Combustion Efficiency Tables

Combustion
Efficiency
Tables
by:
Harry Taplin, P.E.
Published by
THE FAIRMONT PRESS, INC.
700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30247
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Taplin, Harry, 1935-.

Combustion efficiency tables / by Harry Taplin.
>. cm.
f
SBN 0-88173-143-9
1. Steam-boilers-Efficiency. 2. Combustion-Tables. I. Title.
,
TJ288.T37 1991 621.1 82-dc20 91-15522
CIP
Combustion Efficiency Tables.
©1991 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. AH rights reserved. No part of this publi
cation may be reproduced or transmitteain any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informa
tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, G A 30247
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
ISBN D-fifll73-m3- l c
FP
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List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 3.1, ASME Test Summary Sheet for abbreviated efficiency testing. 13
Figure 3.2, ASME Calculation Sheet for abbreviated efficiency testing. 14
Figure 3.3, ASME Designated Envelop for steam generating unit. 16
Figure 3.4, ASME Heat Balance for steam generators. 17
Figure 3.5, ABMA Standard Radiation LOSS Chart. 19
Figure 4.1, Combustion of Carbon. 21

Figure 4.2, Combustion with excess air. 21
Figure 4.3, Oxygen deficient combustion. 22
Figure 4.4, Combustion of Hydrogen. 22
Figure 4.5. Stoichiometric point and air-rich and fuel-rich combustion. 24
Figure 4.6, Measurement points for circular ducts and stacks. 26
Figure 4.7, Measurement points for square ducts and stacks. 26
Figure 4.7.a Relationships of flue gas analysis for various types of fuels. 28
Figure 4.8, Bacharach smoke test kit. 30
Figure 4.9, Smoke Test. 31
Figure 4.10, Smoke spot rating scale. 31
Figure 4.11, C 0 measurements on both sides of stoichiometric.
2 34
Figure 4.12, Fyrite C 0 or 0 test instrument.
2 2 35
Figure 4.13. The fyrite test for C 0 and 0 .
2 2 36
Figure 4.14. The Bacharach combustion slide rule. 36
Figure 5.1, CO-Oxygen relationship showing CO control range and efficiency. 45

Figure 5.2, Average combustion gas exhaust temperature. 47
Figure 5.3 Preliminary Burner Equipment Checklist I 48
Figure 5.4 Preliminary Boiler Inspection Checklist II 49
Figure 5.5, Troubleshooting guide for small oil burners. (Bacharach Co.) 49
Figure 5.6 A flame pattern for nearly ideal flame geometry. 53
Figure 5.7. Flame is narrow and does not fill the throat. 55
Figure 5.8, Flame pattern with intermittent oil slugs coming out of the tip. 56
Figure 5.9, Flame blow off. May be continuous or pulsating on and off the tip. 57
Figure 5.10. Flame rolls back, impinges and rolls up the furnace wall. 58
Figure 5.11. Flame impinges on burner throat. 59
Figure 5.12. Combustion of Oil. 60
Figure 5.13. Maximum desirable Smoke Spot Number for various fuels. 63
Figure 5.14. The effect of Smoke Spot Number on soot build up. 63
Figure 5.15. Characteristic tune-up control settings for oil fired boilers. 64
xiii
List of Figures
Figure 5.16. Characteristic tune-up control settings for gas fired boilers. 64
Figure 6.1. Acid dewpoint and water dewpoint from the sulfur in fuels. 70
Figure 6.2. The relationship of acid dewpoint to the sulfur content of oil. 71
Figure 6.3. Minimum feedwater temperature to avoid economizer tube corrosion. 73
Figure 6.4. The economizer. 75
Figure 6.5. A feedwater preheater to control cold end corrosion and acid dew point. 78
Figure 6.6. Initial dewpoint of flue gasses and the excess air level. 79
Figure 6.7, Diverting feedwater around an economizer to control cold end corrosion. 81
Figure 6.8. Enthalpy (Btu/lb) of combustion products; temperature and excess air. 82
Figure 6.9. Enthalpy (Btu/lb) of combustion products during condensation. 83
Figure 6.10. Heat recovery from condensing flue gas. 84
Figure 6.11, Flue gas enthalpy as a function of temperature for various fuels. 86
Figure 6.12, Condensing heat recovery tower with heat exchanger. 88
Figure 6.13, Three popular designs of flue gas condensing heat recovery towers. 89
Figure 6.14, Design of a heat pipe 91
Figure 6.15, Gas-gas plate heat exchanger. 92
Figure 6.16, Outline of rotary air heater. 93
Figure 6.17, Run-around heat recovery system. 96
Figure 6.18, Closed-Cycle vapor compression heat pump. 97
xiv
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 4.1. The Flammability Limits for various fuels. 23

Table 4.2. Ignition temperatures for different standard fuels. 23
Table 4.3. Number of equal areas for velocity measurements in circular stacks. 25
Table 4.4. Percent of circular stack diameter from the inside wall to traverse point. 25
Table 4.5. Minimum number of test points for rectangular ducts. 25
Table 5.1. Trouble Shooting Performance Problems 50

Table 5.2 Boiler Tune-Up Procedure. 68
Table 6.1, Percentage weight by species and higher heating values for fuel types. 72
Table 6.2, Flue gas losses due to dry gas and moisture. 72
Table 6.3, Typical design parameters for a conventional economizer. 77
Table 6.4, Cold-end air preheater temperature material selection guide. 95
Table 6.5, Merits and limitations of heat recovery equipment and approaches. 99
xv
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1. Heat Loss Tables l
Fast Track 1
How to use heat loss tables 1
Excess Air 1
Stack Loss 1
How to use flue gas measurements 2
Combustibles Losses 2
Heat Loss Efficiency Method 3
Chapter 2. Boiler Plant Calculations 4
Excess Air 4
Carbon Dioxide (C0 ) measurements
2 4
Using Oxygen measurements 5
Exit Combustion Gas Heat Loss (Stack Loss) 5
The Influence of Excess Air on Stack Losses 6
Air Infiltration 7
The Effect of Combustion Gas Exit Temperature on Efficiency 7
Combustible Losses 8
Heat Values of Steam and Water at Different
Temperatures and Pressures 8
Calculating Fuel savings and Losses
Based on Efficiency Change 10
Calculating Performance Deficiency Costs 11
Chapter 3. The ASME/ANSI Boiler Test Code 4.1 12
The Basis for Measuring Efficiency 12

Measuring Efficiency 12
ASME Computational Procedures 12
Comparison of the Input-Output and Heat Loss Methods 12
The ASME Test Summary Sheet 13
The ASME Calculation Sheet 14
The Input-Output Method 15
The Heat-Loss Method 15
The ASME Designated Envelop for steam generating unit 16
ASME Heat Balance for steam generators 17
Combustion Heat-Loss Tables 18
Heat Loss Due to Radiation 18
Comparing Methods for Measuring Boiler Efficiency 18
ν
Table of Contents
Chapter 3. The ASME/ANSI Boiler Test Code 4.1 (Continued)
ABMA Standard Radiation Loss Chart 19

Stack Gas Heat Loss Solution 20
Calculation of Stack Gas Heat Losses 20
Chapter 4. Combustion Analysis 21
Combustion 21
The Physical Requirements for Combustion 21
Combustion Analysis 24
Stoichiometric Combustion 24
Flue Gas Measurements 24
Analyzing Flue Gas 27
The Importance of Excess Air 27
How do you achieve Optimum Combustion Efficiency? 27
Measuring Combustibles 27
Caution 29
Stack Fires 29
Sources of Problems 29
The Smoke Spot Test 29
Interpreting Smoke Spot Test Results 30
Possible causes of smoke conditions 30
High Stack Temperature 32
The Dangers of Carbon Monoxide 32
What is Carbon Monoxide? 32
Chimney Effect 33
Condensing Flue Gases to Improve Efficiency 33
Sulfur in Fuel Forms Acid 33
Combustibles 33
Combustion Efficiency 34
Flue Gas heat loss 34
Measuring Carbon Dioxide (C0 ) and Oxygen (0 )
2 2
using Chemical Absorption instruments 34

Orsat Testing 34
Finding Stack Losses 37
Measuring Flue Gas Oxygen on a Continuous Basis 37
Paramagnetic 37
Wet Electrochemical Instruments 37
Zirconium Oxide Cell 37
Insisitu Vs. Close-Coupled Extractive Analyzers 38
Close-Coupled Extractive Analyzer 38
Net Oxygen Vs. Gross Oxygen Measurements 38
vi
Table of Contents
Chapter 4. Combustion Analysis (Continued)
Relative Humidity 39
Oxygen Deficiency and Safety 39
Carbon Monoxide and Combustibles Measurement Methods 39
Electrochemical Cell 39
Catalytic Combustibles Sensor 39
Infrared CO measurement 40
Off-stack CO analyzers 40
Opacity 40
Stack Temperature 40
Rising Stack Temperatures Indicate a Problem 41
Accuracy of Sampling Techniques 41
Using Carbon Monoxide to Measure Performance 42
Chapter 5 . Boiler Tune Up 43
The Importance of Operating Boilers with Minimum Excess Air 43

Types of Control Systems 43
Jackshaft Controls 43
Parallel Positioning 44
Pressure Balancing 44
Metering Controls 44
Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide Trimming 44
A Tune Up Starts With an Inspection and Testing 44
Stack Temperature 46
Inspecting Your Boiler 46
Oil Burners 46
Gas Burners 51
Pulverized-coal burners 51
Spreader-stoker firing 51
Combustion controls 51
Furnace 51
Flame appearance 52
The Basics of a Tune Up 61
Instruments 61
Safety 61
Finding the smoke and CO threshold 61
Minimum Excess Oxygen 62
Step by Step procedure for adjusting boiler controls
for low excess oxygen 62
Evaluating the new low 0 settings
2 66
Review of fine tuning process 66
vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 6. Waste Heat 69
Waste Heat Recovery Opportunities 69

Where Waste Heat Can Be Used 69
Acid Formation a Limiting Factor in Waste Heat Recovery 69
What is Flue Gas 72
Dry Gas Moisture Losses 72
Fuel 74
Regenerators and Recouperators 74
A general Survey of Heat Recovery Equipment 74
Conventional Economizer 74
Cold End Corrosion in Economizers 76
Controlling Acid Formation 77
Controlling Economizer Inlet Temperature 77
Use Corrosion-resistant materials and sleeves 77
Indirect-Contact Condensing Heat Exchanger 85
Direct Contact Flue Gas Condensing Heat Exchanger 87
The Heat Pipe 90
Plate Type Heat Exchanger 90
The Heat Wheel 90
Tubular Heat Exchangers 94
Combustion Air Preheating 94
Preheating Air or Water? 98
Fire Tube Boiler Air Preheating 98
Which Option is Best? 98
Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables 101
Natural Gas Specifications 101

Natural Gas Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 102
300°F - 450°F 103
450°F - 600°F 104
600°F - 750°F 105
750°F - 900°F 106
viii
Table of Contents
Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables (Continued)
Propane Specifications 107

Propane Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 108
300°F - 450°F 109
450°F - 600°F 110
600°F - 750°F 111
750°F - 900°F 112
Kerosene Specifications 113

Kerosene Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 114
300°F - 450°F 115
450°F - 600°F 116
600°F - 750°F 117
750°F - 900°F 118
Distillate No. 1 Specifications 119

Distillate No. 1 Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 120
300°F - 450°F 121
450°F - 600°F 122
600°F - 750°F 123
750°F - 900°F 124
No. 2 Oil Specifications 125

No. 2 Oil Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 126
300°F - 450°F 127
450°F - 600°F 128
600°F - 750°F 129
750°F - 900°F 130

150°F - 300°F 132
300°F - 450°F 133
450°F - 600°F 134
600°F - 750°F 125
750°F - 900°F 136
ix
Table of Contents

150°F - 300°F 138
300°F - 450°F 139
450°F - 600°F 140
600°F - 750°F 141
750°F - 900°F 142
Anthracite Coal Specifications 143

Anthracite Coal Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 144
300°F - 450°F 145
450°F - 600°F 146
600°F - 750°F 147
750°F - 900°F 148
Bituminous Coal Specifications 149

Bituminous Coal Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 150
300°F - 450°F 151
450°F - 600°F 152
600°F - 750°F 153
750°F - 900°F 154
Bagasse Specifications 155

Bagasse Loss Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 156
300°F - 450°F 157
450°F - 600°F 158
600°F - 750°F 159
750°F - 900°F 160
Wood 10% Moisture Specifications 161

Wood 10% Moisture Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 162
300°F - 450°F 163
450°F - 600°F 164
600°F - 750°F 165
750°F - 900°F 166
χ
Table of Contents

150°F - 300°F 168
300°F - 450°F 169
450°F - 600°F 170
600°F - 750°F 171
750°F - 900°F 172

150°F - 300°F 174
300°F - 450°F 175
450°F - 600°F 176
600°F - 750°F 177
750°F - 900°F 178

150°F - 300°F 180
300°F - 450°F 181
450°F - 600°F 182
600°F - 750°F 183
750°F - 900°F 184
Bark 15% Moisture Specifications 185

Bark 15% Moisture Heat Loss Tables
150°F - 300°F 186
300°F - 450°F 187
450°F - 600°F 188
600°F - 750°F 189
750°F - 900°F 190

Bark 30% Moisture Heat Loss tables
150°F - 300°F 192
300°F - 450°F 193
450°F - 600°F 194
600°F - 750°F 195
750°F - 900°F 196
xi
Table of Contents

150°F - 300°F 198
300°F - 450°F 199
450°F - 600°F 200
600°F - 750°F 201
750°F - 900°F 202

150°F - 300°F 204
300°F - 450°F 205
450°F - 600°F 206
600°F - 750°F 207
750°F - 900°F 208
Appendix Β Carbon Monoxide Energy Loss Tables 209
Energy Loss Table for Natural Gas 210

Energy Loss Table for Oil 211
Energy Loss Table for Coal 212
Appendix C Tables 213
Table 1. Gravities, Densities and Heats of

Combustion of Fuel Oils. 214
Table 2. Steam Tables. 215-216
Table 3. Energy Properties of Water at Various Temperatures. 217
Table 4. Water Pressure Conversion Tables. 218
Table 5. Thermal Properties of Water. 219
Table 6. Useful Conversion Factors. 220
Table 7. Centigrade-Fahrenheit Conversion Tables. 221
Table 8. Electrical Operating Costs. 222-223
Index 224-228
xii
How to Use Heat-Loss Tables
Chapter 1
(Fast Track)
The Heat-Loss Tables energy waste. There is no accurate data on

how much excess air is required for the
Special Heat-Loss tables for natural gas, "average" boiler or furnace or how much
propane, distilled oils, heavy oils, coal, energy is wasted annually due to poor
bagasse, wood, and bark have been control of air/fuel ratios. The control of
complied for this book. The American excess air may be the single most important
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), item in controlling losses.
Power Test Code 4.1, (1964) has been used
as the basis for these tables, which are in Reducing excess air increases the flame
Appendix A. temperature which will in turn greatly
increases heat transfer in the furnace section
Fast Track of the boiler. Also, there will be a decrease
in gas velocity, less turbulence and an
If you are just interested in finding the heat- increased residence time of the hot gases
losses from combustion, turn to Appendix A within the combustion chamber and heat
and look up the values for excess air and exchange sections. The overall effect of
exit gas temperature for the fuel being fired. these factors is not readily evident or easily
predicted and new testing and heat balances
How to use the Heat-Loss Tables should follow air/fuel adjustments to
accurately establish the actual situation.
Find the table for the fuel being fired; the
top row shows the net stack temperature Because of this the excess air entry in the
which is the exit temperature minus the Heat-Loss tables can only be used for
combustion air temperature. On the left side general predictions when estimating the
of the table are the values for excess air effect of changes.
which is obtained by measuring oxygen or
carbon dioxide in the flue gas. Where the Stack Loss
two values intersect is the value for flue gas
heat loss or stack loss. The total stack loss is the sum of the
sensible and latent heat in the flue gas. The
Excess Air dry portion of the flue gas contains the
sensible heat, the latent heat is found in the
The use of a greater amount of combustion water vapor formed by the combustion of
air than is essential can constitute a major
1
hydrogen in the fuel and moisture carried to On the left hand side of each table are three
the combustion process with the fuel. columns, excess air and the two
measurements that are needed to determine
The tables in this book show Heat Losses excess air: carbon dioxide or oxygen. So, if
based on the ASME/ANSI Power Test Code either oxygen or carbon dioxide are known,
4.1. This Code recognizes two methods for excess air is also known.
testing steam generators to determine
efficiency, the Input/Output (I/O) method Net stack temperature is shown across the
and the Heat Loss (H/L) method. As a top of each table.
practical matter the H/L method is preferred
because it is quicker and easier. The net Stack losses for the test will be at the
stack temperature and excess air are used intersection of the excess air row and the net
for this method and they indicate directly stack temperature column.
how energy is being lost. The I/O testing
method requires a very accurate Combustibles Losses
measurement of fuel, water and steam which
is more time consuming and complex. A Boiler efficiency tests should include
significant drawback with the I/O method is measurements of combustibles in the flue
that is doesn't indicate how energy is being gas. These combustibles usually include
lost. carbon monoxide and hydrogen. If the
carbon monoxide value for the flue gas is
The tables have been built around typical known, losses can be estimated from these
fuel values shown at the beginning of each tables (Appendix B).
fuel section. If a higher degree of accuracy
is desired, separate calculations must be
performed using specific laboratory fuel
analysis.
How to use Flue Gas Measurements
Stack losses can be calculated if the net

stack temperature and excess air values are
known.
Measuring the stack temperature and

subtracting the combustion air inlet
temperature will give net stack temperature.
Measuring either the carbon dioxide or the
oxygen level in the flue gas will show
excess air. Combining the effects of these
values, as shown in the Heat-Loss Tables
(Appendix A), will provide an accurate
value for the energy being lost up the stack.
2
The Heat Loss Efficiency Method
The Heat-Loss Efficiency Method is based on calculations of Heat Losses and Credits. The Heat
loss efficiency is equal to 100 percent minus the percentage of loss for various reasons. These
include:
a. * Heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse.
b. Heat loss due to dry flue gas.
c. Heat loss due to moisture in "as fired" fuel.
d. Heat loss due to moisture from burning hydrogen.
e. * Heat loss due to moisture in the air.
f. * Heat loss due to heat in the atomizing steam.
g. Heat loss due to the formation of carbon monoxide.
h. * Heat loss due to unburned hydrogen.
i. * Heat loss due to unburned hydrocarbons.
j . * Heat loss due to surface radiation and convection.
k. * Heat losses in ash pit.
* These Heat Losses must be calculated separately using specific conditions at the
test site.
3
Chapter 2
Boiler Plant Calculations
The purpose of this chapter is to cover the following boiler plant calculations:
1. Excess air using flue gas analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (0 ). 2
2. Finding boiler exhaust gas losses using special tables.
3. Estimating excess air influence on boiler exhaust gas losses.
4. Heat losses due to air infiltration.
5. Estimating flame and exhaust gas temperature influences on boiler losses.
6. Introduction to the steam tables for accounting for water and steam energy.
7. Energy losses in the condensate system.
8. Flash steam.
9. Calculating fuel savings and losses.
Excess Air
The purpose of this section is to demonstrate how to find excess air when either the carbon
dioxide (C0 ) or oxygen (0 ) content of the combustion products is known.
2 2
The use of a greater amount of combustion air than is necessary constitutes a major waste of
energy. Measuring the excess air of a combustion process is necessary to control this loss.
Explanation:
a. In the tables in Appendix A, find the tables for the fuel being fired.
b. In the three left hand columns, find either the carbon dioxide or oxygen
content of the combustion products and read the corresponding excess air level.
Using Carbon Dioxide (C0 ) measurements.

2
1. Find the excess air when firing natural gas for a carbon dioxide (CO2) level of
10%. (Ans: 14.8%)
4
2. Find the excess air when firing no. 2 fuel oil for a carbon dioxide (CO2) level of
15%. (Ans: 4.6%)
3. Find the excess air when firing no. 6 fuel oil for a carbon dioxide (CO2) level of
15.5%. (Ans: 7.2%)
4. What is the ultimate C 0 value for the following fuels?

2
(Ans)
a. Natural Gas (11.7%)
b. Kerosene (15.1%)
c. No 2 fuel oil (15.7%)
d. No. 5 fuel oil (16.3%)
e. No. 6 fuel oil (16.7%)
f. Anthracite coal (19.9%)
(Note: The ultimate C 0 in the combustion gasses goes up with the ratio of carbon in the fuel)
2
Using Oxygen measurements.
1. Find the excess air when firing natural gas for an oxygen (0 ) level of 10%.
2
(Ans: 80%)
2. Find the excess air when firing no. 6 fuel oil for an oxygen (O2) level of 2%.
(Ans: 9.9%)
3. Find the excess air when firing bituminous coal for an oxygen (0 ) level of 5%.
2
(Ans: 29.9%)
Exit Combustion Gas Heat Loss (Stack Losses)
The purpose of this section will be to demonstrate how to find the exit flue gas heat losses based
on the Flue Gas Heat Loss Tables in Appendix A.
Explanation:
Using the Heat Loss Tables in Appendix A:
(a) Look up the fuel type being fired.

(b) locate the page with the closest exit gas temperature.
(c) Find in the table where the excess air and net stack temperature intersect. This point
will be the value of the dry gas heat losses, heat losses due to the formation of moisture
(steam) from the hydrogen in the fuel and the losses from the moisture in the fuel.
5
1. What is the heat loss for natural gas with 6.5% oxygen and a net stack temperature
of 530°F? (Ans 22% Loss)
2. What is the heat loss for propane with 12.2% carbon dioxide and a net stack
temperature of 320°F? (Ans 14% Loss)
3. What is the heat loss for number 2 fuel oil with 8.5% oxygen and a net stack
4. What is the heat loss for number 6 fuel oil with 8% oxygen and a net stack
5. What is the heat loss for wood (40% moisture) with 12% oxygen and a net stack
6. What is the heat loss for bagasse (50% moisture) with 12.1% carbon dioxide and a
net stack temperature of 630°F? (Ans 31% Loss)
The Influence of Excess Air on Stack Losses
The purpose of this section is to show how changing excess air affects Heat Loss Efficiency.
1. A tune-up has reduced the excess air for a natural gas fired boiler from 60% to 12%
with the net stack temperature remaining at 600°F. What is the change in efficiency?
(Ans: Losses from 25.8% to 20.7%; efficiency change 5.1%)
2. A tune-up has reduced the excess air for a natural gas fired boiler from 60% to 12%
with a net stack temperature remaining at 300°F. What is the change in efficiency?
(Ans: losses from 17.7% to 15.2%; efficiency change 2.5%)
3. A tune-up has reduced the oxygen level in the combustion gases of a wood (40%
moisture) fired boiler from 14% to 5% with the net stack temperature remaining at
750°F. What is the change in efficiency? (Ans: Losses from 49.5% to 28.8%;
efficiency change 20.7%)
4. A tune-up has reduced the oxygen level in the combustion gases of a wood (40%
moisture) fired boiler from 14% to 5% with the net stack temperature remaining at
400°F. What is the change in efficiency? (Ans: Losses from 31.8% to 20.8%;
efficiency change 11.0%)
5. The measured oxygen level in the flue gases of a boiler firing number 6 fuel oil has
increased from 6% to 15.1% with the net stack temperature remaining at 700°F. What
is the change in efficiency? (Ans: losses from 18.6% to 38.6%; efficiency drop 20%)
6
increased from 6% to 15.1% with the net stack temperature remaining at 700°F. What
is the change in efficiency? (Ans: losses from 12.7% to 24.1 % ; efficiency drop 11.4%)
increased from 2% to 9% with the net stack temperature remaining at 500°F. What is the
change in efficiency? (Ans: losses from 16% to 21.4%; efficiency drop 5.4%)
Air Infiltration
The infiltration of cold air into a boiler or furnace can represent a serious energy loss. This
usually occurs in negative draft boilers and furnaces where dampers, doors and inspection ports
are inadvertently left open. Because these boilers are usually constructed of brick and are often
quite old, cracks from thermal expansion and other reasons allow cold air to be pulled into the
boiler to mix with the hot combustion gases.
1. The over-fire draft control system for a boiler with a very tall stack has failed and the
over fire pressure has risen from .01 inches water column to .1 inch. Correspondingly,
the oxygen level in the exhaust combustion gases has risen from 5% to 13%, with the
net stack temperature remaining at 500°F. What losses have been created by this
condition? (Ans: losses from 20.2% to 30.5%; efficiency loss 10.3%)
2. In a boiler burning bituminous coal, the damper doors have become warped and can
not be shut. This and other problems have caused the carbon dioxide in the flue gas to
drop from 12.3% to 6.6%. With a net flue gas exit temperature of 73(PF, how is this
affecting efficiency? (Ans: Losses have gone up from 24% to 40.9% with an efficiency
change of 16.9%)
The Effect of Combustion Gas Exit Temperature on Efficiency
Because it represents a measure of the unrecoverable heat being wasted to the atmosphere, the
temperature of the flue gas going up the stack is an important determinant of boiler efficiency.
When measuring the exit gas temperature of a boiler or furnace to find heat losses, the
temperature should be measured as near as possible to the point where the gasses enter the
exhaust system. If the measurements are made after the gas has been cooled, either by wall
losses from the duct or by the infiltration of cold air, the resulting heat balance will be
erroneous. If the exhaust gas is cooled further by an economizer, air heater or other heat
recovery device, measurements should be made after the heat recovery equipment.
7
1. In a natural gas fired boiler with a 6% flue gas oxygen, repairs have resulted in the
net stack temperature going down from 600°F to 400°F. How has this affected
efficiency? (Ans: losses drop from 23.1% to 18.6% causing a 4.5% improvement in
efficiency)
2. An economizer has been installed in a boiler firing number 6 fuel oil which has a
combustion gas oxygen level of 5% and the average net stack temperature has dropped
from 600°F to 420°F. How has this affected efficiency? (Ans: Flue gas losses have
changed from 18.7% to 15.2% with an efficiency improvement of 3.5%)
Combustible Losses
When combustion is incomplete, unburned fuel can escape with the exit flue gases. One
measurement of this loss is the Carbon Monoxide (CO) level in the flue gases. Carbon Monoxide
also has a toxic effect on humans so its presence could mean much more than an energy loss.
Explanation
In the Tables in Appendix B, locate the table of the fuel being fired. Using the excess air level
in the left column of that table and the measured Carbon Monoxide (CO) in parts per million
(PPM) along the top, the intersection of the two values will provide a value for the losses
involved.
1 Burner adjustments have lowered the Carbon Monoxide level in the combustion gasses
from 1400 PPM to 200 PPM The excess air level is steady at 35%. How has this
changed the efficiency? (Ans: combustible losses have dropped from 0.58% to 0.08%
with an efficiency increase of 0.5%)
2. In a natural gas fired boiler, the Carbon Monoxide level has been lowered from 1000
PPM to 100 PPM with a constant 10% oxygen in the flue gases. How has this affected
efficiency? (Ans: losses have dropped from 0.54% to 0.05% for an efficiency
improvement of 0.49%)
Heat Values of Steam and Water at Different Temperatures and Pressures
The purpose of the following examples is to illustrate how to account for energy in steam
systems. The tables in Appendix C will be used.
1. At 100 psig what is the total heat in the steam? What is the latent heat in the steam?
What is the sensible heat in the liquid (above 32°F)? (Ans: 1189.6 Btu/lb, 880.7 Btu/lb,
308.9 Btu/lb)
8
2. Condensate is returning to the boiler plant at 120°F instead of 185°F, how many Btus
are being lost in each pound of water?
(Ans)
185°F water 153 Btu/lb
120°F water 88 Btu/lb
Difference 65 Btu/lb
3. If a boiler is operating at a pressure of 100 psig and the total heat in the steam is 1190
Btu/lb, what percentage of the total heat in the steam is being lost because of the cold
condensate in the example above? (Ans: 65 Btu/lb /1190 Btu/lb = 5.5%)
4. How much heat is in boiler water at :
(Ans)
a. 300 psig 398.7 Btu/lb
b. 5 psig 195.5 Btu/lb
5. In a steam system, all steam which condenses back into water and must go through
a steam trap which lowers the pressure from system pressure to some lower pressure.
Blowdown water from the boiler undergoes this same pressure reduction. As can be seen
from the above example the water at the lower pressure contains less heat. This heat
difference is given off as flash steam.
Calculate the percentage of flash steam. The latent heat value for steam at 5 psig is 960.5
Btu/lb. The percentage of flash steam is:
398.7 - 195.5 = 21%

960.5
6. What is the temperature of steam at different pressures?
Pressure (Ans)
(PSIG) Temperature
<°F)
15 249.8
75 320.1
100 337.9
150 369.9
200 387.8
600 488.8
9
Calculating Fuel Savings and Loss Based on Efficiency Change
There is an important difference between efficiency improvement and fuel savings. An efficiency
increase from 80% to 81% is a 1% efficiency improvement. It is a proportional increase of 1%
out of 80% (1/80%) or 1.25%. This represents a 1.25% fuel savings from the 1% efficiency
improvement.
The actual fuel savings percentage is always larger than the efficiency increase. Similarly the
fuel savings loss percentage is always greater than the corresponding efficiency decrease.
The formula for fuel savings or loss resulting from the change in efficiency is:
Savings = New Efficiency - Old Efficiency

New Efficiency
1. The as-found efficiency of a boiler is 75%, after a tune-up the efficiency is 80%.
What is the fuel savings?
Fuel Savings = 80% - 7 5 % = 6.25%

80%
10
Calculating Performance Deficiency Costs
The cost benefit of maintaining boiler efficiency at a high level is easily calculated with this
formula:
S = W X E - E XQXHr
f n t
S is the potential fuel savings per year
W is the fuel use rate in million Btu/hr

f
E! is the ideal efficiency
E„ is the new or existing efficiency
C is the cost of fuel per million Btu

f
Hr is operating hours per year
1. The optimized efficiency of a boiler is 85%, six months later the efficiency is found
to be 80%. If the average firing rate is 20 million Btus per hour for 8000 hours a year
and the cost of fuel is $1.00 per million Btus, how much money will be lost in a year
if this situation is not corrected?
S = 20 X 80% - 85% X $1.00 X 8000 = $100,000/yr

80%
11
Chapter 3
The ASME/ANSI Boiler Test Code 4.1

The Basis For Measuring Efficiency
Measuring Efficiency
A key part of a boiler efficiency Comparison of the Input-Output and

improvement program is knowing the Heat-Loss Methods
operating efficiency of the boiler and the
corresponding increase in efficiency from Both methods are mathematically equivalent
as-found conditions to the final optimized and would give identical results if the
condition. This may require several required heat balance (or heat-loss) factors
efficiency tests over an extended period . were considered in the corresponding boiler
measurements could be performed without
The following paragraphs discuss the error.
various test methods and computational
procedures available for measuring When very accurate instrumentation and
efficiency. testing techniques are used, there is
reasonably good agreement between the two
ASME Computational Procedures calculation procedures. However, for
practical boiler tests with limited
The basis for testing boilers is the American instrumentation, comparisons between the
Society of Mechanical Engineers Power Test two methods are generally poor. The poor
Code 4.1. results are primarily from the inaccuracies
associated with the measurement of the flow
Figure 3.1 shows the ASME Test Form for and energy content of the input and output
Abbreviated Efficiency Test or so called streams.
"ASME Short form" which is used for both
the Input-Output and heat-Loss methods. The efficiencies determined by these
Figure 3.2 is the calculation sheet for the methods are "gross" efficiencies as opposed
abbreviated ASME efficiency test. to "net" values which would include as
additional heat input the energy required to
Both Heat-Loss and Input-Output boiler operate all the boiler auxiliary equipment
efficiency calculations are included in the (i.e. combustion air fans, fuel pumps, fuel
ASME short Form. This power test code heaters, stoker drives, Etc.)
has become the standard test procedure in
many countries. It neglects minor efficiency These "gross" efficiencies can be considered
losses and heat credits, considering only the essentially as the effectiveness of the boiler
Higher Heating Value of the input fuel. in extracting the available heat energy of the
fuel. It is important to take complete data
when using this test form to fully document
the test results no matter what procedure is
used.
12
Figure 3.1, ASME Test Summary Sheet for abbreviated efficiency testing.
13
The Input-Output Method The Input-Output test method is also very
labor intensive. Precision instrumentation
Efficiency (percent) = must be specified and installed. Test runs
are usually more than four hours and must
Output X 100 be rejected for any inconsistent data. Trial
Input runs are often required to check out
instrumentation and identify problems with
the boiler as well as to train test personnel
This method measures the heat absorbed by and observers.
the water and steam and compares it to the
total energy input of the higher heating Often plants cannot support testing for long
value (HHV) of the Fuel. periods because of load considerations. For
example, a plant may not be able to provide
This method requires the accurate either full load or partial load conditions for
measurement of fuel input. Also, accurate extended periods for various reasons which
data must be available on steam pressure, can cause premature curtailment of tests.
temperature and flow, feed water
temperature, stack temperature, and air Problems like inconsistent water level
temperature to complete energy balance control or variations in outlet steam pressure
calculations. can prevent the stable thermal balance
required for accurate test information.
Figure 3.3 illustrates the envelope of The Heat-Loss Method

equipment included in the designation of
"Steam Generating Unit."
Efficiency (%) = 100 % - Heat-Loss %
Figure 3.4 shows the relationship between
input, output, credits and losses. As covered in Chapter 1, the Heat-Loss
method subtracts individual energy losses
Because of the many physical measurements from 100% to obtain percent efficiency. It is
required at the boiler and the potential for recognized as the standard approach for
significant measurement errors, the Input- routine efficiency testing, especially at
Output method is not practical for field industrial boiler sites where instrumentation
measurements at the majority of industrial quite often is minimal.
and commercial boiler installations where
precision instrumentation is not available. The losses measured are:
Large errors are possible because this 1. Heat loss due to dry gas.
method relies on the difference in large
numbers. If the steam flow is off by 2-3% 2. Heat loss due to moisture in fuel.
and other instrumentation have a similar
level of error, then the cumulative error can 3. Heat loss due to H 0 from the
2
become unacceptable, producing false combustion of hydrogen.

information.
4. Heat loss due to combustibles in refuse,
(for coal)
15
P T C 4.1 - 1964
Figure 3.3, ASME Designated Envelop for steam generating unit.

16
Efficiency Calculation Metnods
P T C 4.1 - 1964
Figure 3.4, ASME Heat Balance for steam generators.

17
3. Heat loss due to radiation. gas conditions can be estimated from the
standard curve given in Figure 3.5.
6. Unmeasured losses.
Radiation loss can also be measured using a
This procedure neglects minor efficiency simple direct method, using an infrared
losses and heat credits and only considers instrument which has specially designed to
the chemical heat (Higher Heating Value) of detect radiation losses from the boiler
the fuel as energy input. surface and gives a read out in
BTU/SQFT/HR.
In addition to being more accurate for field
testing, the heat loss method identifies The technique is to make a drawing of the
exactly where the heat losses are thus aiding boiler surface dimensions and make grids of
energy savings efforts. equal areas with the average measured heat
loss for each grid then adding up the losses
This method might be termed the flue gas for all the surface grids.
analysis approach since the major heat losses
considered by this method are based on Comparing Methods for Measuring Boiler
measured flue gas conditions at the boiler Efficiency
exit together with an analysis of the fuel
composition. Input-Output Method
This method requires the determination of a. Most direct method

the exit flue gas excess 0 (or C0 ), CO,
2 2
combustibles, temperature and the b. Difficult and expensive to measure

combustion air temperature. accurately
The heat loss method is a much more
accurate and more accepted method of c. Does not locate energy losses
determining boiler efficiencies in the field
provided that the measurements of the flue Heat-Loss Method
gas conditions are accurate and not subject
to air dilution or flue gas flow stratification a. Indirect method (100% - energy
or pocketing losses)
Combustion Heat-Loss Tables b. Simple and accurate
Tables for stack gas heat losses for different c. locates and sets magnitude of
types of fuels have been prepared separately energy losses and therefore is a key
in Appendix A and are available for to efficiency improvement efforts.
determining flue gas losses due to dry gas
hydrogen and moisture. d. Allows assessment of potential
efficiency improvements and energy
Heat Loss Due to Radiation savings.
Radiation loss, not associated with the flue

18
A FURNACE WALL MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE THIRD ITS
PROJECTED SURFACE COVERED BY WATER COOLED SURFACE
BEFORE REDUCTION IN R A D I A T I O N LOSS IS PERMITTED
AIR THRU COOLED WALLS MUST BE USED FOR COMBUSTION

IF REDUCTION IN RADIATION LOSS IS TO BE MADE
EXAMPLE! U N I T GUAR FOR M A X . C O N T . O U T P U T OF 400

MILLION BTU/HR WITH THREE WATER COOLED
WALLS.
L O S S AT 4 0 0 = 0 3 3 % L O S S AT 2 0 0 = 068%
19
FIG. 8 ABMA STANDARD RADIATION L O S S CHART
To f a c i l i t a t e the u s e o f t h e maior c o r r e c t i o n w h i c h i s for a i r v e l o c i t y , t h i s c o r r e c t i o n i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e C o d e o n Fig. 9,

t h e l o w e r c u r v e o f w h i c h i s the b a s i s of the ABMA curve.
( P u b l i e h e d through t h e c o u r t e a y of t h e American Boiler Manufacturerr A a a o c i e t i o n . )
Figure 3.5, ABMA Standard

Standard Radiation
Radiation Loss Chart.
Chart.
Stack Gas Heat-Loss Solution

To calculate the stack heat loss using the ASME Short Form, it is necessary to make separate
calculations of the heat losses due to dry gas, moisture in the fuel and moisture in the flue gas due
to hydrogen in the fuel. The three heat losses are then totaled to form the stack gas heat loss.
Calculation of Stack Gas Heat Loss
Heat loss due = P X 0.24 X (T - Τ J = BTU/LB (As Fired Fuel)

f e
to Dry Gas
P = LB Dry Gas
f = 11 CO, + 8 0 , + 7 ( C 0 + N,) X ( %C + %S )
LB as fired fuel 3 ( C 0 2 + CO) 100 267
T g = Flue gas temperature leaving unit, degrees F
T a = Combustion air temperature entering unit, degrees F
%C, %S = Percent by weight in fuel analysis of carbon and sulfur
0 , C 0 , CO, N
2 2 2 = Percent by volume in flue gas.
Heat Loss Due to Moisture = 9 ( H ) X (h - h j = BTU/LB (As Fired Fuel)

? e
formed from H in fuel 2 100
Heat Loss Due to = % Moisture X (h - h je = BTU/LB (As Fired Fuel)

Moisture in Fuel
H 2 = % hydrogen in as fired fuel by weight
% Moisture = % moisture in as fired fuel by weight
h fl = Enthalpy of water vapor at 1 psia and T g
h. = Enthalpy of liquid water at T a
Excess Air Solution
Excess Air = 100 X 0 - CO/2

7
. 2 6 8 2 N - (0 -CO/2)
2 2
Figure 3.6, Formulas used w i t h the ASME Power Test Code 4 . 1 .
20
Chapter 4
Combustion Analysis
Combustion
Combustion is a rapid combination of

oxygen with a fuel, resulting in the release
of heat. Normally the oxygen comes from
air which is about 21% oxygen and 78%
nitrogen by volume.
Most conventional fuels contain carbon,

hydrogen and sometimes sulfur. When these
elements combine under the proper
conditions, they form chemical compounds.
At the same time heat is given off by the
combustion process which is composed of
the energy the new compounds formed from Figure 4.2, If too much oxygen (excess air)
these elements are forced to liberate because is supplied the mixture is lean and the fire is
of their new composition. Examples of the oxidizing. The extra oxygen plays no part in
four primary combustion processes are the process.
shown in Figures 4.1 - 4.4.
The Physical Requirements for
Combustion
Combustion can occur under various

conditions. A very fuel rich or a very air
rich percentage of stoichiometric air will
support combustion.
For uniform and complete combustion, air

must be thoroughly mixed with fuel. Fuel
must be in the gaseous form to burn and this
requires special treatment with heavier fuels
and coal. Natural gas, propane and other
Figure 4.1, when carbon burns, one carbon gaseous fuels burn without special
atom and two oxygen atoms, as one preparation. Oil must be broken up into
molecule (0 ), combine to form one carbon
2 small droplets (atomized) and heated to
dioxide molecule (C0 ) and heat. Each
2 increase the surface evaporation so
pound of carbon burned generates 14,500 combustion can take place in a short period.
Btu.
21
Combustion Analysis
Figure 4.3, If too much fuel (not enough oxygen) is supplied the mixture is rich and the
fire is reducing. With deficient oxygen, the carbon atoms do not complete the process
for forming carbon dioxide (C02). Instead carbon monoxide (CO) is formed which will
burn to carbon dioxide when given more oxygen. This incomplete combustion which
forms carbon monoxide (CO) yields 4,350 Btu per pound of carbon. Further addition of
oxygen and re-ignition will yield an additional 10,150 Btu.
Figure 4.4, when hydrogen burns, two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom combine
to form one carbon dioxide molecule (H0 ) and heat. Each pound of hydrogen burned
2
generates 61,100 Btu. The actual chemical process combines two oxygen atoms as one
molecule in the di-atomic form (0 ), hydrogen also comes as a di-atomic unit of two
2
atoms (H ). In this case the formula becomes 2H + 0 — > 2H 0 + heat.

2 2 2 2
22
Combustion Analysis
When coal is burned, it is pulverized and Flammability Limits

then gasified by the furnace temperature for
combustion. When coal is burned on a fuel Percentage of Stoichiometric Air
bed, intense heat distills the lighter
hydrogen-carbon compounds from the coal Fuel Minimum Maximum
which burns above the bed. The remaining
carbon burns on the bed. Natural Gas 64% 247%
The requirements for combustion are Oil 30% 173%

summarized in the three T's, time
temperature and turbulence. Each of these Coal 8% 425%
T's must be adequate to completely burn the
particular fuel being utilized. Different fuels
have different limits for combustion. Table 4.1. The Flammability Limits for
Insufficient combustion air, insufficient various fuels as a percentage of
turbulence and incomplete mixing of fuel stoichiometric air. Notice that coal can burn
and air will cause various degrees of with very little air or very large levels of
problems. excess air. Oil has a much narrower band of
flammability.
For example combustion gases can be
chilled when the flame impinges on the
relatively cold heat transfer surfaces in the Ignition Temperatures of Fuels
boiler or when too much cold air flows to
one section of the burner chilling the flame Fuel Degrees F
below the ignition point. Numerous and
various problems are possible in the Kerosene 500
combustion process, most can be solved Light fuel oil 600
when the three T's are given due Gasoline 735
consideration. Table 4.1 shows the N-Butane 760
flammability limits for natural gas, oil and Heavy Fuel Oil 765
coal as a function of the percentage of Coal 850
stoichiometric air. Table 4.2 shows the Propane 875
ignition temperatures of various fuels. Natural Gas 1000
Hydrogen 1095
Carbon Monoxide 1170
Natural Gas 1200
Table 4.2. Ignition temperatures for

different standard fuels. Note that gases
have the highest ignition temperatures and
liquid fuels require lower temperatures in
general.
23
Combustion Analysis
CH + 2 0 + 7 . 5 3 N — >
4 2 2
3
C 0 + 2H 0 + 7.53N + 1,013 Btu/Ft
2 2 2
Combustion Analysis
In this example, one cubic foot of methane
Understanding the combustion process is (at standard temperature and pressure) will
very important for safe and efficient burn completely with 9.53 cubic feet of air
operation of a plant. Perfect combustion is containing 21 percent oxygen and 79 percent
the proper mixture of fuel and air under nitrogen. This complete burning of fuel,
exacting conditions where both the oxygen with nothing but carbon dioxide, water, and
and the fuel are completely consumed in the nitrogen as the end product is known as
combustion process. Having just the right stoichiometric combustion (Figure 4.5).
amount of oxygen (no more, no less) is The ratio of 9.53 cubic feet of air to one
called the stoichiometric point, simply the cubic foot of methane is known as the
ideal air to fuel ratio for combustion. stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The heat
released when the fuel burns completely is
Stoichiometric Combustion known as the heat of combustion.
The three essential components of

combustion are fuel, air and heat. In fossil
fuels, there are really only three elements of
interest: carbon,hydrogen and sulfur.
During combustion, each reacts with oxygen
to release heat:
Figure 4.5. Stoichiometric point and air-rich

and fuel-rich combustion shown as a
function of the air fuel ratio.
Pure carbon, hydrogen and, sulfur are rarely
used as fuels. Instead, common fuels are Flue Gas Measurements
made up of chemical compounds containing
these elements. Methane, for example, is a Temperature and gas analysis must be
hydrocarbon gas that burns as follows: representative of actual conditions to insure
accurate results. Since the temperature, gas
concentrations and velocities in a duct are
seldom uniform across any cross section, a
traverse of the duct is necessary to compute
Pure oxygen is also rarely used for average conditions or to find locations for
combustion. Air contains about 21 percent sample probes which will represent average
oxygen and 79 percent nitrogen by volume conditions. Suggested locations for
and is much more readily available than traversing round and rectangular ducts are
pure oxygen: shown in Figures 4.6 and 4.7.
24
Combustion Analysis
The velocity in a duct varies greatly. It is

generally lowest near the edges or corners Point Number of areas selected
and greatest in the central portion. Because Number
of this fluctuation, a large number or
readings must be taken to determine true 2 3 4 5 6
average conditions.
1 6.7 4.4 3.3 2.5 2.1
In round ducts, not less than eight readings 2 25.0 14.7 10.5 8.2 6.7
should be taken along two different 3 75.0 29.5 19.4 14.6 11.8
diameters along two diameters at centers of 4 93.3 70.5 32.3 22.6 17.7
equal areas (Figure 4.6). Additional 5 — 85.3 67.7 34.2 25.0
readings are necessary when ducts are larger 6 — 95.6 80.6 65.8 35.5
than one foot in diameter. The suggested 7 — — 89.5 77.4 64.5
number of equal areas for velocity 8 — — 96.7 85.4 75.0
measurements is shown in Table 4.3. The 9 — — — 91.8 82.3
location and number of points for a circular 10 — — — 97.5 88.2
stack are listed Table 4.4. 11 — — — — 93.3
12 — — — — 97.5
In rectangular ducts, readings should be
taken in the center of equal areas over the
cross section of the duct as shown in Figure Table 4.4. Percent of circular stack
4.7. Table 4.5 shows the minimum number diameter from the inside wall to traverse
of test points for rectangular ducts. point.
Disturbed flow will give erroneous results;

therefore, whenever possible traverses
should be made at least 7.5 duct diameters
downstream from any major sources of Cross Sectional Number
disturbances. Area (Ft ) 2
of test
points
Stack Diameter Number of

(Ft) equal areas < 2 4
2-25 12
> 25 20
1 or less 2
1 to 2 3
2 to 4 4
4 to 6 5 Table 4.5. Minimum number of test points
Over 6 6 or more for rectangular ducts.
Table 4.3. Suggested number of equal areas

for velocity measurements in circular stacks.
25
Combustion Analysis
Figure 4.6. Measurement points for circular ducts and stacks.
Figure 4.7. Measurement points for square ducts.

26
Combustion Analysis
Analyzing Flue Gas energy it was not uncommon to run a burner

with a large amount of excess air in order to
In analyzing flue gases to determine excess avoid smoking. Today this is becoming
air, it is useful to be ale to check on the known for the highly wasteful practice it
accuracy of the analysis. Figure 4.7 has really is.
been designed for this purpose. By drawing
a straight line as shown between the % How do you achieve Optimum
oxygen and the % carbon dioxide values, Combustion Efficiency?
there is an intersection with the hydrogen-
carbon ratio line. When using a particular Too little excess air is inefficient because it
fuel of a certain fixed H/C ratio, the permits unburned fuel, in the form of
intersection should always be the same point combustibles, to escape up the stack. But
on the line. If it is not, the flue gas analysis too much excess air is also inefficient
is incorrect and-the test should be re-run or because it enters the burner at ambient
the source of the variation should be temperature and leaves the stack hot, thus
investigated. stealing useful heat from the process. This
leads to the fundamental rule:
Excess Air.
"Maximum combustion efficiency achieved
The Importance of Excess Air when the correct amount of excess air is
supplied so the sum of both unburned fuel
As most combustion equipment operators loss and flue gas heat loss is minimizedΛ
know, it is extremely undesirable to operate
a burner with less-than-stoichiometric Measuring Combustibles
combustion air. Not only is this likely to
result in smoking but it will significantly Combustible analyzers are available to
reduce the energy released by the fuel. accurately measure CO and H 2
concentrations in flue gas to (+/-) 10 ppm

If a burner is operated with a deficiency of or less. Carbon monoxide analyzers are
air, carbon monoxide and hydrogen will often used in control systems because of
appear in the products of combustion. CO their greater accuracy and calibration
and H are the result of incomplete
2
stability.
combustion and are known as combustibles.
Anything more than a few hundred parts per Anything above the ideal amount of air
million of combustibles in flue gas indicates supplied to the combustion process is called
inefficient burner operation. Excess Air, and is wasteful.
In actual applications, it is impossible to A C 0 analysis alone does not provide a

2
achieve stoichiometric combustion because safe indication of the combustion air/fuel

burners can not mix fuel and air perfectly. setting. Additional requirements of either
To insure that all of the fuel is burned and smoke or CO is recommended as the same
little or no combustibles appear in the flue C 0 measurements can occur on either side
2
gas, it is common practice to supply some of stoichiometric.

amount of excess air. In the era of cheap
27
Combustion Analysis
Figure 4.7 shows the standard relationships of flue gas analysis for various types of
fuels. Testing accuracy can be verified by comparing oxygen, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen-carbon ratios as illustrated. Excess air can also be found based on h-c ratio of
the fuel and either oxygen of carbon dioxide measurements.
28
Combustion Analysis
Excess air is the preferred term to describe Sources of Problems

the combustion setting on the safe side of
stoichiometric. Using oxygen measurements Four basic combustion zone conditions that
is the best way find excess air. prevent clean, efficient combustion are:
By understanding a few simple instruments • Insufficient combustion air applied to

most of the potentially hazardous conditions the flame to permit clean combustion
can be reduced. The key is to properly at an acceptable combustion
measure smoke, oxygen, carbon monoxide, efficiency
draft and gas pressure.
• Non-uniform delivery of fuel/or
Caution combustion air to the combustion
zone.
A most dangerous approach, when dealing
with combustion systems is thinking the
systems will always be correct and not • Insufficient temperature of the
considering that it can be affected by small combustion zone to permit proper
and seemingly unrelated external forces. burning of the fuel.
The following is a list of key parameters • Insufficient flame turbulence or

considered as important safety measurement inadequate mixing of fuel and air
areas: during the vaporization and burning.
• Input gas pressure

• Draft (overfire and boiler exhaust) These points are precisely why the smoke
• Carbon Monoxide test is an indispensable part of oil burner
• Stack temperature servicing, accurate smoke testing takes less
• Smoke than a minute.
• Combustibles
The Smoke Spot Test
Too much smoke is one of the most
common indicators of excessive fuel wastage The smoke test method has long been
and can cause major problems. recognized as the acceptable standard for oil
burners. It is used by Underwriters
Stack Fires: Laboratories in approval testing of oil
burners and it is the test method specified by
Build up of combustibles in the exhaust the National Oil Fuel Institute and by the
system and chimneys which can cause fires U.S. Department of Commerce, in their
and explosions. To a lesser extent a build standard for testing materials; (D2156-65)
up of soot in the exhaust system can block and also in the European standard DIN 51
the normal passage of flue gases further 402.
restricting the amount of oxygen supplied
for combustion progressively compounding All three components of the smoke test set
the problem. (pump,scale,and filter paper) must meet the
29
Combustion Analysis
U.S. commercial standards (Figure 4.8). Interpreting the results
The ten spots on the scale range in equal Not all kinds of oil burners will be equally
photometric steps from white to black to affected by the same smoke content in the
completely cover any smoke condition which flue gas, this fact is shown in Figure 4.10
may be experienced. which interprets smoke scale readings in
terms of sooting produced. Depending on
the construction of the heat exchanger or the
boiler, some units will accumulate soot
rapidly with a number 3 smoke spot
number, while accumulation of soot on other
units at the same smoke spot reading may be
relatively slower.
Possible causes of smoke conditions:
Condition: If the Smoke Spot Number is

too high, soot deposits in furnace and on
heat exchange surfaces will lead to poor
efficiency.
Cause:
1. If excess air is low 5%-20%

Figure 4.8, Bacharach smoke test kit.
a. Overfiring
Use of the smoke tester, three simple steps b. Too little excess air
(Figure 4.9).
2. If excess air is-high above 50%
1. Clamp the filter strip into the test pump
and insert into the flue. a. Faulty nozzle inefficient
atomization of fuel.
2. pump handle through ten even unhurried
strokes. b. Combustion chamber
trouble
2. Remove filter paper strip and place
between smoke scale and white reflective c. Chilling of the combustion
and compare smoke test spot on filter paper process before complete
with smoke spots on scale. The smoke combustion occurs.
reading is the closest match.
30
Combustion Analysis
2. R e m o v e s a m p l i n g t u b e f r o m t h e f l u e . 3. C o m p a r e s m o k e test s p o t o n f i l t e r
R e m o v e f i l t e r p a p e r . Place f i l t e r paper paper w i t h s m o k e spots o n scale. Y o u r
s t r i p b e t w e e n s m o k e scale a n d w h i t e re s m o k e r e a d i n g is t h e n u m b e r of t h e
flector tab. s p o t o n t h e scale m o s t c l o s e l y m a t c h
ing t h e shade o f t h e test s p o t o n t h e
f i l t e r paper.
1 . C l a m p f i l t e r paper s t r i p i n t o test
p u m p , insert s a m p l i n g t u b e i n t o
flue, and p u m p handle t h r o u g h
10 s t r o k e s .
Figure 4.9, Smoke Test.
Effect of Smoke on Burner Performance

Smoke Rating Sooting Produced
Scale
Number
1 Excellent Extremely light if at all
2 Good Slight sooting that may not increase stack temperature
appreciably
3 Fair May be some sooting but will rarely require cleaning
more than once a year
4 Poor Borderline condition. Some units will require cleaning
more than once a year
5 Very Poor Sooting occurs rapidly and heavily
Figure 4.10, Smoke spot rating scale.

31
Combustion Analysis
The Dangers of Carbon Monoxide

High Stack Temperature
An example of the dangers of carbon
A high stack temperature may indicate any monoxide is evident in a report from
of the following conditions and should be Canada. Between 1973 and 1983 there were
immediately checked and remedied: 293 reports of carbon monoxide poisoning,
including 145 deaths. Also, combustion
1. Soot deposits on heat exchange systems caused 238 deaths during the same
surfaces. period.
2. Short circuits of hot combustion What is carbon monoxide?

gases due to problems with baffles.
It is the product of incomplete combustion
3. Overfiring, check fuel rate. and is a flammable colorless and odorless
gas. Carbon monoxide is about the same
4. Water side scale deposits from density as the air that we breath. Therefore,
improper water treatment. easily mixes to form a deadly atmosphere.
5. High excess air which reduces The major hazards of carbon monoxide are
combustion chamber heat transfer. it's toxicity and flammability. Carbon
monoxide becomes a combustible gas when
Low Stack Temperature its concentration reaches 12.5% by volume
(125,000 ppm).
If the stack temperature drops lower than
normal, lower than 250 F for natural gas or Carbon monoxide is classified, however, as
275-300 F for oil. a chemical asphyxiant which produces a
toxic action by preventing the blood from
1. Possible underfiring. absorbing oxygen. Since the affinity of
carbon monoxide is 200-300 times that of
2. Incomplete combustion of gas oxygen in blood, even small amounts of
with dangerous carbon monoxide carbon monoxide in the air will cause toxic
production. reactions to occur.
3. Possible ruptured boiler tube or If breathed for a sufficiently long time, a

other component which is cooling the gases carbon monoxide concentration of only 50
with steam or water. ppm will produce symptoms of poisoning.
As little as 200 ppm will produce slight
4. In negative draft units, Cold air symptoms like a headache or discomfort in
may be entering boiler through open door or just a few hours. A concentration of 400
defective wall or skin. ppm will produce a headache and discomfort
in two to three hours. The effect at higher
concentrations may be so sudden that a
person has little or no warning before
collapsing. It should be noted that all of
32
Combustion Analysis
these values are approximate and vary as to a considerable amount of latent heat. If this
the individual. latent heat can be extracted from the exhaust
gasses, there is an opportunity to raise
To prevent over-firing and under-firing the efficiency by 10% or more.
fuel supply pressure must be tested from
time to time to insure the firing rate has not Roughly there will be about 970 BTUs
shifted because of a pressure change. available from each pound of water that is
condensed in the flue gas. In flue gas
In small boilers or furnaces, a daft condensing systems the exit temperature is
measurement is necessary to guard against a typically about 100 F.
gas reversal where exhaust gases are
escaping to the environment, which is Sulfur in Fuel Forms Acid.
potentially toxic. A small draft gage will
indicate problems, like building exhaust fans Sulfur in some fuels can end up as sulfuric
pulling gasses back down the chimney, acid when the flue gas temperatures drop too
obstructions in the exhaust system, down low. Boiler damage and corrosion from
drafts from high wind conditions and sulfuric acid has been a problem and a
defective stack covers and other problems. challenge for many years, causing large
(energy wasting) safety margins in stack
Chimney Effect temperature to be used to avoid damage.
When taking draft readings insure that the In the past temperatures were maintained
system is warmed up to normal operating above the approximate levels listed below to
temperatures. As air is warmed, it expands prevent formation of S 0 and S 0 which
2 3
and the same weight of air will take up combines with moisture to form acids.
more space becoming lighter. This warm
"light" air will rise up the chimney • Natural Gas 250 F
decreasing the furnace pressure. If this low • No. 2 Heating Oil 275 F
pressure is not established, combustion • No. 6 Fuel Oil 300 F
products may escape. If the draft is too • Coal 325 F
high, and the hot gasses are creating too • Wood 400 F
much negative draft heat will be lost up the
stack. Combustibles
Condensing Flue Gasses to Improve Because combustibles in the flue gas are
Efficiency unburned fuels, this represents fuel flowing
out of the stack.
Fuel is a hydrocarbon which means that it is
made up of hydrogen and carbon. Carbon Scientists have observed on occasion that
burns dry but each pound of hydrogen that combustibles are composed of equal parts
enters into the combustion process forms carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hydrogen
about 9 pounds of water. Now, at the 2,000 has a heating value of 61,100 BTU/Lb,
to 3,000 degree combustion temperature this Carbon Monoxide has a heating value of
water is in the form of steam and it carries 4,347 BTU/Lb.
33
Combustion Analysis
Combustion Efficiency bringing about confusion about air

deficiency or excess air (Figure 4.11). Also
In practice combustion efficiency is thought C 0 readings are may not be correct when
2
of as the total energy contained per pound of different fuels having different hydrocarbon
fuel minus the energy carried away by the ratios are used.
hot flue gasses exiting through the stack,
expressed as a percentage.
Combustion efficiency is only part of the

total efficiency. Radiation loss from hot
exposed boiler surfaces, blowdown losses
and electrical losses in pumps and fans are
examples of other kinds of losses that must
be considered in determining total
efficiency. However in most fuel burning
equipment, the most effective way to reduce
wasted fuel is to improve combustion
efficiency. To do so, it is necessary to
understand the fundamentals of combustion.
Flue Gas heat loss

Figure 4.11, C 0 can be measured on both
2
Flue gas heat loss is the largest single sides of stoichiometric. This can lead to
energy loss in every combustion process. It questions about the actual air-fuel ratio
is generally impossible to eliminate flue gas being either air-rich or fuel-rich.
heat losses because the individual Both of these errors are unacceptable in
constituents of flue gas all enter the system modern combustion control systems. The
cold and leave at elevated temperatures. development of improved oxygen analyzers
Flue gas heat loss can be minimized by has all but eliminated the use of carbon
reducing the amount of excess air supplied dioxide flue gas analyzers.
to the burner.
Measuring Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Flue gas heat loss increases with both and Oxygen ( 0 ) using chemical
2
increasing excess air and temperatures. As
both the carbon dioxide and oxygen level in
absorption instruments.
flue gases are directly related to the amount
of excess air supplied, either a C 0 or an 0 Orsat testing
2 2
flue gas analyzer can be used to measure

this loss. However, in recent years, C 0 One of the earliest methods of measurement
2
analysis has fallen out of favor. is still in use today. The orsat test is a
manually-performed test in which a flue gas
sample is passed successively through a
There are a number of problems when C 0 2
series of chemical reagents. The chemicals
is used for analysis. C 0 can be measured
2
each absorb a single gas constituent, usually
on both sides of the stoichiometric mix
34
Combustion Analysis
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon are instruments like the Bacharach Fyrite
monoxide. After the sample passes through C 0 and 0 indicators (Figure 4.12).
2 2
each reagent, its volume is accurately

measured. The reduction in volume indicates The primary difference between the 0 and 2
the amount of gas that was originally in the C 0 indicators are the chemicals used to
2
sample. absorb these gasses. They are a very

practical, simple, rugged and economical
There are several disadvantages to using the approach to combustion testing. Also, they
Orsat flue gas testing apparatus: are very useful for backing-up the more
complex instruments which may develop
a. It is slow, tedious work errors and faults from time to time.
b. Its accuracy is affected by the

purity of the reagents
c. Operator skill is very demanding

and under field conditions expert control is
necessary to prevent data scatter and test
rejection.
d. Most important, the Orsat test

measures only small samples and an
unacceptable amount of time can go by
before the unit is ready to analyze another
sample, quite possibly missing information
on the actual dynamics of the combustion Figure 4.12, Fyrite C 0 2 or 0 2 test
systems operation. instrument.
e. All data must be hand recorded. To operate the Fyrite 0 and C 0 indicators,
2 2
Computerized data systems are becoming a flue gas sample is extracted from an
increasingly important in combustion system appropriate point, using the hand operated
analysis because of their continuous flow of sampling assembly. The rubber cap is placed
data and automatic record keeping over a spring loaded plunger valve which
capabilities. opens when pressure is applied (Figure
4.13).
Because of the complexity and the operator The aspirator rubber bulb is squeezed about
skills demanded by the Orsat flue gas 18 times in succession to clear the sampling
analyzer, simpler less complex devices have apparatus, insuring an undiluted flue gas
been developed using the chemical sample. When the plunger is released, the
absorption process. flue gas sample is trapped in the instrument.
Notable among the test instruments now in

daily use in many plants using this technique
35
Combustion Analysis
1 . Push r u b b e r c o n n e c - 2. L i f t finger f r o m r u b - 3. T u r n b o t t o m side u p 4 . R e a d f l u i d level o n

t o r d o w n — t h e n squeeze ber c o n n e c t o r — t h i s seals a n d back again; twice o n scale f o r percentage of
bulb 18 times. Fyrite. C 0 , f o u r times o n 0 .
2 2 gas.
Figure 4.13. The fyrite test for C 0 and 0 . 2 2
Figure 4.14. The Bacharach combustion slide rule.

36
Combustion Analysis
the cathode where a chemical reaction

The FYRITE is now inverted twice, occurs.
thoroughly mixing the flue gas sample with
the chemical reagents which absorb of either The electrochemical cell is essentially a
the 0 or C 0 , depending on which is in
2 2 battery with an electrical current that is
use. The volume change, percent C 0 or 0 ,
2 2 directly proportional to the flow of oxygen
can be read in percent on a convenient through the membrane.
scale.
Finding stack losses These cells are designed to be replaced

easily, however as the flue gas sample is
By measuring the net stack temperature extracted from the stack and brought to the
(Stack temperature - combustion air sensor, sample conditioning is required as
temperature), combustion tables or slide rule well as periodic maintenance on the
(Figure 4.14) can be used to determine flue sampling system which becomes fouled with
gas losses combustion products and a high moisture
level. The high maintenance required for
Measuring Flue Gas Oxygen on a these sensors is a definite drawback.
continuous basis.
Zirconium Oxide Cell
There are three common methods of
measuring oxygen in flue gas on a In recent years, The zirconium oxide cell
continuous basis. The paramagnetic sensor, has become the most common oxygen sensor
the wet electrochemical cell and the for continuous monitoring of flue gases. The
zirconium oxide ceramic cell. sensor was developed in the mid-1960s in
conjunction with the U.S. space program
Paramagnetic and because of its inherent ability to make
oxygen measurements in hot, dirty gasses
The paramagnetic sensor takes advantage of without sample conditioning, it was quickly
the fact the oxygen molecules are strongly accepted by industrial users. The sampling
influenced by a magnetic field. Because of element itself is a closed end tube or disk
this and because other flue gas constituents, made from ceramic zirconium.
notably NO, N 0 and certain hydrocarbons
2
exhibit appreciable paramagnetic properties The zirconium oxide cell has several
this instrument is usually limited to the significant advantages over the other oxygen
laboratory. sensing methods. First, since the cell
operates at high temperatures, there is no
Wet electrochemical Instruments need to cool or dry flue gases before it is
analyzed. Most zirconium oxide analyzers
Wet electrochemical cells, of which there make direct oxygen measurements on the
are many designs, all use two electrodes in stack with nothing more than a filter to keep
contact with an aqueous electrolyte. Oxygen ash away from the cell. The cell is not
molecules diffuse through a membrane to affected by vibration and unlike other
techniques, the output actually increases
37
Combustion Analysis
with decreasing oxygen concentration. In

addition the cell has a virtually unlimited
shelf life. Net Oxygen Vs. Gross Oxygen
Measurements.
Insitu vs. Close-Coupled
Extractive Analyzers As burners cannot mix fuel and air
perfectly, both oxygen and unburned
There are two basic types of flue gas oxygen combustibles are in the flue gas. zirconium
analyzers that employ the zirconium oxide oxide analyzers indicate net oxygen; i.e. the
cell: insitu and closed coupled extractive. oxygen left over after burning whatever
combustibles are present on the hot
Insitu Analyzer zirconium oxide cell. Orsat, paramagnetic
and wet cell oxygen analyzers measure gross
In an insitu analyzer, the zirconium oxide oxygen.
cell is located at the end of a stainless steel
probe that is inserted directly into the flue Usually the difference between net and
gas stream. A small heating element gross measurements are small since
encompasses the cell, and a thermocouple combustibles are generated in the parts per
provides feedback to an external temperature million range. Occasionally conditions may
control circuit. occur where net and gross readings are
significantly different. Differences may also
Close-Coupled Extractive Analyzer. occur because zirconium oxide measures
oxygen on a wet basis; i.e. the flue gas
A close-coupled extractive analyzer is contains water vapor. The other measuring
designed somewhat differently. The techniques all require cool, dry samples and
zirconium oxide element and temperature are said to measure on a dry basis. The
controlled furnace are housed in an insulated difference between wet and dry
enclosure mounted outside, but immediately measurements can result in readings that
adjacent to, the flue gas stack or duct. may differ by as much as 0.5 percent
oxygen.
While insitu analyzers are limited to flue gas
temperatures of about 1100 F or less, close- If the condition occurs where the
coupled sensors can be used with high combustibles concentration increases to a
temperature probe materials up to 3,200 F. point where there is no net oxygen in the
flue gas, it becomes a sensor of net
In general, close-coupled units respond combustibles. The voltage generated by the
much faster to changes in the flue gas cell increases sharply as the flue gas changes
stream because they do not rely on diffusion from a net oxygen to a net combustibles
to carry the sample to the sensing cell. A condition. This property of a zirconium cell
close coupled sensor can be fitted with a is extremely useful on some combustion
catalytic combustibles sensor in the same processes because it permits measurement
flow loop as the oxygen cell, thus making a on both sides of stoichiometric combustion,
combination oxygen/ combustibles analyzer. either excess air or excess fuel.
38
Combustion Analysis
Catalytic Combustibles Sensor.

Relative Humidity
Catalytic element sensors have been widely
Relative humidity can change the amount of used for detecting combustible gases in
oxygen in air at 70 F from 20.9% at 0% ambient air in mine shafts, parking garages,
RH to 20.4% at 100% RH. This 0.5% and other closed areas. High quality sensors
change will effect excess air settings and with carefully selected elements, can be used
efficiency (0.2% or more) to measure carbon monoxide in flue gas.
Catalytic sensors are available with full scale
Oxygen Deficiency and Safety. ranges as sensitive as 0-2000 ppm
combustibles and with accuracies of (+/-)
In measuring oxygen 0 , here are some
2
100 ppm or better.
important points to keep in mind. Normal
air contains 20,9% oxygen and 79.1% The principle behind all catalytic sensors is
nitrogen; the usual alarm point is 19.5% the same, if combustibles and oxygen are
unconsciousness occurs at 15%; brain both present in a gas stream, they will not
damage at 10%, and death at 5%. (These normally burn together unless the
are approximate figures and may vary with temperature is elevated something above
the individual. 1000 F. However, if the same gas mixture
comes in contact with a solid catalyst, such
Carbon Monoxide and Combustibles as platinum, combustion will occur at
Measurement Methods. temperatures as low as 400 F.
There are three prevalent methods for on There are two elements present, one with a
line monitoring of flue gas combustibles: catalyst in an inert binder the other is inert.
wet electrochemical cell, catalytic element, The entire housing is heated to over 400 F,
and non-dispersive infrared absorption. when the flue gas sample containing both
oxygen and combustibles pass through the
Electrochemical cell housing, combustion occurs on the active
element but not on the reference element.
The wet electrochemical cell technique is This causes the temperature of the active
used only for carbon monoxide. It works on element to rise and its resistance to change.
the principle that current flowing between Some close-coupled extractive oxygen
the anode and cathode is directly analyzers have been modified to incorporate
proportional to the flow of carbon monoxide a catalytic combustibles sensor in addition to
through the membrane. There are problems the oxygen sensor.
that occur with this type, flow rate as
affected by the ambient pressure, The catalytic sensor has the advantage of
temperature and humidity. Furthermore, the being both low cost and sensitive to
membrane can become coated with flue gas hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These
condensation, thus reducing its effectiveness. sensors make it ideal for flue gas monitoring
Because of this, these sensors are prone to and recording. However, the zero and span
zero and span drift. stability of the sensor is not as good as that
of the infrared sensor. Combustion systems
39
Combustion Analysis
requiring CO/combustibles measurement as systems, conversely, can take several

an active input generally utilize infrared minutes to respond to a change in flue gas
carbon monoxide analyzers. conditions, second, across-the-stack systems
provide a measurement of the average CO
Infrared CO measurement. concentration in the stack. Unlike off-stack
analyzers, which sample from a single point,
Carbon monoxide is one of many gases that they are unaffected by stratification or
are known to absorb infrared energy at stagnation of flue gases in various areas of
specific discrete wavelengths. The amount the stack.
of energy absorbed is a measure of the
concentration of carbon monoxide. The measurement of carbon monoxide or
combustibles is an important part of
There are two types of carbon monoxide achieving maximum combustion efficiency.
analyzers: off-stack (sampling) and across The result will be less fuel wasted and more
the stack (insitu). money saved.
Off-stack CO analyzers. Opacity
Off-stack analyzers are housed in Smoking with oil and coal fuels indicates the
enclosures suitable for the environmental presence of flue-gas combustibles or
conditions and are usually located at easily unacceptable flame conditions, and always
accessible places near the combustion should be avoided. Some boilers, especially
process. In most cases a sampling system is larger ones, are equipped with smoke
required to clean, dry, and cool the sample detectors, which can indicate poor stack
before it enters the analyzer. Provision for conditions. Ultimately, stack conditions
the introduction of calibration gases are should be checked by visual observation.
usually an integral part of the design of the
sample conditioning system. Accurate spot check type smoke
measurements can also be made with the
Across-the-stack CO analyzers. inexpensive, portable hancF pump with filter
paper testers described above.
Across-the-stack CO analyzers are based on
the same technical principles as off-stack These devices use the smoke spot number or
analyzers but their design is somewhat ASTM (American Society for Testing &
different. The infrared source is housed in Materials) smoke scale(standard D-2156),
an enclosure that mounts directly on the and can be very helpful in establishing
stack or duct. The infrared beam generated optimum boiler conditions.
by the source passes completely through the
stack into a similar enclosure mounted on Stack Temperature.
the other side.
Deposits and fouling of external tube
There are two major advantages of the surfaces with soot, ash and other products
across-the-stack systems. First, the speed of inhibit the absorption of heat in the unit and
response is nearly instantaneous. Off-stack lead to lower efficiencies. Deposits are
40
Combustion Analysis
indicated by flue-gas temperatures that are Accuracy of Sampling Techniques.

high compared to clean conditions. The
efficiency loss resulting from dirty tubes can For oxygen, CO and smoke analyzers the
be estimated with the RULE OF THUMB: portion of the gas analyzed must be
representative of the total gas stream,
EVERY INCREASE OF 40 DEG F IN location of the sampling site can be as
STACK TEMPERATURE REDUCES important as the selection of the proper
EFFICIENCY BY ABOUT 1 % . measurement device.
Waterside deposits caused by improper To illustrate: on negative draft boilers, the

water treatment also can lead to high stack gas sampling point should be upstream of
temperatures, but tube failures due to the air preheater, if one is installed, or
overheating generally occur before any upstream of any known air leaks. Reason is
substantial efficiency losses are evident from that air leakage into the gas ducts can dilute
these internal tube deposits. flue gas and resultant measurements won't
give a true indication of furnace conditions.
Rising Stack Temperatures Indicate a Air leakage in preheaters poses the same
Problem problem.
Stack-temperature measurements are an easy Sample conditions immediately downstream

and effective means for monitoring boiler- of bends, dampers, or induced fans should
tube fouling. This is done by comparing the be avoided. Gases in such areas can stratify
present temperature to the start up or form pockets leading to errors, especially
temperature or a temperature recorded when when samples are withdrawn from a single
the boiler was in a clean condition. point in a duct.
Since stack temperatures usually increase When a single-point probe is to be used,

with firing rate and excess air, make your compare several readings in the duct first, to
comparisons at similar boiler operating find the most representative probe location.
conditions. When existing ports are not satisfactory,
drill or cut out new ports and run traverse
In the absence of previous data, flue gas measurements. Remember, unless you get
temperatures normally are about 150 to 200 truly representative data, your testing
F above steam temperature for a boiler program will be of little value.
producing saturated steam at high firing
rates. Flue-gas temperatures are subject to
stratification in ducts and a representative
Boilers equipped with economizers and air location of thermometers or other
preheaters should be judged by observing temperature sensors should be verified.
the flue gas temperature immediately after Position them close to the boiler outlet,
leaving the boiler before reaching these heat because thermal losses can occur in the flue
recovery units. gas duct, especially in uninsulated sections.
41
Combustion Analysis
Using Carbon Monoxide to Measure Carbon monoxide measurements on oil and

Performance coal fired equipment is less often used
because smoking or excessive carbon
On gas fired boilers carbon monoxide is the carryover usually precedes the formation of
primary indicator of incomplete combustion large quantities of CO. This is not always
and usually determines the lowest practical the case, however.
level of oxygen. The concentration of CO in
the flue-gas should not exceed 400 ppm or High CO levels have been measured on
.04% (the limit established by many state units where burner equipment had
and city ordinances, industry codes and deteriorated or malfunctioned, impellers had
insurance companies). burned off, oil tips plugged, overfire air was
too low, etc. Also, CO can be caused by
chilling the combustion process before the
Once the final adjustments are made. It is fuel is completely burned, two ways this can
wise to observe the operation of a boiler for happen is chilling of the flame with
an extended period to insure that your excessive (cold) concentrations of
adjustments are final and there is no combustion air in part of the flame and
condition present that can increase the CO through flame impingement on the (cooler)
level above the acceptable limit. boiler tubes.
When performing tests, occasional CO Knowing the CO level is very valuable, The
levels of up to 1000-2000 ppm may be CO analyzer should be capable of
encountered. Adequate boiler monitoring measuring from less than 100 over 2,000
and flame observation are very important to ppm. While Orsat analyzers have
assure stable conditions. Use caution at traditionally been used to determine CO,
these levels because even a slight lowering difficulties in accurate reading of
of excess air can cause the CO level to concentrations less than 1000 ppm have
skyrocket, which can lead to smoking, flame presented problems in the modern
instability, furnace pulsation and possibly an environment. Portable or permanently
explosion. installed electronic type CO analyzers have
the ability to measure CO continuously,
The situation is further complicated by the having the advantage of indicating
possibility of some CO monitoring excursions in CO that may not be detected
instruments becoming insensitive and going with occasional spot readings.
off scale requiring a waiting period for them
to come back to operating range. During
this period you may be blind to what is
actually happening to the CO level. One
precaution that may be taken is to use a
combustibles analyzer along with the CO
instrument, the combustibles analyzer is less
sensitive and will indicate the actual
situation over a wider range.
42
Chapter 5
Boiler Tune Up
The Importance of Operating

Boilers with Minimum Excess Air.
available from a boiler (increased

Reducing excess air is one of the most productivity).
effective boiler improvement techniques one
can apply without high capital cost. When When evaluating boiler efficiency
excess air is reduced, several things are improvement projects, cost and benefit
accomplished: calculations must be based on the tuned up
efficiency of the boiler to prevent false
• When hot combustion gases leave a estimates of benefits. It doesn't make sense
boiler, they have the potential to carry away to attempt to correct a problem by adding
a lot of waste energy. The less volume of something new to a boiler if it can be
exhaust gas, the less loss there is. corrected by maintenance and repairs and a
tune up.
• Flue gas velocity is reduced increasing
the time available for heat transfer in the Types of Control Systems
boiler.
Jackshaft Controls
• Flame temperature is raised, increasing
radiant heat transfer in the combustion zone Most small package boilers are fitted with a
walls. Heat transfer in the combustion or simple mechanical control system,
radiant heat transfer zone is very efficient commonly called a "jackshaft " controller in
and becomes more efficient as flame this system the steam pressure is sensed as
temperature goes up. This increase of heat the basic control signal. This signal
exchange efficiency reduces stack regulates a mechanical linkage attached to
temperatures. the fuel valve and combustion air dampers.
The relative motion of the two elements can
• Pollution is reduced because less fuel is be adjusted somewhat through the use of
required to meet the same demands. special cams, but because of this mechanical
linkage arrangement, it is not possible on a
The increase in efficiency available from routine basis to adjust the relative air and
tuning up a boiler has three direct and fuel rates manually.
related benefits: (1) It Saves fuel dollars, (2)
it reduces the cost of energy at the point of The "jackshaft" is usually set for a
use and (3) it increases the steam output particular operating condition when the
43
Boiler Tune Up
boiler is first installed and adjustments are the burner pressure is not a totally accurate
made only infrequently thereafter. indicator of the amount of air required for
proper combustion. While this system is one
Because the system must accommodate step closer to a true fuel and air metering
variations in the heating value of the fuel system, it must still control toward the
and in the air conditions, it is always set to conservative side to eliminate any possibility
provide a high value of excess air to prevent of smoking or forming unburned
any possibility of smoking or formation of combustibles.
unburned combustibles. The typical setting
for a gas fired package boiler is around 30 Metering Controls
to 40% excess air.
A more sophisticated system generally used
Parallel Positioning measures the fuel and air rates directly with
metering devices in the fuel and air systems.
An improvement in the basic Jackshaft The fuel and air rate signals are sent to an
system is the Parallel Positioning control electronic computing device which then
system. In this system the steam pressure is controls the fuel valve and air dampers in a
again the driving signal, but the mechanical pre-programmed manner. Refinements on
linkage is replaced with a system of this system include cross-limiting, which
pneumatic or electronic drivers. These prevents the fuel flow from exceeding the
drivers actuate the fuel and air controls in a air flow preventing smoking.
preset pattern. With parallel positioning,
some operator control is usually provided. If Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide Trimming
some means of flue gas analysis is provided, Systems
improvement in the performance over the
simple jackshaft can usually be obtained. Feed back signals are used from installed
oxygen and carbon monoxide sensors to
Pressure Balancing refine the air/fuel ratio to reduce losses.
Variations in fuel and air systems can be
A third and yet more sophisticated form of compensated for by this type of system
control is known as pressure balancing. In lowering the excess air to the lowest
this system the fuel pressure at the burner practical levels while remaining out of the
and the pressure drop of the flue gas combustibles or smoke range. These systems
through the furnace are sensed directly and can compensate for the many errors that can
the system is controlled to proportion these develop in control systems affecting
pressures. The success of this system in efficiency.
maintaining accurate combustion control
rests on the assumption that the flow rates of A Tune Up Starts With an Inspection and
fuel and air are directly related to these Testing.
pressures.Wile this is true in part, the flows
also depend on certain other variables such Efficiency improvements obtained under a
as fuel and air temperature. Furthermore, deteriorated state of the boiler can be
since the fuel heating value may vary substantially less than the improvements
somewhat, the mass flow rate indicated by achieved under proper working conditions.
44
Boiler Tune Up
Therefore, it is essential that the boiler be Even a call to the manufacturer can provide
examined prior to testing and that necessary useful information on the boiler's expected
repairs and maintenance be completed. performance characteristics and minimum
expected excess air levels (Fig 5.1).
One of the first questions in tuning up an
operating boiler is whether or not is If this information is not available, then
necessary to take the boiler out of operation general information can be used based on
and go through the expense of opening it up information from typical minimum oxygen
for a formal inspection. settings in similar boilers. The following
general information on minimum excess
A preliminary efficiency test and review of oxygen is based on a large number of boiler
records might provide valuable information tests and is applicable to high firing rates.
about a boilers operating condition and As firing rate decreases burner performance
whether or not a more detailed inspection is falls off and more excess air may be needed
necessary. for some burners.
The condition of the burner system and • For natural gas boilers, 0.5% to 3%.
combustion process can be judged by the
excess oxygen level. Boiler start up records • For liquid fuels, 2% to 4%.
and records of previous tune ups provide a
valuable reference point for your tune up • For pulverized coal, 3% to 6%.
program.
• For stoker fired coal, 4% to 8%.
Figure 5.1, CO-Oxygen relationship showing CO control range and the effect of CO and
oxygen levels on combustion efficiency.
45
Boiler Tune Up
Stack Temperature rate and excess air, make your comparisons

at similar boiler operating conditions.
Keeping heat transfer surfaces clean is
another important consideration in If previous information is not available or if
maintaining peak performance in boilers. temperatures seem excessive, the following
The accumulation of scale on the water side graph (Fig 5.2) can be used for general
of boiler tubes and the accumulation of soot estimates. Temperature readings to measure
and ash on the gas side interferes with the boiler performance must be taken before
transfer of heat in the boiler and can cause economizers or air heaters cool down the
serious damage to overheated metal flue gasses but overall performance is
surfaces. Additional fuel must be burned to judged from the temperature after these
make up for the heat energy wasted from units.
poor heat transfer within the boiler.
Inspecting Your Boiler
Scale build up on the water side is the result
of precipitation of minerals, especially iron Boiler components that you should inspect
salts and silica, at high temperatures. These before conducting efficiency tests include
build-ups can be very costly; for example, a burners, combustion controls and furnace.
one thirty-second inch layer of scale, high in Typical things to look for are shown below
iron and silica, can reduce efficiency by five (Fig 5-3 through 5.5) and Table 5.1.
to seven percent. This can be worth Consult your boiler manufacturer for a more
thousands of dollars in increased fuel complete list appropriate to the specific
consumption. equipment in your plant.
Soot build up on the gas side is a serious Oil burners

problem in oil fired equipment. In Fire Tube
boilers this soot is usually removed by • Make sure the atomizer is suitable for
manual cleaning which means the boiler your present firing conditions; for the type
must be shut down for a few days to do the of oil being burned and burner geometry.
work. This may be difficult during periods
of peak load. Soot blowers are commonly • Verify proper flame pattern through the
used on Water Tube boilers, they blast viewing ports located at the sides and back
deposits of soot off tube surfaces with either of the boiler, if installed.
steam or compressed air.
• Inspect burners for warping or
Stack temperature measurements are an easy overheating, coke and gum deposits. Clean
and effective means for monitoring boiler or replace parts as appropriate.
tube cleanliness and the general effectiveness
of the heat exchange process in a boiler. • Inspect oil tip passages and orifices for
Existing temperatures can be compared to wear and scratches or other marks. Use
values obtained during start up or after proper size drill or machine gages for
maintenance and cleaning, to identify any testing.
deviations from baseline levels. Since stack
temperature usually increases with firing • Verify proper oil pressure and
46
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.2, Average combustion gas exhaust temperature above temperature of the water
and steam in boiler.
47
Boiler Tune Up
Gas Fired Burners Condition and cleanliness of gas injection orifices.
Cleanliness and operation of filter & moisture traps.
Condition of diffusere, spuds, gas cans, etc.
Condition of burner refractory.
Condition and operation of air dampers.
Oil Fired Burners
Condition and cleanliness of oil tip passages.
Oil burning temperature.
Atomizing steam pressure.
Condition of impeller/diffusers.
Position of oil guns.
Cleanliness of oil strainer.
Condition of burner throat refractory.
Pulverized Coal Firing
Condition and operation of pulverizes, feeders and

conveyors.
Condition of coal pipes
Coal fineness
Erosion and burn off of firing equipment.
Stoker Firing
Wear on grates
Position of all air proportioning dampers.
Coal sizing
Operation of cinder reinjection s y s t e m
Figure 5.3, Preliminary Burner Equipment Checklist I
48
Boiler Tune Up
Combustion controls Cleanliness and proper movement of fuel valves
Smooth repeatable operation of all control

elements.
Adequate pressure to all regulators.
Unnecessary cycling of firing rate
Flame Safety System
Proper operation of all safety interlocks and boiler

trip circuits.
Furnace
Excessive deposits or fouling of gas-side boiler

tubes.
Proper operation of sootblowers.
Casing and duct leaks.
Clean and operable furnace inspection ports.
Figure 5.4. Preliminary Boiler Inspection Checklist II
COMMON CAUSES OF LOW CO, AND SMOKY FIRE ON OIL BURNERS
Figure 5.5, troubleshooting guide for small oil burners. (Bacharach Co.)
49
Boiler Tune Up
Problem Probable Cause Corrective A c t i o n
H e a w White Plume
• Consistent High excess oxygen Lower excess oxygen d o w n to a level slightly above
smoke limit.
High sulfur fuel Have fuel sample analyzed.
• Transient Rapid increase in load Check cross limiting controls.
Make load changes more gradual.
Black smoking. Increase air. Check operation of combustion controls

w h e n in automatic mode. Sluggish control response
• A t l o w excess oxygen Insufficient air on load swings will cause occasional s m o k i n g .
Automatic (load control) operation will usually require
a slightly higher oxygen setting.
• A t high excess 0 and

2 0 instrument out of
2 Check calibration of 0 2 instruments.
l o w wind box-furnace calibration
pressure, flames look about
the same throughout the
furnace; slow and lazy
indicating l o w excess air.

2 Oil temperature problems Check oil heater and oil temperature at burner.
high windbox-furnace
pressure, flames look about
the same throughout the Oil pressure problems Check oil supply-return pressure. Check pressure
furnace. gage calibration.

2 Localized combustion Check flame patterns
high windbox-furnace problem. 1 . Oil temperature
pressure, flames are not the 2. Oil supply-return pressure
same throughout the 3. Oil gun position
furnace.
If these are ok, then check air register settings and
operation, reposition if necessary. Problem may be
burner tip related, inspect and change if necessary.
• Excess 0 cycling w i t h
2 Localized air heater
constant forced-draft-fan and pluggage Check air heater pressure drop.
fuel f l o w indications.
• Excess 0 , Forced-draft-
2 Control problem Check combustion control s y s t e m .
fan and fuel f l o w cycling
Table 5.1. Trouble Shooting Performance Problems
50
Boiler Tune Up
temperature at the burner. This may include • Clear coal pipes of any coal and coke
resetting the fuel oil heater to the grade of deposits.
oil presently being fired, calibrating gages
and instruments and resetting pressures to • Check burner parts for any signs of
manufactures values or values indicated in excessive erosion or burn-off.
engineering records. If changes are made,
careful observation of actual effects they Spreader-stoker firing
produce is important in the case a problem
develops. • Check grates for wear, check the
stokers and the cylinder- reinjection system
• Verify proper atomizing-steam for proper operation.
pressure. Also, be aware a defective steam
trap may introduce unwanted water into the • Confirm the proper positioning of all
flame zone. air-proportioning dampers.
• make sure that the burner diffuser • Verify proper coal sizing.
(impeller) is not damaged, and is properly
located with respect to the oil gun tip. Combustion controls
• Check to see that the oil gun is • Be sure that all safety interlocks and
positioned properly within the burner throat, boiler trip circuits operate.
and the throat refractory is in good
condition. • See that all system gages are calibrated
and functioning.
Gas burners
• Eliminate play in all control linkages
• Be sure that filters and moisture traps and air dampers. Also check to see if there
are in place, clean and, operating properly is accurate repeatability when load points
to prevent gas orifice plugging. Inspect gas- are approached from different directions.
injection orifices and verify that all passages
are unobstructed. • Check control elements for smooth
accurate operation. Correct unnecessary
• Look for any burned off or missing hunting caused by improperly adjusted
burner parts. Confirm location and regulators and automatic master controllers.
orientation of all parts. (Viewing ports are
very helpful to identify faulty flame patterns
or other problems) • Inspect all fuel valves to verify proper
movement, clean and repair as necessary.
Pulverized-coal burners
Furnace
• Verify that fuel- and air- components,
pulverizes, feeders, primary and tempering- • The firesides should be clean, check for
air dampers etc are all working properly. sootblower cleaning efficiency. Consider
periodic water-washing if firesides are not
51
Boiler Tune Up
being kept clean by normal soot-blowing.

• Reduced oxygen levels leads to increased
• Inspect and repair internal baffling. flame length because it takes more time to
Defective baffling allows hot combustion burn completely. It actually grows in size,
gases to escape without giving up heat filling the furnace more completely.
causing high stack temperatures. A traverse
of the breaching with a temperature • It exhibits a lazy rolling appearance.
indicator may point out local hot spots Instead of intense, highly turbulent flames,
behind baffle defects. Once hot spots are low-oxygen flames may appear to move
identified, the defects can be corrected. somewhat more slowly through the furnace.
• Repair any casing leaks and any cracked • It has an over-all color that may change
or missing refractory. as excess oxygen is decreased. Natural gas
flames for instance, become more visible or
• Clean furnace-viewing ports and make luminous with yellow or slightly hazy,
sure that burner throat, furnace walls and portions. Coal and oil flames become darker
leading convection passes are visible. Being yellow and orange and may appear hazy in
able to see the condition of the flame, parts.
burner, refractory zone and furnace is
essential to detecting and correcting Although low excess-air operation is
problems. important, it is sometimes not possible to
operate this way because of combustion
Flame appearance related problems.
The flame is the heart of the combustion Observing oil flames provides important
process, if it isn't right you will have a information concerning the combustion
serious challenge tuning-up a boiler. process. The combustion problems which
typically occur will be due to one or more
The appearance of a boilers flame offers a of the following.
good preliminary indication of combustion
conditions. It is difficult to generalize the 1. Excess oxygen level.
characteristics of a "good" flame because of
the variations due to burner design and 2. Oil temperature or pressure.
operating conditions.
3. Oil gun tip.
As the ideal situation is to operate with low-
excess air, one must be familiar with the 4. Air register setting.
conditions this will create compared to
higher excess-air conditions which may be 5. Oil gun position.
favored by operators. Low excess-air Listed below are certain problems that may
operations demands that plant personnel pay come about in a well adjusted flame.
close attention to the combustion process
52
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.6 shows the flame pattern for a nearly ideal flame geometry.
The ideal flame:
• Flame barely clears burner throat.
• Flame is bright and smooth with light smoke wisps on the end.
• Problems, none.
53
Boiler Tune Up
Problems that can occur in a burner flame of ideal geometry.
Flame contains ragged sparks
• Excess oxygen too high
• Oil too hot.
• Ash in fuel.
Flame very smokey looking
• Excess oxygen too low.
Flame black and oily-looking with no burning near throat.
• Air register closed.
Flame appears to be less bright and dense, somewhat transparent.
• Oil pressure delta-p too high. Too much return flow.
• Worn tip returning too much oil flow.
54
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.7. Flame is narrow and does not fill the throat. Possible thin stream of oil present in
the middle of the flame.
Problem:
• Low oil pressure delta-p or return oil line plugged.
• Air register open too far.
55
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.8, Flame pattern with intermittent oil slugs coming out of the tip.
Problem:
• Atomizer problem, tip partially plugged, tip worn or other burner

tip problem.
56
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.9, Flame blow off. May be continuous or pulsating on and off the tip.
Problem:
• Air register open too far.
• Oil gun positioned too far in toward the furnace.
57
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.10. Flame clears throat, but rolls back, impinges and rolls up the furnace wall.
Problem:
• Air register closed too far.
58
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.11. Flame impinges on burner throat.
Problem:
• Oil gun not fully extended into firing position.
• Wrong tip or worn tip orifice.
59
Boiler Tune Up
60
Figure 5.12. Combustion of Oil: (a) the oil is broken down into fine spherical particles by the atomization process to develop
as much surface area as possible for the formation of a vapor for combustion, the vapor burns not the oil itself. Next, (b) The
intense heat in the combustion zone heats the vapor to the ignition point and oxygen is mixed with the fuel to support
combustion, (c) The vapor and carbon residue continues to burn reducing the size of the particle as it moves away from the
burner, and (d) all fuel should be burned in the combustion zone to insure a clean stack and no build up within the boiler.
Boiler Tune Up
• When in doubt, consult the plant

The Basics of a Tune Up engineering personnel or the boiler
manufacturer.
Keep in mind, the basic criteria for good
combustion: • Consult the boiler operation and
maintenance manual supplied with the unit
• Time for details on the combustion control system
• Temperature or methods of varying burner excess air.
• Turbulence
• Sufficient air Finding the Smoke and CO threshold.
Note: These tests and adjustments should Once your boiler is in good working order,
only be conducted with a through the next major step in improving efficiency
understanding of the test objectives and and reducing emissions is to establish the
following a systematic, organized plan. lowest level of excess oxygen at which the
unit can operate safely and meet clean air
Instruments laws.
The minimum limits of excess air should be Since most boilers operate over a reasonably
approached cautiously with flue gas broad range, tests must be run at several
analyzers which continuously provide an firing rates to determine the minimum
accurate measurement of average conditions excess-oxygen level for each. Only then can
for the burner being adjusted. When the the combustion-control system be tuned for
maximum smoke spot number, for oil or the optimum fuel economy.
maximum carbon monoxide level for natural
gas is reached it should be noted along with At each firing rate investigated, excess-
the corresponding burner settings. Flame oxygen in the flue gas should be varied from
instability is sometimes a limiting factor on 1-2% above the normal operating point
reducing excess air. In stoker fired boilers, down to where the boiler just starts to
the onset of clinkering or overheating of the smoke, or to where CO emissions vary
grate sometimes precedes the formation of between 150 to 250 Parts per million
smoke or carbon monoxide. (PPM). The level of 400 PPM is the legal
limit established in many states and by
Safety insurance companies. This condition is
referred to as the smoke or CO threshold, or
• Extremely low excess oxygen operation simply as the minimum oxygen point.
can result in catastrophic results.
The smoke threshold generally applies to
• Know at all times the impact of the coal and oil firing, because smoking usually
modification on fuel flow, air flow and the occurs before CO emissions reach
control system. significant levels. The CO level pertains to
gaseous fuels. The smoke threshold for solid
• Observe boiler instrumentation, stack and and liquid fuels represents the lowest
flame conditions while making any changes. possible excess-oxygen level at which
61
Boiler Tune Up
acceptable stack conditions can be oxygen in very small increments until you
maintained. find out what kind of a curve is developing.
It can be steep and possibly unstable or
The Smoke Spot Number (SSN) is a scale of gradual. Some boilers have a gradual
smoke density which can be related to the characteristic at one firing rate and a steep
soot accumulation in a boiler Figure 5.13 characteristic at another.
shows the desirable SSN for various fuels.
Figure 5.14 shows the relationship of SSN Step by step procedure for adjusting
to the rate at which deposits generally boiler controls for low excess oxygen.
accumulate. The SSN is directly related to
excess-oxygen levels and burner 1. Establish the desired firing rate and
performance. switch combustion controls from automatic
to manual operation. Make sure all safety
Minimum Excess Oxygen interlocks are still functioning.
A proven method for determining the 2. Record boiler and stack data (pressure
minimum amount of excess oxygen required temperature etc.), and observe flame
for combustion involves developing curves conditions after the boiler operation
similar to the smoke/oxygen and CO/oxygen stabilizes at the particular firing rate
curves shown in Figures 5.15 and 5.16. selected. If you find that the amount of
Based on test measurements, these curves excess oxygen in the flue gas is at the lower
show how boiler smoke and CO levels end of the range of typical minimum values
change as excess oxygen is varied. and the CO and the smoke are at acceptable
levels, the boiler is already operating at a
near optimum air to fuel ratio. This may not
Each of these figures depicts two distinct be so at other firing rates. It may still be
curves, illustrating the extremes in smoke desirable, however to complete the
and CO behavior that may be encountered. remaining portion of this procedure, to
One curve exhibits a very gradual increase determine whether still lower levels are
in CO or smoke as the minimum excess practical.
oxygen condition is reached. The other has
a gradual slope at relatively high oxygen 3. Increase air flow to the furnace until
levels and a steep slope near the maximum readings of excess oxygen at the stack
oxygen point. For cases represented by this increase by 1-2%. Again, be sure to take
second curve, unpredictably high levels of readings after boiler operation stabilizes and
smoke and CO, or potentially unstable note any changes in flame conditions.
conditions, can occur with very small
changes in excess air. 4. Return air flow to normal level and
begin to slowly reduce it further, in small
Caution is required when reducing air flow increments. Watch the stack for any signs of
near the smoke point or CO threshold. smoke and constantly observe the flame and
Carefully monitor instruments and controls, stack. Record stack excess-oxygen reading,
flame appearance and stack conditions smoke spot number, the concentration of CO
simultaneously. Decrease the level of excess in the flue gas and the stack temperature
62
Boiler Tune Up
Maximum Desirable Smoke Spot Number

Fuel Grade Maximum Desirable
SSN
No. 2 Less than 1
No. 4 2
No. 5 3
No. 6 4
Figure 5.13 The Smoke Spot Test
EFFECT OF SMOKE ON
SOOT BUILD UP
Smoke Spot Rating Sooting Produced
Number
1 Excellent Extremely light if at all
2 Good Slight sooting which will not increase
stack temperature appreciably.
3 Fair May be some sooting but will rarely
require cleaning more than once a
year.
4 Poor Borderline condition. Some units will
require cleaning more than once a
year.
5 Very Poor Sooting occurs rapidly and heavily
Figure 5.14 The effect of Smoke spot Number on Soot Build Up
63
Boiler Tune Up
Figure 5.15. This characteristic curve identifies minimum excess air and tune-up control
settings for oil fired boilers. Point A is the minimum excess air point and point Β is the
control system setting to allow for various system errors.
Figure 5.16. Characteristic curve identifies minimum excess air and tune-up control
settings for gas fired boilers. Point A is the minimum excess air point and point Β is the
control system setting to allow for various system errors.
64
Boiler Tune Up
after each change. 7. Find the minimum excess-oxygen level

for the boiler from the curves prepared in
Do not reduce air flow by throttling the step 6, but do not adjust the burner controls
burner air registers, because this alters the to this value. Though this may be the point
fuel air mixing characteristics and of maximum efficiency, as well as minimal
complicates the tests. Also, if you run tests NOX emissions, it usually is impractical to
at low firing rates, which is not generally operate the boiler controls at this setting,
recommended, keep a close watch on the because of the tendency to smoke or to
windbox/furnace differential. If it drops too increase CO to dangerously high levels as
low, a fuel trip may be activated by the load changes.
burner safeguard system.
Compare this minimum value of excess
5. Continue to reduce the airflow step oxygen to the expected value provided by
wise until you reach one of theses limits: the boiler manufacturer. If the minimum
level you found is substantially higher then
• Unacceptable flame conditions- the vendor's, burner adjustments probably
such as flame impingement on furnace walls can improve fuel and air mixing, thereby
or burner parts, excessive flame carryover, allowing operation with less air.
or flame instability.
8. Establish the excess oxygen (buffer
• High level of CO in the flue gas. zone) margin above the minimum value,
required for fuel variations, load changes,
• Smoking at the stack. Do not and atmospheric conditions. Add this to the
confuse smoke with water vapor, sulfur or minimum value and reset burner controls to
dust plumes which are usually white or gray operate automatically at the higher level-the
in appearance and remember to observe lowest practical setting at the particular
local air pollution ordinances. firing rate.
• Incomplete burning of solid fuels. 9. Repeat steps 1-8 for each firing rate
Recognize this by high carbon carryover to being tested. For some control systems, it
dust collectors or increased amounts of is not possible to establish the optimum
combustibles in the ash. excess-oxygen level at each firing rate. The
reason is that control adjustments at one
• Equipment-related limitations firing rate may also affect conditions at
such as low windbox/furnace pressure other firing rates. In such cases, choose the
differential, built-in air-flow limits, etc. settings that give the best performance over
a wide range of firing rates. A trial-and-
6. Develop 02/smoke or 02/CO error approach, one involving repeated tests,
characteristic curves, similar to those may be necessary.
shown in Figures 5.15 and 5.16 using the
excess oxygen and CO or smoke-spot Many experts agree that it generally is best
number data obtained at each air-flow not to make any adjustments to your control
setting. system in the lower control range of your
boiler without being very careful. Air flow
65
Boiler Tune Up
requirements at low-fire conditions usually procedure, a judgment can be made as to the

are dictated by flame ignition characteristics best conditions which are practical.
and stability rather than by efficiency.
Air/fuel ratios at low loads and at or near Evaluation of the New Low 0 Settings
2
light off conditions are very sensitive and

any changes may jeopardize safe light-off If energy gains are to be realized, the new
characteristics. If boiler load requirements low 0 settings must be realistic and they
2
force a boiler to operate at low loads much must be maintained. Pay extra attention to
of the time, check with the boiler furnace and flame patterns for the first
manufacturers service group or a qualified month or two following implementation of
combustion consultant before establishing the new adjustments. Thoroughly inspect
excess-oxygen levels. the boiler during the next shutdown. To
assure high boiler efficiency, periodically
10. Verify that the new settings can make performance evaluations and compare
accommodate the sudden load changes with the results obtained during the test
that may occur in daily operation without program.
adverse affects. Do this by increasing and
decreasing the load rapidly while observing Review of the fine tuning process
the flame and stack. If you detect
undesirable conditions, reset the combustion It is sometimes possible during the
controls to provide a slightly higher level of optimization program to lower the CO or
excess oxygen at the affected firing rates. smoke limit, to achieve even lower excess
Next verify these new settings in a similar air levels achieving greater efficiency gains.
fashion. Then make sure that the final If the burner and fuel system is not
control settings are recorded at steady-state functioning properly your best efforts at
operating conditions for future reference. lowering excess air may be wasted. The
approach to this procedure is to insure that
Repeat these checks at frequent intervals everything is in conformance with the
until it becomes obvious that the boiler is manufacturers recommendations and then
not having problems that, on occasion, cause conduct organized "trial-and-error" (Table
it to exceed smoke or CO limits or that 5.2) adjustments in such a way that
control, burner or fuel system problems are meaningful comparisons can be made. Items
not causing unsafe conditions to develop. It that may result in lower minimum excess 0 2
is easy to hide such problems my making levels include:

high excess oxygen adjustments. Trying to
optimize performance will cause these • Burner register settings
problems to reemerge.
• Oil gun tip position
When an alternative fuel is burned, perform
these same tests and adjustments for the • Diffuser position
second fuel. It is not always possible to
achieve optimum excess oxygen levels for • Fuel oil temperature
both fuels at all firing rates. Based on
information gained from the tune up • Fuel oil atomizing pressure
66
Boiler Tune Up
• Coal spreader adjustments
• Coal particle size
The effect of these adjustments on minimum

0 are variable from boiler to boiler and
2
difficult to predict.
The principal method used for improving

boiler efficiency involves operating the
boiler at the lowest practical excess 0 level
2
with an adequate margin for variations

caused by fuel property changes, changes in
ambient conditions, and the repeatability and
response characteristics of the combustion
control system.
67
Boiler Tune Up
Step-by-step Boiler Adjustment Procedure for L o w Excess Air Operation.
1. Put the control system in manual control and bring the boiler to the test firing rate.
2. After stabilizing, observe flame conditions and take a complete set of readings.
3. Raise excess 0 2 1-2%, allowing time t o stabilize and take readings.
4. Reduce excess 0 in small steps while observing stack and flame conditions. A l l o w the
2
unit to stabilize following each change and record data.
5. Continue to reduce excess air until a minimum excess 0 condition is reached.

2
6. Plot CO or Opacity versus 0 . 2
7. Compare the minimum excess 0 value to the expected value provided by the boiler
2
manufacturer. High excess 0 levels should be investigated.

2
8. Establish the margin in excess 0 above the minimum and reset the burner controls to
2
maintain this level. This is the operating "Buffer Zone" which is based on an estimation of the
amount of repeatability in the control system and the affects of other influences like
temperatures and pressures.
9. Repeat steps 1-8 for each firing rate to be considered. Some compromise in optimum 0 2
settings may be necessary since control adjustments at one firing rate may affect conditions at
other firing rates if there is no means to characterize the air/fuel ratio.
10. After these adjustments have been completed, verify the operation of these settings by
making rapid load pick-ups and drops. If undesirable conditions are encountered, reset controls.
Table 5.2 Boiler Tune-Up Procedure.
68
Chapter 6
Waste Heat
The Value of Waste Heat amount of outside energy you have to

purchase.
The value of waste heat comes from the fact
that it supplants additional input energy,
reducing overall energy costs. Typical uses for waste heat energy are:
Waste heat Recovery Opportunities a. Boiler feedwater heating

b. Makeup water heating
Flue gasses from a boiler represent a 17% c. Combustion air preheating
to 30% (plus) opportunity for savings d. Process heating
investments. Thrs chapter will cover the e. Domestic hot water
technology for waste heat recovery including f. Generating electricity
practical approaches to boiler efficiency
improvement and other concepts for utilizing If waste heat can be utilized in the boiler
the recovered energy from flue gasses. itself, a considerable advantage is gained by
the fact that it is a self-controlling process
On the average the temperature of flue requiring simple or no controls to regulate
gasses leaving boilers is about 400°F ranging its application. If this same energy were to
between 350°F and 650°F. Flue gas leaves be used in a plant or building, it would be
the boiler at a temperature higher than the supplying a demand which would vary from
steam temperature for heat transfer to take the typical boiler operation and need
place. additional controls. There might be periods
when the energy wouldn't be needed thereby
The boiler exhaust approach temperature, in wasting it, using the boiler for waste heat
general, will rise from 40°F to 150°F from recovery provides an uninterruptable use of
low load to maximum. Many tests have this energy.
shown these numbers to vary widely, so
each boiler should be tested for its Acid Formation a Limiting Factor in
characteristic exhaust temperature, Waste Heat Recovery
preferably after a cleaning and tune up, to
establish the ideal temperatures for that One of the most important factors
particular boiler. influencing stack gas heat recovery is the
corrosion problem accompanying the cooling
Where Waste Heat Can Be Used of the gas. Because the sulfuric acid
dewpoint is higher than the water vapor
A suitable use for waste energy is critical to dewpoint, heat recovery efforts must
any waste heat recovery project because it eventually contend with the acid dew point
doesn't matter how much energy you can problem (Figure 6.1).
recover, the only thing that is going to save
you money is to actually use the energy in The acid dewpoint is that temperature at
your facility, and by doing so, decrease the which acid begins to form (Figure 6.2).
69
Waste Heat
Figure 6.1. The relationship of acid dewpoint and water dewpoint to the formation of
acids from the sulfur in fuels.
70
Waste Heat
Figure 6.2. The relationship of acid dewpoint to the sulfur content of oil.
71
Waste Heat
This temperature varies with the sulfur higher heating values for fuel types.
content of the fuel (Figure 6.3). To avoid The dry gas in the flue gas is formed from
the corrosive effects of acids the traditional the combustion of carbon to carbon dioxide
practice has been to limit the heat recovery plus nitrogen which does not take part in the
to a minimum stack gas exit temperature of combustion process and any excess air
350°F. Within the past decade, however, above and beyond the amount needed for
corrosion-resistant materials have been combustion.
developed and applied to heat recovery
systems, many of which operate below the Dry Gas and Moisture Losses
acid dewpoint.
The carbon and hydrogen composition of
What is Flue Gas various fuels determines the dry gas and
moisture losses. Table 6.2 shows how this
Before we go on, lets explore some basics in affects flue gas losses and the minimum
the field of waste heat recovery. The first stack losses that cam be expected.
applies to the nature of flue gasses which
contains both dry gas and moisture. The
amount of moisture in flue gasses varies
with the amount of hydrogen in the fuel, Fuel M i n . Dry Min. Min.
Gas lose Moisture Stack
each pound of hydrogen in the fuel Loss (%) Loss (%) Gas
combines with oxygen to form L088 (%)
approximately 9 pounds of water (Table Natural

6.1). This water is in the superheated state Gas 2.9 10.1 13.0
containing more than half the energy in the
No. 2
flue gas stream. As each fuel has a different Oil 5.1 6.4 11.5
carbon to hydrogen ratio, the energy in the
No. 6
moisture in the flue gas stream will vary Oil 6.6 6.2 12.8
from fuel to fuel.
Coal 5.5 10.0. 15.5
Species Percentage Weight by Species for

Fuel Types
Table 6.2, flue gas losses due to dry gas
Natural No. 2 Coal and moisture.
Gas Oil
Carbon 74.7 87.0 75.1 Sensible and Latent Heat

Hydrogen 23.3 12.5 4.8
Sensible heat is that heat which can be
Higher sensed with a thermometer or other
Heating
(BTU/LB) 22,904 19,520 13,380 temperature sensing instrument.
Table 6.1, percentage weight by species and
72
Waste Heat
Figure 6.3. Minimum recommended feedwater temperature to avoid economizer tube

corrosion.
73
Waste Heat
The formula for sensible heat transfer is: Regenerators and Recouperators
Q = M C (T - TOp 2 Different terminologies have developed over

the years in different industries referring to
Q = Heat content BTU/HR heat recovery process. The term
M = Flow rate LB/HR regenerators has come to refer to the
C p = Specific heat BTU/LB/F alternate heating and cooling of a media,
Ίλ = Stream temperature such as plates or brickwork or other heat
T 2 = Reference temperature absorbing material with hot exhaust gasses,
and then recapturing the heat by warming
Latent heat is the heat required for phase combustion or process air over the same
change, i.e. to change a liquid to a vapor media by manipulating gas and air streams.
(water to steam) or visa versa, without a
change in temperature. Recuperators refers to the continuous
operating (static) type or heat recovery unit
using an intermediate wall between the hot
The formula for latent heat transfer is: and cold streams.
Q = MH In boiler plants it is more common to hear

the heat recovery apparatus referred to by
Qi = Heat content BTU/HR name, (i.e. air preheater, economizer, etc.)
M = Flow rate LB/HR than regenerator or recouperator.
H = Heat of vaporization (state
change) BTU/LB A General Survey of Heat
Recovery Equipment
Fuel
Conventional Economizer
Combustion products from burning fuels
with higher hydrogen content contain more An economizer perform^ two functions, it
water vapor and larger amounts of latent reduces stack temperature and also heats
heat loss potential. Gas fired boilers are boiler feed water (Figure 6.4).
inherently less efficient than heavy oil fired
units and represent better candidates for heat A practical rule of thumb is that for every
recovery. The type of fuel will also affect 40°F the stack temperature is reduced there
the maintainability and service life of a heat is a corresponding 1% efficiency increase.
recovery system. On the water side, an increase of
approximately 1 % in efficiency is expected
Natural gas is a clean-burning fuel and for each 11°F rise in feedwater temperature.
causes minimal corrosion problems in heat
recovery hardware. Economizers have been in use for a long
time and it has been found that boilers
Fuel oil contains varying amounts of sulfur, operating at pressures of 75 psig or greater
which leads to acid corrosion problems. are excellent applications. One of the
74
Waste Heat
Figure 6.4. The economizer is used to reduce stack temperature and raise feedwater
temperature.
75
Waste Heat
space available for the installation of an

strongest points for installing an economizer economizer.
is its compact size compared to other
options. e. When a boiler operates with a
stack for induced natural draft on a negative
Some general guidelines for economizer pressure furnace, a limitation is imposed on
installations are: the furnace draft due to the cooler exhaust
gasses caused by the economizer. In this
a. Average stack gas temperature of case an Induced draft fan may be required.
450°F In other cases of balanced draft or forced
b. More than 2,500 operating hours draft systems, the additional boiler
a year. efficiency can offset the additional draft
c. Stack flow rate more than 15,000 requirement caused by the lower stack
LB/HR temperatures and pressure drop across the
economizer.
The maximum benefit that can be safely
achieved is governed by a number of f. Outlet water temperature is a
technical and physical limitations. limitation to prevent steam formation and
water hammer in the economizer. An
a. Economic considerations. Many approach temperature of 40°F is customary
economizers have paid for themselves in two for variable boiler load conditions. The
years or less, the economizer then continues outlet water temperature may be the
to return dividends from reduced energy dominant limitation in selecting economizer
costs long after it has been paid for. size.
g. Acid formation and condensation
b. When limited fuel availability or on the gas side of the heating surface is
steam production threatens plant production determined solely by the temperature of the
an economizer can increase boiler capacity surface which is essentially the same as the
from 4% to 10%. If there is a need for water temperature.
more steam capacity, this may be the most
cost effective way to do it rather than invest h. A minimum gas temperature of
in a new boiler. 250°F in the stack is desirable. Basically,
this is to assure that the flue gas will be
c. By the law of diminishing returns, sufficiently buoyant to escape into the
an increase in heating surface does not atmosphere and not mushroom around the
provide, in equal proportion, for an increase stack and cause smoke or acid rain nuisance.
in fuel savings. The flue gas temperature
can not be reduced below the temperature of Cold-End Corrosion in Economizers
the incoming feed water or the acid
formation temperature. The major portion of sulfur in fuel is burned
and forms sulfur dioxide (S0 ) in the flue
2
d. It may be possible that a gas; a small portion, 3 to 5 percent, is

controlling limitation may be imposed by the further oxidized to sulfur trioxide (S0 ). 3
76
Waste Heat
These oxides combine with moisture to form Controlling Acid Formation

sulfurous (H S0 ) and sulfuric acid (H S0 )
2 3 2 4
vapors (Figure 6.1). When in contact with Controlling Economizer Inlet

a surface below the Acid Dew Point (ADP),
Temperature.
condensation takes place. The ADP is
directly related to the amount of sulfur in
The most efficient and effective means of
the fuel as shown in Figure 6.2.
controlling economizer metal temperature is
with a feedwater preheat system. The system
Because of the higher heat transfer is illustrated in Figure 6.5, it is essentially
coefficient in liquid-metal than in gas-metal a feedwater preheater with sensors
heat transfer, the gas side metal temperature controlling the steam admission valves to the
of an economizer is closer to the water heater.
temperature than ihe gas side temperature.
The steam admission valve sensors measure
Design parameters for a conventional
the water temperature entering the
economizer are shown in Table 6.3,
economizer and the temperature of the stack
illustrating the minimum recommended
metal. Both of these surfaces are subject to
feedwater temperature and flue gas exit
corrosion from temperature exposure below
temperatures. the ADP. Using the heater insures neither
surface will cool to that point. As an
additional protection, the portion of the
Fuel Minimum Maximum Fin
stack exposed to very cold weather
Type Inlet Water Exit Flue Density conditions could be insulated to keep the
Temperature Gas (Fins/In) metal temperature from becoming too cold,
Temperature
m CF)
approaching the ADP.
Natural
Gas 210 300 5
Reduce excess air
No. 2 Reducing excess air raises the dewpoint

Fuel Oil 220 325 4
temperature in the stack gas (Figure 6.6).
No 5 & 6
3
Research has shown a direct relationship
Fuel Oil 240 350
between excess air and the formation of
Coal 240 350 2 sulfur trioxide.
= = = = = = = = = = = = ^ ^ Use corrosion-resistant materials or

sleeves.
Table 6.3, typical design parameters for a conventional
economizer.
Corrosion-resistant alloy steels can be used
in preventing corrosion, however their high
cost normally prohibits their actual use.
Interlocking cast iron sleeves over carbon
steel tubes can also be used where severe
acid conditions are anticipated. The cast iron
77
Waste Heat
Figure 6.5. A feedwater preheater is used to control cold end corrosion of the
economizer and acid dew point in the stack.
78
Waste Heat
Figure 6.6. The relationship between initial water vapor dewpoint of flue gasses and the
excess air level.
79
Waste Heat
sleeve will corrode, but it can be replaced at Condensing the Moisture in

normal maintenance intervals. The cast iron
sleeves protect the carbon steel tubes from Flue Gasses.
contact with corrosive gases.
The major limitation to increased boiler
Improve fluid flow arrangement efficiencies is the amount of energy tied up
in latent heat. Until recent years equipment
using parallel-flow tube arrangements rather has not been available to capture and use
than counter-flow arrangements increases this large source of waste energy. Figure
economizer skin temperature. With the 6.8 shows the energy available in
parallel flow arrangement, cold feedwater combustion products for natural gas at
enters where the stack gas is the hottest, different excess air levels as the temperature
thus raising the tube surface temperature drops from 600°F to the point of flue gas
slightly. condensation and full recovery of latent and
sensible heat.
Modulate feedwater flow through the
economizer. For example 400°F flue gasses from a
natural gas fired boiler contains 18% of the
The feedwater flow rate through the total energy from the HHV of the input fuel
economizer can be controlled by diverting in the form of both sensible and latent heat.
feedwater flow around the economizer Almost 62% of this energy which would
during periods of low flue gas temperatures otherwise be lost up the stack, requires
(Figure 6.7). cooling the exhaust gasses below the ADP
and water dew point. This temperature is a
Insulate Stack Metal function of excess air (Figure 6.9). For
natural gas with 10% excess air the initial
Just as with metal temperatures in the condensation temperature is 137°F.
economizer, flue gas temperatures will not
necessarily determine the severity of acid The condensation of flue -gasses is also a
corrosion, the same is true for the stack. It function of temperature as well as excess air
is the temperature of the metal, or stack as shown in Figure 6.10. Note that after
wall, that is in contact with the flue gas that the initial condensation temperature is
will determine the extent of acid corrosion. achieved, the percent of water condensed
Stack insulation will aid in keeping stack depends of lowering the temperature even
temperatures above the ADP. further, ranging roughly from 140°F to
below 80°F.
Alternatives to insulation are high
temperature corrosion-resistant stack
material such as Cor-Ten or Fiberglass Boiler efficiencies above 95 % are possible if
reinforced plastic. the moisture in flue gasses can be
condensed, Figure 6.10 shows how the
recoverable energy increases dramatically
with the condensation of flue gasses. The
80
Waste Heat
81
Figure 6.7, Diverting feedwater around an economizer to control cold end corrosion.
Waste Heat
Figure 6.8. Enthalpy (Btu/lb) of combustion products as a percent of the higher heating
value of natural gas as a function of temperature and excess air.
82
Waste Heat
83
Figure 6.9. Enthalpy (Btu/lb) of combustion products during condensation, as a function of temperature and excess air for
natural gas.
Waste Heat
Figure 6.10. This figure shows the heat recovery potential for a natural gas fired boiler
by reducing the exit gas temperature below the condensing point where latent heat is
given up by the flue gas. The potential to recover heat depends on the hydrogen ratio of
the fuel and excess air. Typically for natural gas boilers, a 11 to 15 percent efficiency
increase is possible.
84
Waste Heat
straight line characteristic of sensible heat Another less common heat exchanger uses
recovery bulges from a 2-5% efficiency stainless steel tubes. Stainless steel heat
increase to 11-15% with latent heat exchangers were installed in 25 hospitals
recovery. with gas fired (very low sulfur fuel) boilers,
and many of these heat exchangers have
Various fuels, because of their hydrogen operated trouble free for more than 8 years.
content, offer different opportunities for This type 304 stainless steel has been proven
waste heat recovery as illustrated in Figure to be a durable material in the stack gas
6.11. It shows at 450°F 18% for natural gas, environment for natural gas boilers. The
15% for coal-water slurry, 14% for no.2 presence of chlorides can cause metal failure
fuel oil and 11 % for coal. due to stress corrosion however. A common
source is cleaning solvent vapors, so storage
Indirect-Contact Condensing Heat of chloride containing material near the
Exchanger boiler combustion air inlets could cause
problems.
The indirect-contact condensing heat
exchanger is generally fabricated from Metals have a very wide range of corrosion
corrosion-resistant materials like teflon and resistance. As sulfuric and sulfurous acid is
glass. the most likely attack to be encountered,
material selection must take this into
Since teflon can only be extruded over account. Stainless steel, for example does
smooth surfaces and glass tubes cannot be not stand up well under this attack. Carbon
fabricated as finned tubes, an indirect steel or "open hearth" steel is most
contact heat exchanger requires a greater commonly used for economizer construction,
number of tubes and will occupy a greater giving long and reliable service. It has a
volume. However, the weight may not be corrosion rate superior to many more
greater since thinner tube walls can be used. expensive alloys. Cor-Ten may be another
good choice for economizer material, which
Glass tube heat exchangers are limited to has a corrosion rate corresponding to
applications where the flue gas temperatures titanium.
do not exceed 400°F and the water pressure
does not exceed 50 psig. The most prevalent systems to operate
continuously below the ADP to capture the
Teflon can be extruded over tubing as a thin large amount of latent heat usually lost with
film (.015 inch). It can operate with flue gas other systems include borasilicate glass
temperatures up to 500°F, but 400°F is tubes, ceramic coated steel or copper tubes,
recommended for continuous operation. and teflon-coated copper tubes.
Teflon coated heat exchangers are capable of Since corrosion is not a factor with these
rising water temperature to 200 to 250°F. materials, stack gas can be cooled to well
below the traditionally recommended safe
85
Waste Heat
86
Figure 6.11. Flue gas enthalpy Btu/lb as a function of temperature for various fuels.
Waste Heat
large heat transfer surface in the presence of

temperatures. Lowering temperatures below relatively small temperature differences
the water vapor dew point promotes the between heating and cooling streams.
recovery of latent heat from the flue gas and
the recovery of large quantities of low grade The packed tower design also enhances the
energy. available heat exchange surface, providing a
highly effective scrubbing like action which
The higher the hydrogen ratio in the fuel the improves heat transfer efficiency raises
higher the efficiency of the condensing heat reservoir temperatures.
recovery unit (Table 6.1).
Figure 6.12 shows a direct contact flue gas
The indirect-contact condensing heat condensing heat recovery system in
exchanger also- acts as a stack gas operation. The primary water circuit
"scrubber". Researchers report that includes the piping from the reservoir, a
condensing heat exchangers greatly reduce pump and the spray nozzles at the top of the
stack emissions. column. A heat exchanger is used to transfer
heat from the primary system to a secondary
system which could be any low temperature
Direct Contact Flue Gas Condensing Heat water use such as domestic hot water, boiler
Exchanger make up feed water or heating applications.
In a direct contact heat exchanger, heat is Figure 6.13 shows the three types of
transferred between the two streams, columns used for direct contact heat
typically flue gas and water, without an recovery. The open spray tower presents the
intervening walls is typical of other heat least obstruction to exhaust gas flow, less
transfer equipment. It is a vertical column in than one tenth inch of water column, but has
which the two streams move in a the lowest reservoir temperature from lOOoF
counterflow direction. The flue gasses enter to 110°F.
at the bottom and water is either sprayed or
cascades over trays or travels through a The tray type tower has a resistance to gas
packed bed from the top to the reservoir at flow between 0.5 and 1.0 inches of water
the bottom of the column. column and an outlet temperature from
130°F to 140°F.
The direct contact heat exchanger is very
efficient because there are no heat exchange The packed tower type has excellent heat
surfaces exposed to clogging, corrosion or transfer but also has a high pressure drop in
fouling. The elimination of an interfering excess of 5 to 10 inches water column, but
wall greatly increases the heat transfer rate. the reservoir temperature is as high as 150°F
depending on conditions.
The direct contact heat exchanger is an ideal
candidate for transferring latent heat from
flue gas because of the spraying of fine
"mist-like" water droplets can produce a
87
Waste Heat
Figure 6.12. Direct Contact flue gas condensing heat recovery tower with heat
exchanger.
88
Waste Heat
Figure 6.13. Three popular designs of direct contact flue gas condensing heat recovery
towers.
89
Waste Heat
Heat Pipe can be compact, operate at low temperature

differentials and have no moving parts to
A heat pipe is composed of a sealed pipe malfunction.
partially charged with water, freon,
ammonia or other suitable substance. It can Plate Type Heat Exchanger
be divided into three sections (Figure 6.14),
the evaporator section, the adiabatic section Plate type gas-to-gas heat exchangers can be
and the condenser section. used in counterflow or crossflow through
adjacent passages separated by heat
In the evaporator section, heat is absorbed conducting walls (Figure 6.15). It is
by the internal working fluid by evaporation. possible to preheat combustion air, process
Pressure differential causes the vapor to fluids, building make up air, etc. by this
flow to the cooler condensing section where type of heat exchanger. It is a relatively
the latent heat is given up to the cooler simple system, but the gas streams must
environment condensing the working fluid. pass in close proximity.
The internal circumference of the heat pipe One manufacturer has overcome several
is lined with a thin layer of wicking or mesh problems with this type of exchanger. A unit
type material and the working fluid migrates has been designed to be torqued together
by capillary action back to the evaporator using resilient mountings, eliminating
section where the cycle is repeated. thermal stress and cracked welds associated
with expansion and thermal shocks. Also,
A thermosyphon type heat pipe does not these plate units can be constructed of
utilize a wicking material, instead the pipe is corrosion resistent materials or coated with
placed in a vertical position with the teflon to insure a long useful life. These
condenser placed above the evaporator units are also designed to benefit from latent
section. As the vapor condenses, it returns heat recovery and to cope with acid
to the evaporator section by gravity. Even corrosion and condensation problems.
with wicking material it is advantageous to
locate the evaporator section below the The Heat Wheel
condenser so condensed fluid is aided by
gravity. The heat wheel is a regenerative type of heat
exchanger which extracts heat from one
Heat pipes have the advantage that they can source, briefly stores it and then releases it
be constructed of corrosion resistant to a cooler stream (Figure 6.16). It consists
materials. They are mostly applied to of a large rotating wheel frame, packed with
transfer heat from one gas stream to a heat absorbing matrix. Its primary
another, but have been used successfully in application is for combustion air preheating.
fluid streams also. The gas streams must be As it rotates it passes through the hot section
adjacent to each other because of the loss of where the matrix or plates are heated by the
performance from routing streams of flue gasses, then on the other side of a
working fluid and vapor through an sealing section it rotates through a cold air
unusually long adiabatic section. Heat pipes section giving up its heat.
90
Waste Heat
91
Figure 6.14. Design of a heat pipe.

Waste Heat
Figure 6.15. Gas-gas plate heat exchanger.
92
Waste Heat
Figure 6.16. Rotary air heater.
93
Waste Heat
Heat wheels can exceed 50 feet in diameter. extract as much energy as possible from the
Matrix materials can include aluminum, flue gas regardless of the corrosion potential
stainless steel, and ceramics for higher and to specify material to keep the problem
temperatures. to a minimum (Table 6.4).
Disadvantages include cross contamination Combustion Air Preheating

of the two streams due to sealing and
purging problems, clogging of passages, gas Although preheating of combustion air is not
and air flow restriction and drive motor generally recommended for smaller boilers,
horsepower. The large size of the units and it could be the only way to significantly
supporting ducting is another disadvantage. improve boiler efficiency. As a retrofit, the
These units can be used to preheat cost may be high because of bulky
combustion air, but cannot be used to heat ductwork, and possibly a long distance
building air because of cross contamination between the stack and air inlet.
of combustion products.
Increasing combustion-air temperature
Tubular Heat Exchangers worsens emissions of NOx, typically from
Tubular heat exchangers are also used for 20 to 100 ppm for a 100°F rise. Reductions
combustion air preheating. The heater is in SO , carbon monoxide and particulate
x
arranged for vertical, gas flow through a emissions are decreased by the improved
nest of tubes. The air passes horizontally combustion.
across the tubes in sections of the air heater
defined by built in baffles. In addition to making use of waste heat from
flue gasses, lower excess air can be
In contrast to regenerative designs, tubular maintained owing to improved combustion at
or recuperative air heaters have more severe the high inlet air temperature. Higher
cold end corrosion problems. combustion temperatures also increases heat
transfer and reduces sooting.
To avoid corrosion, it is necessary to limit
the air temperature entering the heat Gas-to-air heat exchangers are very
exchanger to a minimum value.This can be inefficient in comparison to gas-to-water
achieved by: exchangers. This is due to the superior
a. recirculating some of the air from thermal characteristics of water in
the preheater outlet back to the inlet. comparison to air.
b. bypassing part of the inlet air In summary, unless corrosion resistant

around the heating surfaces. materials are used, combustion air entering
the preheater must be suitably high to avoid
c. using a recuperating steam coil in cold-end corrosion. A steam coil heater, on
the air duct upstream of the air preheater. the cold side, to raise the temperature of the
incoming fresh air is recommended.
With high sulfur fuel, the expected life of an
air preheater is short. The strategy is to
94
Waste Heat
Run-around Coil
Fuel Incoming Material Specification
Type Air Temp
Range
The typical run-around coil system is
composed of two heat exchangers coupled
1 9 0 - 205°F Carbon steel c o m p o n e n t s .
Oil together by the circulation of an
Corrosion resistant l o w alloy intermediate fluid (Figure 6.17). The
steel for the cold-end element. circulating fluid is heated by the hot stream
and then piped to the second heat exchanger
Oil 1 5 5 - 190°F Corrosion resistant l o w alloy where its heat is given up to a cold stream.
steel intermediate element.
Enameled cold end-element. This system can be applied to transfer heat

to combustion air, process air, or building
Low alloy steel for rotor and
structural parts in the cold-end
air. Since the heat exchanger requires some
to the same level as the temperature differential to transfer heat to or
enameled elements.
from the intermediate fluid, it is inherently
Oil Below 175°F Enameled intermediate less efficient than a direct exchange between
element. two primary fluids. However this system is
Enameled Intermediate
relatively simple and more compact than a
element direct air/fuel gas system. A run-around
Corrosion resistant l o w alloy
system eliminates the problem of the close
steel rotor and supports to proximity of exhaust and inlet ducts. It is
same level as enameled able to transfer heat from one location to
elements.
another without great retrofit costs.
Below 155°F
Bituminous
Heat Pump
Coal Carbon steel components.
Heat pumps have the ability to raise low-
Corrosion resistant
l o w alloy steel temperature energy to a higher temperature
cold end element. level. The most common heat pump system
is a closed loop filled with refrigerant
Below 150°F (Figure 6.18).
Pulverized Carbon steel components
Anthracite The heat pump cycle begins with a
Corrosion resistant compressor raising the temperature of the
l o w alloy steel cold
end element.
working fluid, in vapor form. This hot
vapor goes to a heat exchanger, (condenser)
Gas Fuel where its heat is transferred to heat air or
Sulfur Free
water. The high pressure liquid refrigerant
then passes through an expansion valve and
its pressure is suddenly lowered causing it to
Table 6.4, cold-end air preheater cool. In the evaporator, this low temperature
temperature material selection guide. vapor absorbs energy from the waste heat
stream raising its temperature. The
95
Waste Heat
Figure 6.17. Run-around coil heat recovery system.
96
Waste Heat
Figure 6.18. Closed-Cycle vapor compression heat pump.
97
Waste Heat
combustion air. However, air is always

refrigerant vapor once again enters the available at ambient temperature with good
compressor and the cycle continues. potential for accepting flue gas heat.
The effectiveness of all mechanically driven Fire Tube Boiler Air Preheating
vapor compression heat pumps is specified
in terms of Coefficient of Performance In general, fire tube boilers are not designed
(COP) defined as: to operate with preheated combustion air,
and it would be impractical to attempt to
COP = Useful thermal energy output improve boiler efficiency with this type of
Work input to the compressor system.
A COP of 5 means using one unit of work

input (in the form of electrical energy to Which Option is Best?
power a compressor) to deliver 5 units of
heat output, of which four units come from Based on a number of general assessments
the waste heat source. All five output units considering all facts involved in economic
being at the raised output temperature. benefits, engineering criteria, installing and
operating waste heat recovery systems; three
The heat pump is becoming increasingly primary systems have evolved as being very
popular because of this ability to raise the good prospects for waste heat recovery. The
temperature level of recovered energy. waste heat recovery systems which showed
the most promise and applicability are:
Although heat pumps are most often driven
by electrical motors, heat pumps driven by a. The conventional economizer,
combustion engines have the advantage of b. The indirect-contact condensing
being powered by fuels costing a fraction of heat exchanger
electricity and the added advantage of using c. Direct contact flue gas
waste heat generated by the engine. condensation heat recovery.
Both turbines and internal combustion Table 6.5, summarizes the merits and
engines, can recover 70% to 80% of their limitations of various heat recovery
own waste heat to add to system efficiency. alternative.
Driving a compressor with a fuel-fired
engine rather than an electric motor becomes
attractive when the electricity costs are high
and natural gas or fuel oil costs are low.
Preheating Air or Water?
Due to the superior heat transfer qualities of

water, preheating feed water is more
efficient and economical than preheating
98
Waste Heat
Equipment Type Merits Limitations
Economizer Well developed and understood, Cold-end corrosion, water temperature

(Gas-Liquid) easily tailor made with a approach to steam temperature 40°F
variety of materials
Waste Heat Compact, high heat transfer Not generally internal to process,
Boiler easy to clean, robust, can must link with steam distribution system,
(Gas-Liquid operate in fouling environment most appropriate to high temperature exhaust
/Steam) streams (>600°F)
Direct Contact Good heat transfer, simple,recovers Lower grade heat recovery 120°F to 150°F
Flue Gas sensible heat and latent heat. Good for Natural Gas less appropriate for oil/coal.
Condensing Efficiencies over 95% possible.
(Gas-Liquid)
Indirect contact Corrosion resistant, reliable under Teflon cannot be finned, operating range must be
Flue gas under thermal and mechanical below 400 - 500°F.
Condensing shock, recovers latent heat,
Teflon efficiencies possible.
(Gas-Gas)
(Gas-Liquid)
Indirect Contact Good resistance to corrosion, easy

Flue Gas to clean, tailor made, can Large area of borasilicate glass needed,
Condensing recover latent heat, no cross temperature limitation ( < 400°F),sensitive
Glass, contamination, can recover to mechanical vibrations and shocks.
(Gas-Gas) latent heat high efficiencies
(Gas-Liquid)
Rate Exchangers No cross contamination, easy to Only small pressure differentials

(Gas-Liquid) install on-line cleaning, compact, can be tolerated, large, inconvenient ducting,
(Gas-Gas) temperature differentials can incontinent to clean in some circumstances.
(Liquid-Liquid) approach 2°F. Condensing units Subject to thermal and mechanical shock.
available.
Heat Pipe No moving part , no cross- Gas streams must be close.

Heat Exchangers contamination, large pressures
(Gas-Gas) can be tolerated, compact.
Various working fluids
suite different temperature
ranges.
Run-around Covers large distances eco- Thermal efficiency less than 65%
Coil nominally, no cross contamination, moving parts, temperature limitations.
(Gas-Gas) easy to design and install. Freeze protection may be needed.
Electrical load, controls needed.
Rotating High operating efficiency 85%, Cross contamination possible, moving

Pre heater low pressure drop, can recover parts, wear, large ductwork. Low differential
Heat Wheel latent heat. Very large sizes. pressure tolerance between gas streams can be
(Gas-Gas) Operating temperature to 800°F. a challenge.
Table 6.5, Merits and limitations of heat recovery equipment and approaches.
99
Introduction
This book has been specially designed to make the job of optimizing your plant as simple and
clear. Thousands of boiler tests and many thousands of hours of "Hands On" work with all
types of boilers and all types of boiler room equipment contributed to this book. This experience
showed time after time that boilers were wasting a great deal of fuel because the information in
this book may not have been available or was not being used.
Keeping a plant efficient requires a different approach than operating it. Unfortunately,
operational challenges seem more urgent than managing energy efficiently. One old timer put
it well when he said, "improving plant efficiency is not a necessity, but keeping it running is a
necessity." Most plant personnel are very good at the important job of running a dependable
plant. They might need help, however, seeing the challenge from the viewpoint of saving
energy and reducing fuel expenses. That's what this book is about.
The savings produced by keeping boilers running at optimum efficiency is worth many times its
face value when "cost avoidance" is considered. By increasing the productivity and efficiency
of your boiler plant by $10,000 a year, you may be saving your company over $100,000 when
the bottom line is examined.
How do you get this job done? It seems like it might be a highly technical matter which demands
a tremendous amount of time, knowledge and experience with boiler plants and distribution
systems. Actually, if this challenge is approached properly, the job can be made simple. This
book has been designed to make the job of Boiler Plant Optimization at your facility simple and
understandable.
Harry R. Taplin, Jr.
xvii
Appendix A
Combustion Efficiency
Tables
Natural Gas
Specifications:
Higher Heating Value 21,830 Btu/lb
Carbon 69.4%
Hydrogen 22.5%
Ultimate C 0 2 11.7%
101
Appendix A
NATURAL GAS
150°F to 300°F
EXIT GAS HEAT LOSSES
% % Χ NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

EXCESS OXYGEN C02 EXIT FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE - COMBUSTION AIR TEMPERATURE
AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 11.7 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5
2.2 0.5 11.4 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.6
4.4 1.0 11.1 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8
6.8 1.5 10.9 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7 14.9
9.3 2.0 10.6 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0
12.0 2.5 10.3 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2
14.8 3.0 10.0 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3
17.7 3.5 9.8 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5
20.8 4.0 9.5 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6
24.1 4.5 9.2 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8
27.6 5.0 8.9 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0
31.4 5.5 8.6 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2
35.4 6.0 8.4 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4
39.6 6.5 8.1 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.6
44.2 7.0 7.8 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9
49.0 7.5 7.5 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1
54.3 8.0 7.2 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.4
60.0 8.5 7.0 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.7
66.1 9.0 6.7 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.0
72.8 9.5 6.4 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4
80.0 10.0 6.1 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8
88.0 10.5 5.9 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2
96.7 11.0 5.6 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.7
106.3 11.5 5.3 14.9 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.5 19.9 20.2
117.0 12.0 5.0 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.4 17.8 18.2 18.6 18.9 19.3 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.8
128.9 12.5 4.7 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.5 19.9 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.4
142.3 13.0 4.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.7 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.7 22.2
157.4 13.5 4.2 16.3 16.8 17.2 17.6 18.1 18.5 19.0 19.4 19.9 20.3 20.8 21.2 21.6 22.1 22.5 23.0
174.6 14.0 3.9 16.8 17.3 17.7 18.2 18.7 19.2 19.6 20.1 20.6 21.1 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.4 23.9
194.4 14.5 3.6 17.3 17.8 18.4 18.9 19.4 19.9 20.4 20.9 21.4 21.9 22.4 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0
217.4 15.0 3.3 18.0 18.5 19.1 19.6 20.2 20.7 21.3 21.8 22.4 22.9 23.5 24.1 24.6 25.2 25.7 26.3
244.4 15.5 3.1 18.7 19.3 19.9 20.5 21.1 21.7 22.3 22.9 23.5 24.1 24.7 25.4 26.0 26.6 27.2 27.8
276.7 16.0 2.8 19.6 20.3 20.9 21.6 22.3 22.9 23.6 24.3 24.9 25.6 26.2 26.9 27.6 28.2 28.9 29.6
102
Appendix A
NATURAL GAS
300°F to 450°F
X % % NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 11.7 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0
2.2 0.5 11.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1
4.4 1.0 11.1 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.3
6.8 1.5 10.9 14.9 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.5
9.3 2.0 10.6 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.3 17.5 17.7
12.0 2.5 10.3 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9
14.8 3.0 10.0 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1
17.7 3.5 9.8 15.5 15.7 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4
20.8 4.0 9.5 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6
24.1 4.5 9.2 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9
27.6 5.0 8.9 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.2
31.4 5.5 8.6 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.5
35.4 6.0 8.4 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.8
39.6 6.5 8.1 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1
44.2 7.0 7.8 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.5
49.0 7.5 7.5 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9
54.3 8.0 7.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.3
60.0 8.5 7.0 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.7
66.1 9.0 6.7 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.2
72.8 9.5 6.4 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8
80.0 10.0 6.1 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.4
88.0 10.5 5.9 19.2 19.5 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.4 23.7 24.0
96.7 11.0 5.6 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.4 24.7
106.3 11.5 5.3 20.2 20.6 20.9 21.3 21.6 22.0 22.3 22.7 23.0 23.4 23.7 24.1 24.4 24.8 25.1 25.5
117.0 12.0 5.0 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.9 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.4
128.9 12.5 4.7 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.1 26.5 26.9 27.3
142.3 13.0 4.5 22.2 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4
157.4 13.5 4.2 23.0 23.4 23.9 24.3 24.8 25.2 25.6 26.1 26.5 27.0 27.4 27.9 28.3 28.8 29.2 29.6
174.6 14.0 3.9 23.9 24.4 24.9 25.3 25.8 26.3 26.8 27.3 27.7 28.2 28.7 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.1
194.4 14.5 3.6 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.1 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.7
217.4 15.0 3.3 26.3 26.8 27.4 27.9 28.5 29.0 29.6 30.2 30.7 31.3 31.8 32.4 32.9 33.5 34.0 34.6
244.4 15.5 3.1 27.8 28.4 29.0 29.6 30.2 30.8 31.4 32.0 32.6 33.2 33.8 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.2 36.8
276.7 16.0 2.8 29.6 30.2 30.9 31.6 32.2 32.9 33.5 34.2 34.9 35.5 36.2 36.9 37.5 38.2 38.9 39.5
103
Appendix A
NATURAL GAS
450°F to 600°F
% X X NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 11.7 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4
2.2 0.5 11.4 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.6
4.4 1.0 11.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9
6.8 1.5 10.9 17.5 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.1
9.3 2.0 10.6 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4
12.0 2.5 10.3 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7
14.8 3.0 10.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0
17.7 3.5 9.8 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3
20.8 4.0 9.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6
24.1 4.5 9.2 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0
27.6 5.0 8.9 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3
31.4 5.5 8.6 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7
35.4 6.0 8.4 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1
39.6 6.5 8.1 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6
44.2 7.0 7.8 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1
49.0 7.5 7.5 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6
54.3 8.0 7.2 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.2
60.0 8.5 7.0 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.8
66.1 9.0 6.7 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.4
72.8 9.5 6.4 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2
80.0 10.0 6.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9
88.0 10.5 5.9 24.0 24.3 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.2 28.5 28.8
96.7 11.0 5.6 24.7 25.0 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.7 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.7
106.3 11.5 5.3 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.6 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.8
117.0 12.0 5.0 26.4 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.8 28.2 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.6 31.9
128.9 12.5 4.7 27.3 27.7 28.1 28.5 28.9 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.2
142.3 13.0 4.5 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.7 30.1 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.7 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.8 34.3 34.7
157.4 13.5 4.2 29.6 30.1 30.5 31.0 31.4 31.9 32.3 32.8 33.2 33.6 34.1 34.5 35.0 35.4 35.9 36.3
174.6 14.0 3.9 31.1 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.4 33.9 34.4 34.9 35.3 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.2 37.7 38.2
194.4 14.5 3.6 32.7 33.2 33.7 34.2 34.7 35.2 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.3 37.8 38.3 38.8 39.3 39.9 40.4
217.4 15.0 3.3 34.6 35.1 35.7 36.2 36.8 37.4 37.9 38.5 39.0 39.6 40.1 40.7 41.2 41.8 42.3 42.9
244.4 15.5 3.1 36.8 37.4 38.0 38.6 39.2 39.8 40.5 41.1 41.7 42.3 42.9 43.5 44.1 44.7 45.3 45.9
276.7 16.0 2.8 39.5 40.2 40.8 41.5 42.2 42.8 43.5 44.2 44.8 45.5 46.2 46.8 47.5 48.2 48.8 49.5
104
Appendix A
NATURAL GAS
600°F to 750°F
X X X NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 11.7 19.4 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.8
2.2 0.5 11.4 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.6 20.8 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1
4.4 1.0 11.1 19.9 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4
6.8 1.5 10.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7
9.3 2.0 10.6 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1
12.0 2.5 10.3 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.4
14.8 3.0 10.0 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8
17.7 3.5 9.8 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2
20.8 4.0 9.5 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6
24.1 4.5 9.2 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0
27.6 5.0 8.9 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5
31.4 5.5 8.6 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.8 26.0
35.4 6.0 8.4 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5
39.6 6.5 8.1 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.1
44.2 7.0 7.8 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.7
49.0 7.5 7.5 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.4
54.3 8.0 7.2 25.2 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.1
60.0 8.5 7.0 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.5 29.8
66.1 9.0 6.7 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.6
72.8 9.5 6.4 27.2 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 30.9 31.2 31.5
80.0 10.0 6.1 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.5
88.0 10.5 5.9 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.3 33.6
96.7 11.0 5.6 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.1 33.4 33.7 34.1 34.4 34.8
106.3 11.5 5.3 30.8 31.1 31.5 31.8 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.2 33.6 33.9 34.3 34.6 35.0 35.3 35.7 36.1
117.0 12.0 5.0 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.0 33.4 33.8 34.2 34.5 34.9 35.3 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.5
128.9 12.5 4.7 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.1
142.3 13.0 4.5 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.3 36.8 37.2 37.6 38.0 38.4 38.8 39.3 39.7 40.1 40.5 40.9
157.4 13.5 4.2 36.3 36.8 37.2 37.6 38.1 38.5 39.0 39.4 39.9 40.3 40.8 41.2 41.6 42.1 42.5 43.0
174.6 14.0 3.9 38.2 38.7 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.6 41.0 41.5 42.0 42.5 43.0 43.4 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.3
194.4 14.5 3.6 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.4 42.9 43.4 43.9 44.5 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 48.0
217.4 15.0 3.3 42.9 43.5 44.0 44.6 45.1 45.7 46.2 46.8 47.3 47.9 48.4 49.0 49.5 50.1 50.7 51.2
244.4 15.5 3.1 45.9 46.5 47.1 47.7 48.3 48.9 49.5 50.1 50.7 51.3 51.9 52.5 53.1 53.7 54.3 54.9
276.7 16.0 2.8 49.5 50.1 50.8 51.5 52.1 52.8 53.5 54.1 54.8 55.5 56.1 56.8 57.4 58.1 58.8 59.4
105
Appendix A
NATURAL GAS
750°F to 900°F
% % % NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

EXCESS OXYGEN C02 EXIT FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE · COMBUSTION AIR TEMPERATURE
AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 11.7 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.3
2.2 0.5 11.4 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.6 22.8 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.4 24.6
4.4 1.0 11.1 22.4 22.6 22.8 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.8 25.0
6.8 1.5 10.9 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.3
9.3 2.0 10.6 23.1 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.7
12.0 2.5 10.3 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.2
14.8 3.0 10.0 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6
17.7 3.5 9.8 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.1
20.8 4.0 9.5 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6
24.1 4.5 9.2 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9 28.1
27.6 5.0 8.9 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7
31.4 5.5 8.6 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.8 29.0 29.3
35.4 6.0 8.4 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.7 29.9
39.6 6.5 8.1 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.7 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.6
44.2 7.0 7.8 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.4 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.8 31.1 31.3
49.0 7.5 7.5 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.1 29.4 29.6 29.8 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.8 31.1 31.3 31.6 31.8 32.1
54.3 8.0 7.2 29.1 29.3 29.6 29.8 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.1 31.4 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.4 32.7 32.9
60.0 8.5 7.0 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.0 33.3 33.6 33.8
66.1 9.0 6.7 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.0 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.4 33.7 34.0 34.3 34.6 34.8
72.8 9.5 6.4 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.6 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.7 35.0 35.3 35.6 35.9
80.0 10.0 6.1 32.5 32.8 33.1 33.4 33.7 34.0 34.3 34.6 34.9 35.3 35.6 35.9 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.1
88.0 10.5 5.9 33.6 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.9 35.2 35.5 35.8 36.1 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.4 37.7 38.0 38.4
96.7 11.0 5.6 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.8 36.1 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.4 37.8 38.1 38.4 38.8 39.1 39.4 39.8
106.3 11.5 5.3 36.1 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.5 37.8 38.2 38.5 38.9 39.2 39.6 39.9 40.3 40.6 41.0 41.3
117.0 12.0 5.0 37.5 37.9 38.2 38.6 39.0 39.4 39.7 40.1 40.5 40.8 41.2 41.6 42.0 42.3 42.7 43.1
128.9 12.5 4.7 39.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.1 41.5 41.9 42.3 42.6 43.0 43.4 43.8 44.2 44.6 45.0
142.3 13.0 4.5 40.9 41.3 41.8 42.2 42.6 43.0 43.4 43.8 44.3 44.7 45.1 45.5 45.9 46.3 46.8 47.2
157.4 13.5 4.2 43.0 43.4 43.9 44.3 44.8 45.2 45.6 46.1 46.5 47.0 47.4 47.9 48.3 48.8 49.2 49.6
174.6 14.0 3.9 45.3 45.8 46.3 46.8 47.2 47.7 48.2 48.7 49.1 49.6 50.1 50.6 51.0 51.5 52.0 52.5
194.4 14.5 3.6 48.0 48.6 49.1 49.6 50.1 50.6 51.1 51.6 52.1 52.7 53.2 53.7 54.2 54.7 55.2 55.7
217.4 15.0 3.3 51.2 51.8 52.3 52.9 53.4 54.0 54.5 55.1 55.6 56.2 56.8 57.3 57.9 58.4 59.0 59.5
244.4 15.5 3.1 54.9 55.6 56.2 56.8 57.4 58.0 58.6 59.2 59.8 60.4 61.0 61.6 62.2 62.8 63.4 64.0
276.7 16.0 2.8 59.4 60.1 60.8 61.4 62.1 62.8 63.4 64.1 64.7 65.4 66.1 66.7 67.4 68.1 68.7 69.4
106
Propane
Specifications:
Carbon 81.6%
Hydrogen 18.4%
107
Appendix A
PROPANE
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 13.8 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.8 13.0
2.2 0.5 13.5 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1
4.5 1.0 13.1 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.2
7.0 1.5 12.8 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.1 13.3
9.6 2.0 12.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5
12.3 2.5 12.2 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6
15.1 3.0 11.8 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.5 13.7
18.1 3.5 11.5 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9
21.3 4.0 11.2 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1
24.7 4.5 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2
28.3 5.0 10.5 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4
32.1 5.5 10.2 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6
36.2 6.0 9.9 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8
40.6 6.5 9.5 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1
45.2 7.0 9.2 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3
50.2 7.5 8.9 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6
55.6 8.0 8.5 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.9
61.4 8.5 8.2 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.2
67.7 9.0 7.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.5
74.5 9.5 7.6 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9
82.0 10.0 7.2 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.3
90.1 10.5 6.9 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.4 17.7
99.0 11.0 6.6 13.1 13.4 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.2
108.9 11.5 6.2 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.6 16.9 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.7
119.8 12.0 5.9 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.4 17.8 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.3
132.0 12.5 5.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.5 19.9
145.7 13.0 5.3 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.9 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.5 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.7
161.1 13.5 4.9 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.1 16.5 17.0 17.4 17.9 18.3 18.8 19.2 19.7 20.1 20.6 21.0 21.5
178.8 14.0 4.6 15.2 15.7 16.2 16.7 17.1 17.6 18.1 18.6 19.1 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.4
199.0 14.5 4.3 15.8 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 19.9 20.4 20.9 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5
222.6 15.0 3.9 16.4 17.0 17.5 18.1 18.6 19.2 19.8 20.3 20.9 21.4 22.0 22.6 23.1 23.7 24.2 24.8
250.3 15.5 3.6 17.2 17.8 18.4 19.0 19.6 20.2 20.8 21.4 22.0 22.7 23.3 23.9 24.5 25.1 25.7 26.3
283.3 16.0 3.3 18.1 18.7 19.4 20.1 20.7 21.4 22.1 22.8 23.4 24.1 24.8 25.4 26.1 26.8 27.5 28.1
108
Appendix A
PROPANE
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 13.8 13.0 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.4 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4
2.2 0.5 13.5 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.4 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6
4.5 1.0 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8
7.0 1.5 12.8 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0
9.6 2.0 12.5 13.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2
12.3 2.5 12.2 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4
15.1 3.0 11.8 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6
18.1 3.5 11.5 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9
21.3 4.0 11.2 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1
24.7 4.5 10.8 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.4
28.3 5.0 10.5 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.7
32.1 5.5 10.2 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0
36.2 6.0 9.9 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3
40.6 6.5 9.5 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6
45.2 7.0 9.2 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0
50.2 7.5 8.9 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4
55.6 8.0 8.5 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.8
61.4 8.5 8.2 16.2 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.3
67.7 9.0 7.9 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8
74.5 9.5 7.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3
82.0 10.0 7.2 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9
90.1 10.5 6.9 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.6 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5
99.0 11.0 6.6 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.2 19.5 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.2 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.6 22.9 23.3
108.9 11.5 6.2 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.0
119.8 12.0 5.9 19.3 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.5 24.9
132.0 12.5 5.6 19.9 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9
145.7 13.0 5.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.8 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.2 26.6 27.0
161.1 13.5 4.9 21.5 21.9 22.4 22.8 23.3 23.7 24.2 24.6 25.1 25.5 26.0 26.4 26.9 27.3 27.8 28.2
178.8 14.0 4.6 22.4 22.9 23.4 23.9 24.4 24.8 25.3 25.8 26.3 26.8 27.3 27.7 28.2 28.7 29.2 29.7
199.0 14.5 4.3 23.5 24.0 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.1 26.6 27.2 27.7 28.2 28.7 29.2 29.8 30.3 30.8 31.3
222.6 15.0 3.9 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5 27.1 27.6 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.9 30.4 31.0 31.5 32.1 32.7 33.2
250.3 15.5 3.6 26.3 26.9 27.5 28.2 28.8 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.2 31.8 32.4 33.0 33.7 34.3 34.9 35.5
283.3 16.0 3.3 28.1 28.8 29.5 30.1 30.8 31.5 32.2 32.8 33.5 34.2 34.8 35.5 36.2 36.9 37.5 38.2
109
Appendix A
PROPANE
450°F to 600°F
Χ X % NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 13.8 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9
2.2 0.5 13.5 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2
4.5 1.0 13.1 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.2 18.4
7.0 1.5 12.8 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6
9.6 2.0 12.5 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.9
12.3 2.5 12.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2
15.1 3.0 11.8 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5
18.1 3.5 11.5 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8
21.3 4.0 11.2 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.2
24.7 4.5 10.8 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5
28.3 5.0 10.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.7 20.9
32.1 5.5 10.2 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3
36.2 6.0 9.9 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7
40.6 6.5 9.5 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2
45.2 7.0 9.2 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7
50.2 7.5 8.9 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.2
55.6 8.0 8.5 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.8
61.4 8.5 8.2 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.4
67.7 9.0 7.9 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0
74.5 9.5 7.6 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8
82.0 10.0 7.2 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5
90.1 10.5 6.9 22.5 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.1 27.4
99.0 11.0 6.6 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.7 28.0 28.4
108.9 11.5 6.2 24.0 24.4 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.6 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.4
119.8 12.0 5.9 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.8 30.2 30.6
132.0 12.5 5.6 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.9
145.7 13.0 5.3 27.0 27.4 27.8 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 30.0 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.6 32.1 32.5 32.9 33.3
161.1 13.5 4.9 28.2 28.7 29.1 29.6 30.0 30.5 30.9 31.4 31.8 32.3 32.7 33.2 33.6 34.1 34.5 35.0
178.8 14.0 4.6 29.7 30.1 30.6 31.1 31.6 32.1 32.6 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.4 35.9 36.4 36.9
199.0 14.5 4.3 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.9 33.4 33.9 34.4 34.9 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.6 39.1
222.6 15.0 3.9 33.2 33.8 34.3 34.9 35.5 36.0 36.6 37.1 37.7 38.3 38.8 39.4 40.0 40.5 41.1 41.6
250.3 15.5 3.6 35.5 36.1 36.7 37.3 37.9 38.5 39.2 39.8 40.4 41.0 41.6 42.2 42.8 43.4 44.0 44.7
283.3 16.0 3.3 38.2 38.9 39.5 40.2 40.9 41.6 42.2 42.9 43.6 44.2 44.9 45.6 46.3 46.9 47.6 48.3
110
Appendix A
PROPANE
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 13.8 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4
2.2 0.5 13.5 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.7
4.5 1.0 13.1 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.8 21.0
7.0 1.5 12.8 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3
9.6 2.0 12.5 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7
12.3 2.5 12.2 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0
15.1 3.0 11.8 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4
18.1 3.5 11.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8
21.3 4.0 11.2 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2
24.7 4.5 10.8 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6
28.3 5.0 10.5 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1
32.1 5.5 10.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.6
36.2 6.0 9.9 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1
40.6 6.5 9.5 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7
45.2 7.0 9.2 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3
50.2 7.5 8.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0
55.6 8.0 8.5 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.7
61.4 8.5 8.2 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5
67.7 9.0 7.9 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3
74.5 9.5 7.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2
82.0 10.0 7.2 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2
90.1 10.5 6.9 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.3
99.0 11.0 6.6 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.8 33.1 33.4
108.9 11.5 6.2 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.8
119.8 12.0 5.9 30.6 30.9 31.3 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.8 36.2
132.0 12.5 5.6 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.8 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8
145.7 13.0 5.3 33.3 33.8 34.2 34.6 35.0 35.4 35.9 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.6 38.0 38.4 38.8 39.2 39.7
161.1 13.5 4.9 35.0 35.4 35.9 36.3 36.8 37.2 37.7 38.1 38.6 39.0 39.5 39.9 40.4 40.8 41.3 41.7
178.8 14.0 4.6 36.9 37.4 37.9 38.3 38.8 39.3 39.8 40.3 40.7 41.2 41.7 42.2 42.7 43.2 43.6 44.1
199.0 14.5 4.3 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.6 41.2 41.7 42.2 42.7 43.2 43.7 44.3 44.8 45.3 45.8 46.3 46.9
222.6 15.0 3.9 41.6 42.2 42.8 43.3 43.9 44.4 45.0 45.6 46.1 46.7 47.2 47.8 48.4 48.9 49.5 50.0
250.3 15.5 3.6 44.7 45.3 45.9 46.5 47.1 47.7 48.3 48.9 49.5 50.2 50.8 51.4 52.0 52.6 53.2 53.8
283.3 16.0 3.3 48.3 48.9 49.6 50.3 51.0 51.6 52.3 53.0 53.6 54.3 55.0 55.7 56.3 57.0 57.7 58.3
111
Appendix A
PROPANE
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 13.8 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9
2.2 0.5 13.5 20.7 20.9 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.2
4.5 1.0 13.1 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6
7.0 1.5 12.8 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0
9.6 2.0 12.5 21.7 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4
12.3 2.5 12.2 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8
15.1 3.0 11.8 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3
18.1 3.5 11.5 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7
21.3 4.0 11.2 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.2
24.7 4.5 10.8 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.8
28.3 5.0 10.5 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3
32.1 5.5 10.2 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9
36.2 6.0 9.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.6
40.6 6.5 9.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.3 28.6 28.8 29.0 29.3
45.2 7.0 9.2 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.0
50.2 7.5 8.9 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.0 30.3 30.5 30.8
55.6 8.0 8.5 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.1 31.4 31.6
61.4 8.5 8.2 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.6
67.7 9.0 7.9 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.6
74.5 9.5 7.6 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.8 34.0 34.3 34.6
82.0 10.0 7.2 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.3 34.6 34.9 35.2 35.5 35.8
90.1 10.5 6.9 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.6 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.2 35.5 35.8 36.1 36.5 36.8 37.1
99.0 11.0 6.6 33.4 33.8 34.1 34.5 34.8 35.1 35.5 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.2 37.5 37.9 38.2 38.5
108.9 11.5 6.2 34.8 35.1 35.5 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.7 39.0 39.4 39.8 40.1
119.8 12.0 5.9 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.8 39.2 39.6 40.0 40.4 40.7 41.1 41.5 41.9
132.0 12.5 5.6 37.8 38.2 38.6 39.0 39.4 39.8 40.2 40.6 41.0 41.4 41.8 42.2 42.6 43.0 43.4 43.8
145.7 13.0 5.3 39.7 40.1 40.5 40.9 41.4 41.8 42.2 42.6 43.1 43.5 43.9 44.3 44.7 45.2 45.6 46.0
161.1 13.5 4.9 41.7 42.2 42.6 43.1 43.5 44.0 44.4 44.9 45.3 45.8 46.2 46.7 47.1 47.6 48.0 48.5
178.8 14.0 4.6 44.1 44.6 45.1 45.6 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 48.0 48.5 48.9 49.4 49.9 50.4 50.9 51.3
199.0 14.5 4.3 46.9 47.4 47.9 48.4 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.5 51.0 51.5 52.0 52.6 53.1 53.6 54.1 54.6
222.6 15.0 3.9 50.0 50.6 51.2 51.7 52.3 52.9 53.4 54.0 54.5 55.1 55.7 56.2 56.8 57.3 57.9 58.5
250.3 15.5 3.6 53.8 54.4 55.0 55.7 56.3 56.9 57.5 58.1 58.7 59.3 59.9 60.5 61.2 61.8 62.4 63.0
283.3 16.0 3.3 58.3 59.0 59.7 60.4 61.0 61.7 62.4 63.0 63.7 64.4 65.1 65.7 66.4 67.1 67.7 68.4
112
Kerosene
Specifications:

137,000 Btu/gal
Carbon 86.5%
Hydrogen 13.2%
113
Appendix A
KEROSENE
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 15.1 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.7
2.2 0.5 14.8 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9
4.6 1.0 14.4 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0
7.1 1.5 14.0 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 12.1
9.7 2.0 13.7 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3
12.5 2.5 13.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4
15.4 3.0 13.0 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6
18.4 3.5 12.6 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7
21.7 4.0 12.2 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9
25.1 4.5 11.9 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1
28.8 5.0 11.5 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3
32.6 5.5 11.2 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.5
36.8 6.0 10.8 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7
41.2 6.5 10.4 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9
45.9 7.0 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2
51.0 7.5 9.7 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5
56.5 8.0 9.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.7
62.4 8.5 9.0 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1
68.8 9.0 8.6 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4
75.7 9.5 8.3 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8
83.2 10.0 7.9 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.9 16.2
91.5 10.5 7.6 11.6 11.9 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.6 15.0 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.6
100.6 11.0 7.2 11.9 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.4 16.8 17.1
110.6 11.5 6.8 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.4 15.8 16.2 16.6 16.9 17.3 17.7
121.7 12.0 6.5 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.3
134.0 12.5 6.1 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.5 16.9 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.5 18.9
147.9 13.0 5.8 13.1 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.9 15.3 15.8 16.2 16.6 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.7
163.6 13.5 5.4 13.6 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.9 16.4 16.8 17.3 17.7 18.2 18.7 19.1 19.6 20.1 20.5
181.5 14.0 5.0 14.1 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5
202.1 14.5 4.7 14.6 15.2 15.7 16.2 16.8 17.3 17.8 18.4 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.6 22.1 22.6
226.0 15.0 4.3 15.3 15.9 16.4 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.7 19.3 19.9 20.5 21.1 21.6 22.2 22.8 23.4 24.0
254.1 15.5 4.0 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.2 19.8 20.5 21.1 21.7 22.4 23.0 23.6 24.3 24.9 25.5
287.6 16.0 3.6 17.0 17.7 18.4 19.1 19.8 20.5 21.1 21.8 22.5 23.2 23.9 24.6 25.3 26.0 26.7 27.4
114
Appendix A
KEROSENE
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 15.1 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3
2.2 0.5 14.8 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.5
4.6 1.0 14.4 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7
7.1 1.5 14.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9
9.7 2.0 13.7 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1
12.5 2.5 13.3 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3
15.4 3.0 13.0 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5
18.4 3.5 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8
21.7 4.0 12.2 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0
25.1 4.5 11.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3
28.8 5.0 11.5 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.6
32.6 5.5 11.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.9
36.8 6.0 10.8 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.3
41.2 6.5 10.4 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6
45.9 7.0 10.1 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0
51.0 7.5 9.7 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4
56.5 8.0 9.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.8
62.4 8.5 9.0 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.3
68.8 9.0 8.6 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8
75.7 9.5 8.3 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4
83.2 10.0 7.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.0
91.5 10.5 7.6 16.6 17.0 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.6 19.0 19.3 19.6 20.0 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.7
100.6 11.0 7.2 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.5 18.9 19.2 19.6 19.9 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.4
110.6 11.5 6.8 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.8 19.1 19.5 19.9 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.8 23.2
121.7 12.0 6.5 18.3 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.1
134.0 12.5 6.1 18.9 19.3 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.6 23.0 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.1
147.9 13.0 5.8 19.7 20.1 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.2 23.6 24.1 24.5 24.9 25.4 25.8 26.2
163.6 13.5 5.4 20.5 21.0 21.5 21.9 22.4 22.9 23.3 23.8 24.3 24.7 25.2 25.7 26.1 26.6 27.1 27.5
181.5 14.0 5.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0
202.1 14.5 4.7 22.6 23.2 23.7 24.3 24.8 25.3 25.9 26.4 26.9 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.1 29.6 30.1 30.7
226.0 15.0 4.3 24.0 24.5 25.1 25.7 26.3 26.9 27.4 28.0 28.6 29.2 29.8 30.3 30.9 31.5 32.1 32.7
254.1 15.5 4.0 25.5 26.1 26.8 27.4 28.0 28.7 29.3 29.9 30.6 31.2 31.8 32.5 33.1 33.7 34.4 35.0
287.6 16.0 3.6 27.4 28.1 28.8 29.5 30.2 30.9 31.5 32.2 32.9 33.6 34.3 35.0 35.7 36.4 37.1 37.8
115
Appendix A
KEROSENE
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 15.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.7 16.9
2.2 0.5 14.8 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1
4.6 1.0 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4
7.1 1.5 14.0 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6
9.7 2.0 13.7 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9
12.5 2.5 13.3 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2
15.4 3.0 13.0 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5
18.4 3.5 12.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.9
21.7 4.0 12.2 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2
25.1 4.5 11.9 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.6
28.8 5.0 11.5 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 20.0
32.6 5.5 11.2 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4
36.8 6.0 10.8 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8
41.2 6.5 10.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.3
45.9 7.0 10.1 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.8
51.0 7.5 9.7 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.3
56.5 8.0 9.4 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9
62.4 8.5 9.0 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.5
68.8 9.0 8.6 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2
75.7 9.5 8.3 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0
83.2 10.0 7.9 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.8
91.5 10.5 7.6 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.7
100.6 11.0 7.2 22.4 22.7 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.8 25.2 25.5 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.7
110.6 11.5 6.8 23.2 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.1 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.7
121.7 12.0 6.5 24.1 24.5 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.5 29.9
134.0 12.5 6.1 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.5 30.9 31.3
147.9 13.0 5.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.5 28.0 28.4 28.9 29.3 29.7 30.2 30.6 31.0 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.8
163.6 13.5 5.4 27.5 28.0 28.4 28.9 29.4 29.8 30.3 30.8 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.6 33.1 33.6 34.0 34.5
181.5 14.0 5.0 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5
202.1 14.5 4.7 30.7 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.8 33.4 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.6 37.1 37.6 38.2 38.7
226.0 15.0 4.3 32.7 33.2 33.8 34.4 35.0 35.5 36.1 36.7 37.3 37.9 38.4 39.0 39.6 40.2 40.8 41.3
254.1 15.5 4.0 35.0 35.6 36.2 36.9 37.5 38.1 38.8 39.4 40.0 40.7 41.3 41.9 42.6 43.2 43.8 44.4
287.6 16.0 3.6 37.8 38.5 39.2 39.9 40.6 41.2 41.9 42.6 43.3 44.0 44.7 45.4 46.1 46.8 47.5 48.2
116
Appendix A
KEROSENE
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 15.1 16.9 17.1 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.1 19.3 19.5
2.2 0.5 14.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8
4.6 1.0 14.4 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1
7.1 1.5 14.0 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.0 20.2 20.4
9.7 2.0 13.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8
12.5 2.5 13.3 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1
15.4 3.0 13.0 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5
18.4 3.5 12.6 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9
21.7 4.0 12.2 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.4
25.1 4.5 11.9 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8
28.8 5.0 11.5 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3
32.6 5.5 11.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8
36.8 6.0 10.8 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.4
41.2 6.5 10.4 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0
45.9 7.0 10.1 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6
51.0 7.5 9.7 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.3
56.5 8.0 9.4 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0
62.4 8.5 9.0 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8
68.8 9.0 8.6 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.3 28.6
75.7 9.5 8.3 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6
83.2 10.0 7.9 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.3 30.6
91.5 10.5 7.6 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.4 31.7
100.6 11.0 7.2 27.7 28.0 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.2 32.6 32.9
110.6 11.5 6.8 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.8 30.2 30.6 30.9 31.3 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.5 33.9 34.3
121.7 12.0 6.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.0 33.4 33.8 34.2 34.6 35.0 35.4 35.8
134.0 12.5 6.1 31.3 31.7 32.1 32.5 32.9 33.3 33.7 34.2 34.6 35.0 35.4 35.8 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.4
147.9 13.0 5.8 32.8 33.2 33.7 34.1 34.5 35.0 35.4 35.8 36.3 36.7 37.2 37.6 38.0 38.5 38.9 39.3
163.6 13.5 5.4 34.5 35.0 35.4 35.9 36.4 36.8 37.3 37.8 38.2 38.7 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.5 41.0 41.5
181.5 14.0 5.0 36.5 36.9 37.4 37.9 38.4 38.9 39.4 39.9 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.4 42.9 43.4 43.9
202.1 14.5 4.7 38.7 39.2 39.8 40.3 40.8 41.4 41.9 42.5 43.0 43.5 44.1 44.6 45.1 45.7 46.2 46.7
226.0 15.0 4.3 41.3 41.9 42.5 43.1 43.7 44.2 44.8 45.4 46.0 46.6 47.1 47.7 48.3 48.9 49.4 50.0
254.1 15.5 4.0 44.4 45.1 45.7 46.3 47.0 47.6 48.2 48.9 49.5 50.1 50.8 51.4 52.0 52.7 53.3 53.9
287.6 16.0 3.6 48.2 48.9 49.6 50.3 51.0 51.6 52.3 53.0 53.7 54.4 55.1 55.8 56.5 57.2 57.9 58.6
117
Appendix A
KEROSENE
750°F to 900°F
% % X NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 15.1 19.5 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1
2.2 0.5 14.8 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4
4.6 1.0 14.4 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8
7.1 1.5 14.0 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2
9.7 2.0 13.7 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6
12.5 2.5 13.3 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.6 23.8 24.0
15.4 3.0 13.0 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5
18.4 3.5 12.6 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0
21.7 4.0 12.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5
25.1 4.5 11.9 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1
28.8 5.0 11.5 23.3 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6
32.6 5.5 11.2 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.3
36.8 6.0 10.8 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.7 27.9
41.2 6.5 10.4 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.4 28.6
45.9 7.0 10.1 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.1 29.4
51.0 7.5 9.7 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.4 29.7 29.9 30.2
56.5 8.0 9.4 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.5 30.8 31.1
62.4 8.5 9.0 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.7 32.0
68.8 9.0 8.6 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.1
75.7 9.5 8.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.6 33.9 34.2
83.2 10.0 7.9 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.1 33.5 33.8 34.1 34.4 34.7 35.1 35.4
91.5 10.5 7.6 31.7 32.0 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.4 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.0 35.4 35.7 36.0 36.4 36.7
100.6 11.0 7.2 32.9 33.3 33.6 34.0 34.3 34.7 35.0 35.4 35.7 36.1 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.5 37.8 38.2
110.6 11.5 6.8 34.3 34.6 35.0 35.4 35.7 36.1 36.5 36.9 37.2 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.4 39.8
121.7 12.0 6.5 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.7 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.2 41.6
134.0 12.5 6.1 37.4 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.2 41.6 42.0 42.4 42.8 43.2 43.6
147.9 13.0 5.8 39.3 39.8 40.2 40.6 41.1 41.5 42.0 42.4 42.8 43.3 43.7 44.1 44.6 45.0 45.4 45.9
163.6 13.5 5.4 41.5 41.9 42.4 42.9 43.3 43.8 44.3 44.7 45.2 45.7 46.1 46.6 47.1 47.5 48.0 48.4
181.5 14.0 5.0 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.4 45.9 46.4 46.9 47.4 47.9 48.4 48.9 49.4 49.9 50.4 50.9 51.4
202.1 14.5 4.7 46.7 47.3 47.8 48.3 48.9 49.4 49.9 50.5 51.0 51.6 52.1 52.6 53.2 53.7 54.2 54.8
226.0 15.0 4.3 50.0 50.6 51.2 51.8 52.3 52.9 53.5 54.1 54.7 55.2 55.8 56.4 57.0 57.6 58.1 58.7
254.1 15.5 4.0 53.9 54.5 55.2 55.8 56.4 57.1 57.7 58.3 59.0 59.6 60.2 60.9 61.5 62.1 62.8 63.4
287.6 16.0 3.6 58.6 59.3 60.0 60.7 61.4 62.0 62.7 63.4 64.1 64.8 65.5 66.2 66.9 67.6 68.3 69.0
118
Distillate No. 1
Specifications:

131,890 Btu/gal
Carbon 86.6%
Hydrogen 13.3%
119
Appendix A
DISTILLATE NO. 1
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 15.4 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7
2.3 0.5 15.0 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.8
4.6 1.0 14.7 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0
7.1 1.5 14.3 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1
9.7 2.0 13.9 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2
12.5 2.5 13.6 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4
15.4 3.0 13.2 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.510.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5
18.5 3.5 12.8 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7
21.7 4.0 12.5 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9
25.2 4.5 12.1 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.1
28.8 5.0 11.7 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3
32.7 5.5 11.4 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.5
36.9 6.0 11.0 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7
41.3 6.5 10.6 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9
46.1 7.0 10.3 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2
51.2 7.5 9.9 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5
56.7 8.0 9.5 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8
62.6 8.5 9.2 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1
69.0 9.0 8.8 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5
75.9 9.5 8.4 11.1 11.4 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8
83.5 10.0 8.1 11.3 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6 13.0 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.3
91.8 10.5 7.7 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.7 16.0 16.4 16.7
100.9 11.0 7.3 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.4 15.8 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.2
110.9 11.5 7.0 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.4 17.8
122.1 12.0 6.6 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.4
134.5 12.5 6.2 12.7 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.3 15.7 16.1 16.5 17.0 17.4 17.8 18.2 18.6 19.1
148.4 13.0 5.9 13.1 13.6 14.0 14.5 14.9 15.4 15.8 16.3 16.7 17.2 17.6 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.4 19.8
164.1 13.5 5.5 13.6 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 15.9 16.4 16.9 17.4 17.9 18.3 18.8 19.3 19.8 20.2 20.7
182.1 14.0 5.1 14.1 14.6 15.1 15.6 16.1 16.6 17.1 17.6 18.1 18.7 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.7 21.2 21.7
202.7 14.5 4.8 14.6 15.2 15.7 16.3 16.8 17.4 17.9 18.5 19.0 19.6 20.1 20.7 21.2 21.8 22.3 22.9
226.7 15.0 4.4 15.3 15.9 16.5 17.1 17.7 18.3 18.9 19.5 20.1 20.7 21.3 21.9 22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2
254.9 15.5 4.0 16.1 16.8 17.4 18.1 18.7 19.3 20.0 20.6 21.3 21.9 22.6 23.2 23.9 24.5 25.2 25.8
288.5 16.0 3.7 17.1 17.8 18.5 19.2 19.9 20.6 21.3 22.0 22.8 23.5 24.2 24.9 25.6 26.3 27.0 27.7
120
Appendix A
DISTILLATE NO. 1
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 15.4 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.3
2.3 0.5 15.0 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5
4.6 1.0 14.7 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7
7.1 1.5 14.3 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7 14.9
9.7 2.0 13.9 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.1
12.5 2.5 13.6 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4
15.4 3.0 13.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6
18.5 3.5 12.8 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9
21.7 4.0 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1
25.2 4.5 12.1 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.4
28.8 5.0 11.7 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7
32.7 5.5 11.4 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0
36.9 6.0 11.0 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4
41.3 6.5 10.6 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7
46.1 7.0 10.3 14.2 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.1
51.2 7.5 9.9 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.5
56.7 8.0 9.5 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0
62.6 8.5 9.2 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5
69.0 9.0 8.8 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0
75.9 9.5 8.4 15.8 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.6
83.5 10.0 8.1 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.2
91.8 10.5 7.7 16.7 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.4 18.8 19.1 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9
100.9 11.0 7.3 17.2 17.6 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.6
110.9 11.5 7.0 17.8 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.3 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.6 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.4
122.1 12.0 6.6 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4
134.5 12.5 6.2 19.1 19.5 19.9 20.3 20.8 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.6 25.0 25.4
148.4 13.0 5.9 19.8 20.3 20.7 21.2 21.6 22.1 22.5 23.0 23.4 23.9 24.3 24.8 25.2 25.7 26.1 26.6
164.1 13.5 5.5 20.7 21.2 21.7 22.2 22.6 23.1 23.6 24.1 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.4 26.9 27.4 27.9
182.1 14.0 5.1 21.7 22.2 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.3 25.8 26.3 26.8 27.3 27.8 28.4 28.9 29.4
202.7 14.5 4.8 22.9 23.4 24.0 24.5 25.1 25.6 26.2 26.7 27.3 27.8 28.4 28.9 29.5 30.0 30.6 31.1
226.7 15.0 4.4 24.2 24.8 25.4 26.0 26.6 27.2 27.8 28.4 29.0 29.6 30.2 30.8 31.4 31.9 32.5 33.1
254.9 15.5 4.0 25.8 26.5 27.1 27.8 28.4 29.1 29.7 30.3 31.0 31.6 32.3 32.9 33.6 34.2 34.9 35.5
288.5 16.0 3.7 27.7 28.4 29.2 29.9 30.6 31.3 32.0 32.7 33.4 34.1 34.8 35.6 36.3 37.0 37.7 38.4
121
Appendix A
DISTILLATE NO. 1
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 15.4 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0
2.3 0.5 15.0 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.2
4.6 1.0 14.7 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5
7.1 1.5 14.3 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8
9.7 2.0 13.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.0
12.5 2.5 13.6 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.3
15.4 3.0 13.2 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7
18.5 3.5 12.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0
21.7 4.0 12.5 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4
25.2 4.5 12.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7
28.8 5.0 11.7 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1
32.7 5.5 11.4 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.5
36.9 6.0 11.0 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0
41.3 6.5 10.6 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.5
46.1 7.0 10.3 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 22.0
51.2 7.5 9.9 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.6
56.7 8.0 9.5 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.2
62.6 8.5 9.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8
69.0 9.0 8.8 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5
75.9 9.5 8.4 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 25.0 25.3
83.5 10.0 8.1 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.8 26.1
91.8 10.5 7.7 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.9 23.2 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.7 27.0
100.9 11.0 7.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.4 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.7 28.0
110.9 11.5 7.0 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.7 26.1 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.7 29.1
122.1 12.0 6.6 24.4 24.8 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.4
134.5 12.5 6.2 25.4 25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.7
148.4 13.0 5.9 26.6 27.0 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.8 29.2 29.7 30.1 30.6 31.0 31.5 31.9 32.4 32.8 33.3
164.1 13.5 5.5 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.3 30.7 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.6 33.1 33.6 34.1 34.6 35.0
182.1 14.0 5.1 29.4 29.9 30.4 30.9 31.4 31.9 32.4 32.9 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0
202.7 14.5 4.8 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.5 36.1 36.6 37.1 37.7 38.2 38.8 39.3
226.7 15.0 4.4 33.1 33.7 34.3 34.9 35.5 36.1 36.7 37.3 37.9 38.5 39.1 39.7 40.3 40.9 41.4 42.0
254.9 15.5 4.0 35.5 36.2 36.8 37.5 38.1 38.8 39.4 40.1 40.7 41.3 42.0 42.6 43.3 43.9 44.6 45.2
288.5 16.0 3.7 38.4 39.1 39.8 40.5 41.2 41.9 42.7 43.4 44.1 44.8 45.5 46.2 46.9 47.6 48.3 49.1
122
Appendix A
DISTILLATE NO. 1
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 15.4 17.0 17.2 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.6
2.3 0.5 15.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.9
4.6 1.0 14.7 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3
7.1 1.5 14.3 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6
9.7 2.0 13.9 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0
12.5 2.5 13.6 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3
15.4 3.0 13.2 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7
18.5 3.5 12.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1
21.7 4.0 12.5 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6
25.2 4.5 12.1 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1
28.8 5.0 11.7 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.6
32.7 5.5 11.4 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1
36.9 6.0 11.0 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.6
41.3 6.5 10.6 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.3
46.1 7.0 10.3 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9
51.2 7.5 9.9 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6
56.7 8.0 9.5 23.2 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.3
62.6 8.5 9.2 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2
69.0 9.0 8.8 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0
75.9 9.5 8.4 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.7 30.0
83.5 10.0 8.1 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.4 30.7 31.0
91.8 10.5 7.7 27.0 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.1 31.5 31.8 32.2
100.9 11.0 7.3 28.0 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.8 30.2 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.6 32.0 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.4
110.9 11.5 7.0 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.8
122.1 12.0 6.6 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.6 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.3
134.5 12.5 6.2 31.7 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.8 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.4 36.8 37.2 37.6 38.1
148.4 13.0 5.9 33.3 33.7 34.2 34.6 35.1 35.5 36.0 36.4 36.9 37.3 37.8 38.2 38.6 39.1 39.5 40.0
164.1 13.5 5.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 36.9 37.4 37.9 38.4 38.8 39.3 39.8 40.3 40.8 41.2 41.7 42.2
182.1 14.0 5.1 37.0 37.5 38.1 38.6 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.6 41.1 41.6 42.1 42.6 43.2 43.7 44.2 44.7
202.7 14.5 4.8 39.3 39.9 40.4 41.0 41.5 42.1 42.6 43.2 43.7 44.3 44.8 45.4 45.9 46.5 47.0 47.6
226.7 15.0 4.4 42.0 42.6 43.2 43.8 44.4 45.0 45.6 46.2 46.8 47.4 48.0 48.6 49.2 49.8 50.4 51.0
254.9 15.5 4.0 45.2 45.9 46.5 47.2 47.8 48.5 49.1 49.8 50.4 51.1 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.6 54.3 54.9
288.5 16.0 3.7 49.1 49.8 50.5 51.2 51.9 52.6 53.3 54.0 54.7 55.5 56.2 56.9 57.6 58.3 59.0 59.7
123
Appendix A
DISTILLATE NO. 1
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 15.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.3
2.3 0.5 15.0 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7
4.6 1.0 14.7 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.0
7.1 1.5 14.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.4
9.7 2.0 13.9 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9
12.5 2.5 13.6 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3
15.4 3.0 13.2 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8
18.5 3.5 12.8 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3
21.7 4.0 12.5 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8
25.2 4.5 12.1 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4
28.8 5.0 11.7 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0
32.7 5.5 11.4 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.6
36.9 6.0 11.0 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.3
41.3 6.5 10.6 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0
46.1 7.0 10.3 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.5 29.8
51.2 7.5 9.9 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.6
56.7 8.0 9.5 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.5
62.6 8.5 9.2 28.2 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.5
69.0 9.0 8.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.6
75.9 9.5 8.4 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.1 33.4 33.8 34.1 34.4 34.7
83.5 10.0 8.1 31.0 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.3 34.6 35.0 35.3 35.6 35.9
91.8 10.5 7.7 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.9 34.2 34.6 34.9 35.3 35.6 35.9 36.3 36.6 37.0 37.3
100.9 11.0 7.3 33.4 33.8 34.1 34.5 34.9 35.2 35.6 35.9 36.3 36.7 37.0 37.4 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.8
110.9 11.5 7.0 34.8 35.2 35.6 35.9 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.5 37.8 38.2 38.6 39.0 39.3 39.7 40.1 40.5
122.1 12.0 6.6 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.1 41.5 41.9 42.3
134.5 12.5 6.2 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.7 40.2 40.6 41.0 41.4 41.9 42.3 42.7 43.1 43.5 44.0 44.4
148.4 13.0 5.9 40.0 40.4 40.9 41.3 41.8 42.2 42.7 43.1 43.6 44.0 44.5 44.9 45.4 45.8 46.3 46.7
164.1 13.5 5.5 42.2 42.7 43.1 43.6 44.1 44.6 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.4 47.9 48.4 48.9 49.3
182.1 14.0 5.1 44.7 45.2 45.7 46.2 46.7 47.2 47.8 48.3 48.8 49.3 49.8 50.3 50.8 51.3 51.8 52.3
202.7 14.5 4.8 47.6 48.1 48.7 49.2 49.8 50.3 50.9 51.4 52.0 52.5 53.1 53.6 54.2 54.7 55.3 55.8
226.7 15.0 4.4 51.0 51.5 52.1 52.7 53.3 53.9 54.5 55.1 55.7 56.3 56.9 57.5 58.1 58.7 59.3 59.9
254.9 15.5 4.0 54.9 55.6 56.2 56.9 57.5 58.2 58.8 59.5 60.1 60.8 61.4 62.1 62.7 63.3 64.0 64.6
288.5 16.0 3.7 59.7 60.4 61.1 61.9 62.6 63.3 64.0 64.7 65.4 66.1 66.8 67.5 68.2 69.0 69.7 70.4
124
Fuel Oil No. 2
Specifications:

137,080 Btu/gal
Carbon 87.3%
Hydrogen 12.5%
125
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 2
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 15.7 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5
2.3 0.5 15.3 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6
4.6 1.0 15.0 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8
7.1 1.5 14.6 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9
9.8 2.0 14.2 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1
12.5 2.5 13.8 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2
15.5 3.0 13.5 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4
18.5 3.5 13.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5
21.8 4.0 12.7 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7
25.3 4.5 12.3 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9
29.0 5.0 12.0 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1
32.9 5.5 11.6 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3
37.0 6.0 11.2 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5
41.5 6.5 10.8 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.8
46.2 7.0 10.5 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.1
51.4 7.5 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.3
56.9 8.0 9.7 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.6
62.8 8.5 9.3 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0
69.2 9.0 9.0 10.7 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3
76.2 9.5 8.6 10.9 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7
83.8 10.0 8.2 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.5 15.8 16.1
92.1 10.5 7.9 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.4 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.9 16.2 16.6
101.2 11.0 7.5 11.6 12.0 12.4 12.7 13.1 13.4 13.8 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.1
111.3 11.5 7.1 11.9 12.3 12.7 13.1 13.4 13.8 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.3 17.7
122.5 12.0 6.7 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.8 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.3
134.9 12.5 6.4 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.8 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.5 19.0
148.9 13.0 6.0 13.0 13.4 13.9 14.3 14.8 15.2 15.7 16.1 16.6 17.0 17.5 17.9 18.4 18.8 19.3 19.8
164.7 13.5 5.6 13.4 13.9 14.4 14.8 15.3 15.8 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.7 18.2 18.7 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.6
182.7 14.0 5.2 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.6 19.1 19.6 20.1 20.6 21.1 21.7
203.4 14.5 4.9 14.5 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.7 17.3 17.8 18.4 18.9 19.5 20.0 20.6 21.2 21.7 22.3 22.8
227.5 15.0 4.5 15.2 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.8 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2
255.8 15.5 4.1 16.0 16.6 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.3 19.9 20.6 21.2 21.9 22.5 23.2 23.8 24.5 25.1 25.8
289.5 16.0 3.7 16.9 17.7 18.4 19.1 19.8 20.5 21.3 22.0 22.7 23.4 24.1 24.9 25.6 26.3 27.0 27.7
126
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 2
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 15.7 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.2
2.3 0.5 15.3 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4
4.6 1.0 15.0 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6
7.1 1.5 14.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8
9.8 2.0 14.2 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0
12.5 2.5 13.8 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2
15.5 3.0 13.5 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5
18.5 3.5 13.1 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7
21.8 4.0 12.7 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.0
25.3 4.5 12.3 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.3
29.0 5.0 12.0 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.6
32.9 5.5 11.6 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.7 16.9
37.0 6.0 11.2 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2
41.5 6.5 10.8 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.6
46.2 7.0 10.5 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0
51.4 7.5 10.1 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4
56.9 8.0 9.7 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9
62.8 8.5 9.3 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4
69.2 9.0 9.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.9
76.2 9.5 8.6 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.2 20.5
83.8 10.0 8.2 16.1 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.1
92.1 10.5 7.9 16.6 16.9 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.1 21.5 21.8
101.2 11.0 7.5 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.6 18.9 19.3 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.8 22.2 22.6
111.3 11.5 7.1 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.2 22.6 23.0 23.4
122.5 12.0 6.7 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.5 19.9 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3
134.9 12.5 6.4 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.2 23.7 24.1 24.5 24.9 25.4
148.9 13.0 6.0 19.8 20.2 20.7 21.1 21.6 22.0 22.5 22.9 23.4 23.8 24.3 24.7 25.2 25.6 26.1 26.5
164.7 13.5 5.6 20.6 21.1 21.6 22.1 22.6 23.1 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 25.9 26.4 26.9 27.4 27.9
182.7 14.0 5.2 21.7 22.2 22.7 23.2 23.7 24.2 24.8 25.3 25.8 26.3 26.8 27.3 27.8 28.4 28.9 29.4
203.4 14.5 4.9 22.8 23.4 23.9 24.5 25.0 25.6 26.2 26.7 27.3 27.8 28.4 28.9 29.5 30.0 30.6 31.2
227.5 15.0 4.5 24.2 24.8 25.4 26.0 26.6 27.2 27.8 28.4 29.0 29.6 30.2 30.8 31.4 32.0 32.6 33.2
255.8 15.5 4.1 25.8 26.5 27.1 27.8 28.4 29.1 29.7 30.4 31.0 31.7 32.3 33.0 33.7 34.3 35.0 35.6
289.5 16.0 3.7 27.7 28.5 29.2 29.9 30.6 31.3 32.0 32.8 33.5 34.2 34.9 35.6 36.4 37.1 37.8 38.5
127
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 2
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 15.7 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9
2.3 0.5 15.3 14.4 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1
4.6 1.0 15.0 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4
7.1 1.5 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7
9.8 2.0 14.2 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.9
12.5 2.5 13.8 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2
15.5 3.0 13.5 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6
18.5 3.5 13.1 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9
21.8 4.0 12.7 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.3
25.3 4.5 12.3 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6
29.0 5.0 12.0 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0
32.9 5.5 11.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.5
37.0 6.0 11.2 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 20.9
41.5 6.5 10.8 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.4
46.2 7.0 10.5 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9
51.4 7.5 10.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.5
56.9 8.0 9.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.1
62.8 8.5 9.3 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8
69.2 9.0 9.0 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5
76.2 9.5 8.6 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2
83.8 10.0 8.2 21.1 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.8 26.1
92.1 10.5 7.9 21.8 22.1 22.5 22.8 23.2 23.5 23.9 24.2 24.6 24.9 25.3 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.7 27.0
101.2 11.0 7.5 22.6 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.7 28.0
111.3 11.5 7.1 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.5 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.1 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.1
122.5 12.0 6.7 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.4
134.9 12.5 6.4 25.4 25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.5 30.9 31.4 31.8
148.9 13.0 6.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.3 29.7 30.2 30.6 31.1 31.5 32.0 32.4 32.9 33.3
164.7 13.5 5.6 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.3 30.8 31.3 31.7 32.2 32.7 33.2 33.7 34.2 34.6 35.1
182.7 14.0 5.2 29.4 29.9 30.4 30.9 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.6 35.1 35.6 36.1 36.6 37.1
203.4 14.5 4.9 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.8 33.4 33.9 34.5 35.0 35.6 36.1 36.7 37.3 37.8 38.4 38.9 39.5
227.5 15.0 4.5 33.2 33.8 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.2 36.8 37.4 38.0 38.6 39.2 39.8 40.4 41.0 41.6 42.2
255.8 15.5 4.1 35.6 36.3 36.9 37.6 38.2 38.9 39.5 40.2 40.9 41.5 42.2 42.8 43.5 44.1 44.8 45.4
289.5 16.0 3.7 38.5 39.2 40.0 40.7 41.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 44.3 45.0 45.7 46.4 47.1 47.9 48.6 49.3
128
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 2
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 15.7 16.9 17.1 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6
2.3 0.5 15.3 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9
4.6 1.0 15.0 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2
7.1 1.5 14.6 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.5
9.8 2.0 14.2 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9
12.5 2.5 13.8 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3
15.5 3.0 13.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7
18.5 3.5 13.1 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1
21.8 4.0 12.7 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5
25.3 4.5 12.3 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.0
29.0 5.0 12.0 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5
32.9 5.5 11.6 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1
37.0 6.0 11.2 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6
41.5 6.5 10.8 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.2
46.2 7.0 10.5 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9
51.4 7.5 10.1 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6
56.9 8.0 9.7 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.4
62.8 8.5 9.3 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2
69.2 9.0 9.0 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.8 29.1
76.2 9.5 8.6 25.2 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0
83.8 10.0 8.2 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.1
92.1 10.5 7.9 27.0 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.2
101.2 11.0 7.5 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.1 29.5 29.8 30.2 30.6 30.9 31.3 31.7 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.1 33.5
111.3 11.5 7.1 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.7 34.1 34.5 34.9
122.5 12.0 6.7 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.4
134.9 12.5 6.4 31.8 32.2 32.6 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.8 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.8 38.2
148.9 13.0 6.0 33.3 33.8 34.3 34.7 35.2 35.6 36.1 36.5 37.0 37.4 37.9 38.3 38.8 39.2 39.7 40.1
164.7 13.5 5.6 35.1 35.6 36.1 36.6 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 39.9 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.4
182.7 14.0 5.2 37.1 37.7 38.2 38.7 39.2 39.7 40.2 40.8 41.3 41.8 42.3 42.8 43.3 43.9 44.4 44.9
203.4 14.5 4.9 39.5 40.0 40.6 41.1 41.7 42.3 42.8 43.4 43.9 44.5 45.0 45.6 46.1 46.7 47.3 47.8
227.5 15.0 4.5 42.2 42.8 43.4 44.0 44.6 45.2 45.8 46.4 47.0 47.6 48.2 48.8 49.4 50.0 50.6 51.2
255.8 15.5 4.1 45.4 46.1 46.7 47.4 48.1 48.7 49.4 50.0 50.7 51.3 52.0 52.6 53.3 53.9 54.6 55.3
289.5 16.0 3.7 49.3 50.0 50.7 51.5 52.2 52.9 53.6 54.3 55.1 55.8 56.5 57.2 57.9 58.6 59.4 60.1
129
Next Page
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 2
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 15.7 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2
2.3 0.5 15.3 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.6
4.6 1.0 15.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0
7.1 1.5 14.6 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4
9.8 2.0 14.2 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8
12.5 2.5 13.8 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3
15.5 3.0 13.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8
18.5 3.5 13.1 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.3
21.8 4.0 12.7 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8
25.3 4.5 12.3 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4
29.0 5.0 12.0 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0
32.9 5.5 11.6 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.6
37.0 6.0 11.2 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.3
41.5 6.5 10.8 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.1
46.2 7.0 10.5 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.8
51.4 7.5 10.1 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.4 30.7
56.9 8.0 9.7 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.6
62.8 8.5 9.3 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.6
69.2 9.0 9.0 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.6
76.2 9.5 8.6 30.0 30.3 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.8 34.2 34.5 34.8
83.8 10.0 8.2 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.1 33.4 33.7 34.1 34.4 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.1
92.1 10.5 7.9 32.2 32.6 32.9 33.3 33.6 34.0 34.3 34.7 35.0 35.4 35.7 36.0 36.4 36.7 37.1 37.4
101.2 11.0 7.5 33.5 33.9 34.2 34.6 34.9 35.3 35.7 36.0 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.5 37.9 38.2 38.6 39.0
111.3 11.5 7.1 34.9 35.3 35.7 36.0 36.4 36.8 37.2 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.6
122.5 12.0 6.7 36.4 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.7 40.1 40.5 40.9 41.3 41.7 42.1 42.5
134.9 12.5 6.4 38.2 38.6 39.0 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.2 41.6 42.0 42.5 42.9 43.3 43.7 44.2 44.6
148.9 13.0 6.0 40.1 40.6 41.0 41.5 42.0 42.4 42.9 43.3 43.8 44.2 44.7 45.1 45.6 46.0 46.5 46.9
164.7 13.5 5.6 42.4 42.8 43.3 43.8 44.3 44.8 45.3 45.7 46.2 46.7 47.2 47.7 48.1 48.6 49.1 49.6
182.7 14.0 5.2 44.9 45.4 45.9 46.4 47.0 47.5 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 50.1 50.6 51.1 51.6 52.1 52.6
203.4 14.5 4.9 47.8 48.4 48.9 49.5 50.0 50.6 51.1 51.7 52.3 52.8 53.4 53.9 54.5 55.0 55.6 56.1
227.5 15.0 4.5 51.2 51.8 52.4 53.0 53.6 54.2 54.8 55.4 56.0 56.6 57.2 57.8 58.4 59.0 59.6 60.2
255.8 15.5 4.1 55.3 55.9 56.6 57.2 57.9 58.5 59.2 59.8 60.5 61.1 61.8 62.5 63.1 63.8 64.4 65.1
289.5 16.0 3.7 60.1 60.8 61.5 62.2 63.0 63.7 64.4 65.1 65.8 66.6 67.3 68.0 68.7 69.4 70.2 70.9
130
Previous Page
Fuel Oil No. 5
Specifications:

149,960 Btu/gal
Carbon 88.7%
Hydrogen 10.7%
131
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 5
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 16.3 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.4 10.6
2.3 0.5 15.9 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.7
4.7 1.0 15.5 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.8
7.2 1.5 15.1 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0
9.8 2.0 14.7 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1
12.6 2.5 14.4 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3
15.6 3.0 14.0 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4
18.7 3.5 13.6 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6
22.0 4.0 13.2 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.8
25.5 4.5 12.8 8.6 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9
29.2 5.0 12.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1
33.1 5.5 12.0 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3
37.3 6.0 11.6 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.6
41.8 6.5 11.3 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8
46.6 7.0 10.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1
51.7 7.5 10.5 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.3
57.3 8.0 10.1 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.6
63.3 8.5 9.7 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0
69.7 9.0 9.3 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3
76.7 9.5 8.9 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7
84.4 10.0 8.5 10.2 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.5 14.8 15.1
92.8 10.5 8.2 10.4 10.8 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.6
102.0 11.0 7.8 10.7 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.6 15.0 15.3 15.7 16.1
112.1 11.5 7.4 11.0 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.2 16.6
123.4 12.0 7.0 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.2
135.9 12.5 6.6 11.6 12.0 12.4 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.8 16.2 16.6 17.1 17.5 17.9
150.0 13.0 6.2 12.0 12.4 12.9 13.3 13.8 14.2 14.7 15.1 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.9 17.3 17.8 18.2 18.7
165.9 13.5 5.8 12.4 12.9 13.4 13.8 14.3 14.8 15.3 15.7 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.6 18.1 18.6 19.1 19.5
184.0 14.0 5.4 12.9 13.4 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5
204.9 14.5 5.0 13.5 14.0 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.2 16.8 17.3 17.9 18.4 19.0 19.5 20.1 20.6 21.1 21.7
229.1 15.0 4.7 14.2 14.8 15.3 15.9 16.5 17.1 17.7 18.3 18.9 19.5 20.1 20.7 21.3 21.8 22.4 23.0
257.6 15.5 4.3 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.9 17.5 18.2 18.8 19.5 20.1 20.8 21.4 22.0 22.7 23.3 24.0 24.6
291.5 16.0 3.9 15.9 16.6 17.3 18.0 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.9 21.6 22.3 23.0 23.7 24.4 25.1 25.8 26.5
132
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 5
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 16.3 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2
2.3 0.5 15.9 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4
4.7 1.0 15.5 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6
7.2 1.5 15.1 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8
9.8 2.0 14.7 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0
12.6 2.5 14.4 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2
15.6 3.0 14.0 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5
18.7 3.5 13.6 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7
22.0 4.0 13.2 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.0
25.5 4.5 12.8 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.3
29.2 5.0 12.4 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.6
33.1 5.5 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9
37.3 6.0 11.6 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2
41.8 6.5 11.3 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6
46.6 7.0 10.9 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.7 17.0
51.7 7.5 10.5 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.4
57.3 8.0 10.1 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.8
63.3 8.5 9.7 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.3
69.7 9.0 9.3 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8
76.7 9.5 8.9 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4
84.4 10.0 8.5 15.1 15.4 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.0
92.8 10.5 8.2 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.6 16.9 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.6 19.0 19.3 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.7
102.0 11.0 7.8 16.1 16.4 16.8 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.2 18.6 18.9 19.3 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.1 21.4
112.1 11.5 7.4 16.6 17.0 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3
123.4 12.0 7.0 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.2
135.9 12.5 6.6 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.2 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.3 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.4 23.8 24.2
150.0 13.0 6.2 18.7 19.1 19.6 20.0 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.2 22.7 23.1 23.6 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.4
165.9 13.5 5.8 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.4 21.9 22.4 22.9 23.3 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.2 25.7 26.2 26.7
184.0 14.0 5.4 20.5 21.0 21.6 22.1 22.6 23.1 23.6 24.1 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.1 26.6 27.1 27.7 28.2
204.9 14.5 5.0 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.5 26.1 26.6 27.2 27.7 28.2 28.8 29.3 29.9
229.1 15.0 4.7 23.0 23.6 24.2 24.8 25.4 26.0 26.6 27.2 27.8 28.4 28.9 29.5 30.1 30.7 31.3 31.9
257.6 15.5 4.3 24.6 25.3 25.9 26.5 27.2 27.8 28.5 29.1 29.8 30.4 31.1 31.7 32.3 33.0 33.6 34.3
291.5 16.0 3.9 26.5 27.2 27.9 28.6 29.3 30.1 30.8 31.5 32.2 32.9 33.6 34.3 35.0 35.7 36.4 37.1
133
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 5
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 16.3 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9
2.3 0.5 15.9 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.7 15.9 16.1
4.7 1.0 15.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4
7.2 1.5 15.1 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6
9.8 2.0 14.7 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9
12.6 2.5 14.4 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2
15.6 3.0 14.0 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5
18.7 3.5 13.6 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.9
22.0 4.0 13.2 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2
25.5 4.5 12.8 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6
29.2 5.0 12.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0
33.1 5.5 12.0 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4
37.3 6.0 11.6 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9
41.8 6.5 11.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3
46.6 7.0 10.9 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8
51.7 7.5 10.5 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4
57.3 8.0 10.1 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 22.0
63.3 8.5 9.7 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.6
69.7 9.0 9.3 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3
76.7 9.5 8.9 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.1
84.4 10.0 8.5 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.6 24.9
92.8 10.5 8.2 20.7 21.0 21.4 21.7 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.8
102.0 11.0 7.8 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.5 22.9 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.3 24.7 25.0 25.4 25.7 26.1 26.5 26.8
112.1 11.5 7.4 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.5 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.5 27.9
123.4 12.0 7.0 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.8 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.7 29.1
135.9 12.5 6.6 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.5
150.0 13.0 6.2 25.4 25.8 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.6 28.0 28.5 28.9 29.4 29.8 30.3 30.7 31.2 31.6 32.1
165.9 13.5 5.8 26.7 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 30.9 31.4 31.9 32.4 32.8 33.3 33.8
184.0 14.0 5.4 28.2 28.7 29.2 29.7 30.2 30.7 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.7 33.2 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3 35.8
204.9 14.5 5.0 29.9 30.4 31.0 31.5 32.1 32.6 33.2 33.7 34.3 34.8 35.4 35.9 36.4 37.0 37.5 38.1
229.1 15.0 4.7 31.9 32.5 33.1 33.7 34.3 34.9 35.4 36.0 36.6 37.2 37.8 38.4 39.0 39.6 40.2 40.8
257.6 15.5 4.3 34.3 34.9 35.6 36.2 36.9 37.5 38.1 38.8 39.4 40.1 40.7 41.4 42.0 42.6 43.3 43.9
291.5 16.0 3.9 37.1 37.8 38.5 39.2 40.0 40.7 41.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 44.2 44.9 45.6 46.3 47.0 47.7
134
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 5
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 16.3 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.3 18.5
2.3 0.5 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8
4.7 1.0 15.5 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.1
7.2 1.5 15.1 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5
9.8 2.0 14.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8
12.6 2.5 14.4 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2
15.6 3.0 14.0 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6
18.7 3.5 13.6 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0
22.0 4.0 13.2 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4
25.5 4.5 12.8 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9
29.2 5.0 12.4 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4
33.1 5.5 12.0 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.9
37.3 6.0 11.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.5
41.8 6.5 11.3 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1
46.6 7.0 10.9 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7
51.7 7.5 10.5 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.4
57.3 8.0 10.1 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2
63.3 8.5 9.7 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0
69.7 9.0 9.3 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8
76.7 9.5 8.9 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8
84.4 10.0 8.5 24.9 25.2 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.2 29.5 29.8
92.8 10.5 8.2 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.6 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0
102.0 11.0 7.8 26.8 27.2 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.1 31.5 31.8 32.2
112.1 11.5 7.4 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.4 29.8 30.2 30.6 30.9 31.3 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.6
123.4 12.0 7.0 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1
135.9 12.5 6.6 30.5 30.9 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.8
150.0 13.0 6.2 32.1 32.5 32.9 33.4 33.8 34.3 34.7 35.2 35.6 36.1 36.5 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.3 38.7
165.9 13.5 5.8 33.8 34.3 34.7 35.2 35.7 36.2 36.6 37.1 37.6 38.1 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.4 40.9
184.0 14.0 5.4 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.3 37.8 38.3 38.8 39.3 39.9 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.4 42.9 43.4
204.9 14.5 5.0 38.1 38.6 39.2 39.7 40.3 40.8 41.4 41.9 42.5 43.0 43.5 44.1 44.6 45.2 45.7 46.3
229.1 15.0 4.7 40.8 41.4 41.9 42.5 43.1 43.7 44.3 44.9 45.5 46.1 46.7 47.3 47.9 48.5 49.0 49.6
257.6 15.5 4.3 43.9 44.6 45.2 45.9 46.5 47.2 47.8 48.4 49.1 49.7 50.4 51.0 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.6
291.5 16.0 3.9 47.7 48.4 49.2 49.9 50.6 51.3 52.0 52.7 53.4 54.1 54.8 55.5 56.2 56.9 57.6 58.3
135
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 5
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 16.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2
2.3 0.5 15.9 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5
4.7 1.0 15.5 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9
7.2 1.5 15.1 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3
9.8 2.0 14.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7
12.6 2.5 14.4 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2
15.6 3.0 14.0 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6
18.7 3.5 13.6 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1
22.0 4.0 13.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7
25.5 4.5 12.8 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2
29.2 5.0 12.4 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.8
33.1 5.5 12.0 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5
37.3 6.0 11.6 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.1
41.8 6.5 11.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8
46.6 7.0 10.9 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.6
51.7 7.5 10.5 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5
57.3 8.0 10.1 26.2 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.3
63.3 8.5 9.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3
69.7 9.0 9.3 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4
76.7 9.5 8.9 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.5
84.4 10.0 8.5 29.8 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.8 33.1 33.4 33.8 34.1 34.4 34.7
92.8 10.5 8.2 31.0 31.3 31.6 32.0 32.3 32.7 33.0 33.4 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.1
102.0 11.0 7.8 32.2 32.6 32.9 33.3 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.2 37.6
112.1 11.5 7.4 33.6 34.0 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.8 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.2
123.4 12.0 7.0 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.1
135.9 12.5 6.6 36.8 37.2 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.8 40.2 40.6 41.0 41.4 41.9 42.3 42.7 43.1
150.0 13.0 6.2 38.7 39.2 39.6 40.1 40.5 41.0 41.4 41.9 42.3 42.8 43.2 43.6 44.1 44.5 45.0 45.4
165.9 13.5 5.8 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.3 42.8 43.3 43.8 44.2 44.7 45.2 45.7 46.1 46.6 47.1 47.6 48.0
184.0 14.0 5.4 43.4 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.4 45.9 46.5 47.0 47.5 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 50.0 50.5 51.0
204.9 14.5 5.0 46.3 46.8 47.4 47.9 48.5 49.0 49.6 50.1 50.7 51.2 51.7 52.3 52.8 53.4 53.9 54.5
229.1 15.0 4.7 49.6 50.2 50.8 51.4 52.0 52.6 53.2 53.8 54.4 55.0 55.5 56.1 56.7 57.3 57.9 58.5
257.6 15.5 4.3 53.6 54.2 54.9 55.5 56.2 56.8 57.5 58.1 58.7 59.4 60.0 60.7 61.3 62.0 62.6 63.3
291.5 16.0 3.9 58.3 59.1 59.8 60.5 61.2 61.9 62.6 63.3 64.0 64.7 65.4 66.1 66.8 67.5 68.3 69.0
136
Fuel Oil No. 6
Specifications:

153,120 Btu/gal
Carbon 88.5%
Hydrogen 9.3%
137
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 6
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 16.7 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2
2.3 0.5 16.3 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.3
4.7 1.0 15.9 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.4
7.2 1.5 15.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6
9.9 2.0 15.1 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7
12.7 2.5 14.7 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9
15.6 3.0 14.3 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0
18.8 3.5 13.9 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2
22.1 4.0 13.5 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4
25.6 4.5 13.1 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.6
29.3 5.0 12.7 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.8
33.3 5.5 12.3 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0
37.5 6.0 11.9 8.5 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2
42.0 6.5 11.5 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.5
46.8 7.0 11.1 8.8 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7
52.0 7.5 10.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 13.0
57.5 8.0 10.3 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3
63.6 8.5 9.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6
70.1 9.0 9.5 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0
77.1 9.5 9.1 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.4
84.8 10.0 8.7 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.8
93.2 10.5 8.4 10.0 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.2
102.4 11.0 8.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.4 15.7
112.6 11.5 7.6 10.6 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.9 16.3
123.9 12.0 7.2 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.9
136.5 12.5 6.8 11.2 11.6 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.8 14.2 14.6 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.8 17.2 17.6
150.7 13.0 6.4 11.6 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.4 13.9 14.3 14.8 15.2 15.7 16.1 16.6 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.4
166.7 13.5 6.0 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 14.9 15.4 15.9 16.4 16.9 17.4 17.8 18.3 18.8 19.3
184.9 14.0 5.6 12.6 13.1 13.6 14.1 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.2 18.8 19.3 19.8 20.3
205.8 14.5 5.2 13.1 13.7 14.2 14.8 15.4 15.9 16.5 17.0 17.6 18.1 18.7 19.2 19.8 20.4 20.9 21.5
230.2 15.0 4.8 13.8 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0 18.6 19.2 19.8 20.4 21.0 21.6 22.2 22.8
258.8 15.5 4.4 14.6 15.3 15.9 16.6 17.2 17.9 18.5 19.2 19.9 20.5 21.2 21.8 22.5 23.1 23.8 24.4
292.9 16.0 4.0 15.6 16.3 17.0 17.7 18.5 19.2 19.9 20.6 21.3 22.1 22.8 23.5 24.2 24.9 25.7 26.4
138
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 6
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 16.7 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9
2.3 0.5 16.3 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1
4.7 1.0 15.9 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3
7.2 1.5 15.5 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5
9.9 2.0 15.1 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7
12.7 2.5 14.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9
15.6 3.0 14.3 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1
18.8 3.5 13.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4
22.1 4.0 13.5 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.7
25.6 4.5 13.1 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9
29.3 5.0 12.7 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.2
33.3 5.5 12.3 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6
37.5 6.0 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9
42.0 6.5 11.5 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3
46.8 7.0 11.1 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.7
52.0 7.5 10.7 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.1
57.5 8.0 10.3 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.5
63.6 8.5 9.9 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.7 18.0
70.1 9.0 9.5 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.6
77.1 9.5 9.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1
84.8 10.0 8.7 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.8
93.2 10.5 8.4 15.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.3 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.5
102.4 11.0 8.0 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.2
112.6 11.5 7.6 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.7 22.1
123.9 12.0 7.2 16.9 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.6 23.0
136.5 12.5 6.8 17.6 18.0 18.5 18.9 19.3 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.8 23.2 23.6 24.0
150.7 13.0 6.4 18.4 18.9 19.3 19.8 20.2 20.7 21.1 21.6 22.0 22.5 22.9 23.4 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.2
166.7 13.5 6.0 19.3 19.8 20.3 20.7 21.2 21.7 22.2 22.7 23.2 23.6 24.1 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.0 26.5
184.9 14.0 5.6 20.3 20.8 21.3 21.9 22.4 22.9 23.4 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.1
205.8 14.5 5.2 21.5 22.0 22.6 23.1 23.7 24.2 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5 27.0 27.6 28.1 28.7 29.2 29.8
230.2 15.0 4.8 22.8 23.4 24.0 24.6 25.2 25.8 26.4 27.0 27.6 28.2 28.8 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.2 31.8
258.8 15.5 4.4 24.4 25.1 25.7 26.4 27.1 27.7 28.4 29.0 29.7 30.3 31.0 31.6 32.3 32.9 33.6 34.3
292.9 16.0 4.0 26.4 27.1 27.8 28.5 29.2 30.0 30.7 31.4 32.1 32.8 33.6 34.3 35.0 35.7 36.4 37.2
139
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 6
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 16.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6
2.3 0.5 16.3 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.8
4.7 1.0 15.9 13.3 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1
7.2 1.5 15.5 13.5 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.3
9.9 2.0 15.1 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6
12.7 2.5 14.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9
15.6 3.0 14.3 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2
18.8 3.5 13.9 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.6
22.1 4.0 13.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9
25.6 4.5 13.1 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.3
29.3 5.0 12.7 15.2 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7
33.3 5.5 12.3 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.2
37.5 6.0 11.9 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6
42.0 6.5 11.5 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1
46.8 7.0 11.1 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.6
52.0 7.5 10.7 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.2
57.5 8.0 10.3 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8
63.6 8.5 9.9 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4
70.1 9.0 9.5 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.2
77.1 9.5 9.1 19.1 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9
84.8 10.0 8.7 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.8
93.2 10.5 8.4 20.5 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.9 23.2 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.7
102.4 11.0 8.0 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.3 22.7 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.9 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.7
112.6 11.5 7.6 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.0 27.4 27.8
123.9 12.0 7.2 23.0 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.2 26.6 27.0 27.4 27.8 28.2 28.6 29.1
136.5 12.5 6.8 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.2 26.6 27.0 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.4
150.7 13.0 6.4 25.2 25.7 26.1 26.6 27.0 27.5 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.3 29.7 30.2 30.6 31.1 31.6 32.0
166.7 13.5 6.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 28.9 29.4 29.9 30.4 30.9 31.4 31.8 32.3 32.8 33.3 33.8
184.9 14.0 5.6 28.1 28.6 29.1 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.7 33.2 33.7 34.2 34.8 35.3 35.8
205.8 14.5 5.2 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.5 32.0 32.6 33.1 33.7 34.2 34.8 35.4 35.9 36.5 37.0 37.6 38.1
230.2 15.0 4.8 31.8 32.4 33.0 33.6 34.2 34.8 35.5 36.1 36.7 37.3 37.9 38.5 39.1 39.7 40.3 40.9
258.8 15.5 4.4 34.3 34.9 35.6 36.2 36.9 37.5 38.2 38.8 39.5 40.2 40.8 41.5 42.1 42.8 43.4 44.1
292.9 16.0 4.0 37.2 37.9 38.6 39.3 40.0 40.8 41.5 42.2 42.9 43.6 44.3 45.1 45.8 46.5 47.2 47.9
140
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 6
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 16.7 15.6 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3
2.3 0.5 16.3 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6
4.7 1.0 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9
7.2 1.5 15.5 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2
9.9 2.0 15.1 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6
12.7 2.5 14.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0
15.6 3.0 14.3 17.2 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4
18.8 3.5 13.9 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8
22.1 4.0 13.5 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2
25.6 4.5 13.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7
29.3 5.0 12.7 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2
33.3 5.5 12.3 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.7
37.5 6.0 11.9 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3
42.0 6.5 11.5 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9
46.8 7.0 11.1 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.6
52.0 7.5 10.7 21.2 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.3
57.5 8.0 10.3 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.0
63.6 8.5 9.9 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9
70.1 9.0 9.5 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7
77.1 9.5 9.1 23.9 24.2 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.4 28.7
84.8 10.0 8.7 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.8
93.2 10.5 8.4 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.7 27.1 27.4 27.8 28.1 28.5 28.8 29.2 29.5 29.9 30.2 30.6 30.9
102.4 11.0 8.0 26.7 27.1 27.4 27.8 28.2 28.5 28.9 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.4 31.8 32.2
112.6 11.5 7.6 27.8 28.2 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.6
123.9 12.0 7.2 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1
136.5 12.5 6.8 30.4 30.9 31.3 31.7 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.9
150.7 13.0 6.4 32.0 32.5 32.9 33.4 33.8 34.3 34.7 35.2 35.6 36.1 36.5 37.0 37.4 37.9 38.4 38.8
166.7 13.5 6.0 33.8 34.3 34.7 35.2 35.7 36.2 36.7 37.2 37.6 38.1 38.6 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.5 41.0
184.9 14.0 5.6 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.3 37.9 38.4 38.9 39.4 39.9 40.4 41.0 41.5 42.0 42.5 43.0 43.5
205.8 14.5 5.2 38.1 38.7 39.2 39.8 40.4 40.9 41.5 42.0 42.6 43.1 43.7 44.2 44.8 45.4 45.9 46.5
230.2 15.0 4.8 40.9 41.5 42.1 42.7 43.3 43.9 44.5 45.1 45.7 46.3 46.9 47.5 48.1 48.7 49.3 49.9
258.8 15.5 4.4 44.1 44.7 45.4 46.0 46.7 47.4 48.0 48.7 49.3 50.0 50.6 51.3 51.9 52.6 53.2 53.9
292.9 16.0 4.0 47.9 48.7 49.4 50.1 50.8 51.5 52.3 53.0 53.7 54.4 55.1 55.9 56.6 57.3 58.0 58.7
141
Appendix A
FUEL OIL NO. 6
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 16.7 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 20.9
2.3 0.5 16.3 18.6 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 20.9 21.1 21.3
4.7 1.0 15.9 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7
7.2 1.5 15.5 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1
9.9 2.0 15.1 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.3 22.5
12.7 2.5 14.7 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0
15.6 3.0 14.3 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5
18.8 3.5 13.9 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.0
22.1 4.0 13.5 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5
25.6 4.5 13.1 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1
29.3 5.0 12.7 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7
33.3 5.5 12.3 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.3
37.5 6.0 11.9 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0
42.0 6.5 11.5 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.7
46.8 7.0 11.1 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.5
52.0 7.5 10.7 25.3 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.6 28.8 29.1 29.4
57.5 8.0 10.3 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3
63.6 8.5 9.9 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3
70.1 9.0 9.5 27.7 28.0 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.3
77.1 9.5 9.1 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.2 33.5
84.8 10.0 8.7 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.1 31.4 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.1 33.4 33.7 34.1 34.4 34.7
93.2 10.5 8.4 30.9 31.2 31.6 31.9 32.3 32.6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.8 36.1
102.4 11.0 8.0 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.3 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.6
112.6 11.5 7.6 33.6 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.2 38.5 38.9 39.3
123.9 12.0 7.2 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.5 37.9 38.4 38.8 39.2 39.6 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.2
136.5 12.5 6.8 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.6 39.0 39.4 39.8 40.3 40.7 41.1 41.6 42.0 42.4 42.8 43.3
150.7 13.0 6.4 38.8 39.3 39.7 40.2 40.6 41.1 41.5 42.0 42.4 42.9 43.3 43.8 44.2 44.7 45.2 45.6
166.7 13.5 6.0 41.0 41.5 42.0 42.5 43.0 43.4 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.4 45.8 46.3 46.8 47.3 47.8 48.3
184.9 14.0 5.6 43.5 44.1 44.6 45.1 45.6 46.1 46.6 47.2 47.7 48.2 48.7 49.2 49.7 50.3 50.8 51.3
205.8 14.5 5.2 46.5 47.0 47.6 48.1 48.7 49.2 49.8 50.4 50.9 51.5 52.0 52.6 53.1 53.7 54.2 54.8
230.2 15.0 4.8 49.9 50.5 51.1 51.7 52.3 52.9 53.5 54.1 54.7 55.3 55.9 56.5 57.1 57.7 58.3 58.9
258.8 15.5 4.4 53.9 54.6 55.2 55.9 56.5 57.2 57.8 58.5 59.1 59.8 60.4 61.1 61.8 62.4 63.1 63.7
292.9 16.0 4.0 58.7 59.4 60.2 60.9 61.6 62.3 63.0 63.8 64.5 65.2 65.9 66.6 67.4 68.1 68.8 69.5
142
Anthracite Coal
Specifications:
Carbon 80.6%
Hydrogen 2.4%
Ultimate CO, 19.9%
143
Appendix A
ANTHRACITE COAL
150°F to 300°F
χ Χ Χ NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 19.9 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2
2.4 0.5 19.4 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3
4.9 1.0 19.0 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.5
7.5 1.5 18.5 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6
10.3 2.0 18.0 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.8
13.2 2.5 17.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.9
16.3 3.0 17.1 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1
19.5 3.5 16.6 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.3
23.0 4.0 16.1 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.5
26.6 4.5 15.6 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7
30.5 5.0 15.2 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.9
34.6 5.5 14.7 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.1
39.0 6.0 14.2 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.4
43.6 6.5 13.7 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7
48.7 7.0 13.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9
54.0 7.5 12.8 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.2
59.8 8.0 12.3 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.6
66.1 8.5 11.8 7.1 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9
72.8 9.0 11.4 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.3 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.3
80.2 9.5 10.9 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.5 8.9 9.2 9.6 9.9 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.7 12.0 12.4 12.7
88.2 10.0 10.4 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.2
96.9 10.5 10.0 7.9 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.7
106.5 11.0 9.5 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.5 13.9 14.3
117.1 11.5 9.0 8.5 9.0 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.1 11.5 11.9 12.3 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.9
128.8 12.0 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.8 10.2 10.7 11.1 11.5 12.0 12.4 12.9 13.3 13.8 14.2 14.7 15.1 15.5
141.9 12.5 8.1 9.3 9.7 10.2 10.7 11.1 11.6 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.9 15.4 15.8 16.3
156.6 13.0 7.6 9.7 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.7 12.2 12.7 13.2 13.7 14.2 14.7 15.2 15.7 16.2 16.7 17.2
173.2 13.5 7.1 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.8 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.1 17.6 18.1
192.1 14.0 6.6 10.7 11.3 11.8 12.4 13.0 13.6 14.1 14.7 15.3 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.5 18.1 18.7 19.2
213.9 14.5 6.2 11.4 12.0 12.6 13.2 13.8 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.8 17.5 18.1 18.7 19.3 19.9 20.5
239.2 15.0 5.7 12.1 12.8 13.4 14.1 14.7 15.4 16.1 16.7 17.4 18.0 18.7 19.4 20.0 20.7 21.3 22.0
268.9 15.5 5.2 13.0 13.7 14.4 15.1 15.8 16.6 17.3 18.0 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.9 21.6 22.3 23.0 23.8
304.3 16.0 4.7 14.0 14.8 15.6 16.4 17.2 18.0 18.8 19.6 20.3 21.1 21.9 22.7 23.5 24.3 25.1 25.9
144
Appendix A
ANTHRACITE COAL
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 19.9 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2
2.4 0.5 19.4 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4
4.9 1.0 19.0 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6
7.5 1.5 18.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8
10.3 2.0 18.0 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0
13.2 2.5 17.5 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.3
16.3 3.0 17.1 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5
19.5 3.5 16.6 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8
23.0 4.0 16.1 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1
26.6 4.5 15.6 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4
30.5 5.0 15.2 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.8
34.6 5.5 14.7 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.1
39.0 6.0 14.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5
43.6 6.5 13.7 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9
48.7 7.0 13.3 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3
54.0 7.5 12.8 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8
59.8 8.0 12.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.3
66.1 8.5 11.8 11.9 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.5 16.8
72.8 9.0 11.4 12.3 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.4
80.2 9.5 10.9 12.7 13.1 13.4 13.8 14.1 14.5 14.8 15.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.3 17.7 18.0
88.2 10.0 10.4 13.2 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.4 15.8 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.7
96.9 10.5 10.0 13.7 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.2 17.5 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.5
106.5 11.0 9.5 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.5 19.9 20.3
117.1 11.5 9.0 14.9 15.3 15.7 16.1 16.6 17.0 17.4 17.8 18.2 18.7 19.1 19.5 19.9 20.4 20.8 21.2
128.8 12.0 8.5 15.5 16.0 16.4 16.9 17.3 17.8 18.2 18.7 19.1 19.5 20.0 20.4 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.2
141.9 12.5 8.1 16.3 16.8 17.2 17.7 18.2 18.7 19.1 19.6 20.1 20.5 21.0 21.5 21.9 22.4 22.9 23.4
156.6 13.0 7.6 17.2 17.7 18.2 18.7 19.2 19.6 20.1 20.6 21.1 21.6 22.1 22.6 23.1 23.6 24.1 24.6
173.2 13.5 7.1 18.1 18.7 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.8 21.3 21.8 22.4 22.9 23.4 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.6 26.1
192.1 14.0 6.6 19.2 19.8 20.4 20.9 21.5 22.1 22.6 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.9 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.2 27.7
213.9 14.5 6.2 20.5 21.1 21.7 22.3 22.9 23.6 24.2 24.8 25.4 26.0 26.6 27.2 27.8 28.4 29.0 29.7
239.2 15.0 5.7 22.0 22.7 23.3 24.0 24.6 25.3 26.0 26.6 27.3 27.9 28.6 29.3 29.9 30.6 31.2 31.9
268.9 15.5 5.2 23.8 24.5 25.2 25.9 26.6 27.3 28.1 28.8 29.5 30.2 30.9 31.7 32.4 33.1 33.8 34.5
304.3 16.0 4.7 25.9 26.7 27.4 28.2 29.0 29.8 30.6 31.4 32.2 33.0 33.7 34.5 35.3 36.1 36.9 37.7
145
Appendix A
ANTHRACITE COAL
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 19.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2
2.4 0.5 19.4 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4
4.9 1.0 19.0 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7
7.5 1.5 18.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0
10.3 2.0 18.0 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3
13.2 2.5 17.5 12.3 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6
16.3 3.0 17.1 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0
19.5 3.5 16.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4
23.0 4.0 16.1 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.8
26.6 4.5 15.6 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2
30.5 5.0 15.2 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6
34.6 5.5 14.7 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.1
39.0 6.0 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.6
43.6 6.5 13.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.1
48.7 7.0 13.3 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7
54.0 7.5 12.8 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3
59.8 8.0 12.3 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 21.0
66.1 8.5 11.8 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.7
72.8 9.0 11.4 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.4
80.2 9.5 10.9 18.0 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.2 22.6 22.9 23.3
88.2 10.0 10.4 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.8 24.2
96.9 10.5 10.0 19.5 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.4 24.8 25.2
106.5 11.0 9.5 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.3
117.1 11.5 9.0 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.5 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.5
128.8 12.0 8.5 22.2 22.7 23.1 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.9 25.3 25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.9
141.9 12.5 8.1 23.4 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.2 25.7 26.2 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.5 29.0 29.5 29.9 30.4
156.6 13.0 7.6 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.1 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.1 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.1 31.6 32.1
173.2 13.5 7.1 26.1 26.6 27.1 27.7 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.8 30.3 30.9 31.4 31.9 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0
192.1 14.0 6.6 27.7 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.9 33.4 34.0 34.6 35.1 35.7 36.3
213.9 14.5 6.2 29.7 30.3 30.9 31.5 32.1 32.7 33.3 33.9 34.5 35.1 35.8 36.4 37.0 37.6 38.2 38.8
239.2 15.0 5.7 31.9 32.5 33.2 33.9 34.5 35.2 35.8 36.5 37.2 37.8 38.5 39.1 39.8 40.5 41.1 41.8
268.9 15.5 5.2 34.5 35.2 36.0 36.7 37.4 38.1 38.8 39.6 40.3 41.0 41.7 42.4 43.1 43.9 44.6 45.3
304.3 16.0 4.7 37.7 38.5 39.3 40.1 40.8 41.6 42.4 43.2 44.0 44.8 45.6 46.4 47.2 47.9 48.7 49.5
146
Appendix A
ANTHRACITE COAL
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 19.9 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1
2.4 0.5 19.4 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5
4.9 1.0 19.0 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8
7.5 1.5 18.5 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2
10.3 2.0 18.0 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.6
13.2 2.5 17.5 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.0
16.3 3.0 17.1 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4
19.5 3.5 16.6 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9
23.0 4.0 16.1 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4
26.6 4.5 15.6 17.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 20.9
30.5 5.0 15.2 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.5
34.6 5.5 14.7 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.0
39.0 6.0 14.2 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7
43.6 6.5 13.7 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.3
48.7 7.0 13.3 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.0
54.0 7.5 12.8 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8
59.8 8.0 12.3 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6
66.1 8.5 11.8 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5
72.8 9.0 11.4 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.5
80.2 9.5 10.9 23.3 23.6 24.0 24.3 24.7 25.0 25.4 25.7 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.6
88.2 10.0 10.4 24.2 24.6 24.9 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.7
96.9 10.5 10.0 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.8 30.2 30.6 31.0
106.5 11.0 9.5 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.9 32.3
117.1 11.5 9.0 27.5 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.8 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.9
128.8 12.0 8.5 28.9 29.3 29.8 30.2 30.7 31.1 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.9 33.3 33.8 34.2 34.7 35.1 35.6
141.9 12.5 8.1 30.4 30.9 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.8 33.2 33.7 34.2 34.6 35.1 35.6 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5
156.6 13.0 7.6 32.1 32.6 33.1 33.6 34.1 34.6 35.1 35.6 36.1 36.6 37.1 37.6 38.1 38.6 39.1 39.6
173.2 13.5 7.1 34.0 34.6 35.1 35.6 36.2 36.7 37.2 37.8 38.3 38.8 39.4 39.9 40.4 41.0 41.5 42.0
192.1 14.0 6.6 36.3 36.8 37.4 38.0 38.5 39.1 39.7 40.2 40.8 41.4 41.9 42.5 43.1 43.6 44.2 44.8
213.9 14.5 6.2 38.8 39.4 40.0 40.6 41.3 41.9 42.5 43.1 43.7 44.3 44.9 45.5 46.1 46.7 47.4 48.0
239.2 15.0 5.7 41.8 42.4 43.1 43.8 44.4 45.1 45.7 46.4 47.1 47.7 48.4 49.0 49.7 50.4 51.0 51.7
268.9 15.5 5.2 45.3 46.0 46.7 47.5 48.2 48.9 49.6 50.3 51.1 51.8 52.5 53.2 53.9 54.6 55.4 56.1
304.3 16.0 4.7 49.5 50.3 51.1 51.9 52.7 53.5 54.3 55.0 55.8 56.6 57.4 58.2 59.0 59.8 60.6 61.4
147
Appendix A
ANTHRACITE COAL
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 19.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1
2.4 0.5 19.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5
4.9 1.0 19.0 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 21.0
7.5 1.5 18.5 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4
10.3 2.0 18.0 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9
13.2 2.5 17.5 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.4
16.3 3.0 17.1 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9
19.5 3.5 16.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.4
23.0 4.0 16.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.0
26.6 4.5 15.6 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.6
30.5 5.0 15.2 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.3
34.6 5.5 14.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0
39.0 6.0 14.2 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8
43.6 6.5 13.7 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6
48.7 7.0 13.3 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4
54.0 7.5 12.8 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.3
59.8 8.0 12.3 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3
66.1 8.5 11.8 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.1 31.4
72.8 9.0 11.4 27.5 27.8 28.2 28.5 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.9 31.2 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.6
80.2 9.5 10.9 28.6 28.9 29.3 29.6 30.0 30.3 30.7 31.0 31.4 31.7 32.1 32.4 32.8 33.1 33.5 33.8
88.2 10.0 10.4 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.7 34.1 34.5 34.8 35.2
96.9 10.5 10.0 31.0 31.3 31.7 32.1 32.5 32.9 33.3 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.2 35.6 35.9 36.3 36.7
106.5 11.0 9.5 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.8 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.8 37.2 37.6 38.0 38.4
117.1 11.5 9.0 33.9 34.3 34.7 35.1 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.8 37.2 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.4 39.8 40.2
128.8 12.0 8.5 35.6 36.0 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.8 38.2 38.7 39.1 39.6 40.0 40.5 40.9 41.3 41.8 42.2
141.9 12.5 8.1 37.5 37.9 38.4 38.9 39.3 39.8 40.3 40.8 41.2 41.7 42.2 42.6 43.1 43.6 44.0 44.5
156.6 13.0 7.6 39.6 40.1 40.6 41.1 41.6 42.1 42.6 43.1 43.6 44.1 44.6 45.1 45.6 46.1 46.6 47.1
173.2 13.5 7.1 42.0 42.5 43.1 43.6 44.1 44.7 45.2 45.7 46.3 46.8 47.3 47.9 48.4 48.9 49.4 50.0
192.1 14.0 6.6 44.8 45.3 45.9 46.5 47.0 47.6 48.2 48.7 49.3 49.9 50.5 51.0 51.6 52.2 52.7 53.3
213.9 14.5 6.2 48.0 48.6 49.2 49.8 50.4 51.0 51.6 52.2 52.8 53.5 54.1 54.7 55.3 55.9 56.5 57.1
239.2 15.0 5.7 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.7 54.3 55.0 55.6 56.3 57.0 57.6 58.3 58.9 59.6 60.3 60.9 61.6
268.9 15.5 5.2 56.1 56.8 57.5 58.2 59.0 59.7 60.4 61.1 61.8 62.5 63.3 64.0 64.7 65.4 66.1 66.9
304.3 16.0 4.7 61.4 62.1 62.9 63.7 64.5 65.3 66.1 66.9 67.7 68.5 69.2 70.0 70.8 71.6 72.4 73.2
148
Bituminous Coal
Specifications:
Carbon 80.1 %
Hydrogen 5.0%
Ultimate CO, 18.5%
149
Appendix A
BITUMINOUS COAL
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 18.5 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3
2.3 0.5 18.1 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4
4.8 1.0 17.6 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6
7.4 1.5 17.2 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7
10.1 2.0 16.7 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.9
13.0 2.5 16.3 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0
16.0 3.0 15.9 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.2
19.2 3.5 15.4 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4
22.6 4.0 15.0 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.6
26.1 4.5 14.5 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.8
29.9 5.0 14.1 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 11.0
34.0 5.5 13.7 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.2
38.3 6.0 13.2 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4
42.9 6.5 12.8 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7
47.8 7.0 12.3 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0
53.1 7.5 11.9 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3
58.8 8.0 11.5 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6
65.0 8.5 11.0 8.2 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.9
71.6 9.0 10.6 8.4 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.7 13.0 13.3
78.8 9.5 10.1 8.6 9.0 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.7 12.0 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.4 13.7
86.7 10.0 9.7 8.9 9.2 9.6 9.9 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.7 12.0 12.4 12.7 13.1 13.4 13.8 14.2
95.3 10.5 9.3 9.1 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.6
104.7 11.0 8.8 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2
115.1 11.5 8.4 9.7 10.1 10.5 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.4 15.8
126.6 12.0 7.9 10.0 10.4 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.8 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.6 16.0 16.4
139.5 12.5 7.5 10.4 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.6 13.1 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.9 15.3 15.8 16.2 16.7 17.2
154.0 13.0 7.0 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.7 13.2 13.7 14.1 14.6 15.1 15.6 16.1 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0
170.3 13.5 6.6 11.2 11.7 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.8 14.3 14.8 15.3 15.8 16.4 16.9 17.4 17.9 18.4 18.9
188.9 14.0 6.2 11.8 12.3 12.9 13.4 14.0 14.5 15.1 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0
210.3 14.5 5.7 12.4 13.0 13.6 14.2 14.7 15.3 15.9 16.5 17.1 17.7 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.2
235.1 15.0 5.3 13.1 13.7 14.4 15.0 15.7 16.3 16.9 17.6 18.2 18.8 19.5 20.1 20.7 21.4 22.0 22.6
264.4 15.5 4.8 14.0 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.7 17.4 18.1 18.8 19.5 20.2 20.9 21.6 22.3 23.0 23.7 24.3
299.2 16.0 4.4 15.0 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.0 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.1 21.8 22.6 23.3 24.1 24.9 25.6 26.4
150
Appendix A
BITUMINOUS COAL
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 18.5 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2
2.3 0.5 18.1 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4
4.8 1.0 17.6 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6
7.4 1.5 17.2 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8
10.1 2.0 16.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0
13.0 2.5 16.3 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2
16.0 3.0 15.9 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5
19.2 3.5 15.4 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8
22.6 4.0 15.0 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0
26.1 4.5 14.5 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3
29.9 5.0 14.1 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7
34.0 5.5 13.7 11.2 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.0
38.3 6.0 13.2 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.4
42.9 6.5 12.8 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8
47.8 7.0 12.3 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2
53.1 7.5 11.9 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6
58.8 8.0 11.5 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1
65.0 8.5 11.0 12.9 13.2 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6
71.6 9.0 10.6 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.2
78.8 9.5 10.1 13.7 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.4 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.8
86.7 10.0 9.7 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.3 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.4
95.3 10.5 9.3 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.8 20.2
104.7 11.0 8.8 15.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0
115.1 11.5 8.4 15.8 16.2 16.6 17.0 17.4 17.8 18.2 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 21.5 21.9
126.6 12.0 7.9 16.4 16.8 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.8
139.5 12.5 7.5 17.2 17.6 18.1 18.5 19.0 19.4 19.9 20.3 20.8 21.2 21.7 22.1 22.6 23.0 23.5 23.9
154.0 13.0 7.0 18.0 18.5 18.9 19.4 19.9 20.4 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.3 22.8 23.3 23.7 24.2 24.7 25.2
170.3 13.5 6.6 18.9 19.4 19.9 20.4 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.6
188.9 14.0 6.2 20.0 20.5 21.1 21.6 22.2 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.4 24.9 25.4 26.0 26.5 27.1 27.6 28.2
210.3 14.5 5.7 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2 24.7 25.3 25.9 26.5 27.1 27.7 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0
235.1 15.0 5.3 22.6 23.3 23.9 24.6 25.2 25.8 26.5 27.1 27.7 28.4 29.0 29.6 30.3 30.9 31.6 32.2
264.4 15.5 4.8 24.3 25.0 25.7 26.4 27.1 27.8 28.5 29.2 29.9 30.6 31.3 32.0 32.7 33.4 34.0 34.7
299.2 16.0 4.4 26.4 27.1 27.9 28.7 29.4 30.2 31.0 31.7 32.5 33.2 34.0 34.8 35.5 36.3 37.0 37.8
151
Appendix A
BITUMINOUS COAL
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 18.5 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.6 14.8 15.0
2.3 0.5 18.1 12.4 12.6 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3
4.8 1.0 17.6 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6
7.4 1.5 17.2 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9
10.1 2.0 16.7 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.2
13.0 2.5 16.3 13.2 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5
16.0 3.0 15.9 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8
19.2 3.5 15.4 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.2
22.6 4.0 15.0 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.5
26.1 4.5 14.5 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 17.9
29.9 5.0 14.1 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4
34.0 5.5 13.7 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8
38.3 6.0 13.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.3
42.9 6.5 12.8 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8
47.8 7.0 12.3 16.2 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4
53.1 7.5 11.9 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0
58.8 8.0 11.5 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6
65.0 8.5 11.0 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3
71.6 9.0 10.6 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0
78.8 9.5 10.1 18.8 19.1 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.5 21.8 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.2 23.5 23.9
86.7 10.0 9.7 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.2 21.6 21.9 22.3 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.0 24.4 24.7
95.3 10.5 9.3 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.7
104.7 11.0 8.8 21.0 21.4 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.5 24.8 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.8
115.1 11.5 8.4 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.6 28.0
126.6 12.0 7.9 22.8 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.6 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.3
139.5 12.5 7.5 23.9 24.4 24.8 25.3 25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.6 28.0 28.5 28.9 29.4 29.8 30.3 30.7
154.0 13.0 7.0 . 25.2 25.7 26.1 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 30.9 31.4 31.9 32.4
170.3 13.5 6.6 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.1 29.7 30.2 30.7 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.7 33.2 33.7 34.3
188.9 14.0 6.2 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.5 32.0 32.6 33.1 33.7 34.2 34.7 35.3 35.8 36.4
210.3 14.5 5.7 30.0 30.6 31.2 31.8 32.4 33.0 33.6 34.2 34.7 35.3 35.9 36.5 37.1 37.7 38.3 38.9
235.1 15.0 5.3 32.2 32.8 33.5 34.1 34.7 35.4 36.0 36.6 37.3 37.9 38.6 39.2 39.8 40.5 41.1 41.7
264.4 15.5 4.8 34.7 35.4 36.1 36.8 37.5 38.2 38.9 39.6 40.3 41.0 41.7 42.4 43.1 43.7 44.4 45.1
299.2 16.0 4.4 37.8 38.6 39.3 40.1 40.8 41.6 42.4 43.1 43.9 44.6 45.4 46.2 46.9 47.7 48.4 49.2
152
Appendix A
BITUMINOUS COAL
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 18.5 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9
2.3 0.5 18.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2
4.8 1.0 17.6 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6
7.4 1.5 17.2 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9
10.1 2.0 16.7 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3
13.0 2.5 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7
16.0 3.0 15.9 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1
19.2 3.5 15.4 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6
22.6 4.0 15.0 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0
26.1 4.5 14.5 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5
29.9 5.0 14.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1
34.0 5.5 13.7 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6
38.3 6.0 13.2 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2
42.9 6.5 12.8 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.9
47.8 7.0 12.3 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6
53.1 7.5 11.9 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3
58.8 8.0 11.5 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1
65.0 8.5 11.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.7 27.0
71.6 9.0 10.6 23.0 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.6 27.9
78.8 9.5 10.1 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.6 28.9
86.7 10.0 9.7 24.7 25.1 25.4 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.3 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.0
95.3 10.5 9.3 25.7 26.1 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.5 30.9 31.2
104.7 11.0 8.8 26.8 27.2 27.6 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.6
115.1 11.5 8.4 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.7 34.1
126.6 12.0 7.9 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.8 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.3 35.7
139.5 12.5 7.5 30.7 31.2 31.6 32.1 32.5 33.0 33.5 33.9 34.4 34.8 35.3 35.7 36.2 36.6 37.1 37.5
154.0 13.0 7.0 32.4 32.9 33.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3 35.7 36.2 36.7 37.2 37.7 38.2 38.6 39.1 39.6
170.3 13.5 6.6 34.3 34.8 35.3 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.3 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 39.9 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.9
188.9 14.0 6.2 36.4 36.9 37.5 38.0 38.6 39.1 39.7 40.2 40.8 41.3 41.9 42.4 43.0 43.5 44.1 44.6
210.3 14.5 5.7 38.9 39.4 40.0 40.6 41.2 41.8 42.4 43.0 43.6 44.1 44.7 45.3 45.9 46.5 47.1 47.7
235.1 15.0 5.3 41.7 42.4 43.0 43.6 44.3 44.9 45.5 46.2 46.8 47.5 48.1 48.7 49.4 50.0 50.6 51.3
264.4 15.5 4.8 45.1 45.8 46.5 47.2 47.9 48.6 49.3 50.0 50.7 51.4 52.1 52.7 53.4 54.1 54.8 55.5
299.2 16.0 4.4 49.2 50.0 50.7 51.5 52.3 53.0 53.8 54.5 55.3 56.1 56.8 57.6 58.3 59.1 59.9 60.6
153
Appendix A
BITUMINOUS COAL
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 18.5 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8
2.3 0.5 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2
4.8 1.0 17.6 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6
7.4 1.5 17.2 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0
10.1 2.0 16.7 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4
13.0 2.5 16.3 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9
16.0 3.0 15.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4
19.2 3.5 15.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 24.0
22.6 4.0 15.0 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5
26.1 4.5 14.5 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.1
29.9 5.0 14.1 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8
34.0 5.5 13.7 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4
38.3 6.0 13.2 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.2
42.9 6.5 12.8 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 27.9
47.8 7.0 12.3 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8
53.1 7.5 11.9 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7
58.8 8.0 11.5 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6
65.0 8.5 11.0 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.7
71.6 9.0 10.6 27.9 28.2 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.5 32.8
78.8 9.5 10.1 28.9 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.3 31.6 32.0 32.3 32.6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0
86.7 10.0 9.7 30.0 30.4 30.7 31.1 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.2 33.6 33.9 34.3 34.6 35.0 35.3
95.3 10.5 9.3 31.2 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.8 34.2 34.6 34.9 35.3 35.7 36.0 36.4 36.8
104.7 11.0 8.8 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.7 34.1 34.5 34.9 35.3 35.7 36.1 36.5 36.8 37.2 37.6 38.0 38.4
115.1 11.5 8.4 34.1 34.5 34.9 35.3 35.7 36.1 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.7 40.2
126.6 12.0 7.9 35.7 36.1 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.6 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.3 41.7 42.1
139.5 12.5 7.5 37.5 38.0 38.4 38.9 39.3 39.8 40.2 40.7 41.2 41.6 42.1 42.5 43.0 43.4 43.9 44.3
154.0 13.0 7.0 39.6 40.1 40.6 41.0 41.5 42.0 42.5 43.0 43.4 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.4 45.8 46.3 46.8
170.3 13.5 6.6 41.9 42.4 43.0 43.5 44.0 44.5 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.6 48.1 48.6 49.1 49.6
188.9 14.0 6.2 44.6 45.1 45.7 46.2 46.8 47.3 47.9 48.4 49.0 49.5 50.1 50.6 51.2 51.7 52.3 52.8
210.3 14.5 5.7 47.7 48.3 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.6 51.2 51.8 52.4 53.0 53.6 54.1 54.7 55.3 55.9 56.5
235.1 15.0 5.3 51.3 51.9 52.5 53.2 53.8 54.5 55.1 55.7 56.4 57.0 57.6 58.3 58.9 59.5 60.2 60.8
264.4 15.5 4.8 55.5 56.2 56.9 57.6 58.3 59.0 59.7 60.4 61.1 61.8 62.4 63.1 63.8 64.5 65.2 65.9
299.2 16.0 4.4 60.6 61.4 62.1 62.9 63.7 64.4 65.2 65.9 66.7 67.5 68.2 69.0 69.7 70.5 71.3 72.0
154
Bagasse
Specifications:
Moisture 50.0%
Carbon 45.0%
Hydrogen 6.4%
Ultimate CO, 20.3%
155
Appendix A
BAGASSE
150°F to 300°F

χ Χ Χ
AIR 150 160 170 180 190 ?oo ft o zzo 2 3 0
240 250 260 Z.10 280 290 3 OO
0.0 0.0 20.3 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.5 18.7
2.4 0.5 19.8 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8
4.9 1.0 19.3 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9
7.6 1.5 18.9 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1
10.3 2.0 18.4 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 19.0 19.2
13.3 2.5 17.9 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3
16.3 3.0 17.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5
19.6 3.5 16.9 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7
23.1 4.0 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8
26.7 4.5 16.0 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0
30.6 5.0 15.5 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.2
34.8 5.5 15.0 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.4
39.2 6.0 14.5 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6
43.9 6.5 14.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8
48.9 7.0 13.5 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.1
54.3 7.5 13.1 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.3
60.1 8.0 12.6 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6
66.4 8.5 12.1 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.9
73.2 9.0 11.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.2
80.6 9.5 11.1 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6
88.6 10.0 10.6 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.7 23.0
97.4 10.5 10.2 18.5 18.8 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 23.1 23.4
107.0 11.0 9.7 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.5 21.8 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.2 23.5 23.9
117.7 11.5 9.2 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.2 22.6 22.9 23.3 23.7 24.0 24.4
129.5 12.0 8.7 19.3 19.7 20.1 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.6 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.6 25.0
142.6 12.5 8.2 19.6 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.8 25.2 25.6
157.4 13.0 7.7 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.4 23.8 24.2 24.6 25.0 25.5 25.9 26.3
174.1 13.5 7.3 20.4 20.8 21.3 21.7 22.2 22.6 23.1 23.5 24.0 24.4 24.9 25.3 25.8 26.2 26.7 27.1
193.1 14.0 6.8 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.3 22.8 23.3 23.7 24.2 24.7 25.2 25.7 26.1 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.1
214.9 14.5 6.3 21.4 21.9 22.4 22.9 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.1 28.6 29.2
240.3 15.0 5.8 22.0 22.6 23.1 23.7 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5 27.1 27.6 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.9 30.4
270.2 15.5 5.3 22.8 23.4 24.0 24.6 25.2 25.8 26.4 27.0 27.6 28.2 28.9 29.5 30.1 30.7 31.3 31.9
305.8 16.0 4.8 23.7 24.3 25.0 25.7 26.3 27.0 27.7 28.3 29.0 29.7 30.3 31.0 31.7 32.3 33.0 33.7
156
Appendix A
BAGASSE
300°F to 450°F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 20.3 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2
2.4 0.5 19.8 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4
4.9 1.0 19.3 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6
7.6 1.5 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8
10.3 2.0 18.4 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0
13.3 2.5 17.9 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2
16.3 3.0 17.4 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4
19.6 3.5 16.9 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7
23.1 4.0 16.4 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9
26.7 4.5 16.0 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2
30.6 5.0 15.5 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4
34.8 5.5 15.0 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7
39.2 6.0 14.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1
43.9 6.5 14.0 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.4
48.9 7.0 13.5 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.3 24.5 24.8
54.3 7.5 13.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1
60.1 8.0 12.6 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.6
66.4 8.5 12.1 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0
73.2 9.0 11.6 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.5
80.6 9.5 11.1 22.6 22.9 23.2 23.5 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0
88.6 10.0 10.6 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6
97.4 10.5 10.2 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.3
107.0 11.0 9.7 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.9 25.2 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.3 28.6 29.0
117.7 11.5 9.2 24.4 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.7
129.5 12.0 8.7 25.0 25.3 25.7 26.1 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.2 30.6
142.6 12.5 8.2 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.2 29.6 30.0 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.6
157.4 13.0 7.7 26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.9 29.3 29.7 30.1 30.5 31.0 31.4 31.8 32.2 32.7
174.1 13.5 7.3 27.1 27.6 28.0 28.5 28.9 29.4 29.8 30.3 30.7 31.2 31.6 32.1 32.5 33.0 33.4 33.9
193.1 14.0 6.8 28.1 28.6 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.4 31.9 32.4 32.9 33.4 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.3
214.9 14.5 6.3 29.2 29.7 30.2 30.7 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.8 33.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.4 35.9 36.4 36.9
240.3 15.0 5.8 30.4 31.0 31.5 32.1 32.6 33.2 33.8 34.3 34.9 35.4 36.0 36.6 37.1 37.7 38.2 38.8
270.2 15.5 5.3 31.9 32.5 33.1 33.7 34.3 34.9 35.5 36.2 36.8 37.4 38.0 38.6 39.2 39.8 40.4 41.0
305.8 16.0 4.8 33.7 34.4 35.0 35.7 36.4 37.0 37.7 38.4 39.0 39.7 40.4 41.0 41.7 42.4 43.0 43.7
157
Appendix A
BAGASSE
450°F to 600°F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 20.3 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.6 22.8 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.8
2.4 0.5 19.8 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.8 24.0
4.9 1.0 19.3 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3
7.6 1.5 18.9 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.1 24.3 24.5
10.3 2.0 18.4 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8
13.3 2.5 17.9 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.0
16.3 3.0 17.4 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.1 25.3
19.6 3.5 16.9 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7
23.1 4.0 16.4 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0
26.7 4.5 16.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3
30.6 5.0 15.5 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7
34.8 5.5 15.0 23.7 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.1
39.2 6.0 14.5 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.5
43.9 6.5 14.0 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.7 28.0
48.9 7.0 13.5 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.5
54.3 7.5 13.1 25.1 25.4 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 29.0
60.1 8.0 12.6 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.3 29.5
66.4 8.5 12.1 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.1
73.2 9.0 11.6 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.8
80.6 9.5 11.1 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5
88.6 10.0 10.6 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.3
97.4 10.5 10.2 28.3 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.6 29.9 30.2 30.5 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.1
107.0 11.0 9.7 29.0 29.3 29.6 30.0 30.3 30.7 31.0 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.4 32.7 33.1 33.4 33.7 34.1
117.7 11.5 9.2 29.7 30.1 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.1
129.5 12.0 8.7 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.7 32.1 32.5 32.9 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.3
142.6 12.5 8.2 31.6 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.2 35.6 35.9 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.5
157.4 13.0 7.7 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.8 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.1 38.6 39.0
174.1 13.5 7.3 33.9 34.3 34.8 35.2 35.7 36.1 36.6 37.0 37.5 37.9 38.4 38.8 39.3 39.7 40.2 40.6
193.1 14.0 6.8 35.3 35.8 36.2 36.7 37.2 37.7 38.2 38.6 39.1 39.6 40.1 40.6 41.1 41.5 42.0 42.5
214.9 14.5 6.3 36.9 37.4 37.9 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.6 42.1 42.6 43.1 43.6 44.1 44.7
240.3 15.0 5.8 38.8 39.4 39.9 40.5 41.0 41.6 42.1 42.7 43.3 43.8 44.4 44.9 45.5 46.1 46.6 47.2
270.2 15.5 5.3 41.0 41.6 42.2 42.8 43.5 44.1 44.7 45.3 45.9 46.5 47.1 47.7 48.3 48.9 49.5 50.1
305.8 16.0 4.8 43.7 44.4 45.0 45.7 46.4 47.0 47.7 48.4 49.0 49.7 50.4 51.1 51.7 52.4 53.1 53.7
158
Appendix A
BAGASSE
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 20.3 23.8 24.0 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.1 26.3
2.4 0.5 19.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.6
4.9 1.0 19.3 24.3 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.9
7.6 1.5 18.9 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.2
10.3 2.0 18.4 24.8 25.0 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.5
13.3 2.5 17.9 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9
16.3 3.0 17.4 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9 28.1 28.3
19.6 3.5 16.9 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.7
23.1 4.0 16.4 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.1
26.7 4.5 16.0 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.3 29.5
30.6 5.0 15.5 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.0
34.8 5.5 15.0 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.3 29.6 29.8 30.0 30.2 30.5
39.2 6.0 14.5 27.5 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.4 29.6 29.8 30.1 30.3 30.5 30.8 31.0
43.9 6.5 14.0 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.1 31.3 31.6
48.9 7.0 13.5 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.7 29.9 30.2 30.4 30.7 30.9 31.2 31.4 31.7 31.9 32.2
54.3 7.5 13.1 29.0 29.2 29.5 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.5 30.8 31.0 31.3 31.5 31.8 32.0 32.3 32.6 32.8
60.1 8.0 12.6 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.1 31.4 31.7 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.7 33.0 33.2 33.5
66.4 8.5 12.1 30.1 30.4 30.7 31.0 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.4 33.7 34.0 34.3
73.2 9.0 11.6 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.7 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.1 33.4 33.7 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.1
80.6 9.5 11.1 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.6 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.0
88.6 10.0 10.6 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.8 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.0 36.3 36.6 36.9
97.4 10.5 10.2 33.1 33.5 33.8 34.1 34.4 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.1 36.4 36.7 37.0 37.4 37.7 38.0
107.0 11.0 9.7 34.1 34.4 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.8 36.1 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.5 37.8 38.2 38.5 38.8 39.2
117.7 11.5 9.2 35.1 35.5 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.3 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.7 39.0 39.4 39.8 40.1 40.5
129.5 12.0 8.7 36.3 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.6 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.2 41.5 41.9
142.6 12.5 8.2 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.1 41.5 41.9 42.3 42.7 43.1 43.5
157.4 13.0 7.7 39.0 39.4 39.8 40.3 40.7 41.1 41.5 41.9 42.4 42.8 43.2 43.6 44.1 44.5 44.9 45.3
174.1 13.5 7.3 40.6 41.1 41.5 42.0 42.4 42.9 43.3 43.8 44.2 44.7 45.1 45.6 46.0 46.5 46.9 47.4
193.1 14.0 6.8 42.5 43.0 43.5 43.9 44.4 44.9 45.4 45.9 46.3 46.8 47.3 47.8 48.3 48.7 49.2 49.7
214.9 14.5 6.3 44.7 45.2 45.7 46.2 46.7 47.2 47.8 48.3 48.8 49.3 49.8 50.3 50.9 51.4 51.9 52.4
240.3 15.0 5.8 47.2 47.7 48.3 48.8 49.4 50.0 50.5 51.1 51.6 52.2 52.8 53.3 53.9 54.4 55.0 55.6
270.2 15.5 5.3 50.1 50.8 51.4 52.0 52.6 53.2 53.8 54.4 55.0 55.6 56.2 56.8 57.5 58.1 58.7 59.3
305.8 16.0 4.8 53.7 54.4 55.1 55.7 56.4 57.1 57.7 58.4 59.1 59.7 60.4 61.1 61.7 62.4 63.1 63.7
159
Appendix A
BAGASSE
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 20.3 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.5 27.7 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.9
2.4 0.5 19.8 26.6 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.2
4.9 1.0 19.3 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.4 27.6 27.8 28.0 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6
7.6 1.5 18.9 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.8 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.8 29.9
10.3 2.0 18.4 27.5 27.7 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.8 30.0 30.1 30.3
13.3 2.5 17.9 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.8 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.7
16.3 3.0 17.4 28.3 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.8 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.0 31.2
19.6 3.5 16.9 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.5 30.7 30.9 31.1 31.3 31.5 31.7
23.1 4.0 16.4 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.5 30.7 30.9 31.1 31.3 31.5 31.7 31.9 32.2
26.7 4.5 16.0 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.1 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.3 32.5 32.7
30.6 5.0 15.5 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.1 31.3 31.5 31.7 31.9 32.1 32.4 32.6 32.8 33.0 33.2
34.8 5.5 15.0 30.5 30.7 30.9 31.1 31.4 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.3 32.5 32.7 32.9 33.2 33.4 33.6 33.8
39.2 6.0 14.5 31.0 31.2 31.5 31.7 31.9 32.2 32.4 32.6 32.8 33.1 33.3 33.5 33.8 34.0 34.2 34.5
43.9 6.5 14.0 31.6 31.8 32.0 32.3 32.5 32.8 33.0 33.2 33.5 33.7 33.9 34.2 34.4 34.7 34.9 35.1
48.9 7.0 13.5 32.2 32.4 32.7 32.9 33.2 33.4 33.6 33.9 34.1 34.4 34.6 34.9 35.1 35.4 35.6 35.9
54.3 7.5 13.1 32.8 33.1 33.3 33.6 33.8 34.1 34.3 34.6 34.9 35.1 35.4 35.6 35.9 36.1 36.4 36.6
60.1 8.0 12.6 33.5 33.8 34.0 34.3 34.6 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.6 35.9 36.2 36.4 36.7 37.0 37.2 37.5
66.4 8.5 12.1 34.3 34.5 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.6 35.9 36.2 36.5 36.7 37.0 37.3 37.6 37.8 38.1 38.4
73.2 9.0 11.6 35.1 35.4 35.7 35.9 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.4 37.7 37.9 38.2 38.5 38.8 39.1 39.4
80.6 9.5 11.1 36.0 36.3 36.6 36.9 37.2 37.5 37.8 38.1 38.4 38.7 39.0 39.3 39.6 39.8 40.1 40.4
88.6 10.0 10.6 36.9 37.3 37.6 37.9 38.2 38.5 38.8 39.1 39.4 39.7 40.1 40.4 40.7 41.0 41.3 41.6
97.4 10.5 10.2 38.0 38.3 38.7 39.0 39.3 39.6 40.0 40.3 40.6 40.9 41.3 41.6 41.9 42.2 42.6 42.9
107.0 11.0 9.7 39.2 39.5 39.9 40.2 40.5 40.9 41.2 41.6 41.9 42.2 42.6 42.9 43.3 43.6 43.9 44.3
117.7 11.5 9.2 40.5 40.8 41.2 41.5 41.9 42.3 42.6 43.0 43.3 43.7 44.1 44.4 44.8 45.1 45.5 45.8
129.5 12.0 8.7 41.9 42.3 42.7 43.0 43.4 43.8 44.2 44.5 44.9 45.3 45.7 46.1 46.4 46.8 47.2 47.6
142.6 12.5 8.2 43.5 43.9 44.3 44.7 45.1 45.5 45.9 46.3 46.7 47.1 47.5 47.9 48.3 48.7 49.1 49.5
157.4 13.0 7.7 45.3 45.7 46.2 46.6 47.0 47.4 47.9 48.3 48.7 49.1 49.5 50.0 50.4 50.8 51.2 51.7
174.1 13.5 7.3 47.4 47.8 48.3 48.7 49.2 49.6 50.1 50.5 51.0 51.4 51.9 52.3 52.8 53.2 53.7 54.1
193.1 14.0 6.8 49.7 50.2 50.7 51.1 51.6 52.1 52.6 53.1 53.6 54.0 54.5 55.0 55.5 56.0*56.4 56.9
214.9 14.5 6.3 52.4 52.9 53.4 54.0 54.5 55.0 55.5 56.0 56.5 57.1 57.6 58.1 58.6 59.1 59.6 60.2
240.3 15.0 5.8 55.6 56.1 56.7 57.2 57.8 58.3 58.9 59.5 60.0 60.6 61.1 61.7 62.3 62.8 63.4 63.9
270.2 15.5 5.3 59.3 59.9 60.5 61.1 61.7 62.3 62.9 63.5 64.1 64.8 65.4 66.0 66.6 67.2 67.8 68.4
305.8 16.0 4.8 63.7 64.4 65.1 65.7 66.4 67.1 67.7 68.4 69.1 69.8 70.4 71.1 71.8 72.4 73.1 73.8
160
Wood 10% Moisture
Specifications:
Moisture 10.0%
Carbon 50.0%
Hydrogen 6.5%
161
Appendix A
WOOD 10% MOISTURE
150°F to 300°F

AIR 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 20.0 10.8 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4
2.4 0.5 19.5 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.5
4.9 1.0 19.0 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7
7.5 1.5 18.6 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8
10.3 2.0 18.1 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9
13.2 2.5 17.6 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1
16.3 3.0 17.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2
19.5 3.5 16.7 11.2 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4
23.0 4.0 16.2 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6
26.6 4.5 15.7 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.8
30.5 5.0 15.2 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9
34.6 5.5 14.8 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.2
39.0 6.0 14.3 11.7 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.4
43.7 6.5 13.8 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 15.4 15.6
48.7 7.0 13.3 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.9
54.1 7.5 12.9 12.1 12.4 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.1
59.9 8.0 12.4 12.3 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.4
66.2 8.5 11.9 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8
72.9 9.0 11.4 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1
80.3 9.5 11.0 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.2 17.5
88.3 10.0 10.5 13.0 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.6 17.9
97.0 10.5 10.0 13.2 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.6 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.3
106.6 11.0 9.5 13.5 13.8 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.7 17.0 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.5 18.8
117.2 11.5 9.0 13.7 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.9 18.2 18.6 19.0 19.4
129.0 12.0 8.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.4 18.8 19.2 19.6 20.0
142.1 12.5 8.1 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.5 16.9 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.2 20.6
156.8 13.0 7.6 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.1 16.5 17.0 17.4 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.2 19.6 20.1 20.5 21.0 21.4
173.4 13.5 7.1 15.2 15.7 16.1 16.6 17.1 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.4 19.9 20.4 20.8 21.3 21.8 22.3
192.4 14.0 6.7 15.7 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.2 18.7 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.7 21.2 21.7 22.2 22.7 23.2
214.2 14.5 6.2 16.2 16.8 17.3 17.9 18.4 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.8 24.4
239.4 15.0 5.7 16.9 17.5 18.1 18.7 19.2 19.8 20.4 21.0 21.6 22.2 22.8 23.4 23.9 24.5 25.1 25.7
269.2 15.5 5.2 17.7 18.3 19.0 19.6 20.2 20.9 21.5 22.2 22.8 23.4 24.1 24.7 25.4 26.0 26.6 27.3
304.7 16.0 4.8 18.6 19.3 20.0 20.7 21.4 22.1 22.8 23.5 24.2 24.9 25.6 26.3 27.0 27.7 28.4 29.1
162
Appendix A
WOOD 10% MOISTURE
300°F to 450°F
X % X NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450
0.0 0.0 20.0 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1
2.4 0.5 19.5 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3
4.9 1.0 19.0 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.4
7.5 1.5 18.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6
10.3 2.0 18.1 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8
13.2 2.5 17.6 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1
16.3 3.0 17.1 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3
19.5 3.5 16.7 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.5
23.0 4.0 16.2 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8
26.6 4.5 15.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1
30.5 5.0 15.2 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4
34.6 5.5 14.8 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7
39.0 6.0 14.3 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.0
43.7 6.5 13.8 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.4
48.7 7.0 13.3 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.8
54.1 7.5 12.9 16.1 16.4 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.2
59.9 8.0 12.4 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.6
66.2 8.5 11.9 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.8 19.1 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1
72.9 9.0 11.4 17.1 17.4 17.7 18.0 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.3 21.6
80.3 9.5 11.0 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.9 22.2
88.3 10.0 10.5 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.2 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.5 22.8
97.0 10.5 10.0 18.3 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.0 20.4 20.7 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.4
106.6 11.0 9.5 18.8 19.2 19.5 19.9 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.5 23.8 24.2
117.2 11.5 9.0 19.4 19.7 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.4 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.2 24.6 25.0
129.0 12.0 8.6 20.0 20.4 20.8 21.2 21.6 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9
142.1 12.5 8.1 20.6 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.8 25.2 25.7 26.1 26.5 26.9
156.8 13.0 7.6 21.4 21.8 22.3 22.7 23.2 23.6 24.1 24.5 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.3 26.7 27.2 27.6 28.1
173.4 13.5 7.1 22.3 22.7 23.2 23.7 24.2 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 27.9 28.4 28.9 29.3
192.4 14.0 6.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.3 25.8 26.3 26.8 27.3 27.8 28.3 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.3 30.8
214.2 14.5 6.2 24.4 24.9 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.1 27.6 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.4 32.0 32.5
239.4 15.0 5.7 25.7 26.3 26.9 27.5 28.1 28.6 29.2 29.8 30.4 31.0 31.6 32.2 32.7 33.3 33.9 34.5
269.2 15.5 5.2 27.3 27.9 28.5 29.2 29.8 30.5 31.1 31.7 32.4 33.0 33.7 34.3 34.9 35.6 36.2 36.9
304.7 16.0 4.8 29.1 29.8 30.5 31.2 32.0 32.7 33.4 34.1 34.8 35.5 36.2 36.9 37.6 38.3 39.0 39.7
163
Appendix A
WOOD 10% MOISTURE
450°F to 600°F
X % X NET STACK TEMPERATURE DEG F

AIR 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
0.0 0.0 20.0 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.7
2.4 0.5 19.5 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0
4.9 1.0 19.0 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.2
7.5 1.5 18.6 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5
10.3 2.0 18.1 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8
13.2 2.5 17.6 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1
16.3 3.0 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4
19.5 3.5 16.7 17.5 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7
23.0 4.0 16.2 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0
26.6 4.5 15.7 18.1 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.4
30.5 5.0 15.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.7 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8
34.6 5.5 14.8 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2
39.0 6.0 14.3 19.0 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.7
43.7 6.5 13.8 19.4 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1
48.7 7.0 13.3 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.5 20.8 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.6
54.1 7.5 12.9 20.2 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2
59.9 8.0 12.4 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.5 24.8
66.2 8.5 11.9 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.4
72.9 9.0 11.4 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.1
80.3 9.5 11.0 22.2 22.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.9
88.3 10.0 10.5 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.4 24.7 25.1 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.7
97.0 10.5 10.0 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.5 24.8 25.2 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.6
106.6 11.0 9.5 24.2 24.5 24.9 25.3 25.6 26.0 26.3 26.7 27.0 27.4 27.8 28.1 28.5 28.8 29.2 29.5
117.2 11.5 9.0 25.0 25.4 25.8 26.1 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.6 28.0 28.4 28.8 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.6
129.0 12.0 8.6 25.9 26.3 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.9 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.0 31.4 31.8
142.1 12.5 8.1 26.9 27.3 27.8 28.2 28.6 29.0 29.4 29.8 30.3 30.7 31.1 31.5 31.9 32.4 32.8 33.2
156.8 13.0 7.6 28.1 28.5 28.9 29.4 29.8 30.3 30.7 31.2 31.6 32.0 32.5 32.9 33.4 33.8 34.3 34.7
173.4 13.5 7.1 29.3 29.8 30.3 30.8 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.7 33.1 33.6 34.1 34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.4
192.4 14.0 6.7 30.8 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 34.9 35.4 35.9 36.4 36.9 37.4 37.9 38.4
214.2 14.5 6.2 32.5 33.1 33.6 34.2 34.7 35.2 35.8 36.3 36.9 37.4 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.6 40.1 40.7
239.4 15.0 5.7 34.5 35.1 35.7 36.3 36.9 37.4 38.0 38.6 39.2 39.8 40.4 41.0 41.6 42.1 42.7 43.3
269.2 15.5 5.2 36.9 37.5 38.1 38.8 39.4 40.0 40.7 41.3 42.0 42.6 43.2 43.9 44.5 45.2 45.8 46.4
304.7 16.0 4.8 39.7 40.4 41.1 41.8 42.5 43.2 43.9 44.6 45.3 46.0 46.7 47.4 48.1 48.8 49.5 50.2
164
Appendix A
WOOD 10% MOISTURE
600°F to 750°F

AIR 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
0.0 0.0 20.0 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.0 21.2 21.4
2.4 0.5 19.5 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7
4.9 1.0 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0
7.5 1.5 18.6 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.3
10.3 2.0 18.1 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7
13.2 2.5 17.6 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1
16.3 3.0 17.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4
19.5 3.5 16.7 20.7 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8
23.0 4.0 16.2 21.0 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.3
26.6 4.5 15.7 21.4 21.6 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7
30.5 5.0 15.2 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.2
34.6 5.5 14.8 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8
39.0 6.0 14.3 22.7 22.9 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.3
43.7 6.5 13.8 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.9 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.9
48.7 7.0 13.3 23.6 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.7 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.5
54.1 7.5 12.9 24.2 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.3 25.5 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.2
59.9 8.0 12.4 24.8 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0
66.2 8.5 11.9 25.4 25.7 26.0 26.3 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.7
72.9 9.0 11.4 26.1 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6
80.3 9.5 11.0 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.7 29.0 29.4 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5
88.3 10.0 10.5 27.7 28.0 28.3 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.6 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.3 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.6
97.0 10.5 10.0 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.6 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.3 31.6 32.0 32.3 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.7
106.6 11.0 9.5 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.3 31.7 32.0 32.4 32.8 33.1 33.5 33.8 34.2 34.6 34.9
117.2 11.5 9.0 30.6 31.0 31.4 31.8 32.1 32.5 32.9 33.3 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 35.1 35.5 35.9 36.3
129.0 , 12.0 8.6 31.8 32.2 32.6 33.0 33.4 33.8 34.2 34.6 35.0 35.4 35.8 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8
142.1 12.5 8.1 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.9 35.3 35.7 36.1 36.5 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.2 38.6 39.0 39.5
156.8 13.0 7.6 34.7 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.5 36.9 37.4 37.8 38.3 38.7 39.1 39.6 40.0 40.5 40.9 41.4
173.4 13.5 7.1 36.4 36.9 37.4 37.8 38.3 38.8 39.3 39.7 40.2 40.7 41.2 41.6 42.1 42.6 43.0 43.5
192.4 14.0 6.7 38.4 38.9 39.4 39.9 40.4 40.9 41.4 41.9 42.4 42.9 43.4 44.0 44.5 45.0 45.5 46.0
214.2 14.5 6.2 40.7 41.2 41.7 42.3 42.8 43.4 43.9 44.5 45.0 45.5 46.1 46.6 47.2 47.7 48.3 48.8
239.4 15.0 5.7 43.3 43.9 44.5 45.1 45.7 46.2 46.8 47.4 48.0 48.6 49.2 49.8 50.4 50.9 51.5 52.1
269.2 15.5 5.2 46.4 47.1 47.7 48.4 49.0 49.6 50.3 50.9 51.6 52.2 52.8 53.5 54.1 54.7 55.4 56.0
304.7 16.0 4.8 50.2 50.9 51.6 52.3 53.0 53.7 54.4 55.1 55.8 56.5 57.2 57.9 58.6 59.3 60.0 60.7
165
Next Page
Appendix A
WOOD 10% MOISTURE
750°F to 900°F

AIR 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900
0.0 0.0 20.0 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1
2.4 0.5 19.5 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.0 24.2 24.4
4.9 1.0 19.0 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8
7.5 1.5 18.6 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2
10.3 2.0 18.1 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6
13.2 2.5 17.6 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0
16.3 3.0 17.1 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5
19.5 3.5 16.7 23.8 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0
23.0 4.0 16.2 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.5
26.6 4.5 15.7 24.7 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.5 26.7 27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.1
30.5 5.0 15.2 25.2 25.5 25.7 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.2 28.4 28.7
34.6 5.5 14.8 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.6 28.8 29.0 29.3
39.0 6.0 14.3 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.5 27.8 28.0 28.2 28.5 28.7 29.0 29.2 29.5 29.7 29.9
43.7 6.5 13.8 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.7 27.9 28.2 28.4 28.7 28.9 29.2 29.4 29.7 29.9 30.2 30.4 30.7
48.7 7.0 13.3 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.3 28.6 28.8 29.1 29.4 29.6 29.9 30.1 30.4 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.4
54.1 7.5 12.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.8 30.1 30.4 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.4 31.7 32.0 32.2
59.9 8.0 12.4 29.0 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.7 32.0 32.3 32.6 32.8 33.1
66.2 8.5 11.9 29.7 30.0 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.3 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.8 34.1
72.9 9.0 11.4 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.4 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.6 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.1
80.3 9.5 11.0 31.5 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.1 33.4 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.0 35.3 35.6 35.9 36.2
88.3 10.0 10.5 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.2 35.5 35.8 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.5
97.0 10.5 10.0 33.7 34.0 34.4 34.7 35.0 35.4 35.7 36.1 36.4 36.8 37.1 37.4 37.8 38.1 38.5 38.8
106.6 11.0 9.5 34.9 35.3 35.6 36.0 36.3 36.7 37.1 37.4 37.8 38.1 38.5 38.8 39.2 39.6 39.9 40.3
117.2 11.5 9.0 36.3 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.1 38.5 38.9 39.3 39.6 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.2 41.5 41.9
129.0 12.0 8.6 37.8 38.2 38.6 39.0 39.4 39.8 40.2 40.5 40.9 41.3 41.7 42.1 42.5 42.9 43.3 43.7
142.1 12.5 8.1 39.5 39.9 40.3 40.7 41.1 41.6 42.0 42.4 42.8 43.2 43.6 44.1 44.5 44.9 45.3 45.7
156.8 13.0 7.6 41.4 41.8 42.2 42.7 43.1 43.6 44.0 44.5 44.9 45.4 45.8 46.2 46.7 47.1 47.6 48.0
173.4 13.5 7.1 43.5 44.0 44.5 44.9 45.4 45.9 46.3 46.8 47.3 47.8 48.2 48.7 49.2 49.7 50.1 50.6
192.4 14.0 6.7 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 50.0 50.5 51.0 51.5 52.0 52.5 53.0 53.5
214.2 14.5 6.2 48.8 49.3 49.9 50.4 51.0 51.5 52.1 52.6 53.1 53.7 54.2 54.8 55.3 55.9 56.4 56.9
239.4 15.0 5.7 52.1 52.7 53.3 53.9 54.5 55.1 55.6 56.2 56.8 57.4 58.0 58.6 59.2 59.7 60.3 60.9
269.2 15.5 5.2 56.0 56.7 57.3 57.9 58.6 59.2 59.9 60.5 61.1 61.8 62.4 63.1 63.7 64.3 65.0 65.6
304.7 16.0 4.8 60.7 61.4 62.1 62.8 63.5 64.2 64.9 65.6 66.3 67.0 67.7 68.4 69.1 69.8 70.5 71.2
166
Appendix Β
Carbon Monoxide
Energy Loss
Tables
209
Appendix Β
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide Energy Loss Table

for
Natural Gas
NATURAL GAS
CARBON HONOXIDE HEAT LOSSES (Χ)
X Χ Χ CARBON HONOXIDE PARTS PER HILLION (PPH)

EXCESS OXYGEN C02
AIR 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0.0 0.0 11.7 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.45
2.2 0.5 11.4 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.46
4.4 1.0 11.1 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47
6.8 1.5 10.9 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.48
9.3 2.0 10.6 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50
12.0 2.5 10.3 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51
14.8 3.0 10.0 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.53
17.7 3.5 9.8 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.54
20.8 4.0 9.5 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.56
24.1 4.5 9.2 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.57
27.6 5.0 8.9 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.59
31.4 5.5 8.6 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.57 0.61
35.4 6.0 8.4 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.63
39.6 6.5 8.1 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.65
44.2 7.0 7.8 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.63 0.68
49.0 7.5 7.5 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.70
54.3 8.0 7.2 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.73
60.0 8.5 7.0 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.71 0.76
66.1 9.0 6.7 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79
72.8 9.5 6.4 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.51 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.72 0.77 0.82
80.0 10.0 6.1 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.70 0.75 0.81 0.86
88.0 10.5 5.9 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.56 0.62 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.90
96.7 11.0 5.6 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.53 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.95
106.3 11.5 5.3 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.68 0.75 0.81 0.87 0.93 1.00
117.0 12.0 5.0 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.26 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.05
128.9 12.5 4.7 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.04 1.11
142.3 13.0 4.5 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.89 0.96 1.03 1.11 1.18
157.4 13.5 4.2 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.71 0.79 0.87 0.95 1.02 1.10 1.18 1.26
174.6 14.0 3.9 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.18 1.27 1.35
194.4 14.5 3.6 0.09 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.64 0.73 0.82 0.91 1.00 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.36 1.45
217.4 15.0 3.3 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.79 0.89 0.99 1.08 1.18 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58
244.4 15.5 3.1 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.64 0.75 0.86 0.97 1.07 1.18 1.29 1.40 1.50 1.61 1.72
276.7 16.0 2.8 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.71 0.83 0.95 1.06 1.18 1.30 1.42 1.54 1.65 1.77 1.89
210
Appendix Β
Carbon Monoxide

for
Fuel Oil
FUEL OIL
CARBON MONOXIDE HEAT LOSSES (X)
% % % CARBON MONOXIDE PARTS PER MILLION (PPM)

EXCESS OXYGEN C02
AIR 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0.0 0.0 11.7 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.47
2.2 0.5 11.4 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.49
4.4 1.0 11.1 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50
6.8 1.5 10.9 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51
9.3 2.0 10.6 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.52
12.0 2.5 10.3 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.54
14.8 3.0 10.0 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55
17.7 3.5 9.8 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.57
20.8 4.0 9.5 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.55 0.59
24.1 4.5 9.2 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.60
27.6 5.0 8.9 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.58 0.62
31.4 5.5 8.6 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64
35.4 6.0 8.4 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66
39.6 6.5 8.1 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.69
44.2 7.0 7.8 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.67 0.71
49.0 7.5 7.5 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.74
54.3 8.0 7.2 0.05 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.67 0.72 0.77
60.0 8.5 7.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
66.1 9.0 6.7 0.05 0.10 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83
72.8 9.5 6.4 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.87
80.0 10.0 6.1 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.57 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.91
88.0 10.5 5.9 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.53 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.95
96.7 11.0 5.6 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.87 0.93 1.00
106.3 11.5 5.3 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.26 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.98 1.05
117.0 12.0 5.0 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.69 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.04 1.11
128.9 12.5 4.7 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.81 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.10 1.17
142.3 13.0 4.5 0.08 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.55 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.25
157.4 13.5 4.2 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.66 0.75 0.83 0.91 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.25 1.33
174.6 14.0 3.9 0.09 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62 0.71 0.80 0.89 0.98 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.34 1.42
194.4 14.5 3.6 0.10 0.19 0.29 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.67 0.77 0.86 0.96 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.53
217.4 15.0 3.3 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.42 0.52 0.62 0.73 0.83 0.93 1.04 1.14 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.66
244.4 15.5 3.1 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.57 0.68 0.79 0.91 1.02 1.13 1.25 1.36 1.47 1.59 1.70 1.81
276.7 16.0 2.8 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.75 0.87 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.37 1.50 1.62 1.74 1.87 1.99
211
Appendix Β
Carbon Monoxide

for
Coal
COAL
CARBON MONOXIDE HEAT LOSSES (%)
X X X CARBON MONOXIDE PARTS PER MILLION (PPM)

EXCESS OXYGEN C02
AIR 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0.0 0.0 11.7 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.51
2.2 0.5 11.4 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.52
4.4 1.0 11.1 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.53
6.8 1.5 10.9 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.54
9.3 2.0 10.6 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.56
12.0 2.5 10.3 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.57
14.8 3.0 10.0 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.59
17.7 3.5 9.8 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.61
20.8 4.0 9.5 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.62
24.1 4.5 9.2 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64
27.6 5.0 8.9 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66
31.4 5.5 8.6 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.69
35.4 6.0 8.4 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.71
39.6 6.5 8.1 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.46 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.64 0.69 0.73
44.2 7.0 7.8 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.71 0.76
49.0 7.5 7.5 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79
54.3 8.0 7.2 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82
60.0 8.5 7.0 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.53 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.80 0.85
66.1 9.0 6.7 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.83 0.89
72.8 9.5 6.4 0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.87 0.92
80.0 10.0 6.1 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.78 0.85 0.91 0.97
88.0 10.5 5.9 0.06 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.82 0.89 0.95 1.01
96.7 11.0 5.6 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53 0.60 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.00 1.06
106.3 11.5 5.3 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12
117.0 12.0 5.0 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.89 0.96 1.03 1.11 1.18
128.9 12.5 4.7 0.08 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.55 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.86 0.94 1.02 1.09 1.17 1.25
142.3 13.0 4.5 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.66 0.75 0.83 0.91 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.25 1.33
157.4 13.5 4.2 0.09 0.18 0.27 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62 0.71 0.80 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.15 1.24 1.33 1.42
174.6 14.0 3.9 0.09 0.19 0.28 0.38 0.47 0.57 0.66 0.76 0.85 0.95 1.04 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.52
194.4 14.5 3.6 0.10 0.20 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.61 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.02 1.12 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.53 1.63
217.4 15.0 3.3 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.66 1.77
244.4 15.5 3.1 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 0.85 0.97 1.09 1.21 1.33 1.45 1.57 1.69 1.81 1.93
276.7 16.0 2.8 0.13 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.66 0.80 0.93 1.06 1.20 1.33 1.46 1.59 1.73 1.86 1.99 2.12
212
Appendix C
Tables
1. Gravities, Densities and Heats of Combustion of Fuel Oils.
2. Steam Tables.
3. Energy Properties of Water at Various Temperatures.
4. Water Pressure Conversion Tables.
5. Thermal Properties of Water.
6. Useful Conversion Factors.
7. Centigrade-Fahrenheit Conversion Tables.
8. Electrical Operating Costs.
Acknowledgement: Information contained in the following tables was provided by the

American Boiler Manufacturers Association.
213
Appendix C
GRAVITIES, DENSITIES AND HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS

VALUES FOR 10 TO 49 DEG. API, INCLUSIVE. REPRINTED FROM BUREAU OF STANDARDS
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 97, "THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS."
GRAVITY AT DENSITY TOTAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION NET HEAT OF COMBUSTION

60/60"F AT 6 0 ° F (At C o n s t a n t Volum«) (At Constant Pressura)
DEG. SPECIFIC LB. PER BTU PER BTU PER

B TU GAL. CAL. PER G BTU GAL C A L PER G
! API GRAVITY GAL. PER LB. PER LB.
AT 60* F AT 60* F
1.0366 8.643 18.250 157,700 10,140 17,290 149,400 9.610

\ I 1.0291 8.580 18,330 157,300 10,180 17,340 148,800 9,650
1.0217 8.518 18,390 156.600 10,210 17,390 148,100 9,670
! 8 1.0143 8.457 18,440 155.900 10.240 17,440 147,500 9,700
1.0071 8.397 18,490 155,300 10,270 17,490 146,900 9,720
i
1
9
1.0000 8.337 146,200
10 18,540 154.600 10,300 17,540 9,740
0.9930 8.279 18,590 153,900 10.330 17,580 145,600 9,770
i 1
H
2
0.9861 8.221 18,640 153.300 10,360 17,620 144,900 9,790
!
0.9792 8.164 18,690 152,600 10,390 17,670 144,200 9,810
13
14 0.9725 8.108 18,740 152.000 10,410 17,710 143,600 9,840
11 5 0.9659 8.053 18,790 151.300 10,440 17,750 142,900 9,860
16 0.9593 7.998 18,840 150,700 10.470 17,790 142,300 9,880
17 0.9529 7.944 18,890 150,000 10,490 17,820 141,600 9,900
i 18 0.9465 7.891 18,930 149,400 10,520 17,860 140,900 9,920
! 19 0.9402 7.839 18,980 148.800 10,540 17,900 140,300 9,940
: 20 0.9340 7.787 19,020 148,100 10,570 17,930 139,600 9,960
! 21 0.9279 7.736 19,060 147,500 10.590 17,960 139,000 9,980
i 22 0.9218 7.686 19,110 146,800 10,620 18,000 138,300 10.000
! 23 0.9159 7.636 19,150 146.200 10,640 18,030 137,700 10,020
1 24 0.9100 7.587 19,190 145.600 10,660 18,070 137,100 10,040
25 0.9042 7.538 19,230 145,000 10,680 18,100 136,400 10,050
26 0.8984 7.490 19,270 144,300 10,710 18,130 135,800 10,070
27 0.8927 7.443 19,310 143,700 10,730 18,160 135,200 10,090
28 0.8871 7.396 19.350 143.100 10,750 18,190 134,600 10,110
29 0.8816 7.350 19.380 142.500 10,770 18,220 133,900 10,120
30 0.8762 7.305 19,420 141.800 10,790 18,250 133,300 10,140
31 0.8708 7.260 19,450 141,200 10,810 18,280 132,700 10,150
32 0.8654 7.215 19,490 140,600 10.830 18,310 132,100 10,170
33 0.8602 7.171 19.520 140,000 10.850 18,330 131,500 10.180
34 0.8550 7.128 19,560 139.400 10.860 18,360 130,900 10,200
35 0.8498 7.085 19.590 138.800 10.880 18,390 130,300 10,210
36 0.8448 7.043 19,620 138.200 10.900 18,410 129,700 10,230
37 0.8398 7.001 19.650 137,600 10.920 18,430 129,100 10,240
38 0.8348 6.960 19.680 137.000 10.940 18,460 128,500 10.260
39 0.8299 6.920 19.720 136,400 10,950 18,480 127,900 10,270
40 0.8251 6.879 19.750 135.800 10,970 18.510 127,300 10,280
41 0.8203 6.839 19.780 135,200 10,990 18.530 126,700 10,300
42 0.8155 6.799 19.810 134.700 11.000 18.560 126,200 10,310
43 0.8109 6.760 19.830 134.100 11,020 18,580 125,600 10,320
44 0.8063 6.722 19.860 133.500 11.030 18.600 125.000 10,330
45 0.8017 6.684 19,890 132.900 11,050 18,620 124,400 10,340
46 0.7972 6.646 19,920 132.400 11.070 13.640 123,900 10,360
47 0.7927 6.609 19,940 131.900 11.080 18,660 123,300 10,370
48 0.7883 6.572 19,970 131.200 11.100 18.680 122,800 10,380
49 0.7839 6.536 20,000 130,700 11.110 18,700 122,200 10,390
Table 1. Gravities, Densities and Heats of Combustion of Fuel Oils.
214
Appendix C
STEAM TABLES
Heat Content Above 32 D e g r e e s F
Gage Saturation Specific S e n s i b l e Heat Latent H e a t

or Boiling or H e a t of Total
Pre*sur* Volume H e a t of l i q u i d Evaporation Heat
Temperatur« (Cu. FL/Lb.)
(P«g) ( D e g r e e s F) (Btu/lbJ (Btu/lb.) (Btu/lb.)
0 212.0 ! 26.80 180.1 970.3 1150.4

1 215.5 1 25.13 183.6 968.1 1151.7
2 218.7 23.72 186.8 966.0 1152.8
3 221.7 1 22.47 189.8 964.1 1153.9
4 224.5 21.35 192.7 962.3 1155.0
5 227.3 J 20.34 195.5 960.5 1156.1
6 229.9 19.42 198.2 958.8 1157.0
7 232.4 18.58 200.7 957.2 1157.9
8 234.9 j 17.81 203.2 955.6 1158.8
9 237.2 17.11 205.6 954.1 1159.7
10 239.5 1 16.46 207.9 952.5 1160.4
11 241.7 j 15.86 210.1 951.1 1161.2
12 243.8 ! 15.31 212.2 949.7 1161.9
13 245.9 1 14.79 214.3 948.3 1162.6
ι
14 247.9 14.31 216.4 946.9 1163.2
15 249.8 13.86 218.3 945.6 1163.9
16 251.7 Ι 13.43 220.3 944.3 1164.6
17 253.6 13.03 222.2 943.0 1165.2
18 255.4 12.66 224.0 941.8 1165.8
19 257.1 12.31 225.7 940.6 1166.3
20 258.8 11.98 227.5 939.5 1167.0
21 260.5 11.67 229.2 938.3 1167.5
22 262.2 11.37 230.9 937.2 1168.1
23 263.8 11.08 232.5 936.1 1168.6
24 265.4 10.82 234.1 935.0 1169.1
25 266.9 10.56 235.6 934.0 1169.6
30 274.1 9.45 243.0 928.9 1171.9
35 280.7 8.56 249.8 924.2 1174.0
40 286.8 7.82 256.0 919.8 1175.8
45 292.4 7.20 261.8 915.7 1177.5
50 297.7 6.68 267.2 911.8 1179.0
55 302.7 6.23 272.4 908.1 1180.5
60 307.3 5.83 277.2 904.6 1181.8
65 311.8 5.49 281.8 901.3 1183.1
70 316.4 5.18 286.2 898.0 1184.2
75 320.1 4.91 290.4 894.8 1185.2
80 323.9 4.66 294.4 891.9 1186.3
85 327.6 4.44 298.2 899.0 1187.2
90 331.2 4.24 301.9 886.1 1188.0
95 334.6 4.06 305.5 883.3 1188.8
100 337.9 3.89 308.9 880.7 1189.6
105 341.1 3.74 312.3 878.1 1190.4
110 344.2 3.59 315.5 875.5 1191.0
115 347.2 3.46 318.7 873.0 1191.7
120 350.1 3.34 321.7 870.7 1192.4
Table 2. Steam Tables.
215
Appendix C
— STEAM TABLES — (Continued)

Heat Content Above 32 D e g r e e s F
Saturation S e n s i b l e Heat Latent Heat Total
Gag« or Boiling Specific or H e e t of
Pressure Volume Heat
Temperatur« Heat oHJquid Evaporation (Btu/lb.)
(Pftit) (Cu. FL/Lb.) (Btu/lb.)
( D e g r e e s F) (Btu/lb.)
125 352.9 3.23 324.7 868.3 1193.0

130 355.6 3.12 327.6 865.9 1193.5
135 358.3 3.C2 330.4 863.7 1194.1
140 360.9 2.93 333.1 861.5 1194.6
145 363.4 2.84 335.8 859.3 1195.1
150 365.9 2.76 338.4 857.2 1195.6
155 368.3 2.68 340.9 855.0 1195.9
160 370.6 2.61 343.4 853.0 1196.4
165 372.9 2.54 345.9 850.9 1196.8
170 375.2 2.47 348.3 848.9 1197.2
175 377.4 2.41 350.7 846.9 1197.6
180 379.5 2.35 353.0 845.0 1198.Ö
185 381.6 2.30 355.2 843.1 1198.3
190 383.7 2.24 357.4 841.2 1198.6
195 385.8 2.19 359.6 839.2 1198.8
200 387.8 2.13 361.9 837.4 1199.3
210 391.7 2.04 366.0 833.8 1199.9
220 395.5 1.95 370.1 830.3 1200.4
—J
230 399.1 1.88 374.1 826.8 1200.9
240 402.7 1.81 377.8 823.4 1201.3
250 406.1 1.74 381.6 820.1 1201.7
260 409.4 1.68 385.2 816.9 1202.1
270 412.6 1.62 388.7 813.7 1202.4
280 415.7 1.56 392.1 810.5 1202.7
290 418.8 1.52 395.5 807.5 1202.9
300 421.8 1.47 398.7 804.5 1203.2
400 448.2 1.12 428.1 776.4 1204.6
500 470.0 0.90 452.9 751.3 1204.3
600 488.8 0.75 474.6 728.3 1202.9
Table 2. Steam Tables (Continued).
216
Appendix C
Enthalpy of Water
Btu/Lb
Temperature Btu/Lb
(F°)
32 0.00
35 3.02
40 8.05
45 13.06
50 10.07
60 28.06
70 38.04
80 48.02
90 57.99
100 67.97
110 77.94
120 87.92
130 97.90
140 107.89
150 117.89
160 127.89
170 137.90
180 147.92
190 157.95
200 167.99
210 178.05
212 180.07
220 188.13
230 198.23
240 208.34
250 218.48
260 228.64
270 238.34
280 249.06
290 259.31
300 269.59
400 374.97
500 487.80
600 617.00
700 823.30
Table 3. Enthalpy of Water (Btu/lb).
217
Appendix C
WATER PRESSURE CONVERSION TABLES
Changing Feet of Head Changing Pounds/Sq. In.

To Pounds/Sq. In. To Feet of Head
Feet of Head Pounds/Sq.In. ; j Pounds/Sq. In. Feet of Head
1 .43 i 1 2.31
2 .87 j ι 2 4.62
3 1.30 1 3 6.93
4 1.73 i 4 9.24
5 2.17 5 11.54
6 2.60 6 13.85
7 3.03 7 16.16
8 3.40 8 18.47
9 3.90 1 9 20.78
10 4.33 ! 10 23.09
20 8.66 15 34.63
30 12.99 ! 20 46.18
40 17.32 25 57.72
50 21.65 30 69.27
60 25.99 40 92.36
70 30.32 50 115.45
80 34.65 ; 60 138.54
90 38.98 70 161.63
100 43.31 80 184.72
110 47.64 90 207.81
120 51.97 100 230.90
130 56.30 110 253.98
140 60.63 120 277.07
150 64.96 j 125 288.62
160 69.29 130 300.16
170 73.63 140 323.25
180 77.96 150 346.34
190 ι 83.29 160 369.43
200 ! 86.62 î 170 392.52
225 ! 97.45 j 180 415.61
250 ! 108.27 j 190 j 438.90
275 ! 119.10 200 · 461.78
300 129.93 1 225 519.51
325 ! 140.75 ! 250 577.24
350 151.58 1 275 643.03
400 173.24 300 692.69
500 216.55 325 750.41
600 259.85 350 808.13
700 303.16 1 375 865.89
800 Î 346.47 400 922.58
900 389.78 j 500 1154.48
1000 433.09 j j 1000 ι 2308.00
Table 4. Water Pressure Conversion Tables.
218
Appendix C
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
Saturation
Water Pressure Specific Specific Heat
Density Weight Specific
Temperature (Inches of Mercury Volume (Btu/lb. -
(lb./cu. ft.) (Ib./gal.) Gravity
(Degrees F) Vacuum (Cu. ft./lb.) Degrees F - H r . )
or (psig)
32 29.8 .01602 62.42 8.345 1.0093 1.001
40 29.7 .01602 62.42 8.345 1.0048 1.001
50 29.6 .01603 62.38 8.340 1.0015 1.000
60 29.5 .01604 62.34 8.334 .9995 1.000
70 29.3 .01606 62.27 8.325 .9982 .998
80 28.9 .01608 62.19 8.314 .9975 .997
90 28.6 .01610 62.11 8.303 .9971 .996
100 28.1 .01613 62.00 8.289 .9970 .994
110 27.4 .01617 61.84 8.267 .9971 .991
120 26.6 .01620 61.73 8.253 .9974 .990
130 25.5 .01625 61.54 8.227 .9978 .987
140 24.1 .01629 61.39 8.207 .9984 .984
150 22.4 .01634 61.20 8.182 .9990 .981
160 20.3 .01639 61.01 8.156 .9998 .978
170 17.8 .01645 60.79 8.127 1.0007 .975
180 14.7 .01651 60.57 8.098 1.0017 .971
190 10.9 .01657 60.35 8.068 1.0028 .968
200 6.5 .01663 60.13 8.039 1.0039 .964
210 1.2 .01670 59.88 8.005 1.0052 .960
212 0.0 .01672 59.81 7.996 1.0055 .959
220 2.5 .01677 59.63 7.972 1.0068 .956
240 10.3 .01692 59.10 7.901 1.0104 .947
260 20.7 .01709 58.51 7.822 1.0148 .938
280 34.5 .01726 57.94 7.746 1.020 .929
300 52.3 .01745 57.31 7.662 1.026 .919
350 119.9 .01799 55.59 7.432 1.044 .891
400 232.6 .01864 53.65 7.172 1.067 .860
450 407.9 .0194 51.55 6.892 1.095 .826
500 666.1 .0204 49.02 6.553 1.130 .786
550 1030.5 .0218 45.87 6.132 1.200 .735
600 1528.2 .0236 42.37 5.664 1.362 .679
700 3079.0 .0369 27.10 3.623 .434
Table 5. Thermal Properties of Water.
219
Appendix C
USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS
WEIGHT, AREA, VOLUME
1 cu. ft. w a t e r - 6 2 . 4 Ib. @ 60°F
1 US g a l . - 8 . 3 4 lb. water @ 60°F
1 U S g a l . - 2 3 1 c u . i n . - 0 . 1 3 4 c u . f t . - 0 . 8 3 3 Imp. gal.
1 Imp. g a l . - 2 7 7 . 4 c u . i n . - 1 . 2 US gal.
1 l b . - 4 5 3 . 6 grams ( g ) - 0 . 4 5 4 kilograms (kg)
1 k g - 1 0 0 0 g - 2 . 2 lb.
1 cu. f t . - 1 7 2 8 c u . i n . - 7 . 4 8 US g a l . - 6 . 2 3 Imp. gal.
1 s l u g - 3 2 . 2 lb.
1 g a l . - 0 . 1 3 3 6 8 cu. ft.
PRESSURE AND FLOW
1 Atmosphere (atm) - 1 4 . 7 psig
1 Ib./sq. i n . - 2 . 0 4 in. Hg@ 6 2 ° F - 2 . 3 1 ft. water @ 62°F
p s i a - p s i g + 14.7
3
g / c m - s p . gr.
sp. g r . x 6 2 . 4 - l b . / c u . ft.
1 g p m - 0 . 1 3 4 cu. f t . / m i n . - 5 0 0 I b . / h r . x s p . gr.
1 cu. f t . / m i n . ( c f m ) - 4 4 8 . 8 gal./hr. (gph)
1 c e n t i p o i s e - 2 . 4 2 lb./ft. hr.
1 lb./ft. sec. - 1 4 8 8 c e n t i p o i s e s - 3 6 0 0 l b . / f t . hr.
WORK AND POWER
1 h p - 0 . 7 4 5 k w - 4 2 . 4 B t u / m i n . - 2 5 4 4 B t u / h r . - 33,000 ft. I b . / m i n .
1 boiler hp ( b h p ) - 3 3 . 4 7 5 Btu/hr.
1 k w - 1 0 0 0 watts ( w ) - 1 . 3 4 1 h p - 5 6 . 8 8 B t u / m i n . - 3413 B t u / h r .
1 kw h r . - 1 0 0 0 w h r . - 3 4 1 3 Btu
1 B t u - 0 . 0 2 9 kw n r . - 7 7 8 ft. l b . - 0 . 5 5 5 peu (lb. °C unit)
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Kelvin t e m p , s c a l e » ° C + 273.16
Rankine t e m p , s c a l e - F + 4 5 9 . 7
HEAT TRANSFER
3
1 B t u / h r . ft.- F - 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 5 5 g c a l . / s e c . c m . - °C
2 2
1 g c a l . / s e c . c m . ° C - 7 3 8 0 Btu/hr. f t . °F
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
2
1 B t u / h r . ft.- ° F / f t . - 0 . 0 0 4 1 3 g c a l . / s e c . c m . °C/cm.
2 1
1 g c a l . / s e c . c m . ° C / c m . - 2 4 2 Btu/hr. f t . °F/ft.
Table 6· Useful Conversion Factors.
220
Appendix C
0 te HX
I 1 00 te1000 1000 to2000 200011> 3000
Τ
•c •r •c • •F •c •F •c •F •c •F •c • •F •c • •F •c • *F
- 17.8 S i 32 10.0 50 122.0 38 100 212 260 500 932 518 1000 1832 816 1500 2732 1093 2000 J632 1371 2500 4532
- 17.2 I I 33.8 10.6 51 123 8 43 110 230 266 (_5I0 950 ' 543 1010 1850 821 1510 2750 1099 2010 3650 1377 2510 4550
- 16.7 2 35.6 11.1 52 125.6 49 _120_ 248 271 "520 968 549 1020 1868 _827 1520 2768 1104 2020 3668 1382 2520 ! 4563
- 16.1 2 37 4 11.7 53 127 4 54 130 266 2 7 7 ~ " 520 986 554 1030 1886 832 1530 2786 1110 2030 3686 1388 2530 4586
- 15.6 4 39.2 12.2 54 129.2 60 140 284 282 540 1004 560 1040 1904 838 1540 2304 1116 2040 3704 1393 2540 4604
- 15.0 :
5 ; 41.0 12.8 55 131.0 66 1 150 302 288 , 550 1022 566 1050 1922 843 1550 2822 1121 2050 3722 1399 2550 ! 4622
- 14.4 • 6 ; 42.8 13.3 56 132.8 71 160 320 293 ! 560 1040 571 1060 1940 849 1560 2840 1127 2060 3740 1404 2560 j 4640
1
- 13.9 7 44.6 13.9 57 134.6 77 170 338 299 j 570 1053 577 1070 1958 854 1570 2858 1132 2070 3758 1410 2570 4658
- 13.3 ! 3 46.4 '•

14.4 58 136.4 82 j 180 356 304 580 1076 582 1080 1976 860 1580 2876 1138 2080 3776 1416 2580 i 4676
- 12.8 9 : 48 2 15.0 59 138.2 88 190 374 310 590 1094 588 1090 1994 866 1590 2894 1143 2090 3794 1421 2590 4694
- 12.2 10 ; 50.0 15.6 60 140.0 93 j 200 392 316 600 1112 593 1100 2012 871 1600 2912 1149 2100 3812 1427 2600 4712
- 11.7 12 51 8 16.1 61 141.8 99 ; 210 410 321 610 1130 599 1110 2030 877 1610 2930 1154 2110 3830 1432 2610 4730
- 11.1 12 j 53.6 16.7 62 143.6 j 100 ! 212 414 327 620 1148 604 1120 2048 ! 882 1620 2948 1160 2120 3848 1438 2620 4748
- 10.« 13 55.4 17.2 63 145.4 j 104 j 220 428 I 332 630 ! 1166 610 1130 2066 j 888 1630 2966 1166 2130 3866 1443 2630 . 4766
- 10.0 14 57 2 17.8 64 147.2 110 { 230 446 j 338 640 { 1184 616 1140 2084 893 1640 2984 1171 2140 3884 1449 2640 4784
- 9.44 15 59.0 18.3 65 149.0 116 ! 240 464 > 343 650 1202 j
621 j 1150 2102 j 899 1650 3002 1177 2150 39C2 1454 2650 4802
- 8.89 16 60.8 18.9 66 150.8 121 j 250 482 349 660 j 1220 ; 627 1160 2120 1
904 1660 3020 1132 2160 392U 1460 2660 4820
- 8.33 17 62.6 19.4 67 152.6 127 ! 260 500 354 670 j 1238 632 1 1170 2138 j 910 1670 3038 1188 2170 3938 1466 2670 4838
- 7.78 18 64 4 20.0 68 154.4 132 1
270 518 360 680 j 1256 C38 j 1180 2156 ! 916 1680 3C56 1193 2180 3956 1471 2680 4856
- 7.22 19 66 2 20.6 69 156.2 138 j 280 536 366 ' 690 j 1274 643 1190 2174 ! 921 1690 3074 1199 2190 3974 1477 2690 4874
- 6.67 20 68.0 j 21.1 70 158.0 143 290 554 371 700

j
1292 649 j 1200 2192 ! 927 1700 3092 1204 2200 3992 1482 2700 4892
- 6.11 21 69.8 j 21.7 71 159.8 j 149 : 300 572 377 710 i 1310 654 1210 2210 : 932 1710 3110 1210 2210 4010 i 1 4 8 8 2710 4910
- 5.56 22 71.6 | 22.2 72 161 6 154 j 310 590 382 720 j 1328 660 1220 2228 ! 938 1720 3128 1216 2220 4028 11493 2720 4928
- 5.00 23 73.4 j 22.8 73 163.4 160 i 320 608 388 730 ! 1346 . 666 1230 2246 943 1730 3146 1221 2230 4046 1499 2730 4946
- 4.44 ! 24 75.2 23.3 74 165.2 166 j 330 626 393 740 i 1364 671 1240 2264 ! 949 1740 3164 1227 2240 4064 1504 2740 . 4964
- 3.89 25 77.0 23.9 75 167.0 171 340 644 399 750 ! 1382 677 1250 2282 j 954 1750 3182 1232 2250 4082 1510 2750 ! 4982
- 3.33 26 78.0 24.4 76 168.8 177 350 662 404 760 j 1400 : 682 1260 2300 ! 960 1760 3200 1238 2260 4100 1516 2760 5000
- 2.78 27 80.6 j 25.0 77 170.6 | 182 j 360 680 410 I 770 1418 688 1270 ι 2318 ; 966 1770 3218 1243 2270 4118 1521 2770 50)8
- 2.22 28 82 4 | 25.6 78 172.4 ! 188 j 370 698 416 : 780 1436 , 693 1280 2336 | 971 1780 3236 1249 2280 4136 1527 2780 ! 5036
- 1.67 29 84.2 ! 26.1 79 174.2 j 193 1 390 716 421 790! 1454 ; 699 1290j 2354 j 977 1790 3254 1254 2290 4154 1532 2790 5054
- 1.11 30 . 86.0 ; 26.7 80 176.0 j 199 j 390 734 427 ! 800 1

1472 7041300 2372 i 982j 1800
1 I
3272 1260 2300 4172 1538 2800 5072
ί j
- 0.56 31 87.8 i 27 2 81 177.8 ! 204 ' 400 752 432 ; 810 ! 1490 710 1310 ! ! 3290 1266 2310 4190 1543 2810 : 5090
2390 ; 988 1810
0 32 89 6 j 27.8 82 179.6 j
210 ; 410 • 770 438 820 ! 1508 ' 716 1320 2408 : 993j 1820 3308 1271 2320 4208 1549 2820 5108
0.56 33 91.4 28.3 83 181.4 j 216 ! 420 ! 788 443 ( 830; 1526 721 1330 I 2426 ; 999j 1830 3326 1277 2330 4226 1554 2830 5126
1.11 34 93.2 28 9 84 183.2 ( 221 430 806 449 :
840: 1544 < 727 13401 2444 j 1004' 1840 3344 1282 2340 4244 1560 2840 5144
1.67 35 ; 95.0 29.4 85 185 0 227 440 824} 454 350i 1562 7 3 2 j 1J50J 2 4 6 2 , 1012! 1850 3362 1288 2350 4262 1566 2 8 5 0 i 5162
2.22 36 96 8 30.0 86 186.8 ! 232 450 842 ! 460 8601 1580 738 ' 1360; 2480 j 1019 1860 3380 1293 2360 4280 1571 2 8 6 0 ! 5180
2.78 37 98.6 j 30.6 87 188 6 ' 238 460 860 466 870: 1598 . 7 4 3 ! 1370 j 2 4 9 8 ! 1021 1870 3398 1299 2370 4298 1577 2870ί 5198
3.33 38 100.4 ; 31.1 88 190.4 243 470 878 471 880 1616 749 i 1380' 2516 | 1027 1880 3416 j 1304 2380 4316 1582 2880 1 5216
3.89 39 102.2 : 31.7 89 192.2 ;
249 480 896 477 890 j 1634 754' 13901 2534 1 1032 1890 3434 j 1310 2390 4334 1588 2 8 9 0 j 5234
4.44 40 104.0
32.2 90 i 194.0 ! 254 490 914 482 900j 1652 j 760j 1400j 2 5 5 2 ; 1038 1900 3452 1 1316 2400 4352 1593 2 9 0 0 ! £252
I L i l
5 00 41 : 105.8 ! 32.8 91 j 195.8 1
488 910! 1670 '. 767 i 14101 2570 1043 1910 3470 j 1321 2410 4370 ! 1599 2 9 1 0 i 5270
5.56 42 107 6 1
33.3 ! 92 197.6 493 3201 1688 771 ! 1420 2588 1049 1920 3488 1327 2420 4388 j 1604 ; 2920 ! 5288
6.11 43 109 4 ! 33.9 j 93 199.4 ; ; 499 930! 1706 777. 1430 2606 1054 1930 3506 ! 1332 2430 4406 j 1610j 2930 ! 5396
6.67 44 11» j
34.4 j 94 201.2 . 504 940i 1724 782 _ 2440j 2624 IO6O1 1940 3524 1338 2440 4424 16161 2 9 4 0 ! 5324
7.22 45 113.0 ' 35.0 95 203 0 ;i 510 950j 1742 7881 1450| 2 6 4 2 j 1066 1950 3542 1343 2450 4442 1621 ί 2 9 5 0 ! 5342
7.78 46 114 8 ! 35.6 ! 96 ! 516 960' 1760 793! 1460ί 2660 1071 1960 3560 1349 2460 4460 1627 2 9 6 0 ! 5360
204 8 !
8.33 1 37 116 6 ! 36.1 97 206.6 521 9701 1778 ι 799 1470 2678 1077 1970 3578 1354 2470 4478 1632 2970 ! 5378
8.89 48 118 4 36 7 98 208.4 527 980 1796 304 1480 2696 1082 1980 3596 1360 2480 4496 1638 2980 5396
9.44 49 ! 120 2 37 2 99 210.2 532 990 1814 810 1490 2714 1088 1990 3614 1366 2490 4514 1643 2990 5414
1649 3000 54 32
1 ,
NOTE: Thfl numbers m column * refer to the temperature either m degrees Centigrade or Fahrenheit which it is desired INTERPOLATION FACTORS
to convert into the other scale if converting from Fahrenheit degrees to Centigrade degrees, the equivalent temperature
will be found <n the left column; while if converting from degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit, the answer will be found •c • •F •c • •F
in the column on the right.
0.56 1 1.8 3.33 6 10.8
Conversion formulas: 1.11 2 3.6 3.89 7 12.6
1.67 3 5.4 4.44 8 14 4
°C F-32 Kelvin - 2 7 3 . 1 6 Rankine - 4 9 1 . 7 Reaumur 2.22 4 7.2 5.00 9 16 2
100 180 100 180 80 2.78 5 9.0 5.56 10 18.0
Table 7. Centigrade-Fahrenheit Conversion Tables.
221
Appendix C
HOURLY ELECTRICAL OPERATING COST
The dollar per hour ($/hr.) electrical operating This again points out the importance of the
cost must be considered in the boiler room operating overall "fuel to steam" or boiler efficiency and its
cost. However, when compared to the $/hr. fuel cost, affect on boiler room operating cost.
the $/hr. electrical cost is extremely small.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Obtain the motor hp for the applicable boiler size 3. Draw a line from the cVKw-hr. rate to the appli
(Bhp) from the Dimension and Rating Section. cable motor hp on Chart 50 or 5 1 . Read the $/hr.
2. Determine the c/Kw-hr. rate from the electric electrical operating cost where the line intersects
company. the vertical middle line.
Table 8. Electrical Operating Costs.
222
Appendix C
Table 8. Electrical Operating Costs (Continued). Note: Actual electrical load can
vary and must be measured with test instruments to verify actual conditions.
223
Acknowledgements
This book evolved from the Association of Energy Engineer's, Boiler Optimization Course and
other similar courses which have been ongoing for more than ten years. It was written in
response to the need to manage energy as efficiently as possible, to reduce the growing smoke
stack pollution problem and to cut back on the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere which
is reported to be the cause of the greenhouse effect and global climatic changes. Many boilers,
furnaces and other combustion processes can be made more efficient. This in turn can reduce
pollution and save fuel an money.
The sources of information for this book were many and varied: The Association of Energy
Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, The American Boiler Manufacturers
Association, the U.S. Department of Energy and Research Institutions such as the Navy Civil
Engineering Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory all contributed the material in this
book. Many boiler, instrument, control system and burner manufacturers also contributed in one
way or another.
I would like to thank Mr. L. Ron Hubbard for providing valuable information on communication
and education, which helped me to organize, understand and communicate this complex subject.
There are many talented, resourceful and conscious people involved in the boiler and related
industries who have done a great deal to advance our civilization to its modern level. Many of
them have attended my courses and shared their insights and problems with me. I would like to
thank them all for their support and for sharing their concerns and discoveries, which have
contributed in many ways to this book.
Harry R. Taplin, Jr.
xv i
INDEX
Index Terms Links
Accuracy of Sampling Techniques 2 26 27 35 41

Acid dew point 69 77 78
Acid Formation 69 76 77
Adjusting boiler controls for low-excess oxygen 62
Air Preheater 41 74 94 95
Air/fuel 1 24 27 44 66 95
Analysis 2 4 18 20 21 24
26 27 34 35 44
ANSI 2 12
As-found efficiency 10 12
ASME Computational Procedures 12
Bacharach smoke test 30

Blowdown 9 34
Boiler efficiency 2 7 11 12 18 43
66 67 69 76 94 98
Boiler Plant Calculations 4
Boiler Tune Up 43
Calculating fuel savings 4 10

Calculation of Stack Gas Heat Loss 20
Carbon 1 20 26 27 29 32
39 40 42 44 61 65
72 77 80 85 94 95
101 107 113 120 126 132
137 143 149 155 160 166
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation

Index Terms Links
Carbon (Cont.)
172 177 183 189 195 200
206
Carbon Dioxide 1 2 4 21 22 24
26 27 34 35 72
Carbon Monoxide 2 3 8 22 23 27
29 32 33 35 39 40
42 44 61 94 206
Catalytic combustibles sensor 38 39
Causes of smoke 30
Chemical 18 21 22 24 32 34
35 37
Chimney Effect 33
Close-Coupled Extractive Analyzers 38
CO analyzers 40 43
CO levels 42 62
Coefficient of Performance (COP) 98
Cold End Temperature Control 78 81 94 95
Cold-End Corrosion 76 94 95 99
Combustibles 2 15 18 27 29 33
38 42 44 65
Combustion Air Preheating 69 90 94
Combustion Analysis 21 24
Combustion Control 34 44 61 67
Combustion efficiency 27 29 34 40 100
Combustion zone 29 43
Comparing Methods for Measuring Boiler Efficiency 18
Condensing Flue Gasses 33
Corrosion 33 69 72 74 76 80
81 85 87 90 94 95
99
Dangers of Carbon Monoxide 32

dewpoint 69 77 79
Direct Contact Flue Gas Condensing Heat Exchanger 87
Distribution system 99

Index Terms Links
Draft readings 33
Economic Evaluation 76 98
Economizer 7 8 74 80 81 85
98 99
Efficiencies 12 18 40 80 99
Efficiency 2 3 6 10 15 18
27 29 30 33 34 39
43 51 61 65 69 74
76 84 85 87 94 98
Electrical losses 34
Electrochemical cell 37 39
Energy Balance 15
Enthalpy 20 82 83 86 214 215
European standard DIN 51 4024 29
Evaluation of the New Low O2 Settings 66
Excess air 1 2 4 8 20 21
23 26 27 29 30 32
34 38 39 41 52 61
62 66 72 77 79 80
82 83 84 94
External Steam Leaks 29 38 40
Extractive Analyzers 38
Feedwater 69 74 75 77 78 80
81
Finding stack losses 37
Firing Rate 11 33 41 45 46 61
62 65
Flame 1 4 23 29 40 42
43 46 51 61 62 65
66
Flame appearance 52 62
Flame Temperature 1 43

Index Terms Links
Flash Steam 4 9
Flue gas measurement 1 7 8 18 20 24
26 27 30 33 37 43
44 61 62 65 69 72
76 77 80 84 94 98
99
Fuel Consumption 46
Fuel Oil Additives 5 23 33 51 66 74
77 85 98 126 208
Fuel savings 4 10 11 76
Furnace 1 7 23 30 33 38
41 42 44 46 51 52
57 58 62 65 66 76
Furnace-viewing ports 52
Fyrite O2 and CO2 indicators 35
Gas-to-gas heat exchangers 90
Heat loss due to combustibles in refuse 15

Heat loss due to dry gas 15
Heat loss due to H2O from the combustion of hydrogen 15
Heat loss due to moisture in fuel 15
Heat loss due to radiation 18
Heat Loss Method 18
Heat of combustion 24
Heat Pipe 90 91 99
Heat Pump 95 97 98
Heat pumps 95 98
Heat Recovery 7 41 69 72 74 84
85 87 96 98 99
Heat Wheel 90 99
HHV 15 80
High Stack Temperature 32

Index Terms Links
Higher Heating Value 12 15 18 82 101 107

113 120 126 132 137 143
149 155 160 166 172 177
183 189 195 200
Hydrogen 2 3 5 15 18 20
26 27 33 39 72 74
84 85 87 101 107 113
120 126 132 137 143 149
155 160 166 172 177 183
189 195 200
Improved Instrumentation 34 94
Improving Efficiency 61
Indirect-Contact Condensing Heat Exchanger 85 87 98
Infrared 18 39 40
Input-Output Method 15 18
Insitu Analyzer 38
Inspection and Testing 44
Instruments 29 34 35 37 42 51
61 62 221
Internal Steam Leaks 41 52 90 98 99
Jackshaft 43
Latent Heat 1 8 9 33 72 74
80 84 85 87 90 99
Losses 1 12 15 18 20 34
37 41 44 72
Low Stack Temperature 32

Index Terms Links
Magnetic 37
Makeup Water 69
Measuring Combustibles 27
metering control 44
Minimum Excess Oxygen 45 62
Moisture Losses 2 3 5 6 15 18
20 33 37 51 72 77
80 160 167 184
Monitoring 37 39 41 42 46
National Oil Fuel Institute 29

Natural gas boilers 45 84 85
Net Oxygen Vs. Gross Oxygen Measurements 38
Oil burners 29 30 46
Opacity 40
Optimized Efficiency 11
Orifice 51 59
Orsat 34 35 38 42
Oxygen 1 2 4 21 22 24
26 27 29 32 34 35
37 41 42 44 45 52
54 61 62 65 66 72
Oxygen Deficiency 39
Packed tower 87
Parallel Positioning Control 44 80
Paramagnetic 37 38
Plate Exchangers 99

Index Terms Links
Plate Type Heat Exchanger 90

Pollution 43 65
Pulverized coal 45
Radiant Heat Transfer 43

Recouperators 74
Recover Hot Condensate 99
Reducing stack temperature 1 22 34 39 43 61
62 69 77 84
Regenerators 74
Relative Humidity 39 43
Rotating type heat exchanger 90 99
Rule of thumb 41 74
Run-around Coil 95 96
Safety 29 33 39 51 61 62
Safety Interlocks 51 62
Sampling 35 37 40 41
Scale 29 37 39 40 42 46
62
Sensible heat 1 8 72 74 80 85
99
Silica 46
Smoke and CO threshold 61
Smoke Spot Test 29
Soot 29 30 32 40 46 52
62
Sources of Problems 29
Spot readings 43
Spray tower 87
Stack Fires 29
Stack Losses 2 5 6 37 72
Stack temperature 1 2 5 15 29 31
37 40 41 46 62 74

Index Terms Links
Stack temperature (Cont.)

75
Steam Pressure 15 43 44 51
Steam System 9
Steam Tables 4 210 213 214
Stoichiometric 21 23 24 27 29 34
38
Stoichiometric Combustion 24 27 38
Stoker fired coal 45
Sulfur 20 21 24 33 65 72
74 76 77 85 94 95
Sulfur in Fuel 33 76
Sulfuric acid dewpoint 33 69 77 85
Sulfurous acid 85
Test code 1 2 12 20
Testing 1 2 12 15 18 26
29 34 35 40 41 44
The Rule of Thumb for feedwater heating 41
Tune up 43 61 66 69
Tune-Up 6 10
Turbulence 1 23 29 61
Types of Controls 18 26 38 40 43 87
U.S. Department of Commerce 29

Unmea.sured losses 18
Value of fuel savings 5 12 33 44 65 69

82
Variable Area 67 76

Index Terms Links
Waste Heat 69 72 85 94 95 98
99
Waste Heat Recovery 69 72 85 98
Wet electrochemical Instruments 37
Zirconium Oxide Cell 37 38

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Combustion

Taplin, Harry, 1935-.

Printed in the United States of America

Distributed by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Prentice-Hall International ( U K ) Limited, London

Figure 4.1, Combustion of Carbon. 21

Figure 5.1, CO-Oxygen relationship showing CO control range and efficiency. 45

Table 4.1. The Flammability Limits for various fuels. 23

Table 5.1. Trouble Shooting Performance Problems 50

Chapter 1. Heat Loss Tables l

Chapter 2. Boiler Plant Calculations 4

Chapter 3. The ASME/ANSI Boiler Test Code 4.1 12

The Basis for Measuring Efficiency 12

Chapter 3. The ASME/ANSI Boiler Test Code 4.1 (Continued)

ABMA Standard Radiation Loss Chart 19

Chapter 4. Combustion Analysis 21

using Chemical Absorption instruments 34

Chapter 4. Combustion Analysis (Continued)

Chapter 5 . Boiler Tune Up 43

The Importance of Operating Boilers with Minimum Excess Air 43

Chapter 6. Waste Heat 69

Waste Heat Recovery Opportunities 69

Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables 101

Natural Gas Specifications 101

Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables (Continued)

Propane Specifications 107

Kerosene Specifications 113

Distillate No. 1 Specifications 119

No. 2 Oil Specifications 125

No. 5 Oil Specifications 131

Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables (Continued)

No. 6 Oil Specifications 137

Anthracite Coal Specifications 143

Bituminous Coal Specifications 149

Bagasse Specifications 155

Wood 10% Moisture Specifications 161

Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables (Continued)

Wood 20% Moisture Specifications 167

Wood 30% Moisture Specifications 173

Wood 40% Moisture Specifications 179

Bark 15% Moisture Specifications 185

Bark 30% Moisture Specifications 191

Appendix A Combustion Efficiency Tables (Continued)

Bark 45% Moisture Specifications 197

Bark 60% Moisture Specifications 203

Appendix Β Carbon Monoxide Energy Loss Tables 209

Energy Loss Table for Natural Gas 210

Appendix C Tables 213

Table 1. Gravities, Densities and Heats of

How to Use Heat-Loss Tables

The Heat-Loss Tables energy waste. There is no accurate data on

How to use Flue Gas Measurements

Stack losses can be calculated if the net

Measuring the stack temperature and

a. * Heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse.

b. Heat loss due to dry flue gas.

c. Heat loss due to moisture in "as fired" fuel.

d. Heat loss due to moisture from burning hydrogen.

e. * Heat loss due to moisture in the air.

f. * Heat loss due to heat in the atomizing steam.