A Treatise On Lathes and Turning Simple Mechanical and Ornamental 1000177405
A Treatise On Lathes and Turning Simple Mechanical and Ornamental 1000177405
A Treatise On Lathes and Turning Simple Mechanical and Ornamental 1000177405
.'.y" .
A TREATISE
ON
BY
W. HENEY NOETHCOTT
SECOND EDITION
LONDON
1876
Mt BEAR Sib,
I beg to dedicate to
you,
its Worshipful Master, this second
edition of treatise on
' Lathes and Turning.'
my
HENRY NORTHCOTT.
PEEFACE.
'
The present volume is intended as a
* Handbook for the
edition.
"c., "c., I am
indebted for much valuable information
dudvely to *
Examples of Plain and Ornamental
Turning.'
W. H. NOBTHCOTT.
PAOB
Definition of turning 1
Hand lathes 5
Double gearing 6
Slide-rests 7
"
Self-acting lathes 9
Sur"cing do 10
Screw-cutting do 11
On leading screws 12
Duplex lathee 14
Ornamental do 14
Special do 15
Driving by treadles 16
Modes of reversing 19
Home-made lathes 21
Technical terms 25
On hand-tool turning 28
Driving chucks SO
.
Universal mandrils 34
Temporary chucks 3d
Spring do 37
On grinding tools 44
PAOK
Callipers 47
Woods used for turning 48
Polishingsoft woods 57
Polishing do 59
Turning a box 60
"
sphere 62
Chinese balls .
64
"
,^
spiked articles 65
Metal-turningtools 79
chisels .
'. .80
jj . . .
Screw chasing 93
Drillingand baring 96
Drills,"c 97
Mode of using drills 98
Rhymers 101
Pin drilling 102
PAOB
Hand drills . .
.118
Fret do 115
Making millingtools . . .
116
chasing do 117
"
taming
Self-acting 128
Chucks and drivinginstraments 181
Slide-Test tools for metals "
188
Lubricatingthe cuttingtools .
187
TheLstaj 148
Springtools . . . . ... . .
146
Calculatingwheels 157
Screwingtools for woods 159
Landing places ,,
161
Instructions for screw cutting 162
Self-acting
drilling . . . .
164
Turning irregularshapes .
167
Wheel cutting 177
Bevel do ....:.... 184
Spiralwheel cutting 185
Hack cutting 186
Circular cutters 186
Instrument formaking cutters 189
Flutingand slotdrilling 193
Planingand slotting 197
Repairingtools 201
Tool forge 205
Hardening and temperingsteel tools 205
231 CONTENTS.
PAOB
Tools for do
.
220
.
Spiral do
.
814
ILLUSTBATIONS.
-""^
Compound slide-rest 8
and sor"cmg
Self-actdng elide lathe,
10-in. centres . . .
4
Slide break lathe,21-m. oentree 5
Duplex screw-catting lathe,lO-in. centres " . . .
6
DriU-chuck 12
Prong driver 18
Cross do 14
hard wood do do 58
"
XIV ILLUSTRATIONS.
nauiuB
Outside callipers 55
Inside do 56
Indicating do 57
Driving chuck . . .
,
76
Die do 77
Round mandrils and screw mandrils 78 "
80
....
Drilla . . .
" 111"116
Pin counter-sinkB,rhymers
drills, . . . .
116 " 120
Faceplate 122
Boring rest . .
127
Die stay or steady bearing 128
Boring wrench *
., . . ... . .
129
Lead grinderor lap . , . .
ISO
Faceplateclamps 131
Hand-drilling instrument .
,
. . .
132
MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS.
Fret-cuttingsaw . . . . .
134
Square centre . .
.' . . . . .
141
Long do 142
Standard plug and ring gauges 143
Drilling
instrument 169
Drills for do 170"171
Planinghead 172
tool
Slotting 178
Forge 174
,, patterns 188"189
Eccentric euttinginstrument ""....
190
chuck
Ellipse 191
,y pattern 192
cuttinginstrument
Ellipse "
198
,, patterns 198
Combination patterns 199 " ^217
Greometric chuck (simple) 218
Patterns made by do 219 " 806
Cuttinginstrument """".....
881
; PAET !"
DEFINITION OP TURNING.
'
B
2 LATHES AND TURNING.
the East the turner squats upon the ground and holds
great toe.
Lathes of this kind are still employed in India,
China, and other Eastern countries,and apparentlyno
attempt has been made by native workmen to improve
upon them. the
Notwithstanding rudeness of the lathe
work.
4 LATHES AND TURNING.
Lathe.
actinglathe.
The hand lathe, at no very distant date the only
one in use, is now chieflyused by wood tamers and
well adapted *
to teach the young idea how to turn.'
of the lathe-spindle,
as shown in several of the lathes
gearing.
The capabilitiesof these lathes can be stillfurther
assistance.
Self-acting
surfiudng-lathes
are for turning up large
plane sur"ces, and are generallymade very massive
the rack and pinion for traveramg are done away with
and
altogether, the saddle of the rest is caused to travel
bar, and the slide rest travels upon the other half of
lathes, yet
screw-cutting it is far more ornamental.
r
^
VARIETIES OP LATHE. 15
taste and of
lightness touch of the operator, it is not
used.
as will be seen.
rods,and
by connecting sometimes by flatchains passing
over the trucks or pulleys.The latter planis preferred,
owing chiefly
to its having less friction. If connecting
rods or links be used they must be hooked on to the
of the mechanism.
centre.'
MODES OP DRIVING LATHES. 17
That should
pointor position be chosen which
lathes
self-acting the direction of motion is the same ;
but when the saddle of the rest has travelled the whole
however,
Frequently, these lathes are constructed to
or driving-shaft.There
auxiliary are many methods
or work.
slidingor longitudinal
motion on the shaft. The inside
it will
reality be found to be of little value. This may
be an unwelcome truth to many mechanical aspirants,
but it is not the less inexorable ; and I am constrained
uselessly
ornamenting a lathe is money wasted ; but
well invested.
and
possible bright,'
*
paintthe unpolishedor *
black '
man.
any particular
design " even though it be in reaUty a
bad arrangement "
being famiharised with its defects
*
Surfece- and
turning,' surfacing,'
' *
facing-up,'
are
to hold up to size.'
*
True,' *
out of truth.' Sur"ces are said to be *
true
'
26 LATHKS AND TURNING.
revolves concentrically.
*
Chattering,'
or
*
is
shattering,' the characteristic
forgotten,and it is a tolerably
sure signthat something
is wrong. Work produced while this chattering is
'
drunken.
'
'
Centres are the indentations made at the ends
PAET n.
certainty,
as the slightest
slipor clumsy touch would
PLAIN TURNING WITH HAND-TOOLS. 29
them "
^unless carefullyused " are extremely apt to
equally well for hard and soft woods, and ivory. A few
tools,and
drilling also the two drivers.Pigs.13 and 14.
very it is
long pieces, inconvenient to support the other
end by the screw centre, as that centre would then be
stopper is required.
Sometimes, after the cavityis made, it is requiredto
remove the work from the chuck, and change ends
of the cavity,
or to fit the cavity rather tightly. The
article being then gently pushed on to this stopper,
and the centre forced into the hole made by the taper-
'
'
true as may be required.
The five-pin
or Fig.16, is also
plate-chuck. of metal.
'
It screws on the mandril end, and its body or
*
boss
it is somewhat better.
purposes
The holes being made all over the plate give every
chance of the screws being properlyarranged.
Temporary chucks, for which this plate is used as
should be
theyinadvertently allowed to come in contact
liabiUty,
or rather of
certainty, their shrinking,warp-
ing,
and gettingout of truth and out of shape. For
preferable.
Spring chucks are tnade of either box-wood or
but,
variety, as a rule, one half of them are utterly
valueless and never come into requisition.It is a bad
spindleand *
rim true.'
metal ; "
for the larger sorts cast iron is the best
work.
Fio. 22.
it
cuttingprinciple, would be if it were
unnecessary "
possible "
to describe all those used. When the
1
2d, and parting tools Fig. 30. The gouge and chisel
tl
or surfaces formed of such a collection of curves that I
am not sufficiently
a geometrician to give a name to
Fie. fil.
The angle for soft woods is from 25" to 40", for hard
wooda fttim 60" to 80". The angles for various hand-
firmly bolted to the bed of the lathe and the rest, and
PLAIN TURNING WITH HAND-TOOLS. 47
known.
rubber "
the latter both in its usual state and vulcanised.
These can be turned with the tools used for the various
the
firiction, extreme edge becomes of a blue colour,
which indicates that its temper is reduced, and its cut-
ting
frequentoccurrence is prevented,
as ifthe wood be at all
54 LATHES AND TDBNING.
in shape,or
irregular run out of truth, and the rest be
either slip,
or the wood be burst from its centres, and
down to size.
allow the top of the tool to come level with the centre.
The chisel.Fig. 24, should be held inclined as at Fig.
51, with its cutting edge oblique to the axis of the
work.
it is
careftil, more from habit than necessity
: as to
The beginnershave
great difficulty is to hold the
!than and of
cut the
a lai^er diameter.
slightly
of the
and
of the piece.
Take off the drill-chuck and the driver, put on a
as to cut off that part of the box and leave the piece of
wood for the cover in the chuck. Now turn a cavity
or recess in that to allow the rim a to fit into it *
hand
'
tight and to the depth push the two parts
proper ;
cut parallel
to the sides of the box, as shown by the
are cut it is obvious that the core of the box will fall out,
ball.
bagatelle
Take any suitable piece of ivory,put it into the
drill a circular
perfectly hole in sheet metal is a cult
diffi-
the projecting
part of the article to fit the sheet metal
and
position, again turn the projectingpart to fit the
Fio. 63.
allow the mouth of the vase to fit it, both inside the
unequal thickness.
joint,
so they must be turned out of the solid pieceof
ivory.
First turn the outside sphere,as explainedin the
are sold in sets suitable for the work, of the shape shown
at Fig. 44, but of various sizes. Two or more holes
PLAIN TURNIiVG WITH HAND-TOOLS. 65
discouragehim.
Besides spheres being turned in this manner, with
"f
make.
68 LATHES AND TURNING.
and
great brightness, with a pecuUar metallic click,
well understood by the experiencedturner. Although
this descriptionof wrought iron is so easilycut, the
the turner.
whatever
difficulty is found in turning it,nor are the
that they should do. They either put it into the lathe
angle much less acute than that used for wrought iron.
away from it. When once the tool is imder the scale,
perfectly
true.
work so done.
HAND-TUKNING IN METALS. 71
case "
the iron may be turned as easilyas ordinary
wrought iron, the tools being perhaps blunted rather
malleableised,half
imperfectly the turner's time is taken
to fall directly
on the work, otherwise the lightreflected
from the shining metal surfaces will so much dazzle
inside
shavingfalling a workman's shirt sleeve,or down
his neck inside the collar,will usuallycause him to
experienced it.
With regard to the rotation of objectsin the lathe,
the metals are treated in the same way as wood and
the tightening
screws of steel. The carrier for screwed
74 LATHES AND TURKINO.
9
shown through it,is tapped with a screw thread of the
Fig. 80.
withdrawn entirely
from its place There
a pointed or angular
cuttingedge as at a.
round cuttingedge is
ends of articles,the
sides of collars,and
flat Hhoiilders. Both
Fig. 82.
The handle c of the
tool-holder is grasped
by the right hand of
78 LATHES AND TUHWNG.
r ..
""4 f.
hi
M
H
P
The other tools for roughing iron are the graver, Fig.
84, the side tool Fig. 85, bolt head tool Fig. 86, and
purpose.
The chisels.Figs. 88, 89, 90, are used for smoothing
and sometimes finishing
articles of wrought iron, cast
iron, malleable iron and steel. They are all used in a
cutting edge is just level with the centres (see Fig. 94) :
the work.
rest, with the cutting edge about level with the centres
liable to '
catch iii'; the round-section tool liable
very
to slipoff the rest, and to require a deal of forcing to
or ing
smooth-
brass and
gun-
metal, the same
same mannerasfor
upon
the naked rest without chatter. The chasing or
wood-turning rest is the best for use with these tools ;
reduced.
slightly This necessityarises from the tool
'
smooth '
or a
'
dead smooth '
and not a new file. Its
'
of
particles iron jammed between the teeth removed
for bars
polishingparallel of iron and steel. Some
smooth
rough, slightly them over with a rough file or
it is only
trality necessary to place the work in a vice,
and apply the cone to its end, as shown in the figure,
taking care to hold it upright,and then give a smart
the centre. Eemove the work from the lathe and knock
work.
"
the rest must be firmlyfastened in place,as it has to
great extent.
diameter,
l.]j-inch 1 inch wide, and having a hole
92 LATHES AND TURNING.
*
upon the rim, but upon the boss or the metal nearest
the edge of the collar, and, with Fig. 96, finish the
lathe precisely
as for turning,but if driven by a carrier,
the tail of the carrier should be tied to the driving
arm of the lathe, to prevent any
*
stopping about.'
The ordinary hand-tool rest for iron can be used, but
the rest used for wood-turningis the best for the pur-
pose.
Whichever is used, the top edge must be quite
smooth and free from ruts or grooves, and its edge
should also be parallelwith the line of centres ; it
screw is useless.
Fig. 84, and first strike a deep scratch with the point
on the work, and at about the inchnation of the thread.
startingthe chaser.
rather higher.
113. Fig. Ill is the gouge, Fig. 112 the centre bit,
and Fig. 113 the spiralbit.
The tools for metal are shown at Figs. 114 to 120 ;
Fig. 111. Fig. 112. Fig. 113. Fig. 114. Fig. 116.
Fig. 116. Fio. 117. Fig. 118. Fig. 119. Fig. 120.
dually-increasing
pitch or rise. All the other drills can
Fio. 121.
centered, as for turning, or, at any rate, a
Or to take a and
shilling, drill a series of holes through
it edgewise "
each hole to be a diameter of the circle
greater steadying
power.
The pin,or recess drill,Fig.116, is used to cut
102 LATHES ASD TUBSING.
Fia. 122.
remove the tool than the work from the lathe, to allow
the lathe-spindle,
but the other advantages much more
sary.
The tools used for work in motion are the same
finishing.
For long holes the cylinder,or D-bit, Fig. 126, is
well adapted, and its use is strongly recommended,
espedally for small or moderate sized holes.
of the lathe.
turned up and
parallel very slightly
under the standard sizes.
by the chuck.
eight-screw The manner of
the clamps.
It is generallynecessary that holes should be
turned off it,or more from one side than from another.
run true when the hole is bored and the work put on
to strike againstit.
There are two holes in this ; the
boring-rest large
one is for the boring bits,the small one is for the drills.
required.
In cuttinglargeholes out of the solid,all the rial
mate-
brass "
will be rendered rather hot by the fidction ; it is,
therefore,a good plan to allow the article to cool fore
be-
The metal wiU then be made very hot, and the hole
account.
Long cylindrical
or other shaped articles,
through
which a hole is required,cannot be conveniently
attached to the face-plate; and therefore, for these
the eight-screwor bell-chuck,Fig. 123, is used.
articles,
The chuck being put on the the
lathe-spindle, article
and one end is then chucked true, and held between the
size as the end of the work, is put into the V's,and justed
ad-
doing, not only will the drill be kept wet, but the
siighdy
bent ; in others,the surfece is rather blistered ;
out on a lap.
The method of usingthese lapsis very simple: they
are put between the lathe-centres,and driven by a
rendered non-circular.
hole, the hole will draw itself onwards, and the work-
man's
itself on,
tightening and binding. In this case, the best
Fig. 132.
I
114 LATHES AHD TURNING.
MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS.
can cut
up thick or heavy work "
the power required
116 LATHES AND TUSNINQ.
work satis"ctorily.
Plain miUiog tools are made by pressingsmall round
straight
as possible.
The various tools used in turning,"c., can, when
to prevent groovi,^.
Small stones, driven at a greater speed,are also ful
use-
be but
polished, which is not requiredabsolutely
true.
on a and
spindle, are covered with thick leather, to
which is glued a coat of emery powder. It is usual
with it.
118 LATHES AND TURNING.
PART m.
Various and
self-acting screw-cutting lathes have
\
I
1^
I
THE SELF- ACTING LATHE. 119
the cone-pulley.
There is another nut on the spindlejustbehind the
and slightly
jammed againstthe lock nuts. The
way,
120 LATHES AND TURNING.
not in use.
the
setting centre out of line,and a handle, by moving
which the spindleis held firmlyin its place without
shake or vibration. The spindleis graduated,so as
centres in common.
The instead
lathe-spindle, of directlydrivingthe
drives
leading-screw, a shaft A at the back of the lathe-
distance around
radially the centre of the shaft a and
is used
occasionally to carry another spindle or stud
upon a socket h which fits the stud a and runs upon it.
is treated
screw-cutting of.
the leading-screw
to reyolve once. The leading-screw
THE SELF-ACTING LATHE. 123
bed.
holes and screw into the metal of these half nuts. The
leading-screw
act as the teeth of a rack. Besides this,
it is convenient in other ways ; as when the screw is in
inch.
screw and
itself, the slide D is consequently caused
to traverse.
place.
The upper or tool-slide is moved by hand only,by
turning the small handle attached to the end of the
admit
occasionally a pieceof work either for turningor
boring,of larger size than the real height of centre.
at the lathe,he
self-acting must have experience,
carefulness,and patience.
intelligence,
Success in these operationsdepends but littleupon
tell how
scarcely it is,
but a workman lookingat a piece
of work can usuallytell at a glance whether it was
from this
attemptingto practise branch of ing.
turn-
altogether
out of the account, amateurs can become as
their uses.
The travelling
steadybearing,or stay,
is an instrument which is attached to
the in the
slide-rest, same manner as the die-holder is
in this arrangement.
in place.
The four-jawedchuck. Fig. 144, is a very useful
k2
132 LATHES AND TtlENING.
usuallyobtained without
dency.
Amateurs are food of universal tools : mechanics
Fi9. 146. Fi8. 147. Fie. 148. Fia. 149. Fia. 160. Fie. 151.
all work very well, and are both easily made and
Fi9. 162. Fis. 153. Fis. 164 Fia. 166. Fia. 156. Fia. 157.
turning tool.
the
hand-turning, tools are withdrawn
frequently from
turning,the
self-acting tool is cutting,and
continually
without any time to cool.
fancy.
There are many littledodges practised
by workmen,
in
especially warm weather, to render the work easier.
practised
most of them myself.
The power required to drive a lathe when cuttingis
in realitya point worth serious consideration,but very
little attention is usuallygiven to it. Nothing causes
SELF-ACTING TURNING. 137
readilyperceivable,
so there is a weighty reason for
the
altering tool to a good cuttingshape. It has always
been my impressionthat,with the same power, a larger
quantityof metal can be cut off with hand-tools than
with tools
self-acting ; I cannot, however, assert tively
posi-
that this is the case.
Cast iron and brass are both turned dry ; but iron
and also the cut is much smoother, and the work and
The lubricating
liquids
are various. Oil is good,but
of making
difiiculty them fall on the rightspot. In self-
profusein lubrication.
When filing
iron, it can be driven at about double
pieces of
Straightcylindrical metal are placed be-
tween
face-plate.
Fig. 122, or to the four-jawed chuck,
Fig. 144.
An example or two, showing how articles in metal
In rod
turning a cylindrical of wrought iron or
tool turn this end off until the rod is nearly the
140 LATHES AND TUENING.
the blank end of the tool comes about level with the
carefiilly
screw up the hand- wheel, so as to
of the slot-plate
so as to throw the traverse mechanism
into gear, and reduce throughout to this size. With
The of
peculiarity these tools is, that they cannot
slightly
too large,and is then ground to size, either
by the emery clamps, Fig. 106, or by forcinga piece of
copper or lead againstthose parts requiringto be duced
re-
"
^meanwhile supplyingthe
plentifully surfaces
cases.
the positionof
altering the instrument. Any variation
central position,
nor do the foregoingconditions alter
four pairsof them will answer for all the different sizes
possible.
For traverse turningthe cut is almost always taken
that
right-handed, is from the rightto the left or from
surface to be cut.
the
especially case when the work is on a mandril. In
tools.
straight
The spring tool?*.Figs. 148, 152, and 153, are
When surfacing,
especialcare must be taken that
the and
spindle, consequentlythe work, has no end
the work.
largest The tools at Fig. 156 will therefore
L 2
148 LATHES AND TURNING.
the and
spindle-nose, these will be seriouslydamaged.
If the hole be required of a certain standard size,it
shoukl be gauged by turningit large enough to let the
used *
rough
'
or without *
lappingout,' the plug must
and
slightly, when cold will be a little too small ; but
rightsize.
The workman must be careful in tryingthe standard
than once.
motion.
will be of
altogetherirrespective the length of the rod,
but the tool is supposed to travel the whole distance
with
triangle, a base of one-sixtieth of an inch ; and
thread for
pitches, the same diameter of shaft.
Fig. 158.
The rounded angular thread a is almost always
used for general engineering purposes, bolts, and
screws. The square thread b is used for the largest
and most powerful screws ; frequentlythe thread for
Fig. 168.
also made
frequently similar in shape to the teeth of
where
engineeringpractice, the threads have to
turn in 6 or 7 feet.
speeds.
Many workmen can calculate the changes required
for any whole number of threads to the inch, but
cannot do so for any broken or fractional pitches. In
fractional pitchesare
reality, almost as easy to calculate
as whole numbers, as we have only to multiply the
fractional pitchby any number that will eliminate the
1 y^i^
X 10 = 1 3 inches. And a of
leading-screw 4 threads
respectively.
When the changes are properlyarranged,the work
motion the
precisely same as for ordinarytraverse ing.
turn-
the that
cone-pulley very great power is required to
IGO LATHES AND TURNING.
carries.
with a chasing-tool
or tool of many points,held either
Other exceptional
comparatively threads are begun
and finished by single-point
tools : the first cut being
the rightsize.
For ordinarythreads of fine whether
pitch, internal
"
to turn a groove around the cylinderor in the hole
'
a
'
landing-placefor the pointof the tool,and vents
pre-
the pointbeing broken off* in withdrawing it
from cut.
M
162 LATHES AND TURNING.
'
when cut to be used as a
*
hob or
'
master-tap.'By
referringto the table,we see that the pitchcorresponds
with a diameter of f of an inch, and if we were making
an ordinary tap, that is the size we should turn our
the work. Now move the slide screw one or two sions
divi-
which
position, will throw the tool againinward, and
the end, again reverse the lathe and throw the tool
depth is attained.
To cut a good screw, the tool must be sharp and of
tool would run back in the groove ; but this is not the
time.'
Fie. 16^.
the leadingscrew
depressed, will carry the work forward
166 LATHES AND TURNING.
bored.
of reversingthe
difficulty lathe and running the work
more turns.
and
fidze, also a large hole in the centre, which is also
and again in
spindle, others an angularpoint.
On the lathe being set in motion, the bevel-wheel
on the shaft A will drive the first vertical and
spindle,
the motion will be communicated to the other vertical
and consequentlyto
spindle, the discs and the shaper-
plate fastened to the disc. The in
shaper-plate, volving,
re-
that slide.
; should
reciprocating this not be done, some part of
the mechanism will be strained or broken.
point-tool
on a surface attached to the will
face-plate
be determined by the positionof the point of the tool,
its shape
copy-plate, is still the same as the copy, but
the will
eccentricity not be increased,the motion of the
shaped articles,
are turned also just as for plaincon-
centric
Spiraleccentric and
circular,spiralelliptic, other
shaped articles,
are turned by giving the simper-plate
a faster
slightly or slower speed than the work. In
will
spiral have made one complete turn. This work
of separate circles,
by disconnectingthe leadingscrew
and back-shaft, and by moving the leading screw a
convenient.
be cut with the same tools that are used for ordinary
turning,but
cylindrical in most cases the work is
The "c.,
shaper-plate, will not admit of very rapid
using,and in most cases it is advisable to keep its
This is essential.
precaution
A shaper-plate
can also be arrangedto automatically
throw the tool out of cut when and
screw-cutting, to
WHEEL-CUTTIKO.
done in and
position, the traverse of the slides
any
made to have any required angle with the fine of lathe-
seen.
made with the same sized hole and key groove, so that
^"'- ^^^
to the spindle / in
position.
The spindleat Fig. 165 is
worm-wheels,
wheels, bevel-wheels, spiral-wheels, lique-wheels
ob-
and racks.
h
cylinder. The wheels g and are spur-wheels, they
are used to transmit motion when the axes are parallel
to each other.
plane.
Worm-wheels are those driven by an endless screw
Spiral-wheels
are portionsof many-threadedscrews,
each tooth being a portionof the thread of a screw of
coarse pitch; they are used when the axes are in dif-
ferent
worm-wheel.
used.
the teeth.
which the fit between the wheel and its tangent screw
are oiled,so that the wheel and its mandril may rotate
be more manufactured
satisfactorily by circidar
cutters.
very coarse.
dotted lines.
the spindle,
acts as a collar to keep the latter in place.
The two small pulleysat the side are merely used as
division-plate,
as before ; but in this case every ment
move-
is not
Wheel-cutting the onlyuse of the wheel-cut-
ting
of analogous
operations nature.
-
I
194 LATHES AND TURNING.
and
spur-wheels, with revolvingcutters the same shape
as the groove to be cut.
cutter.
Fig. 169.
^^BBwSiS?*''
rotatingin
spindle, a long steel bearing,which is made
slot "
^has cut rather more than half through the shaft.
The shaft is then turned half round, and the drill worked
the other side until the hole is through ; after Avhich a
chipping,and filing.
drilling,
Flat grooves and slots may be drilled spirally
by
givingthe required relative speeds to the lathe-spindle
and leadingscrew. The same methods are applicable
to woods and all the metals.
alreadydescribed.
the tool frames I have seen are much too heavy and
for turning.
So far as the plane-head is concerned, a cheaper
apparatus can be used, inasmuch as the head-iShde and
Fig. 173.
straight
line motion of the saddle-slide,
allow a variety
of useful work to be done which would otherwise
planed.
The traverse mechanism is also useful in tion
conjunc-
with the frame
drilling for and
slot-drilling other
work.
from ordinarywear.
resulting
The wearing surfaces of the slides should be kept
lubricated with good clean oil,and dust or grit of any
sort prevented gettingabout them. However much
is,therefore,advisable to take
occasionally apart the
wearing surfaces,and clean off all the oil and dust
and
re-turning, to that end must be first annealed, and
then screwed into the and
lathe-spindle turned to a
of the spindle,
to see whether they run true.
would
lathe-spindle cause the work turned on it to be
other.
'
frequently either warps out of truth or
*
flies "
that is,
*
blazed off.'
notice of amateurs.
Emery when
glazing-wlieels,
worn smooth, are renovated by
first washing off all the ing
remain-
Whatever be the of
efficiency the construction of a
wood-turning tools.
with a
moderate degree of hardness.
very
subject.
James Nasmtth.
21Q LATHES AND TUENIKO.
PART IV.
resist vibration.
and this cone has its front edge divided into several
The has
lathe-spindle also another which
appliance,
givesit a very useful motion, usuallycalled a ing
travers-
other.
thread to be right-handed,
a forward rotary motion
will cause the spindleto traverse outwards towards
trary direction.
It is also necessary, when the spindle has this
requiredin
spur-wheels, some of the ornamental tions.
opera-
There are also on the shde two movable stops,
A, each having screw adjustment,as will be seen. These
requiredlimits.
The top slide is a short one, and is not traversed by
a screw in the usual manner, but it has two screws, i e,
smaller tools.
certainly
an advantage; but I do not think any amateiu*
fixed "
those just over the drivingpulley "
others may
218 LATHES AND TUBNING.
the guide-pulleys,
as the weightson the lever end keep
the gUt taut by allowingthe lever to move up or down,
to accommodate itself to the varyinglengthof gut ; but
usuallynecessitate a of
correspondingshifting the guide-
pulleyson the lever.
convenientlyand conducted
successfully in the mental
orna-
surface is required,
to shift the tool and replaceit with-
out
as near as possible.
For roughing soft woods the tool shown at Fig. 154
is used ; it is merely a pieceof steel tube ground off as
FiQ. 176.
the slide-rest.
and
inclination, are held firmlythere by tighten-
PLAIN USES OP THE ORNAMENTAL LATHE. 221
curves ; but all these are made to fit the same tool-
both
great variety, as to size and shape ; the amateur
Fig. 177. Fig. 17a Fio. 179. Fig. 180. Fig. 181.
finishing
cut must be the merest scrape that the tool
but
required, that the surface may be polishedor mented
orna-
Fig. 182, Fio. isa Fio. 184. Fia. 186. Fio. 186.
impaired.
Should the tool not leave the surface sufficiently
smooth, the best way to render it smoother is to hold
The the
operationsof bringiiig work to shape"are
the
precisely same as those described under self-acting
turning. If the slide-rest have a tangent-wheeland
screw motion, for long work it will be worth while to
"
the tool at Fig. 159 is put in the rest, if for a male
from the tool. The tool is now put deeper into cut,
the lathe moved round as before, and the operation
is continued thus until the thread of the screw is cut
its in
application this case after readingits
use in the other.
the inch, the screw may be cut with ease and truth.
water.
itselfshdes endways in
lathe-spindle its bearings. The
a2
228 LATHES AND TURNING.
been alreadyexplained.
Owing to the slidingmotion of the spindleand the
is being cut.
true with the work, and then this is used as the bearing
part of the work. After the thread is cut the piece of
wood can be taken off and the work itself is left un-
injured.
fortunate in workmen
practical
being sufficiently to be
In three
cuttingthese figures, methods are employed:
1. The figuresare cut on a moving surface by a
fixed tool.
the
spindle, tool being held stationaryin the slide-rest
lathe-spindle
by an ornamental chuck, moved round by
the the
spindle, tool beingalso moved over the moving
surface by an instrument held in the shde-rest,the slide-
rest being either in motion or stationary.
By whichever method we wish to cut our figures,
the surface of the article to be ornamented must be
brought perfectly
true by turning in the ordinaryway.
The surface should be either left as smooth as possible
or it should be grained or lined with a series of light
concentric circles,as will be presentlydescribed.
A very small prominence or pin of the wood should
completelyreversed.
way are not great. I will now describe its uses alone ;
and
lathe-spindle, we put a simple point tool in the
filide-rest,
and apply it to the centre of the work in
to 30^
These cuts should not be very deep,and should only
be just far enough apart to bring the edges,joining
the cuts to a sharp edge. If the cuts be far enough
apart to leave flat tops to the grooves, either they must
be cut deeper or another cut placed between every
cut before made.
geometricchuck.
1. The article to be ornamented with the pattern
being held in a convenient chuck, set the lathe in
true plane.
2. Place a sharpangulartool in the sUde-rest,and
grailor line the surface as before described.
3. Remove the gut or band of the lathe "
that is,
throw it off its speeds " so that, were the treadle
similar manner.
motion.
no and
eccentricity, in that there
position are two holes,
one through b and another through c, which come
There is no absolute of
certainty the work being true
240 LATHES ASD TDRinNa.
2. The eccentricity
or the distance the circles are
forgoing description
of llie chuck and its powers will
revolvingtool.
The shank or stem a is nicelyfitted to the tool-
turningare of
chiefly the same shape as those shown
to the and
lathe-spindle, a suitable tool in thfe tool-
degree of eccentricity.
If,however, the tool of the eccentric cutter were
2. The of
eccentricity the circle is determined by
the distance the slide-rest is moved ftx)m the centre.
in
place a point-tool
steadying-pin, the slide-rest and
on to the the
On setting
lathe-spindle. lathe in motion.
248 LATHBS A5D TCBSISG.
inches.
ellipses
will be arranged equally
around the central pcmt of the
alteringthe eccentricity
of the ring,or the distance of
previouslydescribed.
In using the ellipse-chuck,
it should be borne in
mind that :
"
and
spindle, the tool appliedto the centre of the face,
sur-
the conjugatediameter.
pliis
ring'seccentricity
5. the
By shifting division wheel of the chuck, the
of
angularpositions the eUipsesare determined.
7. both
By altering the of
eccentricity the ring and
the tool's to proportional
position extent, so as to keep
the relative length of the conjugate and transverse
the eccentricity
and change of position of the slide
prejudicial
to good work.
of place.
Now when this instrument is in the slide-rest and is
lathe-spindle
we can arrange these circles anywhere
round a centre, and at any distance from that centre.
cuttinginstrument.
This instrument is also adjusted central with the
the -j^thsof
cutter-spindle an inch out of place,and
the tool also shifted 20 divisions or -]^thsof an inch
of
line -^(^ihs
straight an inch each
long,-j^^ths side of
the centre.
If the of the
eccentricity radial arm be now reduced
the of
eccentricity the cutter is more than that of the
radial arm, or vice versd ; but in practicethe former is
The of
eccentricity the cutter axis is caused by the
counteracted.
254 LATHES AND TCBITUfQ.
Fw 106
an ellipsea four-loopedorfoiir-
sided figurewill be produced.
When the radial arm is
Fig. 196.
When the arm is moved
less than the cutter, the loops all pass the other side of
cutter, the loops will all fall short of the centre. When
The ellipse-cutting
instrument has the advantage
of enabling one to omaroent sur"ces of work that
too much.
touches
tool,in revolving, everywhere alike. It is not
instrument
(iutting the chief point to be observed is,
that the centre of the rosette should coincide with the
raise tlie nibber or roller off the rosette, and then the
S 1"
260 LATHES AND TUSNIKO.
until the point of the tool will cut this dot precisely
on
an eccentric cutter.
being put into motion and appliedto the work, the tool
having been previouslymoved alongthe frame towards
THE ROSE-CUTTING IXSTBUMENT. 261
centre.
at pleasureby shifting
round the of
division-plate the
different altogetherwill
figiire be produced. In the
the rosette.
of the rose-cuttinginstrument.
The outside of the pattern is
formed by shiftingthe poaition of the rosette between
are several others, but they are little used and are
chuck,
epicycloidal the chuck,
straight-line the rose-
engine, "c.
The first is rather a complicated instrument for
producing epicycloidalfigures,
most of which can be
himself.
in the slide-rest.
in a similar manner.
by the of lathe.
division-plate
Fig. 203 was produced by the eccentric cutter,
which made the small circles. The ellipseshape can
be obtained either from the elUpse-chuck,or by using
the eccentric chuck, with the divldoD-plate
of the lathe.
2t"6 LiTHES ASD -KMSISB.
counting.'
To produce Fig. 204, the counting was the same,
had an of 4J^turns
eccentricity of its screw, the rest was
were also the same, but the lathe and chuck- wheel were
the eccentricity
was equal to 5 turns of the screw,
^th of a turn.
the
by substituting ellipseinstrument for the eccertric
Fio. 2ia
meat ;
but when the system of double countingis em-
ployed,
described.
centre.
of the lathe-spindle.
COMPENSATING INDEX, OR ELLIPSE DIVIDER. 273
In in conjunctionwith
using the ellipse-chuck the
obtained by
figures double counting,it necessarily
occurs
same peculiarity
occurs with the elUpses and other
to double counting.
In using the and
ordinaryindex-pointer division-
of the stillthe
division-plate, spaces between the
of the lathe-spindle.
The throw of the crank-arm is regulatedby a screw
againstthe lathe-spindle,
but not afiected by
directly
the movement of the although it
spindle, is so through
the means of the wheels and crank-arm, because as
the in
division-plate place of the one generally
used.
The ellipse-chuck
must be whilst
exactlyupright, the
compensating index.
The instrument is used in a similar manner for
placeddifferently.
T 2
276 LATHES AND TUENIKQ.
parallel
planes. The combination of these movements
in motion.
It was certainly
an ingenious contrivance, but its im-
portance
seen hereafter. it
By simplifying he hoped to render
it less costly,
so as to facilitate its adoption and use by
most amateur turners; but the makers persisted in
charging a prohibitingprice for it, so that very few
were sold.
by Mr. and by
Perigal, which amateurs may arrange all
*
This apparatuB is manufactured by Mr. E. Baker, of 13 Mount Row,
Grosvenor Square, who fumiehed me with the photograph,and of whose
well known,
tolerably and I here hope to to the
convey
reader sufficient information on these points to enable
'
him to judge with considerable accuracy both of the
,
necessary to produce known figures.
I By thus the figures
working systematically, generated
I by its movements are found to follow certain and un-
epicyclicaxis.'
282 LATHES AND TURNING.
8. When both the deferent axis and the epicydic axis are
confused the one with the other. [When a body turns round
centre it revolves.]
12. Curves or figuresgenerated by one circular motion or
or twin ciurves.
cusped.
25. The deferential velocitydetermines the number of
^
loops which will be produced.
26. The epicydoidal velocity determines the order of
their arrangement.
27. When the velocityratio is expressed by a firaction in
its lowest terms, the number of rotations of deferent axis
or alternate,"c.
28. Other conditions being constant, the direction of
figure.
33. When the epicyclicradius is less than the deferent
(in its lowest terms) having the velocityof the deferent for a
286 LATHBS AND TUBNIXG.
figures.
a
fraction having the velocity of the deferent for a numerator
expressed by a
fraction having for its numerator the deferent
chuck.
LATHRS AXB TCK5I5G.
3n]
M"al :l".
BaSn 1 : i. Baifiw S .
5.
FIS.S3L Fu.a3S.
BadiDBl :t.
FU.S33.
THE GKOMETBIC CHUCK.
Badin* 2 : S.
Fia.2S".
Badina i : 3.
FlO. 243.
LATHES AND TURKIIfO.
Fi".243. Fia.244
Badins 1 : 9.
Fra. 346.
Badiaa 8 : 3.
Fie.asa
TUB aeOHBTRIC CHUCK.
PI8.251. Fifl.252.
Fio. 254.
LATHES AND TUBKING.
Uwtina I : 13.
"m. 277.
B^liMl :9.
Fi"."8.
lUdiMl :l
Badiia 1 : 1 itodjiui : 1.
Fia.2e7. Fia.29e.
THE QBOMETRIC CHUCK. 297
instrument.
wore cut iu the lathe by its aid, and are the result of
Fifl. 312.
perceived.
The compensating index, soraetiiues called the third
302 LATHES AND TURKIKG.
Fia. 318.
Fi". 320.
Nor are these the only uses of the apparatus, for the
,
An apparatus is also frequently
appUed to the sUde-
called a slide-rest.
spherical
The instrument shown at Fig. 324 is the spherical
slide-rest as made by Mr. Evans, of Wardour Street,
Soho. This rest is used, as its name indicates,
for ing
turn-
the tangent-screw.
; and
horizontally as it is often to them in
necessary use
other various
positions, modifications of the instrument
Fie. 331,
which
screwed
round
divider for
are
on
held
to its
ornamenting ^heres,
in an
nose.
ordinary chuck
the
By moving
I*
the screw-head positionof
the work on the sphericalchuck is
determined.
the is
lathe-spindle connected with the slide-rest
change-wheels.
For screw-threads of ordinary pitch the lathe is
which
change-wheels, will produce the required pitch,
but the gut is thrown oflfthe drivingcone, and the cone
screw.
spindie
moves abo ; throughoutits lengthit is furnkhed
Y
314 LATHES AND TUENING,
the and
division-plate the compensating index or ellipse
divider.
by fast of
running fly-cutters proper shape, used in the
L
time, they become dull,but are nibbed a few times
,
oilstone which
plate, is used for grinding; the second,
a brass plate used with very fine emery-powder or
t2
316 LATHES AND TCBKING.
cuttingedges.
The bead and circular tools and drills are generally
ground by conical or moulded grindersof brass and
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Popular Digest of the Laws of England,
Bart. M.A. Fcp. 8vo. 6s,
Civil, Criminal, and Constitutional.
Maunder's Treasury of Twenty- Fifth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 91.
INDEX.
AUiy 6* Ov"rUm*s EnglishChurch History 14 Boom's Essays,hy Wkatefy 5
Abtuys Photography 10 life and Letters,
by Spedding ... 5
Actom*s Modem Cookery ao Promus, edited by Mrs, PoU 5
Alpine Qub Map of Switzerland 17 Works 5
Guide (The) 17 Bagehots Biographical Studies 4
W"m/i Tunsprudence 5 " " Economic Studies ai
^" Primer of the Constitution 5 " " " Literary Studies "*....
6
^-^"
50 Years of English Constitution 5 Bailees Festus, a Poem x8
Andtrsotis Strength of Materials xo iTtfxVjrJames Mill and J. S. Mill 4
Organic
XrwjiytMKe^j Cheniistnr 10 " ^" Mental and Moral Science 6
ArucUTs (Dr.) Lectures on Modem History a ^" on the Senses and Intellect 5
Miscellaneous Works 6 Emotions and Will 5
Sermons 15 Baker's Two Works on Ceylon 17
" (T.) English Literature 6 Baits Alpine Guides zy
Poetry and Prose ...
6 Baits Elements of
Astronomy 10
Autumn Holidays of a Country P^irson ... 7 Beaam^ld's (Lord) Novels and Tales 17 " z8
4/r(V Treasury of Bible Knowledge ...... ap " " "
Speeches ?
22 WORKS ptiblhhcdby LONGMANS 6* CO.
(I^rd) Wit
BeaconsJielePs and Wisdom 6 De Morgans (Mrs.)Memoir of her H^isband 4
Becker's Charicles and Gallns 7 De Tocquevill^s Democracy in America..* 4
Be"sfy*sGracchi, Marius, and Sulla 3 Dewes's Life and letters of Sl Paul 15
BtngkanCs Bonaparte Marriages 4 Dixon's Rural Bird Life ZI"19
Black's Treatise on Brewing 90 Doyle's English in America * i
History of England z
CV;x'j (G. W.).Athenian Empire 3 Gospel (The) for the Nineteenth Century .
z6
" Crusades 3 Grant's Ethics of Aristotle 5
"" Greeks and Persians 3 Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 7
Creigkton's
Age of Elizabeth 3 Graves's Life of Sir W. Hanulton 4
" England a Continental Power 3 Greville's'loyrmaX z
"' "
Papacy during the Reformation Z4 Algebra
Griffin's and Trigonometij zo
" " ShillingHistory of England ... 3 Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces... 9
and the ReformationTudors Gwilfs Encydopsedia of Architecture...... Z3
3
Cres/s Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering Z4
Critical Essays of a Country Parson.." ffaUs Fall of the Stuarts 3
7
Culler'sHandbook of Telegraphy zs Halliwell-PkiUippss Outiines of speare's
Shake-
Curteis's Macedonian Empire Life 4
3
Hartwigs, Works on Popular Natural
History,"c. lo"zt
Davidsons New Testament X4 Hassalts Climate of San Remo 17
Dead Shot (The) 19 Physical Geography
/Taitr^Ai^ix'i zo
Dc Caisne and Le Afaouts Botany xi Haywards Selected Essays 6
"
ti^ORKS piii"Ushea
by LONGMANS d^ CO. ii
liter's
Primeval World of Switzerland 1 1 Macaulay's (Lord) Life and Lettere 4
" Miscellaneous Writings 6
HclmhoUjis Scientific Lectures 9
8 Speeches 6
Outlines of Astronomy
* ,
Henchets
16 " Works X
HopJUnis Christ the Consoler
" ^ ,
,
Writings,Selections from 6
Horses and Roads 19 7"
-""-""
IhtUs Rome to its Capture by the Gauls... 3 Theoiy and Practice of Baiiing21
" History of Rome a Macnamara's Himalayan Districts 17
18 Mademoiselle Mori jg
IngelovfiPoems ...!."a
Mahajfy'sClassical Greek Literature
A/tf""j"/jMission of the Holy Ghost ...
16
12
Inorganic Chemistry
'fagds Marshman's Life of Havdock 4
famesoiis Sacred and Legendary Art
za
Martincau's Christian Life !.'"16
and Magnetism zo
^enkin's Electricity of Thought " Hours 16
i
ftrrolSs Life of Napoleon Hymns " jg
"^ohnsoiCs Normans in Europe 3
si
Maunder's Popular Treasuries 20
Patentee's Manual "
8
Maxwells Theory of Heat 10
Geographical Dictionary Ma^s Historyof Democracy
?'ohniton*s ttkts^sNew Man 15
Historyof England
i
i
Second Death 15
Meivill/ s IWhyte) Novels and Tales z8
Types of Genesis zs Letters
" Mendelssohn's 4
Merivak's Fall of the Roman Republic ...
2
General Historyof Rome 2
A'tftorA'j Bible Studies 15 "
\
Mill (J.)on the Mind
Mill's {],S.)Autobiography J
Dissertotions " Discussions 5
Landscapes, Churches, "c. 7 " " "
""
Leaders of Public Opinion
"
4 Representative Government 4
"
St. Paul's Cathedral Z2 Lalla Rookh, lUustrated Edition., za
Cheap EditiouM.
" z8 NeviUs Horses aad Riding "",."." 19
WORKS publUhedby LONGMANS 6* CO.
24
Work?,
{Jeremy) edited hjEden x6
Payen'sIndustrial Chemistry 13
Text-Books of Science zo
Pevotnet^s Comprehensive Specifier .
20
14 Thomas Botany xo
Piesses Art of Perfumery
so Thomson's Laws of Thought 6
PoUs Game of Whist
Pfftvdts Early England 3 QuantitativeAnalysis
7*ift"7/}^j zo
Trevelyan'sLife of Fox z
Medicine aX
^wa/"'J Dictionary of Tyollm^sWardeti and Barchester Towers z8
Twisss Law of Nations in Time of War... 5
Tyndalts (Professor) Scientific Works... 9" xo
Ancient Egypt 3
Rawlinson's
Sassanians 3
..
House II
Rivers s Orchard
Rose Amateui^s Guide XI
Spottisvoocde
6* CV. Printers, New-street Square, LoHdon,