NURTURE COURSE

COMPOUND ANGLES
CONTENTS
COMPOUND ANGLES

THEORY & ILLUSTRATIONS ......................................... Page – 1

EXERCISE (O-1) .................................................................. Page – 17

EXERCISE (O-2) .................................................................. Page – 18

EXERCISE (S-1) .................................................................. Page – 20

EXERCISE (S-2) .................................................................. Page – 21

EXERCISE (JM) .................................................................. Page – 22

EXERCISE (JA) .................................................................. Page – 23

ANSWER KEY .................................................................. Page – 24

JEE (Main) Syllabus :

Trigonometric Identities

JEE (Advanced) Syllabus :

Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction
formulae, formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles.
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
1. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY :
The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'trigon' and 'metron' and it means 'measur-
ing the sides of a triangle'. The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems involv-
ing triangles. It was studied by sea captains for navigation, surveyor to map out the new lands, by
engineers and others. Currently, trigonometry is used in many areas such as the science of seismol-
ogy, designing electric circuits, describing the state of an atom, predicting the heights of tides in the
ocean, analysing a musical tone and in many other areas.
(a) Measurement of angles : Commonly two systems of measurement of angles are used.
(i) Sexagesimal or English System : Here 1 right angle = 90° (degrees)
1° = 60' (minutes)
1' = 60" (seconds)
(ii) Circular system : Here an angle is measured in radians. One radian corresponds to the
angle subtended by an arc of length 'r ' at the centre of the circle of radius r. It is a constant
quantity and does not depend upon the radius of the circle.

D R
(b) Relation between the these systems : =
90 p / 2
(c) If q is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 'r', l

l q
by an arc of length 'l' then = q. • r
r
Note that here l, r are in the same units and q is always in radians.

Illustration 1 : If the arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 75° at their centres.
Find the ratio of their radii.
Solution : Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the given circles and let their arcs of same length 's' subtend
angles of 60° and 75° at their centres.
c c c c
æ p ö æpö æ p ö æ 5p ö
Now, 60° = ç 60 ´ ÷ = ç ÷ and 75° = ç 75 ´ ÷ =ç ÷
è 180 ø è 3 ø è 180 ø è 12 ø
p s 5p s
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

\ 3 = r and 12 = r
1 2

p 5p p 5p
Þ r1 = s and r2 = s Þ r1 = r2 Þ 4r1 = 5r2 Þ r1 : r2 = 5 : 4 Ans.
3 12 3 12

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) The radius of a circle is 30 cm. Find the length of an arc of this circle if the length of the chord
of the arc is 30 cm.

E 1
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
2. T-RATIOS (or Trigonometric functions) :
In a right angle triangle h
p
p b p h h b q
sin q = ; cos q = ; tan q = ; cos ec q = ; sec q = and cot q = b
h h b p b p

'p' is perpendicular ; 'b' is base and 'h' is hypotenuse.

Note : The quantity by which the cosine falls short of unity i.e. 1 – cosq, is called the versed sine q
of q and also by which the sine falls short of unity i.e. 1– sinq is called the coversed sine of q.

3. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

(1) sin q. cosec q = 1 (2) cos q. sec q = 1

sin q cos q
(3) tan q. cot q = 1 (4) tan q = & cot q =
cos q sin q
(5) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 or sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q or cos2 q = 1 – sin2 q
(6) sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 or sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q or tan2 q = sec2 q - 1

1
(7) secq + tanq =
sec q - tan q
(8) cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1 or cosec2q = 1 + cot2 q or cot2 q = cosec2 q – 1

1
(9) cosecq + cotq =
cos ecq - cot q
(10) Expressing trigonometrical ratio in terms of each other :

sin q cos q tan q cot q sec q cosec q

tan q 1 sec 2 q - 1 1
sin q sin q 1 - cos2 q
1 + tan 2 q 1 + cot 2 q sec q cosec q
1 cot q 1 cosec 2q - 1
cos q 1 - sin 2 q cos q
1 + tan 2 q 1 + cot 2 q sec q cosec q
sin q 1 - cos 2 q 1 1
tan q tan q sec2 q - 1
1 - sin q 2 cos q cot q cosec 2 q - 1
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

1 - sin 2 q cos q 1 1
cot q cot q cosec 2 q - 1
sin q 1 - cos q 2 tan q sec q - 1
2

1 1 1 + cot 2 q cosecq
sec q 1 + tan 2 q sec q
1 - sin 2 q cos q cot q cosec 2 q - 1
1 1 1 + tan 2 q sec q
cosec q 1 + cot 2 q cosec q
sin q 1 - cos q 2 tan q sec 2 q - 1

2 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
If sin q + sin 2 q = 1 , then prove that cos q + 3cos q + 3cos q + cos q - 1 = 0
12 10 8 6
Illustration 2 :
Solution : Given that sinq = 1 – sin2q = cos2q
L.H.S. = cos6q(cos2q + 1)3 – 1= sin3q(1 + sinq)3 – 1= (sinq + sin2q)3 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
Illustration 3 : 4(sin6q + cos6q ) – 6 ( sin4q + cos4q ) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –2 (D) none of these
Solution : 4 [(sin2q + cos2q )3 – 3 sin2 q cos2q ( sin2q + cos2q ) ] – 6[ (sin2q + cos2q )2 – 2sin2q cos2q]
= 4[1 – 3 sin2 q cos2q] – 6[1 –2 sin2q cos2q]
= 4 – 12 sin2q cos2q – 6 + 12 sin2q cos2q = –2 Ans.(C)

Do yourself - 2 :
4
(i) If cot q = , then find the value of sinq, cosq and cosecq in first quadrant.
3
(ii) If sinq + cosecq = 2, then find the value of sin8q + cosec8q

4. NEW DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS :

y
By using rectangular coordinates the definitions of trigonometric
functions can be extended to angles of any size in the following way
P(x, y)
(see diagram). A point P is taken with coordinates (x, y). The radius
r q
vector OP has length r and the angle q is taken as the directed angle •O x
measured anticlockwise from the x-axis. The three main trigonometric
functions are then defined in terms of r and the coordinates x and y.
sinq = y/r,
cosq = x/r
tanq = y/x,
(The other function are reciprocals of these)
This can give negative values of the trigonometric functions.

5. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS :

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

90°, p/2
II quadrant I quadrant

only sine All +ve

& cosec +ve
180°,p 0°, 360°, 2p
only tan & cot only cos
+ve & sec +ve

III quadrant IV quadrant

270°, 3p/2

E 3
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
6. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES :

(a) sin (2np + q) = sin q, cos (2np + q) = cos q, where n Î I

(b) sin (-q) = – sin q cos (–q) = cos q

sin(90° – q) = cosq cos(90° – q) = sinq
sin(90° + q) = cosq cos(90° + q) = –sinq
sin(180° – q) = sinq cos(180° – q) = –cosq
sin(180° + q) = –sinq cos(180° + q) = –cosq
sin(270° – q) = –cosq cos(270° – q) = –sinq
sin(270° + q) = –cosq cos(270° + q) = sinq
sin (360° – q) = –sinq cos(360° – q) = cosq
sin (360° + q) = sinq cos(360° + q) = cosq

7. VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :

Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

T-ratio 0 p/6 p/4 p/3 p/2 p 3p/2

sin q 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1
cos q 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0
tan q 0 1/ 3 1 3 N.D. 0 N.D.
cot q N.D. 3 1 1/ 3 0 N.D. 0
sec q 1 2/ 3 2 2 N.D. –1 N.D.
cosecq N.D. 2 2 2/ 3 1 N.D. –1

N.D. ® Not Defined

(a) sin np = 0 ; cos np =(–1)n; tan np = 0 where n Î I

p p
(b) sin(2n+1) = (–1)n; cos(2n+1) = 0 where n Î I
2 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

1 1
Illustration 4 : If sin q = – and tan q = then q is equal to -
2 3
(A) 30° (B) 150° (C) 210° (D) none of these
Solution : Let us first find out q lying between 0 and 360°.
1 1
Since sin q = - Þ q = 210° or 330° and tan q = Þ q = 30° or 210°
2 3
7p
Hence , q = 210° or is the value satisfying both. Ans. (C)
6
4 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
Do yourself - 3 :
1 3p
(i) If cosq = – and p < q < , then find the value of 4tan2q – 3cosec2q.
2 2

(ii) Prove that : (a) cos570° sin510° + sin(–330°) cos(–390°) = 0

11p 9p 3 p 17p 3 - 2 3
(b) tan - 2 sin - cosec 2 + 4 cos2 =
3 3 4 4 6 2

8. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

(i) y = sinx (ii) y = cosx
Y Y

1 1

– p/2 p/2 3p /2
X' X X' o X
–2p –p o p 2p –3p /2 –p p 3p /2
p/2
–1 –1

Y' Y'

(iii) y = tanx (iv) y = cotx

Y Y

3p p p 3p
– 3p – p p 3p –
2
–
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
X' -p o p X X' –2p –p o p 2p X

Y' Y'

(v) y = secx (vi) y = cosecx

Y Y

Y=1 Y=1
(-2p,1) (0,1) (2p,1) –

–5 p/2,0 –3p /2,0 –p/2,0 p/2,0 3p/2,0 5p/2,0 –p,0 p,0

X' o X X' o X

(–p,–1) (p,–1)
Y=–1 Y=–1

Y' Y'

9. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

T-Ratio Domain Range Period

sin x R [–1,1] 2p
cos x R [–1,1] 2p
tan x R–{(2n+1)p/2 ; nÎI} R p
cot x R–{np : n Î I} R p
sec x R– {(2n+1) p/2 : n Î I} (–¥,–1] È[1,¥) 2p
cosec x R– {np : n Î I} (–¥,–1] È[1,¥) 2p

E 5
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
10. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES :
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B tan A - tan B
(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A – B) =
1 - tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
cot B cot A - 1 cot B cot A + 1
(vii) cot (A + B) = (viii) cot (A – B) =
cot B + cot A cot B - cot A
Some more results :
(i) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B). sin(A – B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.
(ii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).

Illustration 5 : Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.

3 1 3 cos 20° - sin 20°

Solution : L.H.S. = - =
sin 20° cos 20° sin 20°.cos 20°

æ 3 1 ö
4ç cos 20° - sin 20° ÷ 4(sin 60.cos 20° - cos 60°.sin 20°)
= è 2 2 ø =
sin 40°
2 sin 20° cos20°
sin(60° - 20°) sin 40°
= 4. = 4. = 4 = R.H.S.
sin 40° sin 40°
Illustration 6 : Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° .

tan 20° + tan 50°

Solution : L.H.S. = tan 70° = tan(20° + 50°) =
1 - tan 20° tan 50°

or tan70° – tan20° tan50° tan70° = tan20° + tan50°

or tan70° = tan70° tan50° tan20° + tan20° + tan50° = 2 tan 50° + tan20°

= cot70° + 2cot40° = R.H.S.

Do yourself - 4 :
3 9 p
(i) If sin A = and cos B = , 0 < A & B < , then find the value of the following :
5 41 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

(a) sin(A + B) (b) sin(A – B) (c) cos(A + B) (d) cos(A – B)

(ii) If x + y = 45°, then prove that :
(a) (1 + tanx)(1 + tany) = 2 (b) (cotx – 1)(coty – 1) = 2
(Remember these results)
11. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE :
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B). (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (iv)2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
6 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
tan(A + B) l + 1
Illustration 7 : If sin2A = l sin2B, then prove that = .
tan(A - B) l - 1
Solution : Given sin2A = l sin2B
sin 2A l
Þ =
sin 2B 1
Applying componendo & dividendo,
sin 2A + sin 2B l + 1
=
sin 2B - sin 2A 1 - l
æ 2A + 2B ö æ 2A - 2B ö
2sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø = l +1
Þ æ 2B + 2A ö æ 2B - 2A ö 1 - l
2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
sin(A + B) cos(A - B) l +1 sin(A + B) cos(A - B) l +1
Þ = Þ =
cos(A + B) sin{-(A - B)} 1 - l cos(A + B) ´ - sin(A - B) -(l - 1)
sin(A + B) cos(A - B) l + 1 l +1
Þ = Þ tan(A + B) cot(A - B) =
cos(A + B) sin(A - B) l - 1 l -1
tan(A + B) l + 1
Þ =
tan(A - B) l - 1
12. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT :

æC+Dö æC-Dö
(i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

æC+Dö æC-Dö
(ii) sin C – sin D = 2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

æC+Dö æC-Dö
(iii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

æC+Dö æ D-Cö
(iv) cos C – cos D = 2 sin ç ÷ sin
è 2 ø çè 2 ÷ø

sin 5q + sin 2q - sin q

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

Illustration 8 : is equal to -
cos 5q + 2 cos 3q + 2 cos2 q + cos q
(A) tan q (B) cos q (C) cot q (D) none of these

2 sin 2q cos 3q + sin 2q sin 2q [ 2 cos3q + 1]

Solution : L.H.S.= =
2 cos3q.cos 2 q + 2 cos3q + 2 cos q 2 éëcos3q ( cos 2q + 1) + ( cos2 q ) ùû
2

sin 2q [ 2 cos3q + 1] sin 2q(2 cos3q + 1)

= = = tan q Ans. (A)
2 ëécos 3q ( 2 cos2 q ) + cos 2 qùû 2 cos q(2 cos3q + 1)
2

E 7
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Illustration 9 : Show that sin12°.sin48°.sin54° = 1/8

Solution : L.H.S. = 1 [ cos36° - cos 60°] sin 54° = 1 écos36° sin 54° - 1 sin 54° ù
2 2 êë 2 úû

1 1
= [ 2 cos36° sin 54° - sin 54°] = [sin 90° + sin18° - sin 54°]
4 4

1 1
= [1 - (sin 54° - sin18°)] = [1 - 2 sin18° cos36°]
4 4

1 é 2 sin18° ù 1 é sin 36° cos 36° ù

= ê1- cos18° cos36°ú = ê1 - úû
4ë cos18° û 4ë cos18°

1 é 2 sin 36° cos36° ù 1 é sin 72° ù 1 é 1 ù 1

= ê1- = ê1 - = 1- = = R.H.S.
4ë 2 cos18° û 4 ë 2sin 72° ûú 4 ëê 2 ûú 8
ú

Do yourself - 5 :

sin 75° - sin15°

(i) Simplify
cos 75° + cos15°

(ii) Prove that

(a) (sin3A + sinA)sinA + (cos3A – cosA)cosA = 0

1
(b) cos20°cos40°cos60°cos80°=
16
sin 8q cos q - sin 6 q cos 3q
(c) = tan 2q
cos 2q cos q - sin 3q sin 4 q

13. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES :

(i) sin (A+B+C) = sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB – sinAsinBsinC

= SsinA cosB cosC – Psin A

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

= cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC]

(ii) cos (A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC – cosA sinB sinC

= Pcos A – Ssin A sin B cos C

= cos A cos B cos C [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A ]

tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan Btan C S1 - S3

(iii) tan (A + B+ C) = =
1 - tan A tan B - tan Btan C - tan C tan A 1 - S2

8 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
14. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES :

(a) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 2q in terms of the angle q :

2 tan q
(i) sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q =
1 + tan 2 q

1 - tan 2 q
(ii) cos 2q = cos2 q – sin2 q = 2 cos2 q – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 q =
1 + tan 2 q

(iii) 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos2 q (iv) 1 – cos2q = 2 sin2 q

1 - cos 2q sin 2q 2 tan q

(v) tan q = = (vi) tan 2q =
sin 2q 1 + cos 2q 1 - tan 2 q

2 cos 2A + 1
Illustration 10 : Prove that : = tan(60° + A) tan(60° - A) .
2 cos 2A - 1

Solution : R.H.S. = tan(60° + A) tan(60° – A)

æ tan 60° + tan A ö æ tan 60° - tan A ö æ 3 + tan A ö æ 3 - tan A ö

= ç 1 - tan 60° tan A ÷ ç 1 + tan 60° tan A ÷ = çç ÷ç ÷
è øè ø è 1 - 3 tan A ÷ø çè 1 + 3 tan A ÷ø

sin 2 A
3-
3 - tan A
2
cos2 A = 3 cos A - sin A == 2 cos A + cos A - 2 sin A + sin A
2 2 2 2 2 2

= =
1 - 3 tan 2 A sin 2 A cos2 A - 3sin 2 A 2 cos2 A - 2 sin 2 A - sin 2 A - cos2 A
1-3 2
cos A

2(cos2 A - sin 2 A) + cos 2 A + sin 2 A 2 cos 2A + 1

= = = L.H.S.
2(cos2 A - sin 2 A) - (sin 2 A + cos2 A) 2 cos 2A - 1

Do yourself - 6 :
(i) Prove that :
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

sin 2q 1 + sin 2q + cos 2q

(a) = tan q (b) = cot q
1 + cos 2q 1 + sin 2q - cos 2q

(b) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 3q in terms of the angle q :

(i) sin3q = 3sinq – 4sin3q. (ii) cos3q = 4cos3q – 3cosq.

3tan q - tan 3 q
(iii) tan 3q =
1 - 3 tan 2 q

E 9
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Illustration 11 : Prove that : tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A) = 3tan3A
Solution : L.H.S. = tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A)
= tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan{180° –(60° – A)}
= tanA + tan(60° + A) – tan(60° – A) [Q tan(180° – q) = –tanq]

tan 60° + tan A tan 60° - tan A 3 + tan A 3 - tan A

= tan A + - = tan A + -
1 - tan 60° tan A 1 + tan 60° tan A 1 - 3 tan A 1 + 3 tan A

3 + tan A + 3 tan A + 3 tan 2 A - 3 + tan A + 3 tan A - 3 tan 2 A

= tan A +
(1 - 3 tan A)(1 + 3 tan A)

8tan A tan A - 3 tan 3 A + 8 tan A

= tan A + =
1 - 3 tan 2 A 1 - 3tan 2 A

9 tan A - 3tan 3 A æ 3tan A - tan 3 A ö

= = 3 ç ÷ = 3 tan 3A = R.H.S.
1 - 3tan 2 A è 1 - 3 tan A ø
2

Do yourself - 7 :
(i) Prove that :
(a) cot q cot (60° – q) cot (60° + q) = cot 3q (b) cos5q = 16cos5 q – 20 cos3q + 5 cosq
(c) sin 4q = 4sinq cos3q – 4cosq sin3q

15. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES :

Since the trigonometric relations are true for all values of angle q, they will be true if instead of q be
q
substitute
2
q
q q 2 tan
(i) sin q = 2 sin cos = 2
2 2 2 q
1 + tan
2
q
1 - tan 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

q q q q 2
(ii) cosq = cos2 – sin2 = 2 cos2 – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 =
2 2 2 2 q
1 + tan 2
2
q q
(iii) 1 + cosq = 2 cos2 (iv) 1 – cosq = 2 sin2
2 2
q
q 1 - cos q sin q 2 tan
(v) tan = = (vi) tan q = 2
2 sin q 1 + cos q q
1 - tan 2
2
10 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
q 1 - cos q q 1 + cos q
(vii) sin =± (viii) cos = ±
2 2 2 2

q 1 - cos q q
(ix) tan =± (x) 2 sin = ± 1 + sin q ± 1 - sin q
2 1 + cos q 2

q q ± 1 + tan 2 q - 1
(xi) 2 cos = ± 1 + sin q m 1 - sin q (xii) tan =
2 2 tan q
for (vii) to (xii) , we decide the sign of ratio according to value of q.

1 1
Illustration 12: sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° is equal to
2 2

(A)
1
2
4+2 2 (B)
1
2
4-2 2 (C)
1
4 ( 4+2 2 ) (D)
1
4 ( 4-2 2 )
1 1 1
Solution : sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° = 1 + sin135° = 1 + (using cosA + sinA = 1 + sin 2A )
2 2 2
1
= 4+2 2 Ans.(A)
2
Do yourself - 8 :
(i) Find the value of
p p p
(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan
8 8 8

16. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :

p 5 -1 2p
(i) sin18° = sin = = cos 72° = cos
10 4 5

p 5 +1 3p
(ii) cos36° = cos = = sin 54° = sin
5 4 10

2p 10 + 2 5 p
(iii) sin 72° = sin = = cos18° = cos
5 4 10
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

p 10 - 2 5 3p
(iv) sin 36° = sin = = cos 54° = cos
5 4 10

p 3 -1 5p
(v) sin15° = sin = = cos 75° = cos
12 2 2 12

p 3 +1 5p
(vi) cos15° = cos = = sin 75° = sin
12 2 2 12

E 11
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
p 3 -1 5p
(vii) tan15° = tan = 2- 3 = = cot 75° = cot
12 3 +1 12

5p 3 +1 p
(viii) tan 75° = tan = 2+ 3 = = cot15° = cot
12 3 -1 12
p 3p
(ix) tan ( 22.5° ) = tan = 2 - 1 = cot ( 67.5° ) = cot
8 8
3p p
(x) tan ( 67.5° ) = tan = 2 + 1 = cot ( 22.5° ) = cot
8 8
Illustration 13 : Evaluate sin78° – sin66° – sin42° + sin6°.

Solution : The expression = (sin78° – sin42°) – (sin66° – sin6°) = 2cos(60°) sin(18°) – 2cos36°. sin30°

æ ö æ ö 1
= sin18° – cos36° = ç 5 - 1 ÷ - ç 5 + 1 ÷ = –
è 4 ø è 4 ø 2

Do yourself - 9 :
(i) Find the value of
p 13p
(a) sin + sin (b) cos2 48° - sin 2 12°
10 10

17. CONDI T I ONA L TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

If A + B + C = 180°, then
(i) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(ii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B B C C A
(iii) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(iv) cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(v) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
(vi) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =–1–4 cosA cosB cosC

A B C
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

(vii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos

2 2 2

A B C
(viii)cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

Illustration 14 : In any triangle ABC, sin A – cos B = cos C, then angle B is

(A) p/2 (B) p/3 (C) p/4 (D) p/6
Solution : We have , sin A – cos B = cos C
sin A = cos B + cos C
12 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN

A A æ B+C ö æ B-C ö
Þ 2 sin cos = 2 cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷
2 2 è 2 ø è 2 ø
A A æ p-A ö æ B-C ö
Þ 2 sin cos = 2 cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷ Q A+B+C=p
2 2 è 2 ø è 2 ø
A A A æ B-C ö
Þ 2 sin cos = 2 sin cos ç ÷
2 2 2 è 2 ø
A B-C
Þ cos = cos or A = B – C ; But A + B + C = p
2 2
Therefore 2B = p Þ B = p/2 Ans.(A)
3p
Illustration 15 : If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos2C is equal to-
2
(A) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (B) 4 sinA sin B sinC
(C) 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC (D) 1 – 4 sinA sinB sinC
Solution : cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 2 cos (A + B ) cos (A – B) + cos 2C

æ 3p ö 3p
= 2 cos ç - C ÷ cos (A – B) + cos 2C Q A+B+C=
è 2 ø 2

= – 2 sin C cos ( A– B) + 1 – 2 sin2C = 1 – 2 sinC [ cos ( A– B) + sin C )

3p
= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) + sin æç - ( A + B ) ö÷ ]
è 2 ø

= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) – cos ( A +B ) ] = 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C

Ans.(D)

Do yourself - 10 :
(i) If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then find the value of sinA + sinB – sinC – sinD

p
(ii) If A + B + C = , then find the value of tanA tanB + tanBtanC + tanC tanA
2

18. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS :

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

(i) acosq + bsinq will always lie in the interval [- a 2 + b 2 , a 2 + b2 ] i.e. the maximum and
minimum values are a 2 + b2 , - a 2 + b2 respectively.
(ii) Minimum value of a2 tan2 q + b2 cot2 q = 2ab where a, b > 0

(iii) - a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos(a - b) < a cos (a+q) + b cos (b+q) < a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos(a - b) where a
and b areknown angles.
(iv) In case a quadratic in sin q & cos q is given then the maximum or minimum values can be
obtained by making perfect square.
E 13
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
æ pö
Illustration 16 : Prove that : -4 £ 5cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ + 3 £ 10 , for all values of q.
è 3ø
æ pö p p 13 3 3
Solution : We have, 5cosq + 3cos ç q + ÷ = 5cosq + 3cosqcos –3sinq sin = cosq – sinq
è 3ø 3 3 2 2
2 2
æ 13 ö æ 3 3 ö 13 æ 13 ö æ 3 3 ö
2 2
3 3
Since, - ç ÷ + ç - ÷ £ cos q - sin q £ ç ÷ + ç - ÷
è2ø è 2 ø 2 2 è2ø è 2 ø
13 3 3
Þ -7 £ cos q - sin q £ 7
2 2
æ pö
Þ -7 £ 5cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ £ 7 for all q.
è 3ø
æ pö
Þ -7 + 3 £ 5cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ + 3 £ 7 + 3 for all q.
è 3ø
æ pö
Þ -4 £ 5cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ + 3 £ 10 for all q.
è 3ø
æp ö æp ö
Illustration 17 : Find the maximum value of 1 + sin ç + q ÷ + 2 cos ç - q ÷ -
è4 ø è4 ø
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
æp ö æp ö
Solution : We have 1 + sin ç + q ÷ + 2 cos ç - q ÷
è 4 ø è4 ø
1 æ 1 ö
=1+ (cos q + sin q ) + 2 ( cos q + sin q ) = 1 + ç + 2 ÷ (cos q + sin q )
2 è 2 ø
æ 1 ö æ pö
=1+ ç + 2 ÷ . 2 cos ç q - ÷
è 2 ø è 4ø
æ 1 ö
\ maximum value = 1 + ç + 2÷ . 2= 4 Ans. (D)
è 2 ø

Do yourself - 11 :
p
(i) Find maximum and minimum value of 5cosq + 3sin æç q + ö÷ for all real values of q.
è 6ø
(ii) Find the minimum value of cosq + cos2q for all real values of q.
(iii) Find maximum and minimum value of cos2 q - 6 sin q cos q + 3sin 2 q + 2 .
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

19. IMPORTANT RESULTS :

1
(i) sin q sin (60° – q) sin (60° + q) = sin 3q
4
1
(ii) cos q. cos (60° – q) cos (60° + q) = cos3q
4
(iii) tan q tan (60° – q) tan (60° + q) = tan 3q
(iv) cot q cot (60° – q) cot (60° + q) = cot 3q
14 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
3
(v) (a) sin2 q + sin2 (60° + q) + sin2 (60° – q) =
2
3
(b) cos2 q + cos2 (60° + q) + cos2 (60° – q) =
2
(c) tanq + tan(60° + q) + tan(120° + q) = 3tan3q
(vi) (a) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C, then A + B + C = np, n Î I
p
(b) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1, then A + B + C = (2n + 1) ,nÎI
2
sin(2 n q)
(vii) cos q cos 2q cos 4q .... cos (2n – 1 q) =
2 n sin q
(viii) (a) cotA – tanA = 2cot2A (b) cotA + tanA = 2cosec2A
ì æ n - 1 ö ü æ nb ö
sin ía + ç ÷ bý sin ç ÷
î è 2 ø þ è 2 ø
(ix) sin a + sin (a+b) + sin (a+2b) +... sin (a + n - 1 b) =
æbö
sin ç ÷
è2ø

ì æ n - 1 ö ü æ nb ö
cos ía + ç ÷ bý sin ç ÷
î è 2 ø þ è 2 ø
(x) cos a + cos (a+b) + cos (a + 2b) + .... + cos(a + n - 1 b) =
æbö
sin ç ÷
è2ø

Do yourself - 12 :
p 3p 5p
(i) Evaluate sin + sin + sin + ......... to n terms
n n n

Miscellaneous Illustration :
Illustration 18 : Prove that
tana + 2 tan2a + 22 tan2a + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 a + 2n cot 2na = cota
Solution : We know tan q = cot q – 2 cot 2q .....(i)
Putting q = a, 2a,22a, ..............in (i), we get
tan a = (cot a – 2 cot 2a)
2 (tan 2a) = 2(cot 2a – 2 cot 22a)
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

22 (tan 22 a) = 22 (cot 22 a – 2 cot 23a)

..........................................................
2n–1 (tan 2n–1 a) = 2n–1 (cot 2n–1 a – 2 cot 2n a)
Adding,
tana + 2 tan2a + 22 tan2a + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 a = cota – 2n cot 2na
\ tana + 2 tan2a + 22 tan2a + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 a + 2n cot 2n a = cot a

E 15
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
A B C D 1
Illustration 19 : If A,B,C and D are angles of a quadrilateral and sin sin sin sin = , prove that
2 2 2 2 4
A = B = C = D = p/2.
æ A B öæ C Dö
Solution : ç 2 sin sin ÷ ç 2 sin sin ÷ = 1
è 2 2 øè 2 2ø
ì æ A- Bö æ A + B öü ì æ C - D ö æ C + D öü
Þ ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ý ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ý = 1
î è 2 ø è 2 øþ î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
Since, A + B = 2p – (C + D), the above equation becomes,
ì æ A-Bö æ A + B öü ì æ C - D ö æ A + B öü
Þ ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ý ícos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷ý = 1
î è 2 ø è 2 øþ î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
æ A+ Bö æ A +Böì æ A-Bö æ C - D öü æ A-Bö æC-Dö
Þ cos ç 2 ÷ - cos ç 2 ÷ ícos ç 2 ÷ - cos ç 2 ÷ ý + 1 - cos ç 2 ÷ cos ç 2 ÷ = 0
2

è ø è øî è ø è øþ è ø è ø

æ A+Bö
This is a quadratic equation in cos ç ÷ which has real roots.
è 2 ø
2
ì æ A-Bö æ C - D öü ì æ A-Bö æ C - D öü
Þ ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ý - 4 í1 - cos ç ÷ .cos ç ÷ý ³ 0
î è 2 ø è 2 øþ î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
2
æ A-B C-Dö
ç cos + cos ÷ ³4
è 2 2 ø
A-B C-D A-B C-D
Þ cos + cos ³ 2 , Now both cos and cos £1
2 2 2 2
A -B C-D
Þ cos = 1& cos =1
2 2
A-B C-D
Þ =0=
2 2
Þ A = B, C = D.
Similarly A = C, B = D Þ A = B = C = D = p/2

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

3 4 5
1: (i) 10p cm 2: (i) , , (ii) 2
5 5 3
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

187 -133 -84 156

3: (i) 8 4: (i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
205 205 205 205
1 2 -1 2 +1
5: (i) 8: (i) (a) (b) (c) 2 -1
3 2 2 2 2
1 5 +1
9: (i) (a) - (b) 10 : (i) 0 (ii) 1
2 8
9
11 : (i) 7 & –7 (ii) – (iii) 4 + 10 & 4 - 10 12 : (i) 0
8

16 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. If sin x + sin x = 1, then the value of cos2x + cos4x is -
2

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3

2. 2(sin q + cos q) – 3(sin q + cos q) + 1 is equal to -
6 6 4 4

(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 6

1 1
3. If tan A = - and tan B = - , (where A,B > 0), then A + B can be
2 3
p 3p 5p 7p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4
4. 2 2
cos 48° – sin 12° is equal to -

5 -1 5 +1 3 -1 3 +1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 4 2 2
sin 8q cos q - sin 6q cos 3q
5. The expression is equals -
cos 2q cos q - sin 3q sin 4q
(A) tan q (B) tan 2q (C) sin 2q (D) cos2q
a+b
tan
6. If 3 sin a = 5 sin b, then 2 =
a -b
tan
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
sin(A - C) + 2sin A + sin(A + C)
7. is equal to -
sin(B - C) + 2sin B + sin(B + C)
sin A cos A sin C
(A) tan A (B) (C) (D)
sin B cos B cos B
1 + sin 2q + cos 2q
8. =
1 + sin 2q - cos 2q
1 1
(A) tan q (B) cot q (C) tan q (D) cot q
2 2
9. If A = tan 6º tan 42º and B = cot 66º cot 78º, then -
(A) A = 2B (B) A = 1/3B (C) A = B (D) 3A = 2B
2p 4p
10. If x = ycos = z cos ] then xy + yz + zx =
3 3
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

11. If tana = (1+2–x)–1, tanb = (1+2x+1)–1, then a + b =

(A) p/6 (B) p/4 (C) p/3 (D) p/2
12. If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C, then -
(A) A,B,C must be angles of a triangle
(B) the sum of any two of A,B,C is equal to the third
(C) A+B+C must be n integral multiple of p
(D) None of these

E 17
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
13. The value of sin10º + sin20º + sin30º+....+ sin 360º is equal to -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2

14. The number of real solutions of the equation sin(ex) = 2x + 2–x is -
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
sin 3x
15. If f(x) = , x ¹ np, then the range of values of f(x) for real values of x is -
sin x
(A) [–1,3] (B) (–¥,–1] (C) (3, + ¥) (D) [–1,3)
æx+yö
16. If cos x + cos y + cos a = 0 and sin x + sin y + sin a = 0, then cot ç 2 ÷ =
è ø
(A) sin a (B) cos a (C) cot a (D) 2 sin a
p 3p 5p
17. The value of sin sin sin is :-
14 14 14
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
16 8 2
18. Maximum and minimum value of 2sin2q – 3sinq + 2 is -
1 7 1 21 21 3 7
(A) ,- (B) , (C) ,- (D) 7,
4 4 4 4 4 4 8
æ pö æ pö
19. For q Î (0, p/2), the maximum value of sin ç q + ÷ + cos ç q + ÷ is attained at q =
è 6ø è 6ø
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 6 3 4
20. Minimum value of the expression cos q –( 6 sin q cos q) + 3 sin q + 2, is -
2 2

(A) 4 + 10 (B) 4 - 10 (C) 0 (D) 4

EXERCISE (O-2)
1. If x + y = 3 – cos4q and x – y = 4 sin2q then
(A) x4 + y4 = 9 (B) x + y =16 (C) x3 + y3 = 2(x2 + y2) (D) x + y =2
n sin A cos A
2. If tanB = then tan(A + B) equals
1 - n cos2 A
sin A ( n - 1) cos A sin A sin A
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1 - n ) cos A sin A (n - 1) cos A (n + 1) cos A
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

2p 4p 8p 2p 4p 8p
3. If A = sin + sin + sin and B = cos + cos + cos then A 2 + B 2 is equal to
7 7 7 7 7 7
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 3

2 cos b - 1 a b
4. If cos a = then tan · cot has the value equal to {where a, b Î (0, p)}
2 - cos b 2 2

(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 3

18 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
cos 3x 1 p sin 3x
5. If = for some angle x, 0 £ x £ , then the value of for some x, is
cos x 3 2 sin x
7 5 2
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
3 3 3

5p 1 - sin x + 1 + sin x
6. If < x < 3p , then the value of the expression is
2 1 - sin x - 1 + sin x
x x x x
(A) –cot (B) cot (C) tan (D) –tan
2 2 2 2
7. As shown in the figure AD is the altitude on BC and AD produced meets the
circumcircle of DABC at P where DP = x. Similarly EQ = y and FR = z. If a,
a b c
b, c respectively denotes the sides BC, CA and AB then + +
2x 2 y 2z
has the value equal to
(A) tanA + tanB + tanC (B) cotA + cotB + cotC
(C) cosA + cosB + cosC (D) cosecA + cosecB + cosecC
96 sin 80° sin 65° sin 35°
8. The exact value of is equal to
sin 20° + sin 50° + sin 110°
(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) –12 (D) 48
9. The value of cot x + cot (60º + x) + cot (120º + x) is equal to :
3 - 9 tan 2 x
(A) cot 3x (B) tan 3x (C) 3 tan 3x (D)
3 tan x - tan 3 x
p p
10. The value of cosec – 3 sec 18 is a
18
(A) surd (B) rational which is not integral
(C) negative integer (D) natural number
11. If tan x + tan y = 25 and cot x + cot y = 30, then the value of tan(x + y) is
(A) 150 (B) 200 (C) 250 (D) 100
12. If cos(a + b) + sin (a - b) = 0 and 2010tan b + 1 = 0, then tana is equal to
1
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2010 (D)
2010
13. In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is 2 2 times the perpendicular drawn from the opposite
vertex. Then the other acute angles of the triangle are
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

p p p 3p p p p 3p
(A) and (B) and (C) and (D) and
3 6 8 8 4 4 5 10
o o o o
1 1 1 1
14. The value of cot 7 + tan 67 - cot 67 - tan 7 is :
2 2 2 2
(A) a rational number (B) irrational number

(C) 2(3 + 2 3 ) (D) 2 (3 – 3 )

E 19
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
15. If m and n are positive integers satisfying
cos mq · sin nq
1 + cos 2q + cos 4q + cos 6q + cos 8q + cos10q = then (m + n) is equal to
sin q
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12
Paragraph for Question Nos. 16 to 18
Consider the polynomial P(x) = (x – cos 36°)(x – cos 84°)(x – cos156°)
16. The coefficient of x2 is
1 5 -1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – (D)
2 2
17. The coefficient of x is
3 3 3
(A) (B) – (C) – (D) zero
2 2 4
18. The absolute term in P(x) has the value equal to
5 -1 5 -1 5 +1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 16 16 16
Multiple Objective Type :
cos x + cos 2 x + cos 3x + cos 4 x + cos 5x + cos 6x + cos 7 x
19. Let y = , then which of the following hold
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x + sin 4x + sin 5x + sin 6 x + sin 7 x
good?
(A) The value of y when x = p/8 is not defined.(B) The value of y when x = p/16 is 1.
(C) The value of y when x = p/32 is 2 -1 . (D) The value of y when x = p/48 is 2 + 3 .
20. Two parallel chords are drawn on the same side of the centre of a circle of radius R . It is found that
they subtend an angle of q and 2 q at the centre of the circle . The perpendicular distance between the
chords is
3q q æ qö æ qö
(A) 2 R sin sin (B) ç1 - cos ÷ ç1 + 2 cos ÷ R
2 2 è 2ø è 2ø
æ qö æ qö 3q q
(C) ç1 + cos ÷ ç1 - 2 cos ÷ R (D) 2 R sin sin
è 2ø è 2ø 4 4
EXERCISE (S-1)
1. Prove that : cos²a + cos² (a + b) - 2cos a cos b cos (a + b) = sin²b
2. Prove that : cos 2a = 2 sin²b + 4cos (a + b) sin a sin b + cos 2(a + b)
3. Prove that : tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8 a = cot a.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

4. Prove that : (a) tan 20° . tan 40° . tan 60° . tan 80° = 3
p 3p 5p 7p 3
(b) tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81° = 4 . (c) sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4 =
16 16 16 16 2

æ 7p ö æ pö æ 3p ö æ 7p ö æ pö æ 3p ö
5. If X = sin ç q + ÷ + sin ç q - ÷ + sin ç q + ÷ , Y = cos ç q + ÷ + cos ç q - ÷ + cos ç q + ÷ , then
è 12 ø è 12 ø è 12 ø è 12 ø è 12 ø è 12 ø

X Y
prove that - = 2 tan 2q .
Y X
20 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
m+n
6. If m tan(q – 30°) = n tan (q + 120°), show that cos2q = .
2(m - n)
4 5 p
7. If cos (a + b) = ; sin (a – b) = & a , b lie between 0 & , then find the value of tan 2a.
5 13 4
a+ b
8. If the value of the expression sin25°. sin35°.sin85° can be expressed as , where a,b,c Î N
c
and are in their lowest form, find the value of (a + b + c).
9. Prove that (4 cos29° – 3) (4 cos227° – 3) = tan9°.
æ tan A ö
10. If A + B + C = p, prove that å çè tan B.tan C ÷ø = å (tan A) - 2å (cot A).
11. If a + b = g, prove that cos2a + cos2b + cos2g = 1 + 2 cos a cos b cos g.
æ p öæ (2k - 1)p ö æ (2k + 1) p ö æ (4k - 1) p ö
12. Let P(k) = ç 1 + cos ÷ ç 1 + cos ÷ ç 1 + cos ÷ ç 1 + cos ÷ , then find the value
è 4k ø è 4k øè 4k øè 4k ø
of (a) P(5) and (b) P(6).
13. Calculate without using trigonometric tables :
2cos 40° - cos20°
(a) 4cos20° - 3 cot 20° (b)
sin 20°
p 3p 5p 7p
(c) cos
6
+ cos6 + cos6 + cos6 (d) tan10° – tan50° + tan70°
16 16 16 16
14. Given that (1 + tan 1°) (1 + tan2°)....(1 + tan45°) = 2n, find n.
15. In a right angled triangle, acute angles A and B satisfy
tan A + tanB + tan2A + tan2B + tan3A + tan3B = 70
find the angle A and B in radians.
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. (a) If y = 10 cos2x – 6 sinx cosx + 2 sin2x, then find the greatest & least value of y.
(b) If y = 1 + 2 sinx + 3 cos2x, find the maximum & minimum values of y " x Î R.
(c) If y = 9 sec2x + 16 cosec2x, find the minimum value of y for all permissible value of x.

æ pö
(d) If a < 3 cos ç q + ÷ + 5 cosq + 3 < b, find a and b, where a is the minimum value & b is the
è 3 ø
maximum value.
88
1 cos k
å cos nk.cos(n + 1)k = sin
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

2. Let k = 1°, then prove that 2

n =0 k
A B C
3. If A + B + C = p; prove that tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 ³ 1 .
2 2 2
4. (a) If 4 sin x. cos y + 2 sinx + 2 cos y + 1 = 0 where x,y Î [0,2p] find the largest possible value
of the sum (x + y).

(b) If M and m denotes maximum and minimum value of 49 cos2 q + sin 2 q + 49sin 2 q + cos 2 q
then find the value of (M + m).

E 21
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
5. Determine the smallest positive value of x (in degrees) for which
tan(x + 100°) = tan(x + 50°) tanx tan(x – 50°).

6. Find the positive integers p,q,r,s satisfying tan

p
24
= ( p- q )( )
r -s .

1
7. If the product (sin 1°) (sin 3°) (sin 5°) (sin 7°)..........(sin 89°) = , then find the value of n.
2n
6
æ (n–1)p ö æ np ö p
8. If f(q) = å cosec ç q+ ÷ cosec ç q + ÷ , where 0 < q < , then find the minimum value of f(q).
n =1 è 4 ø è 4 ø 2

5
rp 5
rp 1 æ p ö
9. Let x1 = Õ cos 11 and x 2 = å cos , then show that x1 .x 2 = ç cosec - 1 ÷ , where P denotes the
r =1 r =1 11 64 è 22 ø
continued product.
10. If x and y are real number such that x2 + 2xy – y2 = 6, find the minimum value of (x2 + y2)2.

p 3p 5p 7p
11. Find the exact value of tan
2
+ tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2
16 16 16 16
12. If 'q' is eliminated from the equations cos q – sin q = b and cos3q + sin3q = a, find the eliminant.
13. Given that 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5 where x Î (0,p/2). Find the value of 2 sinx + cosx + 4 tanx.

EXERCISE (JM)
1
1. If 0 < x < p, and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is- [AIEEE-2006]
2

(1) (4 - 7 ) / 3 (2) -(4 + 7) / 3 (3) (1 + 7 ) / 4 (4) (1 - 7 ) / 4

4 5 p
2. Let cos(a + b) = and let sin(a – b) = , where 0 £ a, b £ . Then tan 2a = [AIEEE-2010]
5 13 4
25 56 19 20
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 33 12 7
3. If A = sin2x + cos4x, then for all real x :- [AIEEE-2011]
3 13 3 13
(1) 1 £ A £ 2 (2) £A£ (3) £A£ 1 (4) £A£ 1
4 16 4 16
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

4. In a DPQR, if 3 sinP + 4 cosQ = 6 and 4 sinQ + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to :
[AIEEE-2012]
3p 5p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 6 6 4
tan A cot A
5. The expression + can be written as [JEE-MAIN 2013]
1 - cot A 1 - tan A

(1) sinA cosA + 1 (2) secA cosecA + 1 (3) tanA + cotA (4) secA + cosecA

22 E
 Compound Angles
ALLEN
6. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel and BC ^ CD. If ÐADB = q, BC = p and
CD = q, then AB is equal to [JEE-MAIN 2013]

(p2 + q 2 )sin q p 2 + q 2 cos q p2 + q 2 (p 2 + q 2 )sin q

(1) (2) (3) 2 (4) (p cos q + q sin q) 2
p cos q + q sin q p cos q + q sin q p cos q + q 2 sin q

1
7. Let fK (x) =
k
( )
sin k x + cosk x where x Î R and k ³ 1. Then f4 (x) – f6 (x) equals :

[JEE-MAIN 2014]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 4 12
8. If 5(tan2x – cos2x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos4x is :- [JEE-MAIN 2017]
7 3 1 2
(1) – (2) – (3) (4)
9 5 3 9
EXERCISE (JA)
p
1. Let qÎ æç 0, ö÷ and t1 = (tan q)tan q , t 2 = (tan q)cot q , t 3 = (cot q)tan q , t 4 = (cot q) cot q , then -
è 4ø
[JEE 06,3M,–1M]
(A) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (B) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2 (C) t3 > t1> t2 > t4 (D) t2 > t3 > t1 > t4
One or more than one is/are correct : [Q.5(a) & (b)]

sin 4 x cos4 x 1
2. (a) If + = , then [JEE 2009, 4 + 4]
2 3 5

2 sin 8 x cos8 x 1
(A) tan x = 2
(B) + =
3 8 27 125

1 sin 8 x cos8 x 2
(C) tan x = 2
(D) + =
3 8 27 125

p
6
æ (m – 1)p ö æ mp ö
(b) For 0 < q <
2
, the solution(s) of å cosec çè q +
m =1 4 ÷
ø
cosec ç q +
è 4 ÷ø
= 4 2 is (are) -

p p p 5p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 12
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

1
3. (a) The maximum value of the expression is
sin q + 3sin q cos q + 5cos 2 q
2

(b) Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance 3 + 1 apart. If the chords subtend at

p 2p
the center, angles of and where k > 0, then the value of [k] is -
k k
[Note : [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k] [JEE 2010, 3+3]

E 23
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
4. { } { }
Let P = q : sin q - cos q = 2 cos q and Q = q : sin q + cos q = 2 sin q be two sets. Then

(A) P Ì Q and Q - P ¹ Æ (B) Q Ì/ P

(C) P Ì/ Q (D) P = Q [JEE 2011,3]

13
1
5. The value of å æ p (k - 1)p ö æ p kp ö
is equal to [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(–1)]
k =1
sin ç + ÷ sin ç + ÷
è4 6 ø è4 6 ø

(A) 3 - 3 (B) 2(3 - 3) (C) 2( 3 - 1) (D) 2(2 + 3)

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. D
9. C 10. B 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. D 16. C
17. B 18. D 19. A 20. B
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B
9. D 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. A
17. C 18. B 19. B,D 20. B,D
EXERCISE (S-1)
56 3- 5 2- 3 5
7. 8. 24 12. (a) ; (b) 13. (a) –1, (b) 3 , (c) , (d) 3
33 32 16 4

p 5p
14. n = 23 15. and
12 12
EXERCISE (S-2)
13 23p
1. (a) ymax=11, ymin= 1; (b) y max = , y = –1; (c) 49; (d) a =–4 & b = 10 4. (a) (b) 18
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

3 min 6
89
5. x = 30° 6. p = 3, q = 2; r = 2; s = 1 7. 8. 2 2 10. 18
2
11. 28 12. a = 3b – 2b3 13. 5
EXERCISE (JM)
1. 2 2. 2 3. 3 4. 3 5. 2 6. 1 7. 4 8. 1
EXERCISE (JA)
1. B 2. (a) A, B; (b) C,D 3. (a) 2; (b) k = 3 4. D 5. C
24 E
 node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Compound Angles\Eng

E
ALLEN
Important Notes

25
Compound Angles
 NURTURE COURSE

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
CONTENTS
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS & INEQUATIONS

THEORY .................................................................. Page – 1

EXERCISE (O-1) .................................................................. Page – 14

EXERCISE (O-2) .................................................................. Page – 16

EXERCISE (S-1) .................................................................. Page – 17

EXERCISE (S-2) .................................................................. Page – 18

EXERCISE (JM) .................................................................. Page – 18

EXERCISE (JA) .................................................................. Page – 19

IIT-JEE Syllabus :
General solution of trigonometric equations.
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION :
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angles is called a trigonometrical
equation.

2. SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION :

A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the trigonometric
equation.
(a) Principal solution :- The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the interval [0, 2p).
(b) General solution :- Since all the trigonometric functions are many one & periodic, hence there
are infinite values of q for which trigonometric functions have the same value. All such possible
values of q for which the given trigonometric function is satisfied is given by a general formula.
Such a general formula is called general solution of trigonometric equation.
(c) Particular solution :- The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the given interval.

3. GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS (TO BE

REMEMBERED) :
(a) If sin q = 0, then q = np, n Î I (set of integers)
p
(b) If cos q = 0, then q = (2n+1) , n Î I
2
(c) If tan q = 0, then q = np, n Î I
é -p p ù
(d) If sin q = sin a, then q = np + (–1)na where a Î ê , ú , n Î I
ë 2 2û
(e) If cos q = cos a, then q = 2np ± a, n Î I, a Î [0,p]
æ -p p ö
(f) If tan q = tan a, then q = np + a, n Î I, a Î ç , ÷
è 2 2ø
p p
(g) If sin q =1, then q = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I
2 2
(h) If cos q = 1 then q = 2np, n Î I
(i) If sin2 q = sin2 a or cos2 q = cos2 a or tan2 q = tan2 a, then q = np ± a, n Î I
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

(j) For n Î I, sin np = 0 and cos np = (–1)n, n Î I

sin (np + q) = (–1)n sin q cos (np + q) = (–1)n cos q
(k) cos np = (–1)n, n Î I
n -1
If n is an odd integer, then sin np = (-1) 2 , cos np = 0,
2 2
n -1
æ np ö
sin ç + q ÷ = (-1) 2 cos q
è 2 ø
n +1
æ np ö
cos ç + q ÷ = (-1) 2
sin q
è 2 ø
E 1
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
tan 3x - tan 2x
Illustration 1 : Find the set of values of x for which =1.
1 + tan 3x.tan 2x
tan 3x - tan 2x
Solution : We have, =1 Þ tan(3x – 2x) = 1 Þ tan x = 1
1 + tan 3x.tan 2x
p p
Þ tan x = tan Þ x = np + , n Î I {using tanq = tana Û q = np + a)
4 4
But for this value of x, tan 2x is not defined.
Hence the solution set for x is f. Ans.
Do yourself-1 :
(i) Find general solutions of the following equations :
1 æ 3q ö æ 3q ö
(a) sin q = (b) cos ç ÷ = 0 (c) tan ç ÷ = 0
2 è 2 ø è 4 ø
æqö
(d) cos22q = 1 (e) 3 sec 2q = 2 (f) cosec ç ÷ = -1
è2ø

4. IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED WHILE SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC

EQUATIONS :
(a) For equations of the type sin q = k or cos q = k, one must check that | k | < 1.
(b) Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to extraneous solutions. Reject
extra solutions if they do not satisfy the given equation.
(c) Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the equations which are in a
product because we may loose some solutions.
(d) The answer should not contain such values of q, which make any of the terms undefined or
infinite.
(i) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
p
(ii) If tan q or sec q is involved in the equations, q should not be odd multiple of .
2
(iii) If cot q or cosec q is involved in the equation, q should not be multiple of p or 0.
5. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :
(a) Solving trigonometric equations by factorisation.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

e.g. (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x

\ (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) – (1 – cos2x) = 0
\ (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – cos x – 1 + cos x) = 0
\ (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0
1
Þ cos x = –1 or sin x =
2
Þ cosx = – 1 = cosp Þ x = 2np + p = (2n + 1)p, n Î I
1 p p
or sinx = = sin Þ x = kp + (–1)k ,kÎI
2 6 6
2 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
1
Illustration 2 : If sinq, cosq and tanq are in G.P. then the general solution for q is -
6
p p p
(A) 2np ± (B) 2np ± (C) np ± (D) none of these
3 6 3
1
Solution : Since, sin q, cos q, tan q are in G.P.
6
1
Þ cos2 q = sin q . tan q Þ 6cos3 q + cos2 q – 1 = 0
6
\ (2cos q – 1) (3 cos2 q + 2 cos q + 1) = 0
1
Þ cos q = (other values of cos q are imaginary)
2
p p
Þ cos q = cos Þ q = 2np ± , n Î I. Ans. (A)
3 3
(b) Solving of trigonometric equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation.
e.g. 6 – 10cosx = 3sin2x
\ 6 – 10cosx = 3 – 3cos2x Þ 3cos2x – 10cosx + 3 = 0

1
Þ (3cosx – 1) (cosx – 3) = 0 Þ cosx = or cosx = 3
3
Since cosx = 3 is not possible as – 1 £ cosx £ 1

1 æ1ö
= cos æç cos-1 ö÷ Þ
1
\ cosx = x = 2np ± cos–1 ç ÷ , n Î I
3 è 3ø è3ø

1
Illustration 3 : Solve sin2q - cosq = for q and write the values of q in the interval 0 £ q £ 2p.
4
Solution : The given equation can be written as
1
1 – cos2q – cosq = Þ cos2q + cosq – 3/4 = 0
4
2
Þ 4cos q + 4cosq – 3 = 0 Þ (2cosq – 1)(2cosq + 3) = 0
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

1 3
Þ cosq = ,–
2 2
Since, cosq = –3/2 is not possible as –1 £ cosq £ 1
1 p p
\ cos q = Þ cos q = cos Þ q = 2np ± ,nÎI
2 3 3
For the given interval, n = 0 and n = 1.

p 5p
Þ q= , Ans.
3 3
E 3
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Illustration 4 : Find the number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cosx in [0, 2p].
Solution : Here, tanx + secx = 2cosx Þ sinx + 1 = 2 cos2x
1
Þ 2sin2x + sinx – 1 = 0 Þ sinx = ,–1
2
3p
But sinx = –1 Þ x = for which tanx + secx = 2 cosx is not defined.
2
1 p 5p
Thus sinx = Þx= ,
2 6 6
Þ number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cos x is 2. Ans.
2 2
Illustration 5 : Solve the equation 5sin x – 7sinx cosx + 16cos x = 4
Solution : To solve this equation we use the fundamental formula of trigonometric identities,
sin2x + cos2x = 1
writing the equation in the form,
5sin2x – 7sinx . cosx + 16cos2x = 4(sin2x + cos2x)
Þ sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 12cos2 x = 0
dividing by cos2x on both side we get,
tan2x – 7tanx + 12 = 0
Now it can be factorized as :
(tanx – 3)(tanx – 4) = 0
Þ tanx = 3, 4
i.e., tanx = tan(tan–13) or tanx = tan(tan–1 4)
Þ x = np + tan–1 3 or x = np + tan–1 4, n Î I. Ans.
np
If x ¹ , n Î I and (cos x)sin x -3sin x + 2 = 1 , then find the general solutions of x.
2
Illustration 6 :
2
np
Solution : As x ¹ Þ cos x ¹ 0, 1, – 1
2
(cos x)sin x -3sin x + 2 = 1 Þ sin2x – 3sinx + 2 = 0
2
So,
\ (sinx – 2) (sinx – 1) = 0 Þ sinx = 1, 2
np
where sinx = 2 is not possible and sinx = 1 which is also not possible as x ¹
2
\ no general solution is possible. Ans.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

7
Illustration 7 : Solve the equation sin4x + cos4 x = sinx . cosx.
2
7 7
Solution : sin4x + cos4x = sinx . cosx Þ (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x = sinx . cosx
2 2
1 7
Þ 1 - (sin 2x) 2 = ( sin 2x ) Þ2sin22x + 7sin2x – 4 = 0
2 4
1
Þ (2sin2x –1)(sin2x + 4) = 0 Þ sin2x = or sin2x = –4 (which is not possible)
2

4 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n , n Î I
6
np n p
i.e., x= + ( - 1) ,nÎI Ans.
2 12
Do yourself-2 :
(i) Solve the following equations :
(a) 3sinx + 2cos2x = 0 (b) sec22a = 1 – tan2a
(c) 7cos2q + 3sin2q = 4 (d) 4cosq – 3secq = tanq
(ii) Solve the equation : 2sin2q + sin22q = 2 for q Î ( -p, p) .

(c) Solving trigonometric equations by introducing an auxilliary argument.

Consider, a sin q + b cos q = c .............. (i)
a b c
\ sin q + cos q =
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
equation (i) has a solution only if |c| £ a2 + b2
a b b
let = cos f , = sin f & f = tan -1
a +b2 2
a +b 2 2
a
by introducing this auxillary argument f, equation (i) reduces to
c
sin (q + f) = Now this equation can be solved easily.
a 2 + b2

Illustration 8 : Find the number of distinct solutions of secx + tanx = 3 , where 0 £ x £ 3p.
Solution : Here, sec x + tanx = 3 Þ 1 + sinx = 3 cosx
or 3 cosx – sinx = 1
dividing both sides by a 2 + b 2 i.e. 4 = 2 , we get
3 1 1
Þ cosx – sinx =
2 2 2
p p 1
Þ cos cos x - sin sin x = Þ cos çæ x + p ÷ö = 1 7p/3
6 6 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

è 6ø 2 p/3

As 0 £ x £ 3p p/6
3p p 2p
p p p
£ x + £ 3p +
6 6 6
3p+ p/6
p p 5p 7 p p 3p 13p 5p/3
Þ x+ 6 = 3, 3 , 3 Þ x= , ,
6 2 6
3p
But at x = , tanx and secx is not defined.
2
\ Total number of solutions are 2. Ans.

E 5
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Illustration 9 : Prove that the equation kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1 possess a solution iff k Î (–¥, 4].
Solution : Here, k cosx – 3sinx = k + 1, could be re-written as :

k 3 k +1
cos x - sin x =
k +9
2
k +92
k2 + 9

k +1 3
or cos(x + f) = , where tanf =
k +9
2 k

k +1
which possess a solution only if – 1 £ £1
k2 + 9

k +1
i.e., £1
k2 + 9

i.e., (k + 1)2 £ k 2 + 9
i.e., k2 + 2k + 1 £ k2 + 9
or k£4
Þ The interval of k for which the equation (kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1) has a solution is (–¥, 4]. Ans.
Do yourself-3 :
(i) Solve the following equations :
(a) sinx + 2 = cosx.
(b) cosecq = 1 + cotq.

(d) Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into

product.
e.g. cos 3x + sin 2x – sin 4x = 0
cos 3x – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
Þ (cos3x) (1 – 2sinx) = 0

1
Þ cos3x = 0 or sinx =
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

p 1 p
Þ cos3x = 0 = cos or sinx = = sin
2 2 6

p p
Þ 3x = 2np ± or x = mp + (–1)m
2 6

2np p p
Þ x= ± or x = mp + (–1)m ; (n, m Î I)
3 6 6

6 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
Illustration 10 : Solve : cosq + cos3q + cos5q + cos7q = 0
Solution : We have cosq + cos7q + cos3q + cos5q = 0
Þ 2cos4qcos3q + 2cos4qcosq = 0 Þ cos4q(cos3q + cosq) = 0
Þ cos4q(2cos2qcosq) = 0
Þ Either cosq = 0 Þ q = (2n1 + 1) p/2, n1 Î I
p
or cos2q = 0 Þ q = (2n2 + 1) , n2 Î I
4
p
or cos4q = 0 Þ q = (2n3 + 1) , n3 Î I Ans.
8
(e) Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum.
e.g. sin5x. cos3x = sin6x. cos2x
sin8x + sin2x = sin8x + sin4x
\ 2sin2x . cos2x – sin2x = 0
Þ sin2x(2 cos 2x – 1) = 0
1
Þ sin2x = 0 or cos2x =
2

1 p
Þ sin2x = 0 = sin0 or cos2x = = cos
2 3

p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n × 0, n Î I or 2x = 2mp ± , mÎI
3

np p
Þ x= ,nÎI or x = mp ± ,mÎI
2 6

1
Illustration 11 : Solve : cosq cos2q cos3q = ; where 0 £ q £ p .
4

1 1 1
Solution : (2cosq cos3q) cos2q = Þ (cos2q + cos4q) cos2q =
2 4 2

1 1
Þ [2cos22q + 2cos4q cos2q]= Þ 1 + cos4q + 2cos4q cos2q = 1
2 2
\ cos4q (1+ 2cos2q) = 0
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

cos4q = 0 or (1 + 2cos2q) = 0
Now from the first equation : 2cos4q = 0 = cos(p/2)

æ 1ö p
\ 4q = ç n + ÷ p Þ q = (2n + 1) , n Î I
è 2ø 8

p 3p 5p 7p
for n = 0, q = ; n = 1, q = ; n = 2, q = ; n = 3, q = (Q 0 £ q £ p )
8 8 8 8
and from the second equation :

E 7
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
1
cos2q = - = –cos(p/3) = cos(p-p/3) = cos (2p/3)
2
\ 2q = 2kp ± 2p/3 \ q = kp ± p/3, k Î I
p 2p
again for k = 0, q = ; k = 1, q = (Q 0 £ q £ p )
3 3

p p 3 p 5p 2 p 7 p
\ q= , , , , , Ans.
8 3 8 8 3 8

Do yourself-4 :
(i) Solve 4sinq sin2q sin4q = sin3q.
(ii) Solve for x : sinx + sin3x + sin5x = 0.

(f) Solving equations by a change of variable :

(i) Equations of the form P (sin x ± cos x, sin x. cos x) = 0, where P (y,z) is a polynomial, can be
solved by the substitution :
cos x ± sin x = t Þ 1 ± 2 sin x. cos x = t2.

Illustration 12 : Solve : sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x.

Solution : put sinx + cosx = t
Þ sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx . cosx = t2
Þ 2sinx cosx = t2 – 1 (Q sin2x + cos2x = 1)
æ t2 -1 ö
Þ sinx.cosx = ç ÷
è 2 ø
Substituting above result in given equation, we get :
t2 -1
t=1+
2
Þ 2t = t2 + 1 Þ t2 – 2t + 1 = 0
Þ (t – 1)2 = 0 Þ t=1
Þ sin x + cos x = 1
Dividing both sides by 12 + 12 i.e. 2 , we get
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

1 1 1 p p 1
Þ sin x + cos x = Þ cosx cos + sinx.sin =
2 2 2 4 4 2
p p p p
Þ cos æç x - ö÷ = cos Þ x– = 2np ±
è 4ø 4 4 4
p p
Þ x = 2np or x = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I
2 2
(ii) Equations of the form of asinx + bcosx + d = 0, where a, b & d are real numbers can be
solved by changing sin x & cos x into their corresponding tangent of half the angle.
8 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
Illustration 13 : Solve : 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5

æ 1 - tan 2 x / 2 ö æ 2 tan x / 2 ö
Solution : Þ 3ç ÷ + 4ç ÷=5
è 1 + tan 2 x / 2 ø è 1 + tan 2 x / 2 ø

x x
3 - 3 tan 2 8 tan
2+ 2 =5
Þ 2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2

x x x x x
Þ 3 – 3tan2 + 8tan = 5 + 5tan2 Þ 8tan2 – 8tan + 2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
2
x x æ x ö
Þ 4tan2 – 4tan + 1 = 0 Þ ç 2 tan - 1 ÷ = 0
2 2 è 2 ø
x x 1
= tan æç tan -1 ö÷
1
Þ 2tan – 1 = 0 Þ tan =
2 2 2 è 2ø
x 1
= np + tan–1 æç ö÷ , n Î I
1
Þ Þ x = 2np + 2tan–1 ,nÎI
2 è2ø 2

(g) Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions involved.

Illustration 14 : Solve the equation (sinx + cosx)1+sin2x = 2, when 0 £ x £ p .

Solution : We know, – a 2 + b2 £ a sin q + b cos q £ a 2 + b 2 and –1 £ sinq £ 1.

\ (sinx + cosx) admits the maximum value as 2

and (1 + sin 2x) admits the maximum value as 2.

( 2) = 2.
2
Also
\ the equation could hold only when, sinx + cosx = 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2
æ pö
Now, sinx + cos x = 2 Þ cos ç x - ÷ = 1
è 4ø
Þ x = 2np + p/4, n Î I ...... (i)
p
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

and 1 + sin 2x = 2 Þ sin2x = 1 = sin

2
p mp p
Þ 2x = mp + (–1)m , m Î I Þ x= + ( -1) m ...... (ii)
2 2 4
p
The value of x in [0, p] satisfying equations (i) and (ii) is x = (when n = 0 & m = 0)
4
Ans.
Note : sin x + cos x = - 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2 also satisfies but as x > 0, this solution is
not indomain.

E 9
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
1
Illustration 15 : Solve for x and y : 2 cos2 x y 2 - y + 1 / 2 £ 1
1
Solution : 2 cos2 x
y2 - y + 1 / 2 £ 1 ....... (i)

1 2 2
æ 1ö æ1ö
çy - ÷ +ç ÷ £1
cos2 x
2
è 2ø è2ø
1
cos2 x
Minimum value of 2 =2
2 2
æ 1ö æ1ö 1
Minimum value of çy - ÷ +ç ÷ =
è 2ø è2ø 2

1
1
Þ Minimum value of 2 cos2 x
y2 - y + is 1
2

1 2 2
æ 1ö æ1ö
Þ çy - ÷ +ç ÷ =1
2
(i) is possible when 2 cos x
è 2ø è2ø
Þ cos2x = 1 and y = 1/2 Þ cosx = ±1 Þ x = np, where n Î I.
Hence x = np, n Î I and y = 1/2. Ans.
æxö 1
Illustration 16 : The number of solution(s) of 2cos2 ç ÷ sin2x = x2+ 2 , 0 £ x £ p/2, is/are -
è2ø x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) none of these
æxö 1 1
Solution : Let y = 2cos2 ç ÷ sin2x = x2+ 2 Þ y = (1 + cosx)sin2x and y = x2 + 2
è2ø x x
2
when y = (1 + cosx)sin x = (a number < 2)(a number £ 1) Þ y < 2 ......... (i)
2
1 æ 1ö
and when y = x2 + = çx - ÷ + 2 ³ 2 Þ y³2 .......... (ii)
x 2
è xø
No value of y can be obtained satisfying (i) and (ii), simultaneously
Þ No real solution of the equation exists. Ans. (A)
Note:If L.H.S. of the given trigonometric equation is always less than or equal to k and RHS is
always greater than k, then no solution exists. If both the sides are equal to k for same value of
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

q, then solution exists and if they are equal for different values of q, then solution does not exist.

Do yourself-5 :
(i) If x2 – 4x + 5 – siny = 0, y Î [0, 2p) , then -
(A) x = 1, y = 0 (B) x = 1, y = p/2 (C) x = 2, y = 0 (D) x = 2, y = p/2
1
(ii) If sinx + cosx = y + , y > 0, x Î [0, p] , then find the least positive value of x satisfying the
y
given condition.

10 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
6. TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES :

There is no general rule to solve trigonometric inequations and the same rules of algebra are valid provided
the domain and range of trigonometric functions should be kept in mind.

Illustration 17 : Find the solution set of inequality sin x > 1/2.

1
Solution : When sinx = , the two values of x between 0 and 2p are p/6 and 5p/6.
2

From the graph of y = sin x, it is obvious that between 0 and 2p,

1
sinx > for p/6 < x < 5p/6
2
Hence, sin x > 1/2
Þ 2np + p/6 < x < 2np + 5p/6, n Î I
y

1/2
p 2p
x
–2p –p 0 p p 5p
6 2 6

–1

æ p 5p ö
Thus, the required solution set is nÈ ç 2np + , 2np + ÷ Ans.
ÎI è 6 6 ø
Illustration 18 : Find the values of a lying between 0 and p for which the inequality : tan a > tan 3 a is
valid.
We have : tan a - tan a > 0 Þ tana (1– tan2a) > 0
3
Solution :
– + – +
Þ (tana)(tana + 1)(tana – 1) < 0 –1 0 1

So tana < –1, 0 < tana < 1

æ p ö æ p 3p ö
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

\ Given inequality holds for a Î ç 0, ÷ È ç , ÷ Ans.

è 4ø è2 4 ø

Do yourself - 6 :

(i) Find the solution set of the inequality : cosx ³ –1/2.

(ii) Find the values of x in the interval [0, 2p] for which 4sin2x – 8sinx + 3 £ 0.

E 11
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Miscellaneous Illustration :

Illustration 19 : Solve the following equation : tan2q + sec2q + 3 = 2 ( 2 sec q + tan q)

Solution : We have tan 2 q + sec 2 q + 3 = 2 2 sec q + 2 tan q

Þ tan 2 q - 2 tan q + sec 2 q - 2 2 sec q + 3 = 0

Þ tan 2 q + 1 - 2 tan q + sec 2 q - 2 2 sec q + 2 = 0

Þ (tan q - 1) 2 + (sec q - 2) 2 = 0 Þ tan q = 1 and sec q = 2

As the periodicity of tanq and secq are not same, we get

p
q = 2np + , n Î I
4
Ans.

Illustration 20 : Find the solution set of equation 5(1 + log5 cosx) = 5/2.

Solution : Taking log to base 5 on both sides in given equation :

(1 + log5 cosx). log55 = log5(5/2) Þ log5 5 + log5 cosx = log55 – log52

Þ log5 cos x = –log52 Þ cos x = 1/2 Þ x = 2np ± p/3, n Î I

Ans.

æ p pö æ ap bp ö
Illustration 21 : If the set of all values of x in ç - , ÷ satisfying | 4 sin x + 2 | < 6 is ç , ÷ then
è 2 2ø è 24 24 ø
a-b
find the value of .
3

Solution : | 4 sin x + 2 | < 6

Þ - 6 < 4sin x + 2 < 6 Þ - 6 - 2 < 4 sin x < 6 - 2

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

-( 6 + 2) 6- 2 5p p æ p pö
Þ < sin x < Þ - <x< for x Î ç - , ÷
4 4 12 12 è 2 2ø

ap bp
Comparing with <x< , we get, a = –10, b = 2
24 24

a-b -10 - 2
\ = =4 Ans.
3 3

12 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
Illustration 22 : The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5p] satisfying the equation
3 sin2x – 7 sinx +2 = 0 is - [JEE 98]
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 10
Solution : 2
3sin x – 7 sinx + 2 = 0
Þ (3sinx – 1)(sinx – 2) =0
Q sinx ¹ 2
sina=1/3 sin a=1/3
1 4p+a
Þ sin x = = sin a (say) 2p+a
3 p-a a
where a is the least positive value of x a a
5p 3p p 0 2p 4p
1
such that sin a = .
3
p
Clearly 0 < a < . We get the solution,
2
x = a, p - a, 2p + a, 3p - a, 4p + a and 5p - a.
Hence total six values in [0, 5p] Ans. (C)

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

p p 4np
1: (i) (a) q = np + ( -1) n , n Î I (b) q = (2n + 1) , n Î I (c) q = , nÎI
6 3 3
np p
(d) q = , nÎI (e) q = np ± , n Î I
2 12
(f) q = 2np + (-1) p , n Î I
n +1

p
2: (i) (a) x = np + (–1)n+1 6 , nÎ I (b) a = np or a = kp + 3p , n, k Î I
2 2 8
p
(c) q = np ± , n Î I
3
-1
æ 17 - 1 ö æ
-1 -1 - 17
ö
(d) q = np + (–1)na, where a = sin çç ÷÷ or sin çç ÷÷ , n Î I
è 8 ø è 8 ø
ì p 3p p p 3p p ü
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

(ii) q = í- , - , - , , , ý
î 4 4 2 4 4 2þ
p p
3: (i) (a) x = 2np – , n Î I (b) 2mp + , m Î I
4 2
mp p np p
4: (i) q = np or q = ± ; n,m Î I (ii) x = , n Î I and kp ± , k Î I
3 9 3 3
p
5: (i) D (ii) x =
4
é 2p 2p ù é p 5p ù
6: (i) È 2np - , 2np + ú (ii) ê ,
nÎI ê 3 3 û ú
ë ë6 6 û

E 13
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE # (O-1)
1. The number of solutions of the equation sin 2x – 2cosx + 4 sinx = 4 in the interval [0, 5p] is -
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 5
2. Let A = {q : sin (q) = tan (q)} and B = {q : cos (q) = 1} be two sets. Then -
(A) A = B (B) A Ì B and B –A ¹ f
(C) A Ë B (D) B Ë A
3. The complete solution set of the inequality tan 2 x - 2 2 tan x + 1 £ 0 is-
p 3p p 3p
(A) np + £x£ + np, n Î I (B) np + £x£ + np, n Î I
8 8 4 4

p 3p p 2p
(C) np + £x£ + np, n Î I (D) np + £x£ + np, n Î I
16 8 3 3

4. The general solution of the equation tan2 a +2 3 tan a = 1 is given by -

np p
(A) a = (nÎI) (B) a = (2n + 1) (nÎI)
2 2
p np
(C) a = (6n + 1) (nÎI) (D) a = (nÎI)
12 12
5. If 2 tan2 q = sec2 q, then the general solution of q -
p p p p
(A) np + (nÎI) (B) np – (nÎI) (C) np ± (nÎI) (D) 2np ± (nÎI)
4 4 4 4
2
6. Number of principal solution(s) of the equation 4 ·16sin x
= 26 sin x is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
7. The general solution of equation 4 cos2 x + 6 sin2 x = 5 is -
p p 3p
(A) x = np ± (nÎI) (B) x = np ± (nÎI) (C) x = np ± (nÎI) (D) None of these
2 4 2
8. If tanq + tan4q + tan7q = tanq tan4q tan7q, then q =
np np np
(A) (B) (C) (D) np
4 7 12
where n Î I
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

1 - cos 2q
9. If = 3, then the general solution of q is -
1 + cos 2q
(A) 2np ± p/6 (B) np ± p/6 (C) 2np ± p/3 (D) np ± p/3
where n Î I
æxö
10. The number of solutions of the equation 2cos ç ÷ = 3x + 3–x is-
è2ø
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None

14 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
11. The number of real solutions of the equation sin(ex) = 5x + 5–x is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many
5p 5p
12. If x Î éê - , ùú , then the greatest positive solution of 1 + sin4 x = cos2 3x is -
ë 2 2û
5p
(A) p (B) 2p (C) (D) none of these
2
13. The general value of q satisfying sin2 q + sin q = 2 is-
p p p p
(A) np (–1)n (B) 2np + (C) np + (–1)n (D) np + (–1)n
6 4 2 3
14. The number of solutions of the equation tan2x – sec10x + 1 = 0 in (0, 10) is -

(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 11

15. The solution set of (5 + 4 cos q) (2 cos q + 1) = 0 in the interval [0,2p] is :

ì p 2p ü ìp ü ì 2p 4 p ü ì 2 p 5p ü
(A) í , ý (B) í , pý (C) í , ý (D) í , ý
î3 3 þ î3 þ î3 3 þ î3 3þ
16. The equation sin x cos x = 2 has :
(A) one solution (B) two solutions (C) infinite solutions (D) no solution

17. If tan2 q – (1 + 3 ) tanq + 3 = 0, then the general value of q is :

p p p p p p p p
(A) np + , np + (B) np - , np + (C) np + , np - (D) np - , np -
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3

where n Î I
18. If 0 < x < 3p, 0 < y < 3p and cos x. sin y =1, then the possible number of values of the ordered pair (x, y)
is-
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 15

tan 2q + tan q
19. If = 0 , then the general value of q is -
1 - tan q tan 2q
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

np np np
(A) np ; n Î I (B) ;nÎI (C) (D) ;nÎI
3 4 6
where n Î I
20. The most general values of x for which sin x + cos x = min
aÎR
{1,a2 – 4a + 6} is given by-
p p p
(A) 2np (B) 2np + (C) np + (–1)n. - (D) None of these
2 4 4
where n Î I

E 15
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE # (O-2)
1. Number of values of x satisfying the equation log2(sin x) + log1/2(– cosx) = 0 in the interval (–p,p] is equal
to-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
æp ö
2. Given a2 + 2a + cosec2 ç (a + x) ÷ = 0 then, which of the following holds good?
è2 ø
x x
(A) a = 1 ; Î I (B) a = –1 ; Î I
2 2
(C) a Î R ; x Îf (D) a , x are finite but not possible to find
3. 4 2 2
If the equation cot x – 2 cosec x + a = 0 has atleast one solution then, sum of all possible integral
values of 'a' is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 0
4. The set of angles between 0 and 2p satisfying the equation 4 cos2 q - 2 2 cos q - 1 = 0 is

ì p 5p 19p 23p ü ì p 7p 17p 23p ü

(A) í , , , ý (B) í , , , ý
î12 12 12 12 þ î12 12 12 12 þ

ì 5p 13p 19p ü ì p 7p 19p 23p ü

(C) í , , ý (D) í , , , ý
î 12 12 12 þ î 12 12 12 12 þ
5. In which one of the following intervals the inequality, sin x < cos x < tan x < cot x can hold good?

æ pö æ 3p ö æ 5p 3p ö æ 7p ö
(A) ç 0, ÷ (B) ç , p ÷ (C) ç , ÷ (D) ç , 2p ÷
è 4ø è 4 ø è 4 2 ø è 4 ø
6. If the equation sin4 x - (k + 2) sin2 x - (k + 3) = 0 has a solution then k must lie in the interval :
(A) (- 4, - 2) (B) [- 3, 2) (C) (- 4, - 3) (D) [- 3, - 2]
7. The smallest positive angle satisfying the equation 1 + cos3x – 2cos2x = 0, is equal to
(A) 15° (B) 22.5° (C) 30° (D) 45°
3x 5y
8. Statement-1: If sin cos = k8 – 4k4 + 5, where x, y Î R then exactly four distinct real values of
2 3
k are possible.
because
3x 5y
Statement-2: sin and cos both are less than or equal to one and greater than or equal to – 1.
2 3
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
p
9. The equation 2cos2 æç x ö÷ sin2x = x2 + x–2, 0 < x £ has
è2ø 2
(A) one real solutions (B) more than one real solutions
(C) no real solution (D) none of the above

16 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
10. The number of solutions of the equation sinx = x2 + x + 1 is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None
11. Number of integral solution(s) of the inequality 2sin x – 5sinx + 2 > 0 in x Î [0,2p], is-
2

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

12. If tan q – 2 sec q = 3 , then the general solution of q is -

p p p p p p p p
(A) np + (–1)n – (B) np + (–1)n - (C) np + (–1)n + (D) np + (–1)n +
4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3
where n Î I
EXERCISE # (S-1)
1 1 1
+ log 5 (sin x ) + log15 cos x
1. Solve the equation for x, 5 2 + 5 2 = 15 2
2. Find all the values of q satisfying the equation; sin q + sin 5 q = sin 3 q such that 0 £ q £ p.

3. Solve the equality: 2 sin 11x + cos 3x + 3 sin 3x = 0

4. Find all value of q, between 0 & p, which satisfy the equation; cos q . cos 2 q . cos 3 q = 1/4.
5. Solve for x , the equation 13 - 18 tanx = 6 tan x – 3, where – 2p < x < 2p.

6. Determine the smallest positive value of x which satisfy the equation, 1 + sin 2 x - 2 cos 3 x = 0 .
7. Find the number of principal solution of the equation, sin x – sin 3x + sin 5x = cos x – cos 3x + cos 5x.
æ1 ö
ç + log 3 (cos x + sin x ) ÷
è2 ø log (cos x -sin x )
8. Find the general solution of the trigonometric equation 3 -2 2 = 2.
9. Find all values of q between 0° & 180° satisfying the equation ; cos 6q + cos 4q + cos 2q + 1 = 0.
10. Find the general solution of the equation, sin px + cos px = 0. Also find the sum of all solutions
in [0, 100].
11. Find the range of y such that the equation , y + cos x = sin x has a real solution. For y = 1,
find x such that 0 < x < 2p.
cos q + sin q
12. Find the general values of q for which the quadratic function (sinq) x2 + (2cosq)x +
2
is the square of a linear function.
13. Prove that the equations
(a) sin x · sin 2x · sin 3x = 1 (b) sin x · cos 4x · sin 5x = – 1/2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

have no solution.
14. Let f (x) = sin6x + cos6x + k(sin4x + cos4x) for some real number k. Determine
(a) all real numbers k for which f (x) is constant for all values of x.
(b) all real numbers k for which there exists a real number 'c' such that f (c) = 0.
(c) If k = – 0.7, determine all solutions to the equation f (x) = 0.
æ pö
15. If the set of values of x satisfying the inequality tanx. tan3x < –1 in the interval ç 0, ÷ is (a,b), then
è 2ø
æ 36(b - a) ö
the value of ç ÷ is
è p ø

E 17
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. Solve the equation : sin 5x = 16 sin5 x.
2. Find all the solutions of 4 cos2x sin x - 2 sin2x = 3 sin x.
3. Solve for x, (- p £ x £ p) the equation; 2 (cos x + cos 2 x) + sin 2 x (1 + 2 cos x) = 2 sin x.
4. Find the general solution of the following equation :
2(sin x - cos 2x) - sin 2x(1 + 2 sinx) + 2cos x = 0.
3x x
5. Find the values of x, between 0 & 2p, satisfying the equation cos 3x + cos 2x = sin + sin .
2 2
6. Solve: tan22x + cot22x + 2 tan 2x + 2 cot 2x = 6.
x
sec 2
2
7. Solve the equation: 1 + 2 cosecx = – .
2
8. Solve: tan2x . tan23x . tan 4x = tan2x - tan23x + tan 4x.
9. Find the set of values of x satisfying the equality

æ pö æ 3p ö 2 cos 7 x
sin ç x - ÷ – cos ç x + ÷ = 1 and the inequality > 2cos 2 x .
è 4ø è 4 ø cos 3 + sin 3

10. Find the solution set of the equation, log -x 2 -6x (sin 3x + sin x) = log -x 2 -6x (sin 2x).
10 10

EXERCISE (JM)
1. Let A and B denote the statements
A : cos a + cos b + cos g = 0
B : sin a + sin b + sin g = 0
3
If cos (b – g) + cos(g – a) + cos(a – b) = – , then - [AIEEE 2009]
2
(1) Both A and B are true (2) Both A and B are false
(3) A is true and B is false (4) A is false and B is true
2. The possible values of q Î (0, p) such that sin (q) + sin (4q) + sin(7q) = 0 are: [AIEEE 2011]
2 p p 4 p p 3p 8p p 5p p 2p 3p 8p
(1) , , , , , (2) , , , , ,
9 4 9 2 4 9 4 12 2 3 4 9
2p p p 2p 3p 35p 2 p p p 2p 3p 8p
(3) , , , , , (4) , , , , ,
9 4 2 3 4 36 9 4 2 3 4 9
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

3. If 0 £ x < 2p, then the number of real values of x, which satisfy the equation
cosx + cos2x + cos3x + cos4x = 0, is :- [JEE(Main) 2016]
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 7
æ æp ö æp ö 1ö
4. If sum of all the solutions of the equation 8 cos x· ç cos ç + x ÷ .cos ç - x ÷ - ÷ = 1 in [0, p] is kp,
è6
è ø è6 ø 2 ø
then k is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2018]

13 8 20 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 9 9 3
18 E
 Trigonometric Equation
ALLEN
EXERCISE (JA)
æ -p p ö np
1. The number of values of q in the interval ç , ÷ such that q ¹ for n = 0, ±1,±2 and
è 2 2ø 5
tanq = cot5q as well as sin2q = cos4q, is [JEE 2010, 3]
2. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the equation
1 1 1
= + is [JEE 2011, 4]
æpö æ 2p ö æ 3p ö
sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
ènø è n ø è n ø
3. Let q, j Î [0,2p] be such that
æ q qö
2 cos q(1 - sin j) = sin 2 q ç tan + cot ÷ cos j - 1 , tan ( 2p - q ) > 0 and -1 < sin q < - 3 .
è 2 2ø 2
Then j cannot satisfy- [JEE 2012, 4M]
p p 4p 4p 3p 3p
(A) 0 < j < (B) < j < (C) <j< (D) < j < 2p
2 2 3 3 2 2
4. For x Î (0, p), the equation sinx + 2sin2x – sin3x = 3 has
(A) infinitely many solutions (B) three solutions
(C) one solution (D) no solution [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
5
5. The number of distinct solutions of equation cos2 2x + cos 4 x + sin 4 x + cos6 x + sin 6 x = 2 in the
4
interval [0, 2p] is [JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]

p
6. Let S = ìíx Î ( -p, p) : x ¹ 0, ± üý . The sum of all distinct solut ion of t he equat ion
î 2þ

3 sec x + cosecx + 2(tan x - cot x) = 0 in the set S is equal to -

[JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(–1)]
7p 2p 5p
(A) - (B) - (C) 0 (D)
9 9 9
7. Let a, b, c be three non-zero real numbers such that the equation
é p pù
3a cos x + 2b sin x = c, x Î ê – 2 , 2 ú
ë û
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

p b
has two distinct real roots a and b with a + b = . Then the value of is ______
3 a
[JEE(Advanced)-2018, 3(0)]

E 19
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
ANSWERS
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C
9. D 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D
17. A 18. A 19. B 20. C
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. D
9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D
EXERCISE (S-1)
p p p 2p 5p np p np 7 p
1. x = 2np + , nÎI 2. 0, , , , &p 3. x= - or x = + ,nÎI
6 6 3 3 6 7 84 4 48

p p 3p 5p 2p 7p 2
4. , , , , , 5. a - 2 p ; a - p , a , a + p , where tan a = 6. x = p/16
8 3 8 8 3 8 3

p
7. 10 solutions 8. x = 2np + 9. 30° , 45° , 90° , 135° , 150°
12

1 p p
10. x = n – , n Î I; sum = 5025 11. - 2 £ y £ 2 ; , p 12. 2np + or (2n+1)p – tan–12 , nÎ I
4 2 4

3 é 1ù np p
14. (a) – ; (b) k Î ê - 1, - 2 ú ; (c) x = 2 ± 6 15. 3
2 ë û
EXERCISE (S-2)
p p æ 3p ö ±p -p
1. x = np or x = np ± 2. np ; np + (–1)n or n p + (–1)n çè - 10 ÷ø 3. , ,± p
6 10 3 2
æ pö p p 5p 9 p 13 p
4. x = 2 np or x = n p + (-1)n ç- ÷ or x = n p + (-1)n 5. , ,p, ,
è 2ø 6 7 7 7 7

np p np p p
6. x= + (-1)n or + (-1)n+1 7. x = 2 n p -
4 8 4 24 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

(2 n + 1) p , k p , where n, k Î I 3p 5p
8. 9. x = 2np + , nÎ I 10. x = -
4 4 3
EXERCISE (JM)
1. 1 2. 1 3. 4 4. 1
EXERCISE (JA)
1. 3 2. 7 3. A,C,D 4. D 5. 8 6. C 7. 0.5

20 E
 node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\Trigonometric Equation\Eng.p65

E
ALLEN

Important Notes

21
Trigonometric Equation
 NURTURE COURSE

Height and Distance

Principle of Mathematical Induction,
Sets, Relations
(FOR JEE-MAIN)
CONTENTS
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
BASIC CONCEPTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS............... Page – 1
EXERCISE-I ........................................................................... Page – 6

PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

BASIC CONCEPTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS............... Page – 10
EXERCISE-I ........................................................................... Page – 14
EXERCISE-II .......................................................................... Page – 15

SETS
BASIC CONCEPTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS............... Page – 16
EXERCISE-I ........................................................................... Page – 21
EXERCISE-II .......................................................................... Page – 22

RELATIONS
BASIC CONCEPTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS............... Page – 23
EXERCISE-I ........................................................................... Page – 28
EXERCISE-II .......................................................................... Page – 30

JEE (Main) Syllabus :

Heights and Distances
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.
SETS, RELATIONS
Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their
algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations.
 Heights and Distances
ALLEN
HEIGHT AND DISTANCE
1. INTRODUCTION :
One of the important application of trigonometry is in finding the height and distance of the point which are
not directly measurable. This is done with the help of trigonometric ratios.

2. ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION :

Let OP be a horizontal line in the vertical plane in which an object R is given and let OR be joined.

R O P
angle of depression

angle of elevation
O P R

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

In Fig. (a), where the object R is above the horizontal line OP, the angle POR is called the angle of elevation
of the object R as seen from the point O. In Fig. (b) where the object R is below the horizontal line OP, the
angle POR is called the angle of depression of the object R as seen from the point O.

Remark :

Unless stated to the contrary, it is assumed that the height of the observer is neglected, and that the angles
of elevation are measured from the ground.

Ex.1 Find the angle of elevation of the sum when the length of shadow of a vertical pole is equal to its height.
Sol. Let height of the pole AB = h and
length of the shadow of the Pole (AC) = h

AB h
In DABC tan q = = =1 Þ tan q = 1
AC h

Þ tan q = tan 45° Þ q = 45°

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\01.Theory.p65

Ex.2 The shadow of the tower standing on a level ground is found to be 60 metres longer when the sun's altitude
is 30° than when it is 45°. The height of the tower is-

(1) 60 m (2) 30( 3 –1)m (3) 60 3 m (4) 30( 3 +1) m.

Sol.(4) AC = h cot 30° = 3h

AB = h cot 45° = h

\ BC = AC – AB = h ( 3 –1) Þ 60 = h ( 3 –1)

60 60( 3 + 1)
\ h= = = 30 ( 3 +1)
3 -1 3 -1

E 1
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Ex.3 The angle of elevation of the tower observed from each of the three point A,B,C on the ground, forming a
triangle is the same angle a . If R is the circum - radius of the triangle ABC, then the height of the tower is -
(1) R sin a (2) R cos a (3) R cot a (4) R tan a
Sol.(4) The tower makes equal angles at the vertices of the triangle, therefore foot of the tower is at the circumcentre.

P
From D OCP, OP is perpendicular to OC. A
a

ÐOCP = a
OP
so tan a = Þ OP = OA tan a
OA
a
O
OP = R tan a C
B
A
3. SOME USEFUL RESULTS :
l In a triangle ABC, h p

q
p b P B
sin q = , cos q = , tan q = C b
h h b

l In any triangle ABC, A

a b c
= = [By sine rule]
sin A sin B sin C
c b
or cosine formula

b2 + c 2 - a 2 a 2 + c 2 - b2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
i.e. cos A = ; cosB = , cosC = B a C
2bc 2ac 2ab

l In any triangle ABC A

if BD : DC = m : n and ÐBAD = a a b

ÐCAD = b and ÐADC = q,

q
then (m+n) cot q = m cot a - n cot b B m D n C

A
l In a triangle ABC, if DE || AB
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\01.Theory.p65

E
AB BC
then, =
DE DC
C D B

l In a triangle the internal bisector of an angle divides the A

opposite side in the ratio of the arms of the angle A A

2 2
BD AB
\ =
DC AC
B D C
l In an isosceles triangle the median is perpendicular to the base

2 E
 Heights and Distances
ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 A tower subtends an angle of 30° at a point on the same level as its foot, and at a second point h m
above the first, the depression of the foot of tower is 60°. The height of the tower is.

h
(1) h m (2) 3h m (3) 3 hm (4) m.
3

Sol.(4) Let OP be the tower of height x.,A the point on the same level as the foot O of the tower and B be the
point h m above A (see Fig.) Then Ð AOB = 60° and Ð PAO = 30°. From right-angled triangle AOP,
we have B
OA = x cot 30°
and from right-angled triangle OAB, we have
OA = h cot 60°
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we get
h
x cot 30° = h cot 60° P
30°
1 1
3x= h Þx= h
3 3 x

60° 30°
O A

5
Ex.2 At a point on level ground, the angle of elevation of a vertical tower is found to be such that its tangent is .
12
3
On walking 192 metres towards the tower, the tangent of the angle of elevation is . Find the height of the
4
tower.
Sol. Let AB be the tower and let the angle of elevation of its top at C be a. Let D be a point at a distance of 192
metres from C such that the angle of elevation of the top of the tower at D be b.
Let h be the height of the tower and AD = x,
5 3
It is given that tan a = and tan b = .
12 4
In DABC, we have

AB h 5 h
tan a = Þ tan a = Þ = ..... (i)
AC 192 + x 12 192 + x
In DABD, we have
AB h 3 h
tan b = Þ tan b = Þ = ..... (ii)
AD x 4 x
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\01.Theory.p65

We have to find h. This means that we have to eliminate x from (i) and (ii).

4h
From (ii), we have 3x = 4h Þ x =
3
Substituting this value of x in (i), we get

5 h æ 4h ö
= Þ 5 ç192 + = 12h
12 192 + 4h / 3 è 3 ÷ø

Þ 5(576 + 4h) = 36h Þ 2880 + 20h = 36h

2880
Þ 16h = 2880 Þ h = = 180
16
Hence, height of tower = 180 metres.

E 3
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN

2 2 1
q q
Ex.3 Let a be the solution of 16sin + 16cos = 10 in (0, p/4). If the shadow of a vertical pole is of its height,
3

then then the altitude of the sun is-

a a
(1) a (2) (3) 2a (4)
2 3

2 2
q q
Sol. We have 16sin + 16cos = 10

2 2 16 2
Þ 16sin q
+ 161 - sin q = 10 Þ x + = 10, where x = 16sin q
x

2
q
Þ x = 2, 8 Þ 16sin = 2, 8
P
2
q
Þ 24 sin = 2, 23

Þ 4sin2q = 2, 3 h

2
1 æ 3ö p p q h/Ö3
Þ sin q = , çç
2 ÷÷ Þ q = , A 0
2 è 2 ø 6 3

p
\ a=
6
Let the altitude of the sun be q. Then,

h p
tanq = Þ tanq = 3 Þ q = 3 Þ q = 2a
h
3
Ex.4 A vertical lamp-post of height 9 metres stands at the corner of a rectangular field. The angle of elevation of its
top from the farthest corner is 30°, while from another corner it is 45°. The area of the field is-

(1) 81 2 m2 (2) 9 2 m2 (3) 81 3 m2 (4) 9 3 m2

Sol. Let AP be the lamp-post of 9 m standing at corner A

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\01.Theory.p65

of the rectangular field ABCD.

In D's BAP and CAP, we have

PA PA
tan45° = and tan30° =
BA AC

Þ BA = 9 m and AC = 9 3 m

\ BC = AC2 - AB2 = 243 - 81 = 162 = 9 2 m

Hence, area of the field = AB × BC = 9 × 9 2 m2 = 81 2 m2

4 E
 Heights and Distances
ALLEN
Ex.5 A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is surmounted by a vertical flag staff of height h. At a point
on the plane, the angle of elevation of the bottom and the top of the flag staff are a and b respectively. Prove

h tan a
that the height of tower is .
tan b - tan a
Sol. Let AB be the tower and BC be the flag staff. Let O be a point on the plane containing the foot of the tower
such that the angles of elevation of the bottom B and top C of the flagstaff at O are a and b respectively. Let
OA = x metres, AB = y metres and BC = h metres.
In DOAB, we have
OA x
cot a = Þ cot a =
AB y
Þ x = y cot a ...(i)
In DOAC, we have
x
cot b =
y+h
Þ x = (y + h) cot b ...(ii)
Equating the values of x from (i) and (ii), we get
y cot a = (y + h) cot b
Þ y cot a – y cot b = h cot b
Þ y (cot a – cot b) = h cot b

h cot b h / tan b h tan a

Þ y= Þ y= =
cot a - cot b 1 1 tan b - tan a
-
tan a tan b

Ex.6 A spherical ball of diameter-d subtends an angle a at the eye of an observer when the elevation of its centre

1 æaö
is b. Prove that the height of the centre of the ball is d sin b cosec ç ÷ .
2 è2ø
Sol. O is the position of eye.
As is clear from figure, from DODC,

h
OC =
sinb
From DOAC,

d
a
sin = CA 2
=
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\01.Theory.p65

2 OC h / sin b

1 a
Þ h= d sin b. cosec .
2 2

E 5
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE EXERCISE-I
1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a 8. From the top of a light house 60 m high with its
point 20 metre away from its base is 45°. Then base at sea level the angle of depression of a boat
height of the tower is- is 15°. The distance of the boat from the light house
is-
(1) 10 m (2) 20 m (3) 40 m (4) 20 3 m
2. At a point 15 metre away from the base of a 15 æ 3 -1ö æ 3 +1ö
(1) 60 çç ÷÷ m (2) 60 ç m
ç 3 - 1 ÷÷
metre high house, the angle of elevation of the top è 3 +1ø è ø
is-
(1) 45° (2) 30° (3) 60° (4) 90° æ 3 -1ö æ 3 +1ö
3. An aeroplane flying at a height 300 metre above (3) 30 çç ÷÷ m (4) 30 çç ÷÷ m
è 3 +1ø è 3 -1ø
the ground passes vertically above another plane
at an instant when the angles of elevation of the 9. The angle of elevation of the sun when the length
two planes from the same point on the ground are of the shadow of a pole is 3 times the height of
60° and 45° respectively. Then the height of the
the pole will be-
lower plane from the ground in metres is-
(1) 30° (2) 60° (3) 90° (4) 45°
(1) 100 3 (2) 100 / 3 10. If the length of the shadow of a vertical pole on the
(3) 50 (4) 150( 3 + 1). horizontal ground is equal to its height, find the angle
4. If the elevation of the sun is 30° then the length of of elevation of the sun -
the shadow cast by a tower of 150 metres height is- (1) 60° (2) 30° (3) 45° (4) 90°
11. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a
(1) 75 3m (2) 200 3m point 20m away from its base is 60°. The height of
the tower is -
(3) 150 3m (4) None of these
(1) 10 m (2)20/ 3 m (3) 40 m (4) 20 3 m
5. From the top of the cliff 300 metres heigh, the top 12. A flag staff on the top of the tower 80 meter high,
of a tower was observed at an angle of depression æ 1ö
subtends an angle tan -1 ç ÷ at a point on the
30° and from the foot of the tower the top of the è 9ø
cliff was observed at an angle of elevation 45°. The ground 100 meters away from the foot of the tower.
height of the tower is - Find the height of the flag-staff -
(1) 50(3 – 3 )m (2) 200 (3 – 3 )m (1) 20 m (2) 30 m (3) 25 m (4) 35 m
13. A person walking along a straight road observes
(3) 100(3 – 3 )m (4) None of these
that a two points 1 km apart, the angles of eleva-
6. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower at the
tion of a pole in front of him are 30° and 75°. The
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\02.Exercise.p65

top and the foot of a pole of height 10 m are 30°

height of the pole is -
and 60° respectively. The height of the tower is-
(1) 10 m (2) 15 m (1) 250 ( )
3 +1 m (2) 250 ( )
3 -1 m

(3) 20 m (4) None of these

7. A person, standing on the bank of a river, observes
(3) 225 ( )
2 -1 m (4) 225 ( )
2 +1 m

that the angle subtended by a tree on the opposite 14. An observer in a boat finds that the angle of
bank is 60°; when he retreates 20 m from the bank, elevation of a tower standing on the top of a cliff is
he finds the angle to be 30°. The height of the tree 60° and that of the top of cliff is 30°. If the height of
and the breadth of the river are - the tower be 60 meters, then the height of the cliff
is -
(1) 10 3 m, 10 m (2) 10 m ; 10 3 m
(1) 30 m (2) 60 3 m
(3) 20 m, 30m (4) None of these (3) 20 3 m (4) None of these

6 E
 Heights and Distances
ALLEN
15. ABCD is a square plot. The angle of elevation of 22. A 6-ft tall man finds that the angle of elevation of
the top of a pole standing at D from A and C is 30° the top of a 24-ft-high pillar and the angle of de-
and that from B is q, then tan q is equal to - pression of its base are complementary angles. The
(1) 6 (2) 1/ 6 distance of the man from the pillar is-
(3) 3/ 2 (4) 2/ 3
16. The angle of elevation of a ladder against a wall is (1) 2 3 ft (2) 8 3 ft
58° and the length of foot of the ladder is 9.6 m
from the wall. Then the length of the ladder is - (3) 6 3 ft (4) None of these
[cos 58° = 0.5299]
(1) 18.11 m (2) 16.11 m 23. A flagstaff stands vertically on a pillar, the height of
the flagstaff being double the height of the pillar. A
(3) 17.11 m (4) 19.11 m
man on the ground at a distance finds that both the
17. From the top of a tower, the angle of depression pillar and the flagstaff subtend equal angles at his
of a point P on the ground is 30°. If the distance eyes. The ratio of the height of the pillar and the
of the point P from the tower be 24 meters then distance of the man from the pillar is-
height of the tower is.
(1) 12 m (2) 8 3 m (1) 3 :1 (2) 1 : 3

(3) 24 3 m (4) 12 3 m (3) 1 : 3 (4) 3 :2

18. A tower subtends an angle of 30° at a point on the
24. The shadow of a tower of height (1 + 3 ) metre
same level as the foot of the tower. At a second
standing on the ground is found to be 2 metre longer
point, h metre above first, point the depression of
when the sun's elevation is 30°, than when the sun's
the foot of the tower is 60°, the horizontal distance
elevation was -
of the tower from the points is
(1) h cos 60° (2)(h/3) cot 30° (1) 30° (2) 45° (3) 60° (4) 75°
(3) (h/3) cot 60° (4) h cot 30°
19. From a point on the ground 100 m away from the 25. The angle of elevation of the top of an incomplete
base of a building, the angle of elevation of the top vertical pillar at a horizontal distance of 50 m from
of the building is 60°. Which of the following is the its base is 45°. If the angle of elevation of the top of
best approximation for the height of the building- the complete pillar the same point is to be 60°,
(1) 172 m (2) 173 m then the height of the incomplete pillar is to be
(3) 174 m (4) 175 m increased by-
20. A kite is flying with the string inclined at 75° to the
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\02.Exercise.p65

horizon. If the length of the string is 25 m, the height (1) 50( 3 –1) m (2) 50( 3 +1) m
of the kite is-
(3) 50 m (4) 25 2 m.
(1) (25/2) ( 3 –1) (2) (25/4) ( 3 +1)
26. A vertical tower stands on a declivity which is in-
(3) (25/4) ( 3 +1) 2
(4) (25/4) ( 6 + 2) clined at 15° to the horizon. From the foot of the
21. If a flagstaff 6 metres high placed on the top of a tower a man ascends the declivity for 80 feet and
then finds that tower subtends an angle of 30°. The
tower throws a shadow of 2 3 metres along the height of the tower is-
ground then the angle (in degrees) that the sun
makes with the ground is- (1) 20( 6 - 2) (2) 40( 6 - 2)
(1) 15° (2) 30°
(3) 40( 6 + 2) (4) None of these
(3) 60° (4) tan 2 3
–1

E 7
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
27. AB is a vertical pole. The point A of pole AB is on 32. The angle of elevation of the top of two vertical
the level ground. C is the middle point of AB. P is a towers as seen from the middle point of the line
point on the level ground. The portion BC substends joining the foot of the towers are 60° and 30°
an angle b at P. If AP = n AB, then tan b is equal respectively. The ratio of the height of the towers
to-
is-
n n
(1) (2) (1) 2 : 1 (2) 3 :1
2n2 + 1 n2 - 1
(3) 3 : 2 (4) 3 : 1
n
(3) 2 (4) None of these 33. A person walking along a st. road towards a hill
n +1
observes at two points, distance 3 km, the angles
28. The top of a hill observed from the top and bottom
of a building of height h is at angles of elevation p of elevation of the hill to be 30° and 60°. The height
and q respectively. The height of the hill is - of the hill is-

h cot q h cot p 3 2
(1) (2) (1) km (2) km
cot q - cot p cot p - cot q 2 3
h tan p
(3) (4) None of these
tan p - tan q 3 +1
(3) km (4) 3 km
2
29. A and B are two points 30 m apart in a line on the
horizontal plane through the foot of a tower lying 34. The length of the shadow of a vertical pole of height
on opposite sides of the tower. If the distance of the h, thrown by the sun's rays at three different
top of the tower from A and B are 20 m and 15 m moments are h, 2h and 3h. The sum of the angles
respectively, the angle of elevation of the top of of elevation of the rays at these three moments is
the tower at A is- equal to-
(1) cos–1(43/48) (2) sin–1(43/48)
p p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(3) cos–1(29/36) (4) sin–1(29/36) 2 3 4 6

3
30. A vertical pole subtends an angle tan–1(1/2) at a 35. The upper th portion of a vertical pole subtends
4
point P on the ground. The angle subtended by the
3
upper half of the pole at the point P is- an an angle tan -1 at a point in the horizontal
5
plane through its foot and at a distance 40 m from
(1) tan–1(1/4) (2) tan–1(2/9)
the foot. A possible height of the vertical pole is-
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\02.Exercise.p65

(3) tan (1/8)

–1
(4) tan (2/3)
–1
[AIEEE-2002]

31. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower standing (1) 80 m (2) 20 m
on a horizontal plane from a point A is a. After (3) 40 m (4) 60 m
walking a distance d towards the foot of the tower, 36. A person standing on the bank of a river observes
the angle of elevation is found to be b. The height that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree on
of the tower is- the opposite bank of the river is 60° and when he
retires 40 meters away from the tree the angle of
d sin a sin b d sin a sin b elevation becomes 30°. The breadth of the river is-
(1) (2)
sin(b - a ) sin(a - b)
[AIEEE-2004]

(1) 20 m (2) 30 m
d sin(b - a ) d sin(a - b)
(3) (4) (3) 40 m (4) 60 m
sin a sin b sin a sin b

8 E
 Heights and Distances
ALLEN
37. A tower stands at the centre of a circular park. A 41. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from
and B are two points on the boundary of the park three collinear points A, B and C, on a line leading
such that AB (=a) subtends an angle of 60° at the to the foot of the tower, are 30°, 45° and 60°
foot of the tower, and the angle of elevation of the
respectively, then the ratio, AB : BC, is :
top of the tower from A or B is 30°. The height of
[JEE(Main)-2015]
the tower is- [AIEEE-2007]

(1) 2a/ 3 (2) 2a 3 (1) 1 : 3 (2) 2 : 3

(3) a/ 3 (4) a 3 (3) 3 :1 (4) 3: 2

38. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and 42. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a
A at the top. A man finds that the angle of elevation straight path, at a uniform speed. At a certain point
of the point A from a certain point C on the ground A on the path, he observes that the angle of
is 60°. He moves away from the pole along the line elevation of the top of the pillar is 30°. After walking
BC to a point D such that CD = 7 m. From D the for 10 minutes from A in the same direction, at a
angle of elevation of the point A is 45°. Then the point B, he observes that the angle of elevation of
height of the pole is- [AIEEE-2008]
the top of the pillar is 60°. Then the time taken (in
7 3 1 7 3 minutes) by him, form B to reach the pillar, is :
(1) m (2) ( 3 + 1)m
2 3 -1 2 [JEE(Main)-2016]
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 10 (4) 20
7 3 7 3 1
(3) ( 3 - 1)m (4) m 43. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level
2 2 3 +1
39. A man standing on a horizontal plane, observes the ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a point
angle of elevation of the top of a tower to be a. on the ground such that AP = 2AB. If ÐBPC = b,
After walking a distance equal to double the height then tanb is equal to :- [JEE(Main)-2017]
of the tower, the angle of elevation becomes 2a,
then a is- 4 6 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
p p p p 9 7 4 9
(1) (2) (3) (4) 44. PQR is a triangular park with PQ = PR = 200 m.
18 12 6 2
A T.V. tower stands at the mid-point of QR. If the
40. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are
angles of elevation of the top of the tower at P,Q
parallel and BC ^ CD. If ÐADB = q, BC = p and
and R are respectively 45°, 30° and 30°, then the
CD = q, then AB is equal to [JEE-MAINS-2013]
height of the tower (in m) is- [JEE(Main)-2018]
(p2 + q 2 ) sin q p2 + q 2 cos q
(1) (2) (1) 50 (2) 100 3 (3) 50 2 (4) 100
p cos q + q sin q p cos q + q sin q
p2 + q 2 (p2 + q 2 ) sin q
(3) (4)
p cos q + q 2 sin q
2
(p cos q + q sin q)2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\01.Heights and Distances\Eng\02.Exercise.p65

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 4 1 1 1 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Ans. 1 4 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 4 4

E 9
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
1. THEOREM-I

If P(n) is a statement depending upon n, then to prove P(n) by induction, we procced as follows :
(i) Verify the validity of P(n) for n = 1
(ii) Assume that P(n) is true for any positive integer m and then using it establish the validity of P(n) for
n = m + 1.
Then P(n) is true for each n Î N

2. THEOREM-II

If P(n) is a statement depending upon n but begining with any positive integer k, then to prove P(n) by
Induction, we procced as follows :
(i) Verify the validity of P(n) for n = k.
(ii) Assume that the P(n) is true for n = m ³ k.
Then using it estabish the validity of P(n) for n = m + 1.
Then P(n) is true for each n ³ k

3. SOME USEFUL RESULT BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION :

For any natural number n

n(n + 1)
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n = S n =
2

n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n2 = Sn2 =
6
2
ì n(n + 1) ü
(iii) 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n = Sn = (Sn) = í
3 3 3 3 3 2
ý
î 2 þ
(iv) 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n = S2n = n(n + 1)
(v) 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + (2n –1) = S(2n –1) = n2
(vi) xn – yn = (x – y) (xn–1 + xn–2 y + xn–3 y2 + ...... + xyn–2 + yn–1)
(vii) xn + yn = (x + y) (xn–1 – xn–2 y + xn–3 y2 + ..... – xyn–2 + yn–1) node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\02.Principles of Mathematical Induction\Eng\01.Theory.p65

when n is odd positive integer

4. IMPORTANT TIPS :

(i) Product of r successive integers is divisible by r!

(ii) For x ¹ y, xn – yn is divisible by
(a) x + y, if n is even (b) x – y, if n is even or odd
(iii) x + y is divisible by
n n

x + y, If n is odd
(iv) For solving objective question related to natural numbers we find out the correct alternative by negative
examination of this principle. If the given statement is P(n), then by putting n = 1, 2, 3 .... in P(n) we
decide the correct answer. We also use the above formulae established by this principle to find the sum of
n terms of a given series. For this we first express T n as a polynomial in n and then for finding Sn, we put
S before each term of this polynomial and then use above results of Sn, Sn2, Sn3 etc.

10 E
 Principles of Mathematical Induction
ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Use the principle of mathematical induction to show that 52n+1 + 3n+2.2n–1 divisible by 19 for all natural
numbers n.
Sol. Let P(n) = 52n+1 + 3n+2.2n–1
Step I : For n = 1
P(1) = 52+1 + 31+2.21–1
= 125 + 27
= 152, which is divisible by 19.
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
Step II : Assume that the result is true for n = k, i.e. P(k) = 52k+1 + 3k+2, 2k–1 is divisible by 19.
Þ P(k) = 19r, where r is an integer.
Step III : For n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = 52(k+1)+1 + 3k+1+2. 2k+1–1
= 52k+3 + 3k+3.2k
= 25.52k+1 + 3.3k+2.2.2k–1
= 25.52k + 6.3k+2.2k–1
Now 25.52k+1 + 6.3k+22k–1 = 25.(52k+1 + 3k–2.2k–1) – 19.3k+2.2k–1
i.e. P(k + 1) = 25 P(k) – 19.3k+2.2k–1
But we know that P(k) is divisible by 19. Also 19.3k+2.2k–1 is clearly divisible by 19.
Hence P(k + 1) is divisible by 19. This shows that the result is true for n = k + 1. Hence by the priciniple of
mathematical induction, the result is true for all n Î N.
1
Ex.2. Use the principle of mathematical induction to show that 1.3 + 2.4 + ........ + n.(n+2) = n ( n + 1 )( 2n + 7 ) .
6

1
Sol. Let P(n) : 1.3+ 2.4 +.....+n.(n+2) = n(n + 1) (2n + 7)
6

Step I : For n = 1

1 1
LHS of P(1) = 1.3 = 3 = .1.2.9 = .1 (1 + 1 )( 2.1 + 7 ) = RHS of P(1)
6 6

So P(1) is true
Step II : Now assume P(k) is true, for some natural number k, i.e
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\02.Principles of Mathematical Induction\Eng\01.Theory.p65

1
1.3 + 2.4 +.....+k.(k + 2) = k(k + 1) (2k + 7).
6

Now deduce P(k + 1).

LHS of P(k + 1) = 1.3 + 2.4+......+k.(k+2) + (k + 1). (k + 1 + 2)
= (LHS of P(k)) + (k + 1) (k + 3)
= (RHS of P(k)) + (k + 1) (k + 3), (by inductive assumption)

1
= k ( k + 1)( 2k + 7 ) + ( k + 1)( k + 3 )
6

1
= ( k + 1) ( k ( 2k + 7) + 6 ( k + 3 ) )
6

1
=
6
(
( k + 1) 2k 2 + 13k + 18 )

E 11
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
1
= ( k + 1)( k + 2 )(2k + 9 )
6

1
= ( k + 1)( k + 1 + 1) (2 ( k + 1) + 7 )
6

= RHS of P(k + 1).

So P(k + 1) is true, if P(k) is true.
Hence by induction P(n) is true for all natural numbers n.
Ex.3 Use the principle of mathematical induction to show that for any positive integer number n, n3 + 2n, is
divisible by 3.
Sol. Statement P(n) is defined by n3 + 2 n is divisible 3
Step 1 : We first show that P(1) is true. Let n = 1 and calculate n 3 + 2n
13 + 2(1) = 3
Hence P(1) is true.
Step 2 : We now assume that P(k) is true k3 + 2k is divisible by 3. is equivalent to
k3 + 2k = 3M, where M is a positive integer.
We now consider the algebraic expression (k + 1)3 + 2(k + 1); expand it and group like terms.
(k + 1)3 + 2(k + 1) = k3 + 3k2 + 5k + 3
= [k3 + 2k] + [3k2 + 3k + 3]
= 3M + 3[k2 + k + 1] = 3[M + k2 + k + 1]
Hence (k + 1)3 + 2(k + 1) is also divisible by 3 and therefore statement P(k + 1) is true.
Ex.4 Prove that 3n > n2 for n = 1, n = 2 and use the mathematical induction to prove that 3 n > n2 for n, a positive
integer greater than 2.
Sol Statement P(n) is defined by
3n > n2
Step 1 : We first show that P(1) is true. Let n =1 and calculate 31 and 12 and compare them
31 = 3
12 = 1
3 is greater than 1 and hence P(1) is true.
Let us also show that P(2) is true.
32 = 9
22 = 4
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\02.Principles of Mathematical Induction\Eng\01.Theory.p65

Hence P(2) is also true.

Step 2 : We now assume that P(k) is true
3k > k2
Multiply both sides of the above inequality by 3.
3 * 3k > 3* k2
The left side is equal to 3k+1. For k > 2, we can write
k2 > 2 k and k2 > 1
We now combine the above inequalities by adding the left hand sides and the right hand sides of the two
inequalities.
2k2 > 2k + 1
We now add k2 to both sides of the above inequality to obtain the inequality
3k2 > k2 + 2k + 1
Factor the right side we can write
3*k2 > (k + 1)2

12 E
 Principles of Mathematical Induction
ALLEN
If 3 * 3k > 3*k2 and 3*k2 > (k + 1)2 then
3 * 3k > (k + 1)2
Rewrite the left side as 3 k+1

3k+1 > (k + 1)2

* Which proves that P(k + 1) is true.
Ex.5. Use mathematical induction to prove De Moiver's theorem
[R (cos t + i sint)]n = Rn(cosx nt + i sin nt) for n a positive integer.
Sol. Step 1 : For n = 1
[R (cos t + i sint)]1 = R1(cos1.t + i sin 1.t)
It can be easily be seen that the two sides are equal.
Step 2 : We now assume that the theorem is true for n = k, hence [R(cos t + isint)]k = Rk(cos kt + i sinkt)
Multiply both sides of the above equation by R(cos t + i sint)
[R (cos t + i sint)]k R (cos t + i sint) = R k(cos kt + i sinkt) R(cos t + i sint)
Rewrite the above as follows
[R (cos t + i sint)]k+1 = Rk+1[(cos kt cost – sinkt sint) + i( sin kt cos t + cos kt sint)]
Trigonometric identities can be used to write the trigonometric expressions (cos kt cost – sinkt sint)
and (sin kt cos t + cos kt sint) as follows
(cos kt cost – sin kt sint) = cos(kt + t) = cos(k + 1)t
(sin kt cos t + cos kt sint) = sin(kt + t) = sin(k + 1) t
Substitute the above into the last equation to obtain.
[R (cos t + i sint)]k+1 = Rk+1[cos (k + 1) t + sin(k + 1)t]
It has been established that the theorem is true for n = 1 and that if it assumed true for n = k it is true for n
= k + 1.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\02.Principles of Mathematical Induction\Eng\01.Theory.p65

E 13
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION EXERCISE-I
1. Let P(n) : n2 + n is an odd integer. It is seen that 9. For all n Î N, 72n – 48n – 1 is divisible by-
truth of P(n) Þ the truth of P(n + 1). Therefore, (1) 25 (2) 26 (3) 1234 (4) 2304
P(n) is true for all- 10. For all positive integral values of n, 32n – 2n + 1 is
(1) n > 1 (2) n divisible by-
(3) n > 2 (4) None of these (1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 12
2. If n Î N, then x2n–1 + y2n–1 is divisible by- 11. The smallest positive integer for which the
(1) x + y (2) x – y (3) x2 + y2 (4) x2 + xy statement 3n+1 < 4n holds is-
3. If n Î N, then 11 + 12
n+2 2n+1
is divisible by- (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
(1) 113 (2) 123 12. For positive integer n, 10n–2 > 81n when-
(3) 133 (4) None of these (1) n < 5 (2) n > 5 (3) n ³ 5 (4) n > 6
4. If n Î N, then 3 4n+2
+52n+1
is a multiple of- 13. If P is a prime number then np – n is divisible by p
(1) 14 (2) 16 (3) 18 (4) 20 when n is a
5. For every positive integer (1) natural number greater than 1
(2) odd number
n7 n5 2n3 n (3) even number
n, + + – is-
7 5 3 105 (4) None of these
(1) an integer 14. A student was asked to prove a statement by
(2) a rational number which is not an integer induction. He proved
(3) a negative real number (i) P(5) is true and
(4) an odd integer (ii) Truth of P(n) Þ truth of p(n + 1), n Î N
1 1 1 On the basis of this, he could conclude that P(n) is
6. Sum of the infinite seriese + + + ... true for
1.4 4.7 7.10
equals- (1) no n Î N (2) all n Î N
(1) 1/3 (2) 3 (3) 1/4 (4) 2 (3) all n ³ 5 (4) None of these
2
1 æ n ö
7. If ak = ; then ç å a k ÷ is equal to-
k(k + 1) è k =1 ø
n2 n4 n2 n
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4)
(n + 1)2 (n + 1)4 n +1 n +1
8. The sum of n terms of the series

1 2 2 3 3 4
. . .
2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + ....... is-
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\02.Principles of Mathematical Induction\Eng\02.Exe.p65

1 n n +1 n +1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
n(n + 1) n +1 n n +2

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 4 3 1 3

14 E
 Principles of Mathematical Induction
ALLEN
BRAIN TEASERS PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION EXERCISE-II
1. If x > –1, then the statement 10. Let S(k) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ...... + (2k – 1) = 3 + k2,
P(n) : (1 + x)n > 1 + nx is true for- then which of the following is true ? [AIEEE-2004]
(1) all n Î N (2) all n > 1 (1) S(1) is true (2) S(k) Þ S(k + 1)
(3) all n > 1 and x ¹ 0 (4) None of these (3) S(k) Þ/ S(k + 1)
2. For every positive integral value of n, 3n, > n3 when- (4) Principle of mathematical Induction can be used
(1) n > 2 (2) n ³ 3 (3) n ³ 4 (4) n < 4 to prove that formula
3. P(n) : 32n+2 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64, is true for- 11. The sum of n terms of the series
(1) all n Î N È {0} (2) n ³ 2, n Î N 1 + (1 + a) + (1 + a + a2) + (1 + a + a2 + a3) +.....,
(3) n Î N, n > 2 (4) None of these is-
4. If m, n are any two odd positive integer wih n < m,
n a(1 - a n ) n a(1 - a n )
then the largest positive integers which divides all (1) – +
(2)
1- a (1 - a)2 1- a (1 - a)2
the numbers of the type m2 – n2 is-
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 9 n a(1 + a n ) n a(1 - a n )
(3) + (4) – +
5. For all n Î N, cosq cos2q cos4q ...... cos 2n – 1 q equals 1- a (1 - a)2 1- a (1 - a)2
12. Statement :1 For every natural number n ³ 2
to-
sin2n q sin2n q 1 1 1
(1) (2) + +... + > n
2n sin q sin q 1 2 n
cos2n q cos2n q Statement –2 : For every natural number n ³ 2 ,
(3) (4)
2n cos2q 2n sin q n ( n + 1) < n+1. [AIEEE-2008]
6. x(xn–1 – nan–1) + an(n – 1) is divisible by (x – a)2 for-
(1) Statement –1 is false, Statement –2 is true
(1) n > 1 (2) n > 2 (2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(3) all n Î N (4) None of these (3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true;
7. For any odd integer n ³ 1 Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
n3 – (n – 1)3 + .... + (–1)n–1.13 is equal to- Statement–1
1 1 (4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true;
(1) (n + 1)2 (2n – 1) (2) (n – 1)2 (2n – 1) Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
4 4
Statement–1
1 1 13. Statement - 1: For each natural number
(3) (n – 1)2 (2n – 1) (4) (n + 1)2 (2n – 1)
2 2 n,(n + 1)7 – n7 –1 is divisible by 7.
8. If p and q are respectively. The sum and the sum of Statement - 2: For each natural number n, n7 – n
squares of n successive integers beginning with a, is divisible by 7. [AIEEE-2011]
then nq – p2 is- (1) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(1) independent of a (2) independent of n (2) Statement- 1 i s tr u e , s t a t e m e n t - 2 i s
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\02.Principles of Mathematical Induction\Eng\02.Exe.p65

(3) dependent on a (4) None of these

tru e; Stat ement-2 is correct explanation
9. The sum of first n terms of the given series
n(n + 1)2 for statement-1.
12 + 2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + 52 + 2.62 + .... is , (3) Statement- 1 i s tr u e , s t a t e m e n t - 2 i s
2
when n is even. When n is odd, then sum will be- true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation
[AIEEE-2004] for statement-1.
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
n(n + 1)2 1
(1) (2) n2(n + 1)
2 2
(3) n(n + 1)2 (4) None

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 2

E 15
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
SETS
SET : A set is a collection of well defined objects which are distinct from each other
Set are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, C, .... etc. and the elements of the set by a, b, c ....
etc.
If a is an element of a set A, then we write a Î A and say a belongs to A.
If a does not belong to A then we write a Ï A,
Ex. The collection of first five prime natural numbers is a set containing the elements 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.

SOME IMPORTANT NUMBER SETS :

N = Set of all natural numbers

= {1, 2, 3, 4, ....}
W = Set of all whole numbers
= {0, 1, 2, 3, ....}
Z or I set of all integers
= {.... –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ....}
+
Z = Set of all +ve integers
= {1, 2, 3, ....} = N.
–
Z = Set of all –ve integers
= (–1, –2, –3, ....}
Z0 = The set of all non-zero integers.
= {±1, ±2, ±3, ....}
Q = The set of all rational numbers.

ìp ü
= í :p, q Î I ,q ¹ 0 ý
î q þ
R = the set of all real numbers.
R–Q = The set of all irrational numbers

e.g. 2, 3, 5 , .... p, e, log2 etc. are all irrational numbers.

METHODS TO WRITE A SET :

(i) Roster Method : In this method a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas and
enclose then by curly brackets
Ex. The set of vowels of English Alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}
(ii) Set Builder From : In this case we write down a property or rule p Which gives us all the element
of the set
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\01.Theory.p65

A = {x : P(x)}
Ex. A = {x : x Î N and x = 2n for n Î N}
i.e. A = {2, 4, 6, ....}
Ex. B = {x2 : x Î z}
i.e. B = {0, 1, 4, 9, ....}

TYPES OF SETS :

Null set or Empty set : A set having no element in it is called an Empty set or a null set or void set
it is denoted by f or { }
Ex. A = {x Î N : 5 < x < 6} = f
A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.

16 E
 Set
ALLEN
Singleton : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
Ex. Then set {0}, is a singleton set
Finite Set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c}
Order of a finite set : The number of elements in a finite set is called the order of the set A and is
denoted O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c, d} Þ n(A) = 4
Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Ex. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is an infinite set
Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is a member of B, and every
element of B is a member of A.
If sets A and B are equal. We write A = B and A and B are not equal then A ¹ B
Ex. A = {1, 2, 6, 7} and B = {6, 1, 2, 7} Þ A = B
Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their number of elements are same
ie. n(A) = n(B)
Ex. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}
n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4 Þ n(A) = n(B)
Note : Equal set always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal
Subsets : Let A and B be two sets if every element of A is an element B, then A is called a subset of
B if A is a subset of B. we write A Í B
Example : A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Þ A Í B
The symbol ''Þ'' stands for "implies"
Proper subset : If A is a subset of B and A ¹ B then A is a proper subset of B. and we write A Ì B
Note-1 : Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A Í A for all A
Note-2 : Empty set f is a subset of every set
Note-3 : Clearly N Ì W Ì Z Ì Q Ì R Ì C
Note-4 : The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n
Universal set : A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a Universal
set and is denoted by U
Note : All sets are contained in the universal set
Ex. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken
as the Universal set.
Power set : Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by
P(A)
Ex.1 Let A = {1, 2} then P(A) = {f, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\01.Theory.p65

Ex.2 Let P(f) = {f}

Q P(P(f)) = {f, {f}}
Q P(P(P(f)) = {f, {f}, {{f}}, {f, {f}}
Note-1 : If A = f then P(A) has one element
Note-2 : Power set of a given set is always non empty
Some Operation on Sets :
(i) Union of two sets : A È B = {x : x Î A or x Î B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(ii) Intersection of two sets : A Ç B = {x : x Î A and x Î B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, }, B = {2, 3, 4} then A Ç B = {2, 3}

E 17
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
(iii) Difference of two sets : A – B = {x : x Î A and x Ï B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} ; A – B = {1}
(iv) Complement of a set : A' = {x : x Ï A but x Î U} = U – A
e.g. U = {1, 2, ...., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(v) De-Morgan Laws : (A È B)' = A' Ç B' ; (A Ç B)' = A' È B'
(vi) A – (B È C) = (A – B) Ç (A – C) ; A – (B Ç C) = (A – B) È (A – C)
(vii) Distributive Laws : A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç (A È C) ; A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç C)
(viii) Commutative Laws : A È B = B È A ; A Ç B = B Ç A
(ix) Associative Laws : (A È B) È C = A È (B È C) ; (A Ç B) Ç C = A Ç (B Ç C)
(x) A Çf= f; A ÇU = A
A Èf= A ; A ÈU = U
(xi) A ÇB ÍA ; A ÇB Í B
(xii) A ÍA ÈB ; B ÍA ÈB
(xiii) A ÍB ÞA ÇB = A
(xiv) A ÍB ÞA ÈB = B
Disjoint Sets :
IF A Ç B = f, then A, B are disjoint.
e.g. if A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9} then A Ç B = f
Note : A Ç A' = f \ A, A' are disjoint.
Symmetric Difference of Sets :
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A)
l (A')' = A
l A Í B Û B' Í A'
If A and B are any two sets, then
(i) A – B = A Ç B'
(ii) B – A = B Ç A'
(iii) A – B = A Û A Ç B = f
(iv) (A – B) È B = A È B
(v) (A – B) Ç B = f
(vi) (A – B) È (B – A) = (A È B) – (A Ç B)
Venn Diagrame :
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\01.Theory.p65

Clearly (A – B) È (B – A) È (A È B) = A È B

Note : A Ç A' = f, A È A' = U

18 E
 Set
ALLEN
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS :

If A, B and C are finite sets, and U be the finite universal set, then
(i) n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ç B)
(ii) n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) Û A, B are disjoint non-void sets.
(iii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B) i.e. n(A – B) + n(A Ç B) = n(A)
(iv) n(A D B) = No. of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B
= n((A – B) È (B – A))
= n(A – B) + n(B – A) [Q (A – B) and (B – A) are disjoint]
= n(A) – n(A Ç B) + n(B) – n(A Ç B)
= n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A Ç B)
= n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A Ç B)
(v) n(A È B È C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ç B) – n(B Ç C) – n(A Ç C) + n(A Ç B Ç C)
(vi) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
= n(A Ç B) + n(B Ç C) + n(C Ç A) – 3n(A Ç B Ç C)
(vii) number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A Ç B) – 2n(B Ç C) – 2n(A Ç C) + 3n(A Ç B Ç C)
(viii) n(A' È B') = n((A Ç B)') = n(U) – n(A Ç B)
(ix) n(A' Ç B') = n((A È B)') = n(U) – n(A È B)
Ex. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak Bengali. How
many can speak Hindi only ?How many can spak Bengali ? How many can spak both Hindi and Bengali?
Sol. Let A and B be the sets of persons who can speak Hindi and Bengali respectively.
then n(A Ç B) = 1000, n(A) = 750, n(B) = 400.
Number of persons whos can speak both Hindi and Bengali
= n(A Ç B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A È B)
= 750 + 400 – 1000
Number of persons who can speak Hindi only = 150
= n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B) = 750 – 150 = 600
Number of persons Whos can speak Bengali only
= n(B – A) = n(B) – n(A Ç B) = 400 – 150 = 250
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\01.Theory.p65

E 19
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The set A = [x : x Î R, x2 = 16 and 2x = 6] equal-
(1) f (2) [14, 3, 4] (3) [3] (4) [4]
Sol.(1) x = 16 Þ x = ±4
2

2x = 6 Þ x = 3
There is no value of x which satisfies both the above equations.
Thus, A = f
Hence (1) is the correct answer
Ex.2 Let A = {x : x Î R, |x| < 1] ; B = [x : x Î R, |x – 1| ³ 1] and A È B = R – D, then the set D is-
(1) [x : 1 < x £ 2] (2) [x : 1 £ x < 2] (3) [x : 1 £ x £ 2] (4) none of these
Sol.(2) A = [x : x Î R, –1 < x < 1]
B = [ x : x Î R : x – 1 £ –1 or x – 1 ³ 1]
= [x : x Î R : x £ 0 or x ³ 2]
\AÈB=R–D
where D = [x : x Î R, 1 £ x < 2]
Thus (2) is the correct answer.
Ex.3 If aN = {ax : x Î N}, then the set 6N Ç 8N is equal to-
(1) 8N (2) 48N (3) 12N (4) 24N
Sol.(4) 6N = {6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ....}
8N = {8, 16, 24, 32, ....}
\ 6N Ç 8N = {24, 48, ....} = 24N
Short cut Method
6N Ç 8N = 24N [24 is the L.C.M. of 6 and 8]
Ex.4 If P, Q and R subsets of a set A, then R × (P' È Q')' =
(1) (R × P) Ç (R × Q) (2) (R × Q) Ç (R × P) (3) (R × P) È (R × Q) (4) none of these
Sol.(1,2)
R × (P' È Q')' = R × [(P')' Ç (Q')'] = R × (P Ç Q) = (R × P) Ç (R × Q)
Hence (1) is the correct answer.
Ex.5 If A = {x, y}, then the power set of A is-
(1) {xy, yx} (2) {f, x, y} (3) {f, {x} {2y}} (4) {f, {x}, {y}, {x, y}}
Sol.(4) Clearly P(A) = Power set of A
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\01.Theory.p65

= set of all subsets of A

= {f, {x}, {y}, {x, y}}
\ (4) holds.

20 E
 Set
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP SETS EXERCISE-I
1. If A and B are two sets, then A Ç (A È B)' is equal 12. If A and B are not disjoint, then n(A È B) is equal
to- to-
(1) A (2) B (1) n(A) + n(B)
(3) f (4) none of these (2) n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ç B)
2. If A is any set, then- (3) n(A) + n(B) + n(A Ç B)
(1) A È A' = f (2) A È A' = U (4) n(A).n(B)
(3) A Ç A' = U (4) none of these 13. If A = {2, 4, 5}, B = {7, 8, 9} then n(A ×B) is equal
3. If A, B be any two sets, then (A È B)' is equal to- to-
(1) A' È B' (2) A' Ç B' (1) 6 (2) 9 (3) 3 (4) 0
(3) A Ç B (4) A È B 14. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 70,
4. If A and B be any two sets, then (A Ç B)' is equal n(B) = 60 and n(A È B) = 110. Then n(A Ç B) is
to- equal to-
(1) A' Ç B' (2) A' È B' (3) A Ç B (4) A È B (1) 240 (2) 20 (3) 100 (4) 120
5. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 5}, 15. Which set is the subset of all given sets ?
B = {6, 7} then A Ç B' is- (1) {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} (2) {1}
(1) B' (2) A (3) A' (4) B. (3) {0} (4) { }
6. If A and B are two sets, then A È B = A Ç B iff-
ì 1 ü
(1) A Í B (2) B Í A 16. If Q = í x: x = , where y Î N ý , then-
î y þ
(3) A = B (4) none of these
7. Let A and B be two sets in the universal set. Then
2
A – B equals- (1) 0 Î Q (2) 1 Î Q (3) 2 Î Q (4) ÎQ
3
(1) A Ç B' (2) A' Ç B
(3) A Ç B (4) none of these 17. A = {x : x ¹ x} represents-
8. Two sets A, B are disjoint iff- (1) {0} (2) { } (3) {1} (4) {x}
(1) A È B = f (2) A Ç B ¹ f 18. Which of the following statements is true ?
(3) A Ç B = f (4) None of these (1) 3 Í {1, 3, 5} (2) 3 Î {1, 3, 5}
9. Which of the following is a null set ? (3) {3} Î {1, 3, 5} (4) {3, 5} Î {1, 3, 5}
(1) {0} 19. Which of the following is a null set ?
(2) {x : x > 0 or x < 0}
(1) A = {x : x > 1 and x < 1]
(3) {x : x2 = 4 or x = 3}
(2) B = {x : x + 3 = 3}
(4) {x : x2 + 1 = 0, x Î R}
(3) C = {f}
10. If A Í B, then A Ç B is equal to-
(1) A (2) B (3) A' (4) B' (4) D = {x : x ³ 1 and x £ 1}
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\02.Exercises.p65

11. If A and B are any two sets, then A È (A Ç B) is 20. P(A) = P(B) Þ
equal to- (1) A Í B (2) B Í A
(1) A (2) B (3) A' (4) B' (3) A = B (4) none of these

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 4
Que. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 2 2 1 3

E 21
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS SETS EXERCISE-II
1. If A, B, C be three sets such that A È B = A È C 9. If A = {x : x2 – 5x + 6 = 0}, B = {2, 4}, C = {4, 5},
and A Ç B = A Ç C, then - [Roorkee 1991] then A × (B Ç C) is- [Kerala P.E.T. 2002]
(1) A = B (2) B = C (1) {(2, 4), (3, 4)}
(3) A = C (4) A = B = C (2) {(4, 2), (4, 3)}
2. Sets A and B have 3 and 6 elements respectively. (3) {(2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)}
What can be the minimum number of elements in (4) {(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}
AÈB? [Roorkee 1991] 10. If A = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 25} and
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 9 (4) 18 B = {(x, y) : x2 + 9y2 = 144} then A Ç B contains-
3. In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 (1) one point (2) three points
new spapers and every newspaper is read by 60 (3) two points (4) four points
students. The number of newspapers is- 11. A class has 175 students. The following data shows
[IIT -1998] the number of students obtaining one or more
(1) at least 30 (2) at most 20 subjects. Mathematics 100; Physics 70; Chemistry
(3) exactly 25 (4) none of these 40; Mathematics and Physics 30; Mathematics and
4. The set of intelligent students in a class is-
[A.M.U.-1998] Chemistry 28; Physics and Chemitry 23;
(1) a null set Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 18. How many
(2) a singleton set students have offered Mathematics alone ?
(3) a finite set
(1) 35 (2) 48 (3) 60 (4) 22
(4) not a will defined collection
12. The set S : {1, 2, 3, ...., 12} is to be partitioned
5. The shaded region in the given figure is-
into three sets A, B, C of equal size. Thus
A È B È C = S, A Ç B = B Ç C = A Ç C = f. The
number of ways to partition S is- [AIEEE - 2007]
(1) 12!/3!(4!) 3
(2) 12!/3!(3!)4
(3) 12!/(4!)3 (4) 12!/(3!)4
13. If A, B and C are t hree set s such t hat
(1) A Ç (B È C) (2) A È (B Ç C) A Ç B = A Ç C and A È B = A È C, then :-
(3) A Ç (B – C) (4) A – (B È C) [AIEEE- 2009]
6. Let n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 and (1) B = C (2) A Ç B = f
n(A Ç B) = 100, then n(A' Ç B') = (3) A = B (4) A = C
(1) 400 (2) 600 (3) 300 (4) 200 14. Two sets A and B are as under
7. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then the number of proper A = {(a, b) Î R × R : |a – 5| < 1 and
subsets of A is- |b – 5| < 1};
B = {(a, b) Î R ×R : 4(a – 6)2 + 9(b – 5)2 £ 36}. Then :-
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\03.Set\Eng\02.Exercises.p65

(1) 120 (2) 30 (3) 31 (4) 32

[AIEEE-2018]
8. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 0.16,
(1) AÌB
n(B) = 0.14, n(A È B) = 0.25. Then n(A Ç B) is
(2) A Ç B = f (an empty set)
equal to- [Jamia Milia Entrance Exam. 2001]
(3) neither A Ì B nor B Ì A
(1) 0.3 (2) 0.5
(4) BÌA
(3) 0.05 (4) none of these

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 1 4 3 3 1 1

22 E
 Relation
ALLEN
RELATIONS
INTRODUCTION :

Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B.

thus, R is a relation from A to B Û R Í A × B.
Ex. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then R = {(1, b), (2, c), (1, a), (3, a)} being a subset of A × B, is a relation
from A to B. Here (1, b), (2, c), (1, a) and (3, a) Î R, so we write 1 Rb, 2Rc, 1Ra and 3Ra. But (2, b) Ï R, so
we write 2 R b

Total Number of Realtions : Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements
respectively. Then A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So, total number of subsets of A × B is 2mn.
Domain and Range of a relation : Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all first
components or coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R is called to domain of R, while the set of all
second components or coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.
Thus, Dom (R) = {a : (a, b) Î R}
and, Range (R) = {b : (a, b) Î R}
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its range is a
subset of B.
Ex. Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} be two sets and let R be a relation from A to B defined by the
phrase "(x, y) Î R Û x > y". Under this relation R, we have
3R2, 5R2, 5R4, 7R2, 7R4 and 7R6
i.e. R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}
\ Dom (R) = {3, 5, 7} and Range (R) = {2, 4, 6}
Inverse Relation : Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the inverse of
R, denoted by R–1, is a relation from B to A and is defined by
R–1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R}
Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R–1
Also, Dom(R) = Range(R–1) and Range (R) = Dom (R–1)
Ex.1 Let A be the set of first ten natural numbers and let R be a relation on A defined by (x, y) Î R Û x + 2y = 10,
i.e. R = {(x, y) : x Î A, y Î A and x + 2y = 10}. Express R and R –1 as sets of ordered pairs. Determine also (i)
domain of R and R–1 (ii) range of R and R–1

10 - x
Sol. We have (x, y) Î R Û x + 2y = 10 Û y = , x, y Î A
2
where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

10 - 1 9
Now, x=1Þy= = Ï A.
2 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\01.Theory.p65

This shows that 1 is not related to any element in A. Similarly we can observe. that 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are not
related to any element of A under the defined relation
Further we find that :
10 - 2
For x = 2, y = = 4 ÎA \ (2, 4) Î R
2
10 - 4
For x = 4, y = = 3 ÎA \ (4, 3) Î R
2
10 - 6
For x = 6, y = = 2 ÎA \ (6, 2) Î R
2
10 - 8
For x = 8, y = = 1 ÎA \ (8, 1) Î R
2

E 23
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Thus, R = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8, 1)}
Þ R–1 = {(4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8)}
Clearly, Dom(R) = {2, 4, 6, 8} = Range(R–1)
and, Range (R) = {4, 3, 2, 1} = Dom(R–1)
TYPES OF RELATIONS :
In this section we intend to define various types of relations on a given set A.
Void Relation : Let A be a set. Then f Í A × A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the void
or empty relation on A.
Universal Relation : Let A be a set. Then A × A Í A × A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is called
the universal relation on A.
Identity Relation : Let A be a set. Then the relation IA = {(a, a) : a Î A} on A is called the identity relation
on A.
In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity relation if every element of A is related to itself only.
Ex. The relation IA = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is the identity relation on set A = {1, 2, 3}. But relations R1 = {(1,
1), (2, 2)} and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} are not identity relations on A, because (3, 3) Ï R1 and in R2
element 1 is related to elements 1 and 3.
Reflexive Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element A Î A such that (a , a) Ï R.
Ex. Let A = {1, 2, 3} be a set. Then R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)} is a reflexive relation on A. But
R1 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2)} is not a reflexive relation on A, because 2 Î A but (2, 2) Ï R1.
Note : Every Identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive ralation is not identity.
Symmetric Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff
(a, b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b Î A
i.e. a R b Þ bRa for all a, b, Î A.
Ex. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and let R be a relation defined on L by the rule (x, y) Î R Û x is
perpendicular to y. Then R is a symmetric relation on L, because L1 ^ L2 Þ L2 ^ L1
i.e. (L1, L2) Î R Þ (L2, L1) Î R.
Ex. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Let R1 and R2 be realtion on A given by R1 = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 1), (2, 2), (4, 1)}
and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}. Clearly, R1 is a symmetric relation on A. However, R 2 is not so, because
(1, 3) Î R2 but (3, 1) Ï R2
Transitive Relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be a transitive relation iff
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\01.Theory.p65

(a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R Þ (a, c) Î R for all a, b, c Î A

i.e. a R b and b R c Þ a R c for all a, b, c Î A
Ex. On the set N of natural numbers, the relation R defined by x R y Þ x is less than y is transitive, because
for any x, y, z Î N
x < y and y < z Þ x < z Þ x R y and y R z Þ x R z
Ex. Let L be the set of all straight lines in a plane. Then the realtion 'is parallel to' on L is a transitive relation,
because from any l1, l2, l3 Î L.
l1 || l2 and l2 || l3 Þ l1 || l3
Antisymmetric Relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on set A is said to be an antisymmetric relation iff
(a, b) Î R and (b, a) Î R Þ a = b for all a, b Î A

24 E
 Relation
ALLEN
Ex. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by
x R y Û 'x divides y' for all x, y Î N
This relation is an antisymmetric relation on N. Since for any two numbers a, b Î N
a|b and b|a Þ a = b i.e. a R b and b R a Þ a = b
Equivalence Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff
(i) it is reflexive i.e. (a, a) Î R for all a Î A
(ii) it is symmetric i.e. (a, b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b Î A
(iii) it is transitive i.e. (a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R Þ (a, c) Î R for all a, b, c Î A.
Ex. Let R be a relation on the set of all lines in a plane defined by (l1, l2) Î R Û line l1 is parallel to line l2.
R is an equivalence relation.
Note : It is not neccessary that every relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\01.Theory.p65

E 25
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Three relation R1, R2 and R3 are defined on set A = {a, b, c} as follows :
(i) R1 {a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b), (c, c)} (ii) R2 {(a, b), (b, a), (a, c), (c, a)}
(iii) R3{(a, b), (b, c), (c, a)}
Find whether each of R1, R2 and R3 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Sol. (i) Reflexive : Clearly, (a, a), (b, b), (c, c) Î R1. So, R1 is reflexive on A.
Symmetric : We observe that (a, b) Î R1 but (b, a) Ï R1. So, R1 is not symmetric on A.
Transitive : We find that (b, c) Î R1 and (c, a) Î R1 but (b, a) Ï R1. So, R is not transitive on A.
(ii) Reflexive : Since (a, a), (b, b) and (c, c) are not in R2. So, it is not a reflexive realtion on A.
Symmetric : We find that the ordered pairs obtained by interchanging the components of ordered pairs in
R2 are also in R2. So, R2 is a symmetric relation on A.
Transitive : Clearly (c, a) Î R2 and (a, b) Î R2 but (c, b) Ï R2. So, it is not a transitive relation on R2.
(iii) Reflexive : Since non of (a, a), (b, b) and (c, c) is an element of R3. So, R3 is not reflexive on A.
Symmetric : Clearly, (b, c) Î R3 but (c, b) Ï R3 . so, is not symmetric on A.
Transitive : Clearly, (b, c) Î R3 and (c, a) Î R3 but (b, a) Ï R3. So, R3 is not transitive on A.
Ex.2 Prove that therelation R on the set Z of all integers defined by
(x, y) Î R Û x – y is divisible by n
is an equivalence relation on Z.
Sol. We observe the following properties
Reflexivity : For any a Î N, we have
a – a = 0 = 0 × n Þ a – a is divisible by n Þ (a, a) Î R
Thus, (a, a) Î R for all a Î Z
So, R is reflexive on Z
symmetry : Let (a, b) Î R. Then,
(a, b) Î R Þ (a – b) is divisible by n
Þ a – b = np for some p Î Z
Þ b – a = n(–p)
Þ b – a is divisible by n [Q p Î Z Þ –p Î Z]
Þ (b, a) Î R
Thus, (a , b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b, Î Z
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\01.Theory.p65

So, R is symmetric on Z.
Transitivity : Let a, b, c Î Z such that (a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R. Then,
(a , b) Î R Þ (a – b) is divisible by n
Þ a – b = np for some p Î Z
(b, c) Î R Þ (b – c) is divisible by n
Þ b – c = nq for some q Î Z
\ (a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R
Þ a – b = np and b – c – nq
Þ (a – b) + (b – c) = np + nq

26 E
 Relation
ALLEN
Þ a – c = n(p + q)
Þ a – c is divisible by n [Q p, q Î Z Þ p + q = Z]
Þ (a, c) Î R
thus, (a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R Þ (a, c) Î R for all a, b, c Î Z. so, R is transitive realtion in Z.
Ex.3 Shw that the relation is congruent to' on the set of all triangles in a plane is an equivalence relation.
Sol. Let S be the set of all triangles in a plane and let R be the relation on S defined by (D1, D2) Î R Û triangle D1
is congruent to triangle D2. We observe the following properties.
Reflexivity : For each triangle D Î S, we have
D @ D Þ (D, D) Î R for all D Î S Þ R is reflexive on S
Symmetry : Let D1, D2 Î S such that (D1, D2) Î R. Then, (D1, D2) Î R Þ D1 @ D2 Þ D2 @ D1 Þ (D2, D1) Î R
So, R is symmetric on S
Transitivity : Let D1, D2, D3 Î S such that (D1, D2) Î R and (D2, D3) Î R. Then,
(D1, D2) Î R and (D2, D3) Î R Þ D1 @ D2 and D2 @ D3 Þ D1 @ D3 Þ (D1, D3) Î R
So, R is transitive on S.
Hence, R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is an equivalence relation on S.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\01.Theory.p65

E 27
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP RELATIONS EXERCISE-I
1. If R is a relation from a finite set A having m 10. Let a relation R is the set N of natural numbers be
elements to a finite set B having n elements, then defined as (x, y) Î R if and only if x2 – 4xy + 3y2 = 0
the number of relations from A to B is- for all x, y Î N. The relation R is-
(1) 2mn (2) 2mn –1 (3) 2mn (4) mn (1) Reflexive
2. In the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, a relation R is defined (2) Symmetric
by R = {(x, y) | x, y Î A and x < y}. Then R is- (3) Transitive
(1) Reflexive (2) Symmetric (4) An equivalence relation
(3) Transitive (4) None of these 11. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and let R = {(2, 2), (3, 3),
3. For real nu mbers x and y, we write (4, 4), (5, 5), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3)} be a relation
x R y Û x – y + 2 is an irrational number. Then in A. Then R is-
the relation R is- (1) Reflexive and transitive
(1) Reflexive (2) Symmetric (2) Reflexive and symmetric
(3) Transitive (4) none of these (3) Reflexive and antisymmetric
4. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Which (4) none of these
of the following is relations from X to Y- 12. If A = {2, 3} and B = {1, 2}, then A × B is equal to-
(1) R1 = {(x, y) | y = 2 + x, x Î X, y Î Y} (1) {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
(2) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)} (2) {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
(3) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)} (3) {(2, 1), (3, 2)}
(4) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)} (4) {(1, 2), (2, 3)}
5. Let L denote the set of all straight lines in a plane. 13. Let R be a relation over the set N × N and it is
Let a relation R be defined by a R b Û a ^ b, defined by (a, b) R (c, d) Þ a + d = b + c. Then R
a, b Î L. Then R is- is-
(1) Reflexive (2) Symmetric (1) Reflexive only
(3) Transitive (4) none of these (2) Symmetric only
6. Let R be a relation defined in the set of real numbers (3) Transitive only
by a R b Û 1 + ab > 0. Then R is- (4) An equivalence relation
(1) Equivalence relation (2) Transitive 14. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R
(3) Symmetric (4) Anti-symmetric be the relation on N × N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if
7. Which one of the following relations on R is ad (b + c) = bc(a + d), then R is-
equivalence relation- (1) Symmetric only
(1) x R1y Û |x| = |y| (2) x R2 y Û x ³ y (2) Reflexive only
(3) x R3y Û x | y (4) x R4 y Û x < y (3) Transitive only
8. Two points P and Q in a plane are related if (4) An equivalence relation
OP = OQ, where O is a fixed point. This relation 15. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 4, 6, 9} and R is a relation
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\02.Exercises.p65

is- from A to B defined by 'x is greater than y'. Then

(1) Reflexive but not symmetric range of R is-
(2) Symmetric but not transitive (1) {1, 4, 6, 9} (2) {4, 6, 9}
(3) An equivalence relation (3) {1} (4) none of these
(4) none of these 16. Let L be the set of all straight lines in the Euclidean
9. The relation R defined in A = {1, 2, 3} by a R b if plane. Two lines l1 and l2 are said to be related by
|a2 – b2| £ 5. Which of the following is false- the relation R if l1 is parallel to l2. Then the relation
(1)R ={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2) R is-
(2) R–1 = R (1) Reflexive (2) Symmetric
(3) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3} (3) Transitive (4) Equivalence
(4) Range of R = {5}

28 E
 Relation
ALLEN
17. A and B are two sets having 3 and 4 elements 23. Given the relation R = = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the set A
respectively and having 2 elements in common. = {1, 2, 3}, the minimum number of ordered pairs
The number of relations which can be defined from which when added to R make it an equivalence
A to B is- relation is-
(1) 25 (2) 210 – 1 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8
(3) 212 – 1 (4) 212 24. Let P = {(x, y) | x + y = 1, x, y Î R} Then P is-
2 2

18. For n, m Î N, n|m means that n is a factor of m, (1) reflexive (2) symmetric
the relation | is- (3) transitive (4) anti-symmetric
(1) reflexive and symmetric 25. Let X be a family of sets and R be a relation on X
(2) transitive and symmetric defined by 'A is disjoint from B'. Then R is-
(3) reflexive, transitive and symmetric (1) reflexive (2) symmetric
(4) reflexive, transitive and not symmetric (3) anti-symmetric (4) transitive
19. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y Î A, x + y = 5} where 26. In order that a relation R defined in a non-empty
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then set A is an equivalence relation, it is sufficient that R
(1) R is not reflexive, symmetric and not transitive (1) is reflexive
(2) R is an equivalence relation (2) is symmetric
(3) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
(3) is transitive
(4) R is not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive
(4) possesses all the above three properties
20. Let R be a relation on a set A such that R = R–1
27. If R is an equivalence relation in a set A, then R –1 is-
then R is-
(1) reflexive but not symmetric
(1) reflexive
(2) symmetric but not transitive
(2) symmetric
(3) an equivalence relation
(3) transitive
(4) none of these
(4) none of these
28. Let A = {p, q, r}. Which of the following is an
21. Let x, y Î I and suppose that a relation R on I is
equivalence relation in A ?
defined by x R y if and only if x £ y then
(1) R is partial order ralation (1) R1 = {(p, q), (q, r), (p, r), (p, p)}
(2) R is an equivalence relation (2) R2 = {(r, q) (r, p), (r, r), (q, q)}
(3) R is reflexive and symmetric (3) R3 = {(p, p), (q, q), (r, r), (p, q)}
(4) R is symmetric and transitive (4) none of these
22. Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B, then-
(1) R = A È B (2) R = A Ç B
(3) R Í A × B(4) R Í B × A
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\02.Exercises.p65

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 1 2 1 4 4 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans. 4 4 4 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 4 3 4

E 29
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATIONS EXERCISE-II
1. Let R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} be a 4. Consider the following relations :-
releation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The relation R = {(x, y) | x, y are real numbers and x = wy for
R is- [AIEEE - 2004] some rational number w} ;

(1) transitive (2) not symmetric m p

S = {( , ) | m, n, p and q are integers such that
(3) reflexive (4) a function n q
2. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12),
n, q ¹ 0 and qm = pn}.
(3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be relation on the set Then : [AIEEE - 2010]
A = {3, 6, 9, 12). The relation is- [AIEEE - 2005] (1) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an
(1) rflexive and transitive only equivalence relation
(2) reflexive only (2) Neither R nor S is an equivalence relation
(3) an equilvalence relation (3) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an
equivalence relation
(4) reflexive and symmetric only
(4) R and S both are equivalence relations
3. Let W denote the words in the English dictionary. 5. Let R be the set of real numbers. [AIEEE - 2011]
Define the relation R by : R = {(x, y) Î W × W| the Statement-1:
words x and y have at least one letter in common}. A = {(x, y) Î R × R : y – x is an integer} is an
equivalence relation on R.
Then R is- [AIEEE - 2006] Statement-2:
(1) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive B = {(x, y)Î R ×R : x = ay for some rational number
(2) reflexive, symmetric and transitive a} is an equivalence relation on R.
(3) reflexive, not symmetric and transtive (1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(2) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(4) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1.

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\AIEEE topics\04.Relation\Eng\02.Exercises.p65

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 2 1 1 3 1

30 E
 NURTURE COURSE

SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
CONTENTS
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

THEORY & ILLUSTRATIONS ...................................... Page – 01

ELEMENTARY EXERCISE ............................................ Page – 16

EXERCISE (O-1) ............................................................. Page – 18

EXERCISE (O-2) ............................................................. Page – 20

EXERCISE (S-1) .............................................................. Page – 22

EXERCISE (S-2) .............................................................. Page – 23

EXERCISE (JA) .............................................................. Page – 24

ANSWER KEY .................................................................. Page – 26

JEE (ADVANCED) SYLLABUS :

Solutions of Triangle : Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule,
cosine rule, half-angle formula and the area of a triangle.
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
The process of calculating the sides and angles of triangle using given information is called solution
of triangle.
In a DABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and C and the length of the sides opposite
these angle are denoted by small letter a, b and c respectively.
1. SINE FORMULAE : A
In any triangle ABC
b
c
h
a b c abc
= = =l= = 2R
sin A sin B sin C 2D B C
D a
where R is circumradius and D is area of triangle.

Illustration 1 : Angles of a triangle are in 4 : 1 : 1 ratio. The ratio between its greatest side and perimeter
is

3 3 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2+ 3 2+ 3 2- 3 2+ 3
Solution : Angles are in ratio 4 : 1 : 1.
Þ angles are 120°, 30°, 30°.
If sides opposite to these angles are a, b, c respectively, then a will be the greatest side.
a b c
Now from sine formula = =
sin120° sin 30° sin 30°
a b c
Þ = =
3 / 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
a b c
Þ = = = k (say)
3 1 1
then a = 3k , perimeter = (2 + 3)k

3k 3
\ required ratio = = Ans. (B)
(2 + 3)k 2 + 3
Illustration 2 : In triangle ABC, if b = 3, c = 4 and ÐB = p/3, then number of such triangles is -
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) infinite

sin B sin C
Solution : Using sine formulae =
b c

sin p / 3 sin C 3 sin C 2

Þ = Þ = Þ sin C = > 1 which is not possible.
3 4 6 4 3
Hence there exist no triangle with given elements. Ans. (C)
E 1
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Illustration 3 : The sides of a triangle are three consecutive natural numbers and its largest angle is twice
the smallest one. Determine the sides of the triangle. A
Solution : Let the sides be n, n + 1, n + 2 cms.
n n+1
i.e. AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2
Smallest angle is B and largest one is A. C n+2 B
Here, ÐA = 2ÐB
Also, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
Þ 3ÐB + ÐC = 180° Þ ÐC = 180° – 3ÐB
We have, sine law as,
sin A sin B sin C sin 2B sin B sin(180 - 3B)
= = Þ = =
n+2 n n +1 n+2 n n +1

Þ sin 2B sin B sin 3B

= =
n+2 n n +1
(i) (ii) (iii)
from (i) and (ii);
2 sin Bcos B sin B n+2
= Þ cos B = ......... (iv)
n+2 n 2n
and from (ii) and (iii);
sin B 3sin B - 4 sin 3 B sin B sin B(3 - 4 sin 2 B)
= Þ =
n n +1 n n +1
n +1
Þ = 3 - 4(1 - cos 2 B) .......... (v)
n
from (iv) and (v), we get
2
n +1 æ n+2ö n +1 æ n 2 + 4n + 4 ö
= -1 + 4 ç ÷ Þ +1 = ç ÷
n è 2n ø n è n2 ø
2n + 1 n 2 + 4n + 4
Þ = Þ 2n2 + n = n2 + 4n + 4
n n2
Þ n2 – 3n – 4 = 0 Þ (n – 4)(n + 1) = 0
n = 4 or – 1
where n ¹ –1
\ n = 4. Hence the sides are 4, 5, 6 Ans.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

Do yourself - 1 :
p
(i) If in a DABC, ÐA = and b : c = 2 : 3 , find ÐB .
6
(ii) Show that, in any DABC : a sin(B – C) + b sin(C – A) + c sin(A – B) = 0.

sin A sin(A - B)
(iii) If in a DABC, = , show that a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
sin C sin(B - C)

2 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
2. COSINE FORMULAE :

b2 + c2 - a 2 c2 + a 2 - b2 a 2 + b2 - c2
(a) cos A = (b) cos B = (c) cosC =
2bc 2ca 2ab
or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA

Illustration 4 : In a triangle ABC, if B = 30° and c = 3 b, then A can be equal to -

(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 120°

c2 + a 2 - b2 3 3b 2 + a 2 - b 2
Solution : We have cos B = Þ =
2ca 2 2 ´ 3b ´ a

Þ a2 – 3ab + 2b2 = 0 Þ (a – 2b) (a – b) = 0

Þ Either a = b Þ A = 30°

or a = 2b Þ a2 = 4b2 = b2 + c2 Þ A = 90°. Ans. (C)

Illustration 5 : In a triangle ABC, (a2 –b2 – c2 ) tan A + (a2 – b2 +c2) tan B is equal to -
(A) (a2 + b2 –c2) tan C (B) (a2 + b2 + c2) tan C
(C) (b2 + c2 –a2) tan C (D) none of these
Solution : Using cosine law :
The given expression is equal to –2 bc cos A tan A + 2 ac cos B tan B

= 2abc æç -
sin A sin B ö
+ ÷= 0 Ans. (D)
è a b ø

Do yourself - 2 :
(i) If a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6, then show that ÐC = 2ÐA.
(ii) In any DABC, prove that

cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b2 + c 2

(a) + + =
a b c 2abc
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

b2 c2 a2 a 4 + b4 + c4
(b) cos A + cos B + cos C =
a b c 2abc

3. PROJECTION FORMULAE :
(a) b cos C + c cos B = a (b) c cos A + a cos C = b (c) a cos B + b cos A = c

E 3
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
A C 3b
Illustration 6 : In a DABC, c cos
2
+ a cos 2 = , then show a, b, c are in A.P.
2 2 2
c a 3b
Solution : Here, (1 + cos A) + (1 + cos C) =
2 2 2
Þ a + c + (c cos A + a cos C) = 3b
Þ a + c + b = 3b {using projection formula}
Þ a + c = 2b
which shows a, b, c are in A.P.

Do yourself - 3 :
p 5p
(i) In a DABC, if ÐA = , ÐB = , show that a + c 2 = 2b .
4 12

æ C Bö
(ii) In a DABC, prove that : (a) b(a cosC – c cosA) = a2 – c2 (b) 2 ç b cos 2 + c cos2 ÷ = a + b + c
è 2 2ø

4. NAPIER'S ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE) :

æ B- C ö b -c A æC-A ö c-a B æ A-Bö a-b C

(a) tan ç ÷= cot (b) tan ç ÷= cot (c) tan ç ÷ = cot
è 2 ø b+c 2 è 2 ø c+a 2 è 2 ø a+b 2

Illustration 7 : In a DABC, the tangent of half the difference of two angles is one-third the tangent of
half the sum of the angles. Determine the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles.
æ A-Bö 1 æ A +Bö
Solution : Here, tan ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ ........ (i)
è 2 ø 3 è 2 ø
æ A-Bö a-b æCö
using Napier's analogy, tan ç ÷= .cot ç ÷ ........ (ii)
è 2 ø a+b è2ø
from (i) & (ii) ;

1 æ A +Bö a -b æCö
tan ç ÷= .cot ç ÷ Þ 1 cot æç C ö÷ = a - b .cot æç C ö÷
3 è 2 ø a+b è2ø 3 è 2 ø a+b è2ø

æ B+C ö æp Cö C
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

{as A + B + C = p \tan ç ÷ = tan ç - ÷ = cot }

è 2 ø è2 2ø 2
a-b 1
Þ = or 3a – 3b = a + b
a+b 3
a 2 b 1
2a = 4b or = Þ =
b 1 a 2
Thus the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles is b : a = 1 : 2. Ans.

4 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
Do yourself - 4 :
æ B-C ö
tan ç ÷
b-c è 2 ø
(i) In any DABC, prove that =
b+c æ B+ C ö
tan ç ÷
è 2 ø
A c-b a 2 - b2
(ii) If DABC is right angled at C, prove that : (a) tan = (b) sin(A - B) =
2 c+b a 2 + b2

5. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE :

a+b+c
s= = semi-perimeter of triangle.
2
A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - c)(s - a) C (s - a)(s - b)
(a) (i) sin = (ii) sin = (iii) sin =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A s(s - a) B s(s - b) C s(s - c)
(b) (i) cos = (ii) cos = (iii) cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - c)(s - a) C (s - a)(s - b)
(c) (i) tan = (ii) tan = (iii) tan =
2 s(s - a) 2 s(s - b) 2 s(s - c)
D D D
= = =
s(s - a) s(s - b) s(s - c)
(d) Area of Triangle
1 1 1 1 1 1
D = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C = ap1 = bp 2 = cp 3 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
where p1,p2,p3 are altitudes from vertices A,B,C respectively.

Illustration 8 : If in a triangle ABC, CD is the angle bisector of the angle ACB, then CD is equal to-
a+b C 2ab C 2ab C bsin ÐDAC
(A) cos (B) sin (C) cos (D)
2ab 2 a+b 2 a+b 2 sin(B + C / 2)
Solution : DCAB = DCAD + DCDB
1 1 æCö 1 æCö
Þ absinC = b.CD.sin ç ÷ + a.CD sin ç ÷
2 2 è2ø 2 è2ø
æCö æ æCö æ C öö
Þ CD(a + b) sin ç ÷ =ab ç 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ ÷
è2ø è è2ø è 2 øø
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

2ab cos(C / 2)
So CD =
(a + b)
CD b
and in DCAD, = (by sine rule)
sin ÐDAC sin ÐCDA
bsin ÐDAC
Þ CD = Ans. (C,D)
sin(B + C / 2)
E 5
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
s2
Illustration 9 : If D is the area and 2s the sum of the sides of a triangle, then show D £ .
3 3
Solution : We have, 2s = a + b + c, D2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
Now, A.M. ³ G.M.
(s - a) + (s - b) + (s - c)
³ {(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)}1 / 3
3
1/3
3s - 2s æ D 2 ö
or ³ç ÷
3 è s ø
1/3
s æ D2 ö
or ³ç ÷
3 è s ø

D2 s3 s2
or £ Þ D£ Ans.
s 27 3 3
Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Given a = 6, b = 8, c = 10. Find
A A A
(a) sinA (b)tanA (c) sin (d) cos (e) tan (f) D
2 2 2
A B C
(ii) Prove that in any DABC, (abcs) sin .sin .sin = D 2 .
2 2 2
6. m-n THEOREM : A

a
(m + n) cot q = m cot a – n cot b
b

h
(m + n) cot q = n cot B – m cot C.
q
B C
m D n

7. RADIUS OF THE CIRCUMCIRCLE 'R' :

A
Circumcentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of
the sides and distance between circumcentre & vertex of triangle is R
c b
called circumradius 'R'. O
R R
a b c abc
R= = = = . B D a C
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4 D
8. RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE 'r' :
Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors is incentre and
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

perpendicular distance of incentre from any side is called inradius 'r'.

A
D A B C A B C
r = = (s - a) tan = (s - b) tan = (s - c) tan = 4R sin sin sin .
s 2 2 2 2 2 2
I r
B C A C B A r
sin sin sin sin sin sin
=a 2 2 =b 2 2 =c 2 2 r
A B C B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
6 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
Illustration 10 : In a triangle ABC, if a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6, then ratio between its circumradius and inradius
is-
16 16 7 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 9 16 7
R abc D (abc)s R abc
Solution : = = Þ = ....(i)
r 4D s 4D2 r 4(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

a b c
Q a:b:c=4:5:6 Þ = = = k (say)
4 5 6
Þ a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k
a + b + c 15k 7k 5k 3k
\ s= = ,s–a= ,s–b= ,s–c=
2 2 2 2 2
R (4k)(5k)(6k) 16
using (i) in these values = = Ans. (A)
r æ 7k ö æ 5k ö æ 3k ö 7
4 ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
r
Illustration 11 : If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, prove that : cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + .
R
æ A+Bö æ A-Bö
Solution : cosA + cosB + cosC = 2 cos ç ÷ .cos ç ÷ + cos C
è 2 ø è 2 ø
C æ A-Bö 2 C C é æ A -Bö æ C öù
= 2 sin .cos ç ÷ + 1 - 2 sin = 1 + 2 sin êcos ç ÷ - sin ç ÷ ú
2 è 2 ø 2 2ë è 2 ø è 2 øû
C é æ A-Bö æ A + B öù ì C æ A + B öü
= 1 + 2 sin ê cos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ íQ = 90° - ç ÷ý
2ë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû î 2 è 2 øþ
C A B A B C
= 1 + 2 sin .2 sin .sin = 1 + 4 sin .sin .sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
r
= 1+ {as, r = 4R sin A/2 . sinB/2 . sinC/2}
R
r
Þ cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + . Hence proved.
R

Do yourself - 6 :
(i) If in DABC, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5, find
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

(a) D (b) R (c) r

(ii) In a DABC, show that :
a 2 - b2 A B C D abc
(a) = 2R sin(A - B) (b) r cos cos cos = (c) a + b + c =
c 2 2 2 4R 2Rr
(iii) Let D & D' denote the areas of a D and that of its incircle. Prove that
æ A B Cö
D : D' = ç cot .cot .cot ÷ : p
è 2 2 2ø

E 7
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
9. RADII OF THE EX-CIRCLES : A
Point of intersection of two external angles and one internal angle bisectors c b
is excentre and perpendicular distance of excentre from any side is called B a C
exradius. If r1 is the radius of escribed circle opposite to ÐA of DABC and
r1 r1
so on, then - I1
B C
a cos cos
D A A B C 2 2
(a) r1 = = s tan = 4R sin cos cos =
s-a 2 2 2 2 A
cos
2
A C
b cos cos
D B A B C 2 2
(b) r2 = = s tan = 4R cos sin cos =
s-b 2 2 2 2 B
cos
2
A B
D C A B C c cos 2 cos 2
(c) r3 = = s tan = 4R cos cos sin =
s-c 2 2 2 2 C
cos
2
I1, I2 and I3 are taken as ex-centre opposite to vertex A, B, C repsectively.

b-c c-a a -b
Illustration 12 : Value of the expression + + is equal to -
r1 r2 r3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)
Solution : + +
r1 r2 r3

æs-a ö æs-bö æs-cö

Þ (b – c) ç ÷ + (c - a) ç ÷ + (a - b). ç ÷
è D ø è D ø è D ø
(s - a)(b - c) + (s - b)(c - a) + (s - c)(a - b)
Þ
D
s(b - c + c - a + a - b) - [ab - ac + bc - ba + ac - bc] 0
= = =0
D D
b-c c-a a-b
Thus, + + =0 Ans. (D)
r1 r2 r3
Illustration 13 : If r1 = r2 + r3 + r, prove that the triangle is right angled.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

Solution : We have, r1 – r = r2 + r3
D D D D s-s+a s-c +s-b
Þ - = + Þ =
s-a s s-b s-c s(s - a) (s - b)(s - c)
a 2s - (b + c)
Þ = {as, 2s = a + b + c}
s(s - a) (s - b)(s - c)
a a
Þ = Þ s2 – (b + c) s + bc = s2 – as
s(s - a) (s - b)(s - c)
8 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
(b + c - a)(a + b + c)
Þ s(–a + b + c) = bc Þ = bc
2
Þ (b + c)2 – (a)2 = 2bc Þ b2 + c2 + 2bc – a2 = 2bc
Þ b2 + c2 = a2
\ ÐA = 90°. Ans.

Do yourself - 7 :
(i) In an equilateral DABC, R = 2, find
(a) r (b) r1 (c) a

(ii) In a DABC, show that

1 2 2 æ 1 1 öæ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
(a) r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2 (b) r s ç - ÷ç - ÷ ç - ÷ = R
4 è r r1 øè r r2 øè r r3 ø
(c) rr1 r2 r3 = D

10. ANGLE BISECTORS & MEDIANS :

An angle bisector divides the base in the ratio of corresponding sides. A

BD c ac ab c
= Þ BD = & CD = b
CD b b+c b+c
B C
D
If ma and ba are the lengths of a median and an angle bisector from the
angle A then,
A
2bc cos
1 2
ma = 2b2 + 2c 2 - a 2 and ba =
2 b+c

3 2
Note that m a + m b + m c = (a + b + c )
2 2 2 2 2

11. ORTHOCENTRE : A

(a) Point of intersection of altitudes is orthocentre & the triangle KLM

M L
which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the P
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

pedal triangle.
B K C
(b) The distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the DABC
are 2R cosA, 2R cosB, & 2R cosC.

(c) The distance of P from sides are 2R cosB cosC, 2R cosC cosA and
2R cosA cosB.

E 9
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Do yourself - 8 :
(i) If x, y, z are the distance of the vertices of DABC respectively from the orthocentre, then
a b c abc
prove that + + =
x y z xyz
(ii) If p1, p2, p3 are respectively the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite
sides, prove that
a 2 b2 c 2 1
(a) p1p2p3 = 3 (b) D = Rp1p 2 p3
8R 2
(iii) In a DABC, AD is altitude and H is the orthocentre prove that AH : DH = (tanB + tanC)
: tanA
(iv) In a DABC, the lengths of the bisectors of the angle A, B and C are x, y, z respectively.

1 A 1 B 1 C 1 1 1
Show that cos + cos + cos = + + .
x 2 y 2 z 2 a b c

12. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS :

(a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = R 1 - 8cos A cos Bcos C

(b) The distance between circumcentre and incentre is = R 2 - 2Rr

(c) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is = 2r 2 - 4R 2 cos A cos Bcos C

(d) The distances between circumcentre & excentres are

A B C
OI1 = R 1 + 8sin cos cos = R 2 + 2Rr1 & so on.
2 2 2

Illustration 14 : Prove that the distance between the circumcentre and the orthocentre of a triangle ABC
is R 1 - 8cos A cos Bcos C .

Solution : Let O and P be the circumcentre and the orthocentre respectively. If OF is the perpendicular
to AB, we have ÐOAF = 90° – ÐAOF = 90° – C. Also ÐPAL = 90° – C.

Hence, ÐOAP = A – ÐOAF – ÐPAL = A – 2(90° – C) = A + 2C – 180°

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

= A + 2C – (A + B + C) = C – B. A

Also OA = R and PA = 2RcosA. F

O
L
Now in DAOP,
P

OP2 = OA2 + PA2 – 2OA. PA cosOAP B

K C

10 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
= R2 + 4R2 cos2 A – 4R2 cosAcos(C – B)

= R2 + 4R2 cosA[cosA – cos(C – B)]

= R2 – 4R2 cosA[cos(B + C) + cos(C – B)] = R2 – 8R2 cosA cosB cosC.

Hence OP = R 1 - 8cos A cos Bcos C . Ans.

13. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES :

The three sides a,b,c and the three angles A,B,C are called the elements of the triangle ABC. When
any three of these six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the triangle is
known completely; that is the other three elements can be expressed in terms of the given elements
and can be evaluated. This process is called the solution of triangles.

A (s - b)(s - c)
* If the three sides a,b,c are given, angle A is obtained from tan =
2 s(s - a)

b2 + c2 - a 2
or cos A = .B and C can be obtained in the similar way.
2bc

B-C b -c A
* If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then tan = cot gives
2 b+c 2

B-C B+C A
. Also = 90° - , so that B and C can be evaluated. The third side is given by
2 2 2

sin A
a=b
sin B

or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A.
* If two sides b and c and an angle opposite the one of them (say B) are given then

c b sin A
sin C = sin B, A = 180° - (B + C) and a = given the remaining elements.
b sin B
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

Case I :
A
b < c sin B.
c b csinB
We draw the side c and angle B. Now it is obvious from the
figure that there is no triangle possible. B

E 11
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Case II : A

b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, there is only one triangle possible. c b csinB
and it is right-angled at C.
B D

Case III : A
b > c sin B, b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two triangles possible c
b b c sinB
for two values of angle C.
D
B C2 C1

b b csinB
Case IV : c

C2 B C1
b > c sin B, c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle.

Case V : C

b > c sin B, c > b and B is an obtuse angle. b

For any choice of point C, b will be greater than c which is a
c A
contradication as c > b (given). So there is no triangle possible. B

Case VI :
b > c sin B, c < b and B is an obtuse angle. C

We can see that the circle with A as centre and b as radius will cut the
line only in one point. So only one triangle is possible. B c A
b

C
Case VII :
b > c and B = 90°.
Again the circle with A as centre and b as radius will cut the line only B c A
in one point. So only one triangle is possible. b
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

Case VIII :
b < c and B = 90°.
The circle with A as centre and b as radius will not cut the line in any B c
A
b
point. So no triangle is possible.

This is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case.

12 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
Alternative Method :

a 2 + c2 - b2
By applying cosine rule, we have cosB =
2ac

( c cos B) - ( c2 - b 2 )
2
Þ a2 – (2c cos B)a + (c2 – b2) = 0 Þ a = c cosB ±

b 2 - ( c sin B)
2
Þ a = c cosB ±

This equation leads to following cases :

Case-I : If b < csinB, no such triangle is possible.

Case-II: Let b = c sinB. There are further following case :

(a) B is an obtuse angle Þ cosB is negative. There exists no such triangle.

(b) B is an acute angle Þ cosB is positive. There exists only one such triangle.

Case-III: Let b > c sin B. There are further following cases :

(a) B is an acute angle Þ cosB is positive. In this case triangle will exist if and only if

b 2 - ( c sin B) or c > b Þ Two such triangle is possible. If c < b, only one

2
c cosB >
such triangle is possible.

(b) B is an obtuse angle Þ cosB is negative. In this case triangle will exist if and only if

b 2 - ( c sin B) > |c cos B| Þ b > c. So in this case only one such triangle is possible. If
2

b < c there exists no such triangle.

This is called an ambiguous case.

a sin B a sin C
* If one side a and angles B and C are given, then A = 180° – (B + C), and b = ,c = .
sin A sin A

* If the three angles A,B,C are given, we can only find the ratios of the sides a,b,c by using sine
rule (since there are infinite similar triangles possible).
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

Illustration 15 : In the ambiguous case of the solution of triangles, prove that the circumcircles of the two
triangles are of same size.
Solution : Let us say b,c and angle B are given in the ambiguous case. Both the triangles will
b
have b and its opposite angle as B. so = 2R will be given for both the triangles.
sin B
So their circumradii and therefore their sizes will be same.

E 13
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
Illustration 16 : If a,b and A are given in a triangle and c1,c2 are the possible values of the third side, prove
that c12 + c22 - 2c1c2 cos2A = 4a2cos2A.

b2 + c2 - a 2
Solution : cos A =
2bc
Þ c2 – 2bc cosA + b2 – a2 = 0.
c1 + c2 = 2bcosA and c1c2 = b2 – a2.
Þ c12 + c22 – 2c1c2cos2A = (c1 + c2)2 – 2c1c2(1 + cos2A)
= 4b2 cos2A – 2(b2 – a2)2 cos2A = 4a2cos2A.

æ A - A2 ö c sin B
Illustration 17 : If b,c,B are given and b < c, prove that cos ç 1 ÷= .
è 2 ø b

Solution : ÐC2AC1 is bisected by AD. A

A1–A2
c
æ A - A2 ö AD c sin B b b
Þ In DAC2D, cos ç 1 ÷= =
è 2 ø AC 2 b D
B C2 C1
Hence proved.
Do yourself - 9 :
æ A - A 2 ö a1 - a 2
(i) If b,c,B are given and b<c, prove that sin ç 1 ÷=
è 2 ø 2b
(ii) In a DABC, b,c,B (c > b) are gives. If the third side has two values a1 and a2 such
that

4b 2 - c 2
a1 = 3a2, show that sin B = .
3c 2
14. REGULAR POLYGON :
A regular polygon has all its sides equal. It may be inscribed p
or circumscribed. r n
h
(a) Inscribed in circle of radius r :
a
p p
(i) a = 2h tan = 2r sin
n n
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r
p 1 2p
are given by P = 2nr sin and A = nr 2 sin
n 2 n
(b) Circumscribed about a circle of radius r :
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

p
p n
(i) a = 2r tan r
n
a
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides
p
circumscribed about a given circle of radius r is given by P = 2nr tan and
n
p
A = nr 2 tan
n
14 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
Do yourself - 10 :
(i) If the perimeter of a circle and a regular polygon of n sides are equal, then
p
area of the circle tan n
prove that = .
area of polygon p
n
(ii) The ratio of the area of n-sided regular polygon, circumscribed about a circle, to the area
of the regular polygon of equal number of sides inscribed in the circle is 4 : 3. Find the
value of n.

15. SOME NOTES :

(a) (i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the triangle is isosceles.
(ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
(b) In right angle triangle
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2 (ii) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1
(c) In equilateral triangle

3R
(i) R = 2r (ii) r1 = r2 = r3 =
2
3a 2 a
(iii) r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3 (iv) area = (v) R =
4 3
(d) (i) The circumcentre lies (1) inside an acute angled triangle (2) outside an obtuse angled
triangle & (3) mid point of the hypotenuse of right angled triangle.
(ii) The orthocentre of right angled triangle is the vertex at the right angle.
(iii) The orthocentre, centroid & circumcentre are collinear & centroid divides the line segment
joining orthocentre & circumcentre internally in the ratio 2 : 1 except in case of equilateral
triangle. In equilateral triangle, all these centres coincide
(e) Area of a cyclic quadrilateral = (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)(s - d)

a+b+c+d
where a, b, c, d are lengths of the sides of quadrilateral and s = .
2

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

1: (i) 90°
3 3 1 3 1
5: (i) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 24
5 4 10 10 3
5
6: (i) (a) 6 (b) (c) 1
2
7: (i) (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 3
10 : (ii) 6

E 15
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
b 3
1. Angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. If = , then ÐA is equal to
c 2
p p 5p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 12 2
2. If K is a point on the side BC of an equilateral triangle ABC and if ÐBAK = 15°, then the ratio of
AK
lengths is
AB

(A)
(
3 2 3+ 3 ) (B)
(
2 3+ 3 ) (C)
(
2 3- 3 ) (D)
(
3 2 3- 3 )
2 2 2 2

3. In a triangle ABC, ÐA = 60° and b : c = ( )

3 + 1 : 2 then (ÐB – ÐC) has the value equal to
(A) 15° (B) 30° (C) 22.5 ° (D) 45°
4. In an acute triangle ABC, ÐABC = 45°, AB = 3 and AC = 6 . The angle ÐBAC, is
(A) 60° (B) 65° (C) 75° (D) 15° or 75°
5. Let ABC be a right triangle with length of side AB = 3 and hypotenuse AC = 5.
BD AB
If D is a point on BC such that = , then AD is equal to
DC AC
4 3 3 5 4 5 5 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 4
4
6. In a triangle ABC, if a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A – B) = , the area of the triangle is
5
15
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D)
2
c
7. In DABC, if a = 2b and A = 3B, then the value of is equal to
b
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
p
8. If the sides of a triangle are sin a, cos a, 1 + sin a cos a , 0 < a < , the largest angle is
2
(A) 60° (B) 90° (C) 120° (D) 150°
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

9. If the angle A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic progression and if a, b and c denote the
lengths of the sides opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of expression
æa c ö
E = ç sin 2C + sin 2A ÷ , is
èc a ø

1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
2 2

16 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
10. If in a triangle sin A : sin C = sin (A – B) : sin (B – C), then a2, b2, c2
(A) are in A.P. (B) are in G.P. (C) are in H.P. (D) none of these
A b+c
11. In triangle ABC, if cot = , then triangle ABC must be
2 a
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in DABC.]
(A) isosceles (B) equilateral (C) right angled (D) isoceles right angled
12. Consider a triangle ABC and let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides opposite to vertices A, B
and C respectively. If a = 1, b = 3 and C = 60°, then sin2B is equal to
27 3 81 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
28 28 28 3

13. The ratio of the sides of a triangle ABC is 1: 3 : 2 . Then ratio of A : B : C is

(A) 3 : 5 : 2 (B) 1 : 3 :2 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 3

14. In triangle ABC, If s = 3 + 3 + 2 , 3B – C = 30°, A + 2B = 120°, then the length of longest

side of triangle is
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 2( 3 + 1) (D) 3 -1
In a triangle tan A : tan B : tan C = 1 : 2 : 3, then a : b2 : c2 equals
2
15.
(A) 5 : 8 : 9 (B) 5 : 8 : 12 (C) 3 : 5 : 8 (D) 5 : 8 : 10
A C
16. In DABC, if a,b,c (taken in that order) are in A.P. then cot cot =
2 2
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
tan C
17. In DABC if a = 8, b = 9, c = 10, then the value of is
sin B
32 24 21 18
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 7 4 5
18. In triangle ABC, if D = a – (b – c) , then tan A =
2 2

[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]

15 1 8 8
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 2 17 15
æ cos A ö p
19. In a triangle ABC, if the sides a, b, c are roots of x3 – 11x2 + 38x – 40 = 0. If å çè ÷ = , then
a ø q
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

find the least value of (p + q) where p,q Î N.

20. ABC is a triangle such that sin (2A + B) = sin (C – A) = – sin (B + 2C) = 1 . If A, B, C are in A.P.,
2
find A, B, C.

E 17
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. A triangle has vertices A, B and C, and the respective opposite sides have lengths a, b and c. This
triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius R. If b = c = 1 and the altitude from A to side BC has
2
length , then R equals
3

1 2 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 2 2
2. A circle is inscribed in a right triangle ABC, right angled at C. The circle is tangent to the segment
AB at D and length of segments AD and DB are 7 and 13 respectively. Area of triangle ABC is
equal to
(A) 91 (B) 96 (C) 100 (D) 104
3. In a triangle ABC, if a = 13, b = 14 and c = 15, then angle A is equal to
(All symbols used have their usual meaning in a triangle.)

-1 4 -1 3 -1 3 -1 2
(A) sin (B) sin (C) sin (D) sin
5 5 4 3

4. In a triangle ABC, if b = ( 3 - 1) a and ÐC = 30°, then the value of (A – B) is equal to

(All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.)

(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 75°
5. In triangle ABC, if AC = 8, BC = 7 and D lies between A and B such that AD = 2, BD = 4, then
the length CD equals

(A) 46 (B) 48 (C) 51 (D) 75

6. In a triangle ABC, if ÐC = 105°, ÐB = 45° and length of side AC = 2 units, then the length of the
side AB is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2 +1 (D) 3 +1

8a 2 b 2c 2
7. In a triangle ABC, if (a + b + c) (a + b – c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b) = 2 , then the triangle is
a + b2 + c 2
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]

(A) isosceles (B) right angled (C) equilateral (D) obtuse angled
8. In triangle ABC, if 2b = a + c and A – C = 90°, then sin B equals
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
7 5 7 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 8 4 3

18 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
9. In a triangle ABC, a3 + b3 + c3 = c2 (a + b + c)
(All symbol used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
Statement–1: The value of ÐC = 60°.
Statement –2: DABC must be equilateral.
(A) Statement–1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
10. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive integers. The largest angle is twice the smallest one.
The area of triangle is equal to

5 15 15
(A) 7 (B) 7 (C) 7 (D) 5 7
4 2 4
11. The sides a, b, c (taken in that order) of triangle ABC are in A.P.
a b c æ aö ægö
If cos a = , cos b = , cos g = then tan 2 ç ÷ + tan 2 ç ÷ is equal to
b+c c+a a+b è 2ø è 2ø
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
1 1 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3
p p
12. AD and BE are the medians of a triangle ABC. If AD = 4, ÐDAB = , ÐABE = , then area of
6 3
triangle ABC equals
8 16 32 32
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3
3 3 3 9
13. In triangle ABC, if sin3 A + sin 3 B + sin 3 C = 3sin A.sin B.sin C , then triangle is
(A) obtuse angled (B) right angled (C) obtuse right angled (D) equilateral
r
14. For right angled isosceles triangle, =
R
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
p p p p
(A) tan (B) cot (C) tan (D) cot
12 12 8 8
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

1 1 3
15. In triangle ABC, If + = then angle C is equal to
a+c b+c a+b+c
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 90°

E 19
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE (O-2)
Multiple Correct Answer Type :
1. In a triangle ABC, let 2a2 + 4b2+ c2 = 2a(2b + c), then which of the following holds good?
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.]
-7
(A) cos B = (B) sin (A– C) = 0
8
r 1
(C) = (D) sin A : sin B : sin C = 1 : 2 : 1
r1 5
2. In a triangle ABC, if a = 4, b = 8 ÐC = 60°, then which of the following relations is (are) correct?
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) The area of triangle ABC is 8 3
(B) The value of å sin 2
A=2

2 3
(C) Inradius of triangle ABC is
3+ 3
4
(D) The length of internal angle bisector of angle C is
3
3. In which of the following situations, it is possible to have a triangle ABC?
(All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) (a + c – b) (a – c + b) = 4bc (B) b2 sin 2C + c2 sin 2B = ab
2p æ A-Cö æA+Cö
(C) a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 and C =
3
(D) cos ç ÷ = cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
4. In a triangle ABC, which of the following quantities denote the area of the triangle?
a 2 - b2 æ sin A sin B ö r1r2 r3
(A) (B)
2 çè sin(A - B) ÷ø år r 1 2

a 2 + b2 + c2 A B C
(C) (D) r2 cot ·cot cot
cot A + cot B + cot C 2 2 2
5. In DABC, angle A, B and C are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then which of the following is (are) correct?
(All symbol used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) Circumradius of DABC = c (B) a : b : c = 1 : 3 : 2

3 2
(C) Perimeter of DABC = 3 + 3 (D) Area of DABC = c
8
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

6. Let one angle of a triangle be 60°, the area of triangle is 10 3 and perimeter is 20 cm. If a > b > c
where a, b and c denote lengths of sides opposite to vertices A, B and C respectively, then which
of the following is (are) correct?
(A) Inradius of triangle is 3 (B) Length of longest side of triangle is 7

7 1
(C) Circumradius of triangle is (D) Radius of largest escribed circle is
3 12
20 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
7. In triangle ABC, let b = 10, c = 10 2 and R = 5 2 then which of the following statement(s) is
(are) correct?
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) Area of triangle ABC is 50.
(B) Distance between orthocentre and circumcentre is 5 2
(C) Sum of circumradius and inradius of triangle ABC is equal to 10
5
(D) Length of internal angle bisector of ÐACB of triangle ABC is
2 2
8. In a triangle ABC, let BC = 1, AC = 2 and measure of angle C is 30°. Which of the following
statement(s) is (are) correct?
(A) 2 sin A = sin B

(B) Length of side AB equals 5 - 2 3

(C) Measure of angle A is less than 30°
(D) Circumradius of triangle ABC is equal to length of side AB
4 24
9. Given an acute triangle ABC such that sin C = , tan A = and AB = 50. Then-
5 7
(A) centroid, orthocentre and incentre of DABC are collinear

4
(B) sin B =
5

4
(C) sin B =
7
(D) area of DABC = 1200
10. In a triangle ABC, if cos A cos 2B + sin A sin 2B sin C = 1, then

r r p
(A) A,B,C are in A.P. (B) B,A,C are in A.P. (C) =2 (D) = 2 sin
R R 12

11. In DABC, angle A is 120°, BC + CA = 20 and AB + BC = 21, then

(A) AB > AC (B) AB < AC
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

(C) DABC is isosceles (D) area of DABC = 14 3

12. In a triangle ABC, ÐA = 30°, b = 6. Let CB1 and CB2 are least and greatest integral value of side a for
which two triangles can be formed. It is also given angle B1 is obtuse and angle B2 is acute angle.
(All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) |CB1– CB2| = 1 (B) CB1+ CB2 = 9
3 9
(C) area of DB1CB2 = 6 + 7 (D) area of DAB2C = 6 + 3
2 2

E 21
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
13. If the lengths of the medians AD,BE and CF of triangle ABC are 6, 8,10 respectively, then-
(A) AD & BE are perpendicular (B) BE and CF are perpendicular
(C) area of DABC = 32 (D) area of DDEF = 8
14. Let P be an interior point of DABC.
Match the correct entries for the ratios of the Area of DPBC : Area of DPCA : Area of DPAB
depending on the position of the point P w.r.t. D ABC.
Column-I Column-II
(A) If P is centroid (G) (P) tanA : tanB : tanC
(B) If P is incentre (I) (Q) sin2A : sin2B : sin2C
(C) If P is orthocentre (H) (R) sinA : sinB : sinC
(D) If P is circumcentre (S) 1:1:1
(T) cos A : cosB : cosC
EXERCISE (S-1)
1. Given a triangle ABC with sides a = 7, b = 8 and c = 5. If the value of the expression

(å sin A )çæ å cot A ö÷ can be expressed in the form

p
where p, q Î N and
p
q
is in its lowest form
è 2ø q
find the value of (p + q).

2. If two times the square of the diameter of the circumcircle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares of its sides then prove that the triangle is right angled.

3. In acute angled triangle ABC, a semicircle with radius ra is constructed with its base on BC and
tangent to the other two sides. rb and rc are defined similarly. If r is the radius of the incircle of triangle
2 1 1 1
ABC then prove that, = + + .
r ra rb rc
4. If the length of the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle A, B, C on the opposite sides are

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
p1, p2, p3 then prove that + + = = + + .
p1 p2 p3 r r1 r2 r3

5. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC

a cot A + b cot B + c cot C = 2(R + r)
6. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
Rr (sin A + sin B + sin C) = D
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

7. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC

A B C s2
cot + cot + cot =
2 2 2 D
8. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
a 2 + b2 + c 2
cot A + cot B + cot C =
4D

22 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
æ cö
9. If a,b,c are the sides of triangle ABC satisfying log ç 1 + ÷ + log a - log b = log 2 .
a è ø
Also a(1 – x2) + 2bx + c(1 + x2) = 0 has two equal roots. Find the value of sinA + sinB + sinC.
10. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
b-c c-a a -b
+ + =0
r1 r2 r3
11. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
r1 r2 r3 3
+ + =
(s - b) (s - c) (s - c) (s - a ) (s - a ) (s - b) r
12. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
abc A B C
cos cos cos = D
s 2 2 2
13. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b 2 + c2
+ + + =
r2 2
r1 r2
2
r3
2
D2
14. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC
2R cos A = 2R + r – r1
15. If r1 = r + r2 + r3 then prove that the triangle is a right angled triangle.

EXERCISE (S-2)
b+c c+a a +b
1. With usual notation, if in a D ABC, = = ; then prove that, cos A = cos B = cos C .
11 12 13 7 19 25
2. Given a triangle ABC with AB = 2 and AC = 1. Internal bisector of ÐBAC intersects BC at D. If
AD = BD and D is the area of triangle ABC, then find the value of 12D2.

3. For any triangle ABC , if B = 3C, show that cos C = b + c & sin A = b - c .
4c 2 2c
cot C
4. In a triangle ABC if a2 + b2 = 101c2 then find the value of .
cot A + cot B
5. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 & 5 and the angle between them is 60°. If the
area of the quadrilateral is 4 3 , find the remaining two sides.
6. If in a D ABC , a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A - B) = 4/5 then find its area.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

a b
7. In a D ABC, (i) = (ii) 2 sin A cos B = sin C
cos A cos B
A A C
(iii) tan2 + 2 tan tan - 1 = 0, prove that (i) Þ (ii) Þ (iii) Þ (i).
2 2 2
8. Two sides of a triangle are of lengths 6 and 4 and the angle opposite to smaller side is 300. How
many such triangles are possible ? Find the length of their third side and area.

E 23
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
9. The triangle ABC (with side lengths a, b, c as usual) satisfies log a2 = log b2 + log c2 – log (2bc cosA).
What can you say about this triangle?
10. The sides of a triangle are consecutive integers n, n + 1 and n + 2 and the largest angle is twice the
smallest angle. Find n.

EXERCISE (JA)
1. Let ABC and ABC¢ be two non-congruent triangles with sides AB = 4, AC = AC¢ = 2 2 and
angle B = 30°. The absolute value of the difference between the areas of these triangles is [JEE 2009, 5]
2. (a) If the angle A,B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic progression and if a,b and c denote the
length of the sides opposite to A,B and C respectively, then the value of the expression
a c
sin 2C + sin 2A , is -
c a

1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
2 2
(b) Consider a triangle ABC and let a,b and c denote the length of the sides opposite to vertices A,B
and C respectively. Suppose a = 6, b = 10 and the area of the triangle is 15 3 . If ÐACB is
obtuse and if r denotes the radius of the incircle of the triangle, then r2 is equal to
p
(c) Let ABC be a triangle such that ÐACB = and let a,b and c denote the lengths of the sides
6
opposite to A,B and C respectively. The value(s) of x for which a = x2 + x + 1, b = x2 – 1 and
c = 2x + 1 is/are [JEE 2010, 3+3+3]

(
(A) - 2 + 3 ) (B) 1 + 3 (C) 2 + 3 (D) 4 3

7 5
3. Let PQR be a triangle of area D with a = 2, b = and c = , where a, b and c are the lengths of the
2 2
2 sin P - sin 2P
sides of the triangle opposite to the angles at P, Q and R respectively. Then
2sin P + sin 2P
equals [JEE 2012, 3M, –1M]

2 2
3 45 æ 3 ö æ 45 ö
(A) (B) (C) ç ÷ (D) ç ÷
4D 4D è 4D ø è 4D ø
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

1
4. In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and cos P = . Further the incircle of the triangle touches
3
the sides PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M respectively, such that the lengths of PN, QL and RM
are consecutive even integers. Then possible length(s) of the side(s) of the triangle is (are)
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, 3, (–1)]
(A) 16 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 22
24 E
 Solutions of Triangle
ALLEN
5. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same two sides is y. If x2 – c2 = y,
where c is a third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the circum-radius of the triangle
is - [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
3y 3y 3y 3y
(A) 2x(x + c) (B) 2c(x + c) (C) 4x(x + c) (D) 4c(x + c)

6. In a triangle XYZ, let x,y,z be the lengths of sides opposite to the angles X,Y,Z, respectively and

s-x s-y s-z 8p

2s = x + y + z. If = = and area of incircle of the triangle XYZ is , then-
4 3 2 3

(A) area of the triangle XYZ is 6 6

35
(B) the radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is 6
6
X Y Z 4
(C) sin sin sin =
2 2 2 35
2æX+Yö 3
(D) sin ç ÷= [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 4(–2)]
è 2 ø 5

7. In a triangle PQR, let ÐPQR = 30° and the sides PQ and QR have lengths 10 3 and 10, respectively.
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ? [JEE(Advanced)-2018, 4(–2)]
(A) ÐQPR = 45°
(B) The area of the triangle PQR is 25 3 and ÐQRP = 120°
(C) The radius of the incircle of the triangle PQR is 10 3 - 15
(D) The area of the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is 100p.
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

E 25
JEE-Mathematics
ALLEN
ANSWERS
ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D
10. A 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D
19. 25 20. 45°,60°,75°
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C
9. C 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. C

EXERCISE (O-2)
1. B,C 2. A,B 3. B,C 4. A,B,D 5. B,D 6. A,C 7. A,B,C
8. A,C,D 9. A,B,D 10. B,D 11. A,D 12. A,B,C,D 13. A,C,D

14. (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q

EXERCISE (S-1)
12
1. 107 9.
5
EXERCISE (S-2)
2. 9 4. 50 5. 3 cms & 2 cms 6. 9 sq. unit

8. ( ) ( ) ( ) (
Two tringle 2 3 - 2 , 2 3 + 2 , 2 3 - 2 & 2 3 + 2 sq. units )
9. triangle is isosceles 10. 4
EXERCISE (JA)
1. 4 2. (a) D, (b) 3, (c) B 3. C 4. B,D 5. B 6. A,C,D
7. B,C,D
node06\B0AH-AI\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Sheet\SOT\Eng.p65

26 E