibly motivating!
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Studying for Step 1 is like a marathon—you have to pace yourself! And every once in a while, that
means taking a study break. Small goals are worth acknowledging, and it really helps to have
something to look forward to at the end of a period of dedicated review.
Now, this one might be a little controversial for die-hard USMLE preppers. But hear us out.
Dedicate the day before the exam to getting yourself into the right headspace. Relax, recharge, and
take care of last-minute housekeeping tasks, like figuring out how to get to the test center, checking
the weather, and preparing your snacks.
And, for those of you asleep in the back, we’ll say it one last time: g
o to bed early!
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To register for the exam you’ll need to visit the NBME® Licensing Examination Services website,
input your information, and pay a $ 645 registration fee. You’ll then need to coordinate with your
institution to have your documents sent to the NBME head office for processing.
After you receive your email confirming your three-month testing window, head to the Prometric
website to schedule a specific date.
If you’re an International Medical Student (you attend a medical school outside of the U.S. and
Canada), you’ll have to register through the E
ducational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
(ECFMG®).
Yes. 31 days or more from your scheduled exam date is free, closer to the exam incurs a fee. Get
the specifics here.
U.S. medical students typically take Step 1 in April, at the end of their dedicated study period, but it
varies by institution. Some students don’t take it until the third year, when they’re in the midst of
clinical rotations!
International students will often take Step 1 during the summer between their preclinical years and
the start of clerkship, e.g., the summer after second year in a four-year program, or after fourth year
in a six-year program.
Whenever you end up taking Step 1, make sure you give yourself plenty of time for review. Studying
can be completed in three months but six months of study is ideal.
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USMLE Step 1 exams take place at Prometric test centers around the country. To find where your
nearest test center is, plug your ZIP code into P
rometric’s website. COVID-19 impacted Prometric
test centers, but as of June, they have reopened for essential tests.
You need to show up for the exam at least 30 minutes before the scheduled time to check in. If
you’re late, you won’t be allowed to take the exam. Bring a government issued ID with a name that
matches your scheduling notification.
The exam center will provide you with a temporary locker for your belongings, which you can access
during your breaks. You’re not allowed to bring anything into the exam room with you, save for your
ID, locker key, and soft earplugs and noise-cancelling headphones provided by the test center.
Items like eyeglasses will be inspected to check for cameras, and all jewelry with the exception of
wedding rings is forbidden. Empty your pockets, and prepare to be scanned with a metal detector
before entering the exam room.
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As we’ve mentioned, USMLE exams typically take place at Prometric test centers, although with
COVID-19, temporary test centers have opened up on some campuses. Remote exam proctoring is
also being considered.
In a typical scenario, you’ll enter an exam room that looks like an office space. There will be cubicles
with individual computers. You’ll be told which is yours before entering the exam room. If you
experience issues with your assigned computer, inform staff immediately.
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The USMLE Step 1 test interface is pretty simple—you can check out a working version h ere. We’ve
also put together this image highlighting the basic features and their functionality.
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USMLE Step 1 test-takers are entitled to 45 minutes of break time throughout the course of the
exam. You can take up to six breaks, i.e., one break between every testing block. You cannot break in
the middle of a block.
How you use your break time is up to you. Some test-takers will take a break every block, while
others will take a longer break every two blocks. If you finish a block early, you can leave the exam
room and that time will be added onto your break period.
You can also add to your break period by skipping the 15-minute tutorial session at the beginning of
the exam. Test-takers can do the tutorial at home before heading to the test center. If you’re familiar
with NBME practice exams (and you should be!) or platforms that use a similar interface, like
UWorld, you should also be fine to skip the tutorial.
Bring a water bottle and some light snacks to eat between test blocks. Avoid a full lunch, as it could
make you sleepy. Osmosis’s health and wellness coach, Ishan Dahal, recommends healthy foods
that will give you quick energy boosts, like:
(Note: When you leave the exam, don’t forget to bring the slip provided by the test center that
proves you took the exam—if anything, it’ll serve as a reminder that the whole experience was real!)
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Yes, accommodations can be made for people with physical and learning disabilities, provided the
applicant provides full documentation regarding the particularities of their circumstances. You’ll
need to fill out an application form and provide a personal statement and copies of professional
assessments.
For a full list of what you need to do to get started, visit the USMLE test accommodations page.
Exam results typically take 3–4 weeks to arrive. If possible, try to use this time to relax and recharge.
You’ve earned it, and at this point, you’ve done everything you can!
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You may spot some inconsistencies in this data compiled from the NRMP's 2020–2022 report,
Charting Outcomes in the Match. Why would some unmatched candidates have a higher average
Step 1 score than candidates who than matched? That’s because there are other factors beyond
your Step 1 score that influence the Match.
If you’re taking Step 1 before the pass/fail cut-off, you should try and get the highest score you’re
capable of to maximize your options. You cannot take the test a second time (unless you fail), so
make it count.
What does this mean for incoming first-year medical students? Well, it means other factors—such
as USMLE Step 2 CK and CS—will play a bigger role in determining what residency programs you'll
be eligible for. Check out the next section to learn how you can improve your chances to land the
residency you want.
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If you fail Step 1, the first thing you should do is tell your advisor. They will help you come up with a
recovery plan, delaying your clinical rotations if necessary, and arranging a second attempt.
Remember to thank your advisors for their help!
When you’re studying for Step 1 the second time, assess your previous study strategy and adapt.
Avoid spending too long on any one subject, and focus on what you don’t know, rather than topics
you’re already confident in. Use practice tests to identify your areas of weakness and double-down
on them to build a more well-rounded knowledge base.
Step 1 isn’t the sole measure of your worth as a residency applicant and future doctor. There are
other factors, including:
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For a more detailed look at what's going on with Step 1 in light of the pandemic, c heck out this
article.
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Osmosis also aligns with your favorite USMLE® resources and study tools, including:
● First Aid
● Pathoma
● UWorld
● SketchyMedical
● Picmonic
● Boards and Beyond
Better manage your studying with Osmosis and ace the USMLE®. T
ry it free today.