Engineering Report: I-Beam 1/25/2021
Engineering Report: I-Beam 1/25/2021
Engineering Report: I-Beam 1/25/2021
I-BEAM
PAGE 1
1.0 ABSTRACT
PAGE 2
2.0 Problem Formulation:
A beam is a structural member which is acted upon by a system of external
loads acting transversely to the axis. There are different types of loads in
which the beam gets deflected because of concentration of load. Beams
generally carry vertical gravitational forces and also carry horizontal loads.
Beams are characterized based on their profile i.e., shape of cross section,
their length, their material.
In this project, we used a wide flange W310 x 52 with a cross sectional area
of 6650 mm2 and a depth of 317 mm.
PAGE 3
3.0 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
3.1 METHODOLOGY
The following methods are used for calculation of beam deflections as well
as the reaction forces.
PAGE 4
➢ ∑ 𝑀0 = 0
𝑥
➢ −𝑀1 −𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( ) = 0
2
𝑥2
➢ 𝑀1 = −𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞 → (01)
2
PAGE 5
∑ 𝑀1 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
➢ −𝑀1 + 𝑅1 𝑎 − 𝑞𝑎( ) + 𝑞𝑏( ) = 0
2 2
𝑎2 𝑏2
➢ 𝑀1 − 𝑅1 𝑎 + 𝑞 −𝑞 =0 → (02)
2 2
Putting value of M1 in equ (02)
𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑏2
➢ −𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞 − 𝑅1 𝑎 + 𝑞 −𝑞 =0
2 2 2
𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑏2
➢ 𝑀0 =𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞 − 𝑅1 𝑎 + 𝑞 −𝑞
2 2 2
𝑞 2 2 2
➢ 𝑀0 =𝑅1 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (−𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 )
2
𝜕𝑀0
➢ = (𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝜕𝑅1
We know that
𝜕𝑈 1 𝑙 𝑞
➢ = 𝑦1 = ∫ [𝑅1 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (−𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )] (𝑥 −
𝜕𝑅1 𝐸𝐼 0 2
𝑎) 𝑑𝑥
PAGE 6
1 𝑙 𝑞
➢ 𝑦1 = ∫ [𝑅1 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(x − a) + (−𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )(𝑥 −
𝐸𝐼 0 2
𝑎)] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑙 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
➢ 𝑦1 = ∫ [𝑅1 𝑥 2 − 𝑅1 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑅1 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎2 𝑥 − 2 𝑏 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 3 −
𝐸𝐼 0
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑎3 + 𝑏 2 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 𝑎] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥3 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
➢ EI𝑦1 = 𝑅1 − 𝑅1 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑅1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 −
3 4 4 8
𝑞 3 𝑞 2 𝑞 3
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝐶1
2 2 6
➢ 41.666R1 = 2278.6458
➢ 𝑅1 = 54.688𝐾𝑁
+→
∑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
➢ 𝑅1 − 𝑞(𝑙) + 𝑅2 = 0
➢ 54.688 − 25 ∗ 7.5 + R 2 = 0
R 2 = 132.817KN
From equation (1)
𝑀1 = 39.065 𝐾𝑁𝑚
PAGE 7
3.3 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
➢ 𝑅1 − 𝑞(𝑙) + 𝑅2 = 0
➢ 𝑅1 = 𝑞(𝑙) − 𝑅2 → (01)
∑ 𝑀1 = 0 (+𝐶. 𝑊)
𝑙
➢ -𝑀1 − 𝑅2 𝑎 + 𝑞𝑙( ) = 0
2
𝑙
➢ 𝑀1 = −𝑅2 𝑎 + 𝑞𝑙( ) → (02)
2
PAGE 8
∑ 𝑀0 = 0 (+𝐶. 𝑊)
𝑥
➢ -𝑀1 − 𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( ) = 0
2
Putting value of 𝑀1
𝑙 𝑥
➢ 𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑞𝑙( ) − 𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( ) = 0
2 2
𝑙 𝑥
➢ 𝑀0 = 𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑞𝑙( ) + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( )
2 2
𝑙 2 +𝑥 2
➢ 𝐸𝐼𝑉 ′ =𝑅2 𝑎 − q( ) + 𝑅1 𝑥
2
∴ 𝑅1 = 𝑞(𝑙) − 𝑅2
𝑙 2 +𝑥 2
➢ 𝐸𝐼𝑉 ′ =𝑅2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)−q( ) + q𝑙𝑥
2
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞
➢ EIV`=𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1
2 2 2 6
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝐿 3 𝐿2 𝑥 2 𝑥4
EIV=𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑅2 +𝑞 𝑥 −𝑞 −𝑞 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 6 6 4 24
since 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 ,EIV=0 , EIV`= 0
PAGE 9
At 𝑥 = 𝑎 , EIV=0
𝑎3 𝑎3 𝑎3 2 𝑎
2 𝑎4
0=𝑅2 ( ) − 𝑅2 ( ) + 𝑞𝐿( ) − 𝑞𝐿 ( ) − 𝑞( ) + 0 + 0
2 6 6 4 24
𝑎3 𝑎3 2 𝑎
2 𝑎4
0=𝑅2 ( ) +qL( ) − 𝑞𝐿 ( ) − 𝑞( )
3 6 4 24
since 𝑎 = 5, q = 25KN and L=7.5
Hence
𝑅2 = 132.812𝐾𝑁
𝑅1 = 54.687𝐾𝑁
𝑀1 = 39.065𝐾𝑁𝑚
Put R1 = 54.687KN, q = 25KN, x = 5m, 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (03)
➢ Shear Force VO = 70.320KN
Put R1 = 54.687KN, q = 25KN, x = 5m, M1 = 39.065KN − m
𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (04)
➢ 𝑀0 = 78.165𝐾𝑁𝑚
PAGE 10
➢ ∴using concept of continuity
𝑞
EI𝑣3 = 𝑥2 3 + 𝐶3
6
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1 = 𝑥2 3 + 𝐶3 → (06)
2 2 2 6 6
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑞𝐿𝑥 3 𝑞 2 2 𝑞 𝑞
𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝐶1 = 𝑥2 4 + 𝐶3 x2 +
2 6 6 4 24 24
C4 → (07)
PAGE 11
➢ 𝐶4 = 203444.062
For Vertical Displacement and Rotation at Node 𝟑
𝑞
EI𝑣3 = 𝑥2 3 + 𝐶3 ∴ 𝐶3 = −97662.5
6
➢ 𝑣3 =4.117 × 10−3 m
𝑞
EIθ3 = 𝑥2 4 + 𝐶3 x2 + C4 ∴ 𝐶4 = 203444.062
24
➢ 𝑣2 = −2.161 × 10−6 m
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞
EIθ2 =𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1
2 2 2 6
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4.0) ANSYS SIMULATION:
PRE-PROCESSING
4.1)ENGINEERING DATA:
4.1.1.) Material Properties:
For defining the element`s material property, follow the following steps
Engineering property =>Material => Structural Steel
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The next phase is to select the material properties for the structural steel,
we select the default properties of structural material. We have :
4.1.2) Units
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4.2) GEOMETRY
We are using a wide flange I-Beam with material type W310 X 52. Using the
standard table of wide flange I-Beam we read the following dimensions:
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4.2.1) Line Body:
Line body makes it easy for us to solve complicated long beams. by turning
into a single line to save us computational costs and time and later it
interpolates the results for the whole beam.
4.3) MESHING
To increase the accuracy of our results we are dividing our wide flange I
section beam into finely divided rectangular simple elements to be used as
discrete local approximation for the larger domain.
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POST PROCESSING
4.4) BOUNDRY CONDITIONS:
Fixed support: There are 3 reaction and 3 moments to be analyzed in total.
Out of which three moments along the respective x, y and z axis and three
reaction forces along the respective x, y and z axis.
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4.4.1) VON MISES STRESS (EQIVALENT STRESSES):
Von mises stress basically shows us failure point of our beam. If von mises
stress (1.055x10^8 Pa) is greater than the max yield strength (2.5x10^8 Pa)
of the beam of means our beam is failed. But in our case it is less than the
max yield strength.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Equivalent Stress >
VON MISES STRESS
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4.4.2) TOTAL BENDING MOMENT:
We used the moment probe tab to find out the total bending moment
which we found out to be 78125 N-m.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Bending
Moment > TOTAL BENDING MOMENT
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4.4.3) TOTAL SHEAR FORCE:
We found out the maximum total shear force to be 68838 N.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Shear Force >
TOTAL SHEAR FORCE
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4.4.4) TOTAL SHEAR MOMENT DIAGRAM:
We used the integrated tab for total shear moment in ANSYS to find out
our shear moment diagram:
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Shear-Moment
Diagram
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LENGTH(m) TOTAL SHEAR FORCE (N) BENDING MOMENT(N.m) DISPLACEMENT(m)
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4.4.6) NORMAL STRESS:
The maximum normal force was found out to be 1.0554x10^8 Pa.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Normal Stress >
NORMAL STRESS
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4.4.7) FORCE REACTIONS:
• On fixed supports: The forced reaction at fixed support is 54732 N.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Force Reaction >
FIXED SUPPORT
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4.4.8) MOMENT REACTIONS:
• Moment Reaction at node 2 is 39286 N-m.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Moment
Reaction > MOMENT REACTION AT NODE 1
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4.4.9) TOTAL DEFORMATION:
• Total Deformation is found out to be 0.01377 m.
5.0) COMPARISION
• Total bending moment
PERCENT EROOR = |ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE – ANALTICAL SOLUTION VALUE|
ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE
= | 78125 - 78165| x 100
78125
= 0.0512 %
• Total shear force
PERCENT EROOR = |ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE – ANALTICAL SOLUTION VALUE|
ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE
= |68838 - 70320| x 100
68838
= 2.152%
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6.0) RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
• Total bending moment is found out through ANSYS simulation is equals to
78125 Pa (max).
• Total shear stress is found out through through ANSYS simulation is equals to
68838 N.
• Total shear stress is found out through through ANSYS simulation is equals to
• The vertical displacement at node 3 is equals to 9.35e-3.
• The force reaction at node 1 is equals to 54732N.
• The force reaction at node 2 is equals to 1.3277e5.
• The moment reaction at node 1 is equals to 39286 N-m.
• The moment reaction at node 2 is 4.3618x10^-9 N-m.
• The normal stress through simulation is equals to 1.0554x10^8 Pa.
From Von Mises stress value we can predict the failure of the beam. In this case it is less
than tensile yield strength of the beam material which means that the beam does not
fails under the applied loading condition.
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7.0) GLOSSARY
1)Shear Force: A force acting in a direction parallel to a surface or to a planar
cross section of a body, as for example the pressure of air along the front of an
airplane wing.
3)Normal Stress: A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member is loaded
by an axial force.
4)Fixed Support: Fixed supports are supports which can resist vertical and
horizontal forces as well as a moment. Since they restrain both rotation and
translation, they are also known as rigid supports.
5)Roller Support: This is the type of support which only restrains the structure
from moving in one or two perpendicular directions. However, the structure can
move in the other directions and it can also rotate. The joint that is supported by
a roller support has four or five degrees of freedom.
7)Von Mises Stress: Von Mises stress is a value used to determine if a given
material will yield or fracture. The von Mises yield criterion states that if the von
Mises stress of a material under load is equal or greater than the yield limit of the
same material under simple tension then the material will yield.
PAGE 28
9)Line Body: A line body consists entirely of edges and does not have a surface
area or volume. Line Body is a body in which its length along one dimension is
significantly greater than other dimensions. Although multiple CAD sources can
provide line bodies to ANSYS Workbench, only Design Modeler provide the
additional cross section data needed to use line bodies in an analysis.
11)Web and Flanges in I Beam: The horizontal pieces are known as flanges, and
the vertical piece is called the web. The flanges resist bending while the web
takes on the shear force.
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8.0) RUBRICS:
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