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    Class8. Hydraulic Jump.

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    omed muhammad
    The document discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transitions abruptly to subcritical flow. It defines hydraulic jumps and provides examples of their occurrence after structures like sluice gates. The momentum equation for analyzing jumps in both general and rectangular channels is described. Types of jumps are classified based on Froude number. Energy loss and dissipation in jumps is also examined.

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    Class8. Hydraulic Jump.

    Uploaded by

    omed muhammad
    54 views27 pages
    The document discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transitions abruptly to subcritical flow. It defines hydraulic jumps and provides examples of their occurrence after structures like sluice gates. The momentum equation for analyzing jumps in both general and rectangular channels is described. Types of jumps are classified based on Froude number. Energy loss and dissipation in jumps is also examined.

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    class8. Hydraulic Jump.

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    The document discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transitions abruptly to subcritical flow. It defines hydraulic jumps and provides examples of their occurrence after structures like sluice gates. The momentum equation for analyzing jumps in both general and rectangular channels is described. Types of jumps are classified based on Froude number. Energy loss and dissipation in jumps is also examined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views27 pages

    Class8. Hydraulic Jump.

    Uploaded by

    omed muhammad
    The document discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transitions abruptly to subcritical flow. It defines hydraulic jumps and provides examples of their occurrence after structures like sluice gates. The momentum equation for analyzing jumps in both general and rectangular channels is described. Types of jumps are classified based on Froude number. Energy loss and dissipation in jumps is also examined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

    (HYDRAULIC JUMP)
    CONTENTS

    4.1 Introduction
    4.1.1 Examples of Hydraulic Jump Occurrence
    4.1.2 Classification of Jumps
    4.2 Momentum Equation for Jump
    4.2.1 General Equation
    4.2.2 Equation for Rectangular Channel
    4.3 Examples
    4.1 INTRODUCTION

    “Hydraulic Jump”
    …. Is occurrence of flow that changes abruptly from a
    supercritical to a subcritical state.

    • Hydraulic Jump was firstly experimentally studied by an Italian


    engineer Bidone in 1818.

    • A hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy dissipator to


    dissipate excess energy of flowing water downstream of
    hydraulic structures such as spillways and sluice gates.

    • Other uses of hydraulic jump :


    ▪ Mixing of chemicals
    ▪ To aid intense mixing and gas transfer in chemical
    processes
    ▪ Aeration of polluted streams
    • In transition from supercritical to subcritical flows where:
    ▪ Water surface rises abruptly
    ▪ Surface rollers are formed
    ▪ Intense mixing occurs
    ▪ Air is entrained
    ▪ Large amount of energy is dissipated

    • A jump in a horizontal rectangular channel is referred to


    as a “classical jump”
    4.1.1 EXAMPLES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP IN OPEN CHANNEL
    (a) Downstream of a sluice gate
    Hydraulic
    Jump

    Subcritical Flow

    Supercritical
    Flow

    (b) Upstream of a weir


    Hydraulic
    Jump

    Subcritical
    Flow

    Supercritical
    Flow
    (c) On the apron of a spillway

    Hydraulic
    Jump

    Subcritical
    Flow

    Supercritical
    Flow

    (d) Changes in channel bed slope

    Hydraulic
    Jump

    Subcritical
    Flow

    Supercritical
    Flow
    ENERGY DISSIPATOR (STILLING BASIN)

    USBR Type II
    4.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF JUMPS
    ▪ As a result of extensive studies of Bradley and Paterka (1957) the hydraulic
    jumps in horizontal rectangular channel are classified into 5 categories based
    on the Froude number (Fr1) of the incoming supercrtical flow.

    Types of Jump Fr1


    Undular 1.0 < Fr1 ≤ 1.7
    Weak 1.7 < Fr1 ≤ 2.5
    Oscillating 2.5 < Fr1 ≤ 4.5
    Steady 4.5 < Fr1 ≤ 9.0
    Strong Fr1 > 9.0
    Schematic Diagram of Hydraulic Jump

    EGL
    hL
    V12 V22
    2g 2g

    hj
    y2 v2
    v1 y1

    Lj

    Definition :

    y1 = flow depth before the jump (supercritical) conjugate/sequent depths


    y2 = flow depth after the jump (subcritical)
    v1 = flow velocity before the jump
    v2 = flow velocity after the jump
    hj = height of jump
    hL = energy loss = EL = △E
    Lj = length of jump
    4.2 MOMENTUM EQUATION FOR THE JUMP

    4.2.1 General Equation

    Assumptions made are :


    (a) The channel bed is horizontal
    (b) The channel is prismatic (uniform cross-section)
    (c) Uniform velocity exists at every cross-section in the channel
    (d) Shear stress at the channel wall is neglected
    (e) Effect of friction is negligible
    (f) The jump occurs over a short distance

    EGL
    hL
    V12 V22
    2g 2g
    Hydraulic Subcritical
    Supercritical Jump
    Flow hj Flow
    y2 v2
    v1 y1

    1 Lj 2
    Based on the Newton’s Second Law and
    changes of momentum between Sections 1
    and 2 :

    Ff = M 1 – M 2

    where :
    Ff = Summation of external forces acting
     = specific weight of water = g
    M= specific momentum or specific force
    = Q2 + Ax
    gA
    x = centroid of water area
    For a short channel, Ff ≈ 0, therefore, M1 = M2

    M1 = M 2

    Q2 + A1x1 = Q2 + A2 x2 ………..(4.1)
    gA1 gA2

    ➢ General equation for hydraulic jump


    ➢ Applicable for channel of any shape

    1 2
    4.2.2 Equation for Rectangular Channel

    A1 = By1 A2 = By2

    x1 = y1/2 x2 = y2/2

    Q = Bq Q = Bq

    Substituting the above terms in Eqn. (4.1) which is given by :

    Q2 + A1x1 = Q2 + A2 x2 ………..(4.1)
    gA1 gA2

    will result in :

    q2 + y12 = q2 + y22 ……….(4.2)


    gy1 2 gy2 2
    When written in term of sequent depths ratio, Belanger Momentum
    Equation is obtained :

    y2 = 1 1 + 8 Fr12-1 ………..(4.3a)
    y1 2

    where Fr12 = v12 = q2


    gy1 gy13

    and y1 = 1 1 + 8 Fr22 – 1 ……….(4.3b)


    y2 2
    EGL
    hL
    where : Fr22 = v22 = q2 V12 V22
    gy2 gy23 2g 2g
    hj
    y2 v2
    y1
    v1
    Height of jump hj = y2 – y1
    1 Lj 2
    Energy Lost (EL)

    y-E Curve

    Hydraulic
    Jump
    y2

    y1 Constant Q

    Lj

    1 2

    In general for channel with any shape,

    EL = E1 – E2 = y1 + v12 – y2 + v22 …(4.4) EGL


    2g 2g hL =EL
    V12 V22
    2g 2g
    For a rectangular channel, hj
    y2 v2
    v1 y1
    EL = ( y2 – y1 ) 3 (meter) …..….(4.5)
    4 y1 y2 1 Lj 2
    Power Lost, PL :

    PL = gQEL (watt) …….(4.6a)

    Power Lost per unit width, PL :


    B

    PL = gQEL = gqEL (watt/m) …….(4.6b)


    B B

    and from Eqn (4.5) :


    EGL
    hL =EL
    EL = ( y 2 – y 1 ) 3 (meter) V12 V22
    4 y1 y2 2g 2g

    hj
    y2 v2
    v1 y1

    1 Lj 2
    LENGTH OF JUMP (Lj)

    y2
    y1

    Lj

    1 2

    ▪ It cannot be derived from theoretical considerations

    ▪ Results from several experimental investigations (eg. Bakhmeteff and


    Matzke, 1936; Bradley and Peterka, 1957; Peterka, 1963; Rajaratnam, 1965)
    have yielded result which are to some degree contradictory)

    ▪ Results from study by Silvester (1964) :

    (i) Horizontal rectangular channels :

    Lj = 9.75 (Fr1 – 1)1.01


    y1
    (ii) Triangular channels :

    Lj = 4.26 (Fr1 -1) 0.695


    y1

    (Note : based on data from a channel with angle of 47.30)

    (iii) Parabolic channels

    Lj = 11.7 (Fr1 – 1) 0.832


    y1

    (Note : not good for Fr1 > 3)

    ▪ Some results are presented in graphs (eg. USBR)

    Lengths and Types


    of Hydraulic Jumps
    in Horizontal Channels
    EXAMPLE 4.1

    A flow depth under a sluice gate is 0.3 meter at “vena contractor” with mean velocity
    of 6 m/s. A hydraulic jump occurs instantly at upstream of the gate. Determine :
    (i) Height of jump, hj
    (ii) Energy loss due to jump, EL

    (iii) Power loss per unit width, PL


    B
    EXAMPLE 4.1

    A flow depth under a sluice gate is 0.3 meter at “vena contracta” with mean velocity of
    6 m/s. A hydraulic jump occurs instantly at downstream of the gate. Determine :
    (i) Height of jump, hj
    (ii) Energy loss due to jump, EL

    (iii) Power loss per unit width, PL


    B

    SOLUTION

    1 2
    EXAMPLE 4.2

    A hydraulic jump with Froude number of 3.5 occurs in a 0.7 m wide


    rectangular channel. The flow depth after the jump is 0.6 m. Find the
    energy lost and power lost due to the hydraulic jump.
    EXAMPLE 4.2

    A hydraulic jump with Froude number of 3.5 occurs in a 0.7 m wide


    rectangular channel. The flow depth after the jump is 0.6 m. Find the
    energy lost and power lost due to the hydraulic jump.
    EXAMPLE 4.2

    A hydraulic jump with Froude number of 3.5 occurs in a 0.7 m wide


    rectangular channel. The flow depth after the jump is 0.6 m. Find the
    energy lost and power lost due to the hydraulic jump.

    SOLUTION

    Given: B = 0.7 m
    Fr1 = 3.5
    y2 = 0.6 m

    Energy Lost, EL = (y2 – y1)3


    4y1y2

    PL = gQEL = gqEL Power lost per unit width


    B B
    EXAMPLE 4.3
    20 m3/s water flows in a 5.0 m wide steep (So = 0.01, n = 0.013) rectangular
    channel which changes to mild slope (So = 0.0005) where n = 0.011 at the
    downstream end. A hydraulic jump occurs on the mild slope because of the bed
    slope change in the channel. The flow depth after the jump reaches the normal
    depth, yo. Sketch the problem and find the sequent depths, energy and power
    losses due to the jump and classify the hydraulic jump.
    EXAMPLE 4.3
    20 m3/s water flows in a 5.0 m wide steep (So = 0.01, n = 0.013) rectangular
    channel which changes to mild slope (So = 0.0005) where n = 0.011 at the
    downstream end. A hydraulic jump occurs on the mild slope because of the bed
    slope change in the channel. The flow depth after the jump reaches the normal
    depth, yo. Sketch the problem and find the sequent depths, energy and power
    losses due to the jump and classify the hydraulic jump.

    Answers:

    yo = y2 = 1.91 m

    y1 = 0.66 m

    EL = (y2-y1)3 = 0.39 m
    4y1y2

    PL = gQEL = 76.5 kW

    Fr1 = 2.4 Weak Jump

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