Noakhali Science & Technology University

Department of
Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

Assignment on:
CourseTitle:Industrial Economics,Psychology & Management
Course Code: ACCE 4105

Submitted to,
Mithun Rani Nath
Lecturer
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Noakhali Science & Technology University.

Submitted by,
Md.Rasheduzzaman Akash
Roll No:ASH 1704049M
Session: 2016-2017
Y-4, T-I
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Noakhali Science & Technology University

Date of Submission: 02.04.2020

 Types of Weather
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given place and time in
regards to heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, and rain. Weather
can vary greatly and largely depends on climate, seasons, and various
other factors.

Most people find sunny days pleasant. With the absence of clouds, the
sun is able to shine through and provide warmth. A sunny day doesn't
always mean it's warm, though. Cold temperatures and wind can be
present on sunny days.

On a cloudy day, the sun's rays are blocked from reaching Earth's
surface. However, it can still be warm on a cloudy day because cloud
cover can trap in heat near the ground. Almost always, rain is associated
with clouds. A cloud is nothing more than a large mass of water vapor.
As the temperature drops, the water vapor in the cloud cools and
coalesces into raindrops.

Windy days are primarily formed as a warm air mass rises upward and
cold air rushes in to fill the vacuum. Wind gusts also form as air is
pushed into smaller and smaller spaces. For example, Chicago is
infamous for this; the Windy City gets its nickname because of air
rushing in from Lake Michigan. The rushing wind gets funneled into
narrow paths throughout the city, causing strong wind gusts to blow.

Snow forms in a way similar to rain. As the temperature drops, water

vapor in the clouds turns into snowflakes. Once heavy enough, the cloud
will not be able to hold the snow anymore, and it will begin to fall to the
ground.

Air Masses and Fronts

So, what is the primary cause of all these different types of weather?
Most simply put, the cause is air masses and how air masses interact
with each other. An air mass is a large area of air with the same
characteristics.

There are two main types: hot air masses, which are large areas of hot air
moving in the same direction, and cold air masses, which are areas of
cold air moving together in the same direction. A front is where two or
more air masses meet.

A cold front occurs when cold air pushes under a mass of warm air.
Since the warm air is lighter, it is pushed up above the cold air. The
rising warm air cools and condenses, sometimes causing rainstorms and
mild temperatures.

A warm front occurs when a warm air mass moves over a cold air
mass. The rising warm air condenses as it rises in elevation, creating
clouds and light rain or snow.

What Makes Weather

There are six main components, or parts, of weather. They are

temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and
cloudiness. Together, these components describe the weather at any
given time. These changing components, along with the knowledge of
atmospheric processes, help meteorologists—scientists who study
weather—forecast what the weather will be in the near future.

Temperature is measured with a thermometer and refers to how hot or

cold the atmosphere is. Meteorologists report temperature two ways: in
Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F). The United States uses the Fahrenheit
system; in other parts of the world, Celsius is used. Almost all scientists
measure temperature using the Celsius scale.

Temperature is a relative measurement. An afternoon at 70 degrees

Fahrenheit, for example, would seem cool after several days of 95
degrees Fahrenheit, but it would seem warm after temperatures around
32 degrees Fahrenheit. The coldest weather usually happens near the
poles, while the warmest weather usually happens near the Equator.

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the atmosphere overhead.

Changes in atmospheric pressure signal shifts in the weather. A high-
pressure system usually brings cool temperatures and clear skies. A low-
pressure system can bring warmer weather, storms, and rain.

Meteorologists express atmospheric pressure in a unit of measurement

called an atmosphere. Atmospheres are measured in millibars or inches
of mercury. Average atmospheric pressure at sea level is about one
atmosphere (about 1,013 millibars, or 29.9 inches). An average low-
pressure system, or cyclone, measures about 995 millibars (29.4 inches).
A typical high-pressure system, or anticyclone, usually reaches 1,030
millibars (30.4 inches). The word “cyclone” refers to air that rotates in a
circle, like a wheel.

Atmospheric pressure changes with <altitude. The atmospheric pressure

is much lower at high altitudes. The air pressure on top of Mount
Kilimanjaro, Tanzania—which is 5,895 meters (19,344 feet) tall—is 40
percent of the air pressure at sea level. The weather is much colder. The
weather at the base of Mount Kilimanjaro is tropical, but the top of the
mountain has ice and snow.

Wind is the movement of air. Wind forms because of differences in

temperature and atmospheric pressure between nearby regions. Winds
tend to blow from areas of high pressure, where it’s colder, to areas of
low pressure, where it’s warmer.

In the upper atmosphere, strong, fast winds called jet streams occur at
altitudes of 8 to 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles) above the Earth. They
usually blow from about 129 to 225 kilometers per hour (80 to 140 miles
per hour), but they can reach more than 443 kilometers per hour (275
miles per hour). These upper-atmosphere winds help push weather
systems around the globe.

Wind can be influenced by human activity. Chicago, Illinois, is

nicknamed the “Windy City.” After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871
destroyed the city, city planners rebuilt it using a grid system. This
created wind tunnels. Winds are forced into narrow channels, picking up
speed and strength. The Windy City is a result of natural and manmade
winds.

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is a
gas in the atmosphere that helps make clouds, rain, or snow. Humidity is
usually expressed as relative humidity, or the percentage of the
maximum amount of water air can hold at a given temperature. Cool air
holds less water than warm air. At a relative humidity of 100 percent, air
is said to be saturated, meaning the air cannot hold any more water
vapor. Excess water vapor will fall as precipitation. Clouds and
precipitation occur when air cools below its saturation point. This
usually happens when warm, humid air cools as it rises.

The most humid places on Earth are islands near the Equator. Singapore,
for instance, is humid year-round. The warm air is continually saturated
with water from the Indian Ocean.

Clouds come in a variety of forms. Not all of them produce precipitation.

Wispy cirrus clouds, for example, usually signal mild weather. Other
kinds of clouds can bring rain or snow. A blanketlike cover of
nimbostratus clouds produces steady, extended precipitation. Enormous
cumulonimbus clouds, or thunderheads, release heavy downpours.
Cumulonimbus clouds can produce thunderstorms and tornadoes as well.

Equatorial
 The Earth's Equator, spelled with capital E, is a specific case of
planetary equator. It is about 40,075 km (24,901 mi) long, of which
78.8% lies across water and 21.3% over land.

In spatial (3D) geometry, as applied in astronomy, the equator of a

rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is the parallel (circle of latitude) at
which latitude is defined to be 0°. It is the imaginary line on the
spheroid, equidistant from its poles, dividing it into northern and
southern hemispheres. In other words, it is the intersection of the
spheroid with the plane perpendicular to its axis of rotation and midway
between its geographical poles.

Equator in the map of Earth

Equatorial seasons and climate

Main articles: Seasons, Tropics, and Effect of sun angle on climate
Diagram of the seasons, depicting the situation at the December solstice. Regardless of the time of day
(i.e. the Earth's rotation on its axis), the North Pole will be dark, and the South Pole will be illuminated;
see also arctic winter. In addition to the density of incident light, the dissipation of light in the
atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.

Seasons result from the tilt of the Earth's axis compared to the plane of its revolution around the
Sun. Throughout the year the northern and southern hemispheres are alternately turned either
toward or away from the sun depending on Earth's position in its orbit. The hemisphere turned
toward the sun receives more sunlight and is in summer, while the other hemisphere receives less
sun and is in winter (see solstice).

At the equinoxes, the Earth's axis is perpendicular to the sun rather than tilted toward or away,
meaning that day and night are both about 12 hours long across the whole of the Earth.

Near the equator, this means the variation in strength of solar radiation is different relative to the
time of year than it is at higher latitudes: Maximum solar radiation is received during the
equinoxes, when a place at the equator is under the subsolar point at high noon, and the
intermediate seasons of spring and autumn occur at higher latitudes, and the minimum occurs
during both solstices, when either pole is tilted towards or away from the sun, resulting in either
summer or winter in both hemispheres. This also results in a corresponding movement of the
equator away from the subsolar point, which is then situated over or near the relevant tropic
circle. Nevertheless, temperatures are high year round due to the earth's axial tilt of 23.5° not
being enough to create a low minimum midday declination to sufficiently weaken the sun's rays
even during the solstices.

Near the equator there is little temperature change throughout the year, though there may be
dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity. The terms summer, autumn, winter and spring do
not generally apply. Lowlands around the equator generally have a tropical rainforest climate,
also known as an equatorial climate, though cold ocean currents cause some regions to have
tropical monsoon climates with a dry season in the middle of the year, and the Somali Current
generated by the Asian monsoon due to continental heating via the high Tibetan Plateau causes
Greater Somalia to have an arid climate despite its equatorial location.

Average annual temperatures in equatorial lowlands are around 31 °C (88 °F) during the
afternoon and 23 °C (73 °F) around sunrise. Rainfall is very high away from cold ocean current
upwelling zones, from 2,500 to 3,500 mm (100 to 140 in) per year. There are about 200 rainy
days per year and average annual sunshine hours are around 2,000. Despite high year-round sea
level temperatures, some higher altitudes such as the Andes and Mount Kilimanjaro have
glaciers. The highest point on the equator is at the elevation of 4,690 metres (15,387 ft), at
0°0′0″N 77°59′31″W, found on the southern slopes of Volcán Cayambe [summit 5,790 metres
(18,996 ft)] in Ecuador. This is slightly above the snow line and is the only place on the equator
where snow lies on the ground. At the equator, the snow line is around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft)
lower than on Mount Everest and as much as 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) lower than the highest snow
line in the world, near the Tropic of Capricorn on Llullaillaco.