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API 571
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1. A 5Cr-1Mo piping system in the hydrogen unit shows D 7. 300 Series SS is susceptible to LME when it comes in C
significant internal wall loss after 2 years in service due contact with Molten _________.
to CO² corrosion. Which material would be best suited
to use to install a new pipe system? A. Cadmium
B. Mercury
A. Titanium C. Zinc
B. 9Cr-1Mo D. Lead
C. A-106 Gr B
8. 300 Series stainless steel heater tubes in an oil-burning B
D. 316 SS
furnace in the hydrocracker began to leak and the
2. A 6", A106 Gr B, flanged line carrying caustic wash water B furnace was brought down. What was the probable
at 200°F has signs of atmospheric corrosion. Which of cause of the cracking?
the following may help accelerate the corrosion?
A. Chloride stress corrosion
A. Sulfides B. Polythionic acid stress corrosion
B. Fly ash C. Amine stress corrosion
C. Caustic D. Stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking.
D. None of the above
9. The accepted way to test for temper embrittlement is A
3. 300 Series SS, 5Cr, 9Cr, and 12Cr alloys are not C __________.
susceptible to __________ at conditions normally seen on
refineries. A. Impact testing
B. Metallographic
A. Cl SCC C. RT
B. SOHIC D. UT shear wave
C. HTHA
10. _________ acid is most often used as a catalyst in C
D. HTLA
polymerization units.
4. 300 Series SS, 400 Series SS and duplex SS are subject B
to pitting and localized corrosion under insulation. In A. Polythionic
addition, __________ are also subject to SCC if chlorides B. Naphthenic
are present, while _________ are less susceptible. C. Phosphoric
D. Sulfuric
A. Duplex SS, Low alloys
11. All _______ based materials and low alloy materials, 300 D
B. 300 Series SS, Duplex SS
Series SS and 400 Series SS are susceptible
C. Duplex SS, 300 Series SS
Sulfidation.
5. 300 Series SS can be used for sour water service at B A. Carbon
temperatures below _________, where Chloride SCC is not B. Steel
likely. C. Chromium
D. Iron
A. 120°F
12. Alloy 400 susceptible to LME when it comes on B
B. 140°F
contact with molten __________.
C. 150°F
D. 175°F
A. Cadmium
6. 300 Series SS can suffer pitting corrosion, crevice C B. Mercury
corrosion and ________ in fresh, blackish and salt water. C. Zinc
D. Lead
A. General corrosion
13. Alloys with increased amounts of ______ show improve B
B. Oxidation
resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion.
C. SCC
A. Chromium
B. Molybdenum
C. Nickel
D. Carbon
14. Alloys with Nickle content above ________ are highly D 20. Amine corrosion refers to the general and/or localized A
resistant to CI and SCC. The greatest susceptibility is that occurs principally on ______ in amine treating
8% to 12% nickel. process. Corrosion is not caused by the amine itself,
but results from dissolved acid gases (CO² and H²S),
A. 15% amine degradation products, heat stable amine salts
B. 20% and other contaminants.
C. 30%
D. 35% A. Carbon steel
B. Duplex SS
15. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at any D
C. 300 Series SS
concentration with hardness levels above ________ are
D. 400 Series SS
subject to hydrogen stress cracking.
21. Amine cracking has been reported down to ambient A
A. 200 BHN temperatures with some amines. ______________
B. 210 BHN temperatures and stress levels__________ the likelihood
C. 227 BHN and severity of cracking.
D. 237 BHN
A. Increasing, increases
16. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at any A
B. Increasing, decreases
concentration with hardness levels above the
C. Decreasing, increases
recommended limit (237 BHN) are subject to __________.
D. Increasing, reduces
A. Hydrogen stress cracking 22. Amine cracking is a form of ________ stress corrosion D
B. Sulfide stress cracking cracking.
C. Chloride stress cracking
D. None of the above A. Hydrogen
B. Caustic
17. Although cracks may be seen visually, crack detection C
C. Polythionic
for caustic stress corrosion cracking is best detected
D. Alkaline
by WFMT, EC, RT and ________.
23. Amine cracking is ________ likely to occur in lean MEA A
A. PT and DEA services than in MDEA and DIPA services.
B. MT
C. ACFM A. More
D. All of the above B. Less
C. As
18. Although the loss of toughness from temper D
embrittlement is not evident at operating
temperatures, equipment that is temper embrittled may 24. Amine stress corrosion cracking is a term applied to D
be susceptible to __________ during start-up and the cracking of steels under the combined actions of
shutdown. _________ and __________ in aqueous alkanolamine systems
used to remove/absorb H²S and/or CO² and their
A. Thermal fatigue mixtures from various gas and liquid hydrocarbon
B. Cyclic Stress streams.
C. Notch toughness
D. Brittle fracture A. Temperature, pressure
B. Pressure, stress
19. Amine corrosion depends on the design, operating B
C. Temperature, corrosion
practices, the type of amine, amine concentration,
D. Tensile stress, corrosion
temperature and ________.
A. Pressure
B. Velocity
C. Stress
25. Amine stress corrosion cracking is most often C 31. _________ and _________ damage develop without applied D
associated with lean amine services. The pure or residual stress so that PWHT will not prevent them
alkanolamine does not cause cracking. Cracking in rich from occurring.
amine services are most often associated with _________
problems. A. SOHIC, Blistering
B. SCC, SOHIC
A. H²S C. HIC, SCC
B. Stress D. Blistering, HIC
C. Wet H²S
32. Annealed steels are more resistant to Spheroidization B
D. Temperature
than normalized steel. _________ grained steels are more
26. Amine units are used in refineries to remove H²S, CO² C resistant that ________ grained steels.
and ________ from process streams originating in many
units including the coker, crude, FCC and hydrogen. A. Fine, Course
B. Course, Fine
A. NA² C. PWHT, Non-PWHT
B. CI² D. Non-PWHT, PWHT
C. Mercaptans
33. Application of post-fabrication stress relieving heat B
treatment of about ___________ is a proven method of
27. Ammonium chloride corrosion is the general or C preventing carbonate cracking.
localized corrosion, often pitting, normally occurring
under ammonium chloride or amine salt deposits. All A. 1100°F
commonly used materials are susceptible to ammonium B. 1150°F
chloride corrosion. A small amount of _________ can lead C. 1200°F
to very aggressive corrosion. D. 1250°F
34. Areas of vulnerability in sulfuric acid Alkylation units A
A. Ammonium chloride
include reactor effluent lines, reboilers, deisobutanizer,
B. Amine
overhead systems and the _______ treating system.
C. Water
D. Salt
A. Caustic
28. Ammonium chloride salts are hydroscopic and readily B B. Sulfuric acid
absorb water. A _________ amount of water can lead to C. Catalyst
very aggressive ammonium chloride corrosion. D. H²S
35. ___________ are characterized by a localized loss on D
A. Large
thickness in the form of pits, grooves, gullies, waves,
B. Small
rounded holes valleys. These losses often exhibit
C. Proper
directional pattern.
D. Improper
29. Ammonium chloride salts may be whitish, greenish or B A. Erosion
_______. B. Corrosion/Erosion
C. Environmental corrosion
A. Reddish D. Both A and B
B. Brownish
36. _________ are the most common type of equipment C
C. Yellowish
susceptible to carburization in the refining industry.
D. Bluish
30. The amplitude and frequency of vibration as well as C A. Reactors
the ___ of the components are critical factors in B. Heat exchanges
vibration-induced fatigue. C. Heater tubes
D. Fin Fans
A. Velocity
B. Temperature
C. Fatigue resistance
D. Material properties
37. ASME Section VIII had few limitations concerning D 43. Atmospheric corrosion: A
brittle fracture prior to:
A. Can cause either uniform or localized wall loss
A. 1955 B. Always causes localized wall loss
B. 1962 C. Always causes uniform wall loss
C. 1973 D. Is best detected using profile RT
D. 1987
44. Atmospheric corrosion is of greatest concern in: D
38. At a given pressure, the H²S concentration in the sour D
water _______ as temperature _________. A. Dry climates in rural locations
B. Dry climates in industrial locations
A. Increases, increases C. Wet climates in rural locations
B. Decreases, decreases D. Wet climates in industrial locations.
C. Increases, decreases
45. The best method to inspect for SCC is _________. A
D. Decreases, increases
39. At elevated temperatures, dissimilar weld metal C A. WFMT
cracking is aggravated by the diffusion of carbon out B. UT Shear Wave
of weld metal and into the base metal. The C. AET
temperature at which carbon diffusion becomes a D. All of the above
concern is above ___________.
46. The Best way to prevent 885°F embrittlement is to use C
low ____ alloys, or to avoid exposing the susceptible
A. 700°F
material to the embrittlement range.
B. 750°F
C. 800°F
A. Austenite
D. 900°F
B. Martensite
40. At elevated temperatures, the carbide phases in B C. Ferrite
certain carbon steels are unstable and may D. Chromium
decompose into ___________. This decomposition is known
47. The best way to prevent failures by atmospheric C
as graphitization.
corrosion is to:
A. Silicon
A. Have an aggressive inspection program
B. Graphite nodules
B. Reduce airborne particles
C. Carbon dust
C. Install and maintain appropriate coatings
D. Graphite dust
D. Shoot all birds that cross the plant fence
41. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly C E. Build new petrochemical facilities in a dry desert.
and continuously deform under load below the yield
48. Blistering, HIC and SOHIC have been found to occur B
stress. This time dependent deformation of stress
between ambient and ________.
components is known as _________
A. 250°F
A. Deformation
B. 300°F
B. Fatigue
C. 350°F
C. Creep
D. 400°F
D. Thermal Fatigue
49. Blistering, HIC, SOHIC, SSC damage can occur A
42. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly A
wherever there is a __________ environment.
continuously deform under load below the yield
strength. This time dependent deformation of stressed
A. Wet H²S
components is known as ___________.
B. Hydrogen
C. Sulfur
A. Creep
D. Aqueous
B. Ductility
C. Softening
D. Hardening
50. A brittle fracture: C 56. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking is the term applied B
to surface breaking or cracks that occur adjacent to
A. is caused by stress cycles carbon steel welds under the combined action of
B. Is always the result of thermal stresses __________ and _______ in carbonate containing systems.
C. Grow very rapidly with minimum deformation prior
to failure A. Temperature, stress
D. Grows slowly and is dependent on time and stress. B. Tensile stress, corrosion
C. Corrosion, velocity
51. Brittle fracture can occur during ambient temperature C
D. Tensile stress, velocity
during a hydro-test due to:
57. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking usually occurs at C
a. unusual loading and high toughness at the testing welds or cold worked areas that ___________.
temperature.
b. high impact stresses and plasticity at the testing A. Have been stresses relieved
temperature. B. Have not been stresses relieved
c. high stresses and low toughness at the testing C. Have high residual stress
temperature. D. Have high applied stress
d. high strength material and temperatures below 100
58. Carbon dioxide (CO²) corrosion results when CO² B
degrees F.
dissolves in water to form _________.
52. Cadmium and lead will cause LME on ___________. D
A. Carbon monoxide
A. Copper alloys B. Carbonic acid
B. 300 Series SS C. Hydrofluoric acid
C. Aluminum alloys D. None of the above
D. High strength steel
59. Carbon dioxide corrosion results when CO² dissolves in C
53. Carbonate cracking typically propagates ________ to the B water to form _______ acid.
weld; the pattern of cracking observed on the surface
is sometimes described as _______. A. Sulfuric
B. Hydrochloric
A. Transverse, Eyebrow C. Carbonic
B. Parallel, Spider web D. None of the above
C. Diagonal, Half moon
60. Carbon steel and low alloy steels are subject to D
D. Perpendicular, Stair step
excessive hydrochloric acid corrosion when exposed to
54. Carbonate SCC can occur at relatively low levels of A any concentration of HCI acid that produces pH below
_________ but usually occurs at welds that have not been _____.
stressed relieved.
A. 6.0
A. Residual stress B. 5.5
B. Applied stress C. 5.0
C. Acid concentration D. 4.5
D. Non of the above
61. A carbon steel bundle from the overhead condenser in D
55. Carbonate SCC may easily be mistaken for SCC or A the crude unit operates at 300°F and is in hydrochloric
SOHIC; however, the carbonate cracks are usually acid service. It showed severe pitting type corrosion
________ the toe of the weld and have multiple parallel when pulled for inspection. What type of material
cracks. would be best suited for this service?
A. Further from A. 5Cr-0.5Mo

B. Closer to B. 316 SS
C. Diagonal to C. 9Cr-1Mo
D. Perpendicular to D. Titanium
62. Carbon steel is susceptible to SCC when used in B 68. Caustic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion B
_________ service. cracking characterized by surface-initiated cracks that
occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
A. Hydrogen primarily adjacent to non-PWHT welds. Which of the
B. Ammonia following materials is the most resistant to
C. High temperature embrittlement?
D. High pressure
A. Carbon steel
63. Carburization can be confirmed by a substantial A
B. Nickle based alloys
increase hardness and a ________ in ductility.
C. Low alloy steels
D. 400 Series SS
A. Loss
B. Gain 69. Caustic is sometimes added to process streams for C
C. Change _________ or as a reactant.
A. Stability
64. Carburization can be confirmed by substantial E
B. Corrosion control
increases in _______ and loss of _________.
C. Neutralization
D. Inhibiting
A. Hardness
B. Tensile strength 70. Caustic stress corrosion cracking typically propagates C
C. Ductility ________ to the weld in adjacent base metal but can
D. A and B occur in the weld deposit or heat affected zone.
E. A and C
A. Transverse
65. ___________ caustic concentrations and ________ D
B. Perpendicular
temperature increase the likelihood and severity f
C. Parallel
cracking with caustic embrittlement.
D. Across
A. Increasing, Decreasing 71. Cavitation is a form of erosion by the formation and B
B. Decreasing, Increasing instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny vapor
C. Decreasing, Decreasing bubbles. Temperature approaching the boiling point of
D. Increasing, Increasing the liquid are _________ to result on bubble formation.
66. Caustic embrittlement cracking can be effectively B
A. Less likely
prevented by means of PWHT at a temperature of
B. More likely
_______.
C. Not likely
A. 1100°F
B. 1150°F 72. Cavitation is best prevented by avoiding conditions D
C. 1200°F that allow the absolute pressure to fall below the _____
D. 1250°F of the liquid or by changing the material properties.
67. Caustic embrittlement is a form of B
A. Minimum pressure
___________characterized by surface-initiated cracks that
B. Pressure/Vapor ratio
occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
C. Maximum pressure
primarily adjacent non-PWHT'd welds.
D. Vapor pressure
a. galvanic cracking
b. stress corrosion cracking 73. Changing to a more corrosion resistant and/or higher D
c. Chloride cracking hardness material _______ improve cavitation resistance.
d. fatigue cracking
A. Will
B. May
C. Will Not
D. May Not
74. Characteristics stress corrosion cracks have many B 80. Contrary to a pure mechanical fatigue, there is no D
branches and may be visually detectable by a ________ load in corrosion-assistant fatigue. Corrosion
_____________ appearance on the surface. promotes failure at a lower stress and number of
cycles that the materials normal endurance.
A. Tree shaped
B. Craze-cracked A. Tensile
C. Multiple crack B. Stress
D. None of the above C. Ductile
D. Fatigue limit
75. The CI SCC surface cracks appear under the action of D
________, temperature and an aqueous chloride 81. Convert these temperature ---- 156°C, 450°F. C
environment.
a. stagnant conditions A. 304°F, 151°C
b. high velocity products B. 284°F, 218°C
c. compressive stress. C. 312°F, 232°C
d. tensile stress D. 296°F, 246°C
76. Cl SCC usually occurs at metal temperatures above C 82. Cooling water corrosion and _________ are closely C
_________. related and should be considered together.
A. 125°F A. Stress
B. 175°F B. Velocity
C. 140°F C. Fouling
D. 200°F D. Erosion
77. Components that have been carburized may have a C 83. Cooling water corrosion can result in many different A
change in the level of _____________. forms of damage including general corrosion, pitting
corrosion, _________, stress corrosion cracking and
A. Carbon fouling.
B. Chromium
C. Ferromagnetism A. MIC
D. Stress B. HIC
C. SOHIC
78. Conditions favoring carburization include a high gas A
D. All of the above
phase carbon activity and ________ oxygen potential.
84. Cooling water corrosion is a concern with water- D
A. Low cooled _________ and cooling towers in all applications
B. High across all industries.
C. Negative
D. Positive A. Pumps
B. Vessels
79. A condition where steel loses strength due to the B
C. Piping
removal of carbon and carbides leaving only an iron
D. Exchangers
matrix is called decarburization. This occurs during high
temperatures, during PWHT and from exposure to fires. 85. ___________ cooling water outlet temperatures and/or D
Which of the following materials is not affected by process side outlet temperatures tend to ___________
this? corrosion rates as well as fouling tendency.
A. Low alloy steel A. Increasing, decrease

B. Duplex SS B. Decreasing, decrease
C. Carbon Steel C. Decreasing, increase
D. None of the above D. Increasing, increase
86. Copper base alloys form sulfide at ________ than carbon B 92. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate return D
steel. systems is usually the result of dissolved gases oxygen
and ________.
a. faster rates
b. lower temperatures A. Carbon monoxide
c. slower rates B. H²O
d. higher temperatures C. Temperature
D. Carbon Dioxide
87. Corrosion by HF (Hyrdofluoric) acid can result in high D
rates of general or localized corrosion and may be 93. Corrosion of carbon steel and other alloys from their D
accompanied by hydrogen cracking, blistering and reaction with sulfur compounds in high temperature
________. environments is called _________. The presence of
hydrogen accelerates corrosion.
A. HIC
B. Delayed cracking A. Sulfide corrosion
C. SOHIC B. High temperature corrosion
D. Both A and C C. H²S corrosion
D. Sulfidation
88. Corrosion due to acidic sour water containing H²S at a A
pH between 4.5 and 7.0 is called sour water corrosion. 94. Corrosion of the anode may be significantly higher B
Carbon dioxide (CO²) may also be present. Which of ________ to the connection to the cathode, depending
the following materials is susceptible to sour water on the solution conductivity.
corrosion?
A. Parallel
A. Carbon Steel B. Adjacent
B. 300 Series SS C. Diagonally
C. 400 Series SS D. Perpendicular
D. Both B and C
95. Corrosion protection in the boiler is accomplished by B
89. Corrosion from oxygen in boiler feed water usually B laying down and continuously maintaining a layer of
creates: _________.
A. Uniform corrosion A. Manganese

B. Isolated pitting B. Magnetite
C. Intergranular cracking C. Carbon monoxide
D. Transgranular cracking D. Carbonate
E. Hard and brittle zones
96. __________ corrosion rates are found in a gas oil B
90. Corrosion from oxygen tends to be _________ type C desulfurizers and hydrocrackers than naphtha
damage and can show up anywhere even if only very desulfurizers and hydrocrackers by a factor of almost
small amounts break through the scavenging system. "2".
A. General A. Lower
B. Localized B. Higher
C. Pitting C. Sulfidization
D. Cracking D. Hydrogen corrosion
91. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate return B 97. Corrosion rates of the anode can be high if there is a B
systems is usually the result of dissolved gases, _______ anode to cathode ratio.
oxygen and _________.
A. Large
A. Carbon monoxide B. Small
B. Carbon dioxide C. Severe
C. Material properties D. None of the above
D. H²S
98. Corrosion rates of the anode will be less affected if A 104. Cracking of a metal due to stress relaxation during B
there is a _________ anode to cathode ratio. PWHT or in service at elevated temperatures is called
___________. It is most often found in heavy wall sections.
A. Large
B. Small A. Thermal cracking
C. Severe B. Reheat cracking
D. None of the above C. Step-like cracking
99. Corrosion under insulation becomes more severe at A
metal temperatures between _______ and __________, 105. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs in the ______ B
where water is likely to vaporize and insulation stays side of a weld between an austenitic and a Ferritic
wet longer. material operating at high temperatures.
A. 100°C, 121°C A. Austenitic

B. 92°C, 116°C B. Ferritic
C. 114°C, 132°C C. Anodic
D. None of the above D. Cathodic
100. Corrosion under insulation is more severe between B 106. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs in the ________ B
_______ and _______. side of a weld joining 300 Series SS and carbon steel.
A. 175°F, 212°F A. Austenitic

B. 212°F, 350°F B. Ferritic
C. 250°F, 300°F C. Both of the above
D. 25°F, 250°F D. None of the above
101. Cracking and fissuring caused by HTHA are _________ d 107. Cracking susceptibility increases with _______ pH and A
and occur adjacent to pearlite (iron carbide) areas in carbonate concentration.
carbon steels.
a. surface oriented A. Increasing
b. subsurface B. Decreasing
c. laminations C. Low
d. intergranular D. High
102. Cracking can occur at low caustic levels if a A 108. Cracks associated with brittle fracture will typically be C
concentrating mechanism is present. In such cases, ______.
caustic concentrations of ______ ppm are sufficient to
cause cracking. A. Jagged
B. Branching
A. 50-100 C. Straight
B. 100-150 D. Perpendicular
C. 150-200
109. Cracks connecting hydrogen blisters are referred to B
D. 200-250
as _________.
103. _________ cracking has been a major problem in coke C
drum shells. A. SOHIC
B. HIC
A. Stress C. SCC
B. Carburization D. None of the above
C. Thermal fatigue
110. Cracks that are typically straight, non-branching, and B
D. Sulfide
devoid of any associated plastic deformation are
likely associated with which type of failure?
A. Stress corrosion cracking

B. Brittle fracture
C. Thermal fatigue
D. Temper embrittlement
111. Creep and stress rupture is more likely in a _________ A 117. Deaerator cracking problems are usually evaluated B
grained material than a ______ grained material. off-line at shutdowns of boilers. What inspection
method is used?
A. Course, Fine
B. Fine, Course a. Radiographic inspection.
C. Austenetic, Martensitic b. Wet fluorescence magnetic particle inspection.
D. None of the above c. Dye penetrant inspection.
d. Eddy current inspection.
112. Creep damage is found in high temperature equipment C
operating above the ________. Fired heater tubes and 118. Decarburization results in a ___________, which can be B
components, Catalytic reactors, FCC reactors and FCC confirmed by hardness testing.
fractionator and regenerator internals all operate in or
near this. A. Hardness
B. Softness
A. Transition range C. Brittleness
B. MADT D. Oxidizing
C. Creep range
119. Depending on condition of service, sulfidation B
corrosion is most often in the form of:
113. The creep threshold temperature for 1¼, 2¼, 5 and 9 Cr C
is __________. a. random grooving.
b. uniform thinning.
A. 600°F c. heavy localized pitting.
B. 700°F d. unsystematic pitting.
C. 800°F
120. Dew point corrosion can occur if the metal A
D. 1000°F
temperature is below the dew point. The dew point of
114. The creep threshold temperature for carbon steel is B sulfuric acid is _______.
________.
A. 280°F
A. 315°C B. 220°F
B. 371°C C. 310°F
C. 426°C D. 190°F
D. 538°C
121. The dew point of hydrochloric acid depends on the C
115. Damage due to ___________ is not visible and can only be D concentration of hydrogen chloride. It is typically
observed by metallographic examination. about _______.
A. Galvanic corrosion A. 180°F

B. Brittle fracture B. 160°F
C. Cavitation C. 130°F
D. Graphitization D. 110°F
116. Damage from sigma phase appears in the form of C 122. Different organisms thrive on different nutrients D
_______. including inorganic substances (Sulfur, H²S), and
organic substances (Hydrocarbons, Organic acids). In
A. Corrosion addition, all organisms require a source of carbon,
B. Hardness nitrogen and ____ for growth.
C. Cracking
D. Ductility A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. Manganese
D. Phosphorous
123. Dissimilar metal welds with a 300 Series stainless steel B 130. Equipment that is exposed to moving fluids and/or D
weld metal on a ferritic steel may also result in narrow catalyst are subject to erosion and erosion-corrosion.
region of _______ at the toe of the weld, near the fusion What unit is most often damaged by gas borne
line on the ferritic side. catalyst particles?
A. Ductility a. Desalting Unit.

B. Hardness b. Motor Oil Unit.
C. Cracking c. Crude and Vacuum Unit.
D. None of the above d. Fluid Catalytic Cracker.
124. Dissimilar weld metal cracking can be aggravated by C 131. Equipment that is temper embrittled may be C
_________. susceptible to _________ during start-up and shutdown.
A. Stress A. Creep
B. Pressure B. Thermal fatigue
C. Thermal cycling C. Brittle fracture
D. Cyclic stresses D. Stress fatigue
125. Dissimilar weld metal cracking forms at the toe of the A 132. Erosion-corrosion is a description for the damage that B
weld in the heat affected zone of the _______ material. occurs when corrosion contributes to erosion by
removing protective films or scales, or by exposing
A. Ferritic the metal surface to further ________ under the
B. Austenitic combined action of corrosion-erosion.
C. Martensitic
D. Both B and C A. Stress
B. Corrosion
126. Dissimilar weld metal cracking occurs because the D
C. Oxidation
coefficients of thermal expansion between ferritic
steel and 300 Series stainless steels differ by ______ or
more. 133. Erosion-corrosion is best controlled by using __________ D
and/or altering the process environment to reduce
A. 10% corrosivity.
B. 15%
C. 20% a. corrosion inhibitors
D. 30% b. wear plates
c. hard-facing by weld overlays
127. The effects of hydrogen embrittlement __________ with D
d. more corrosion-resistant alloys
_________ temperatures.
134. Exposure to high solution caustic can result in general B
A. Increase, increasing corrosion or high corrosion rates above ___________.
B. Decrease, decreasing
C. Increase, decreasing A. 175°F
D. Decrease, increasing B. 150°F
C. 125°F
128. __________ eliminates the susceptibility of most common C
D. 100°F
steels to SCC.
135. The extent and depth of decarburization is a function C
A. Preheat of temperature and ________.
B. High temperature
C. PWHT A. Pressure
D. All of the above B. Material properties
C. Exposure Time
129. The endurance limit is usually about: B
D. Velocity
A. 10-20% of a material's ultimate tensile strength
B. 40-50% of a material's ultimate tensile strength
C. 10-20% of a material's yield strength
D. 40-50% of a material's yield strength
136. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface at C 142. For a specific material, HTHA is dependent on A
notches or ___________ under cyclic loading. temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, time and
_____________.
A. Branches
B. Laterals A. Stress
C. Stress concentrations B. Pressure
D. Grinding marks C. Velocity
D. Alloy composition
137. A fatigue failure exhibits what type of "fingerprint" or B
appearance? 143. For carbon steel, common velocity limits are generally D
limited to ________ fps for rich amine and _________fps for
a. The failure exhibits a hash mark type of fingerprint lean amine.
that radiates from the crack origin.
b. The failure exhibits a "clam shell" type of fingerprint A. 8-10, 30
that has concentric rings called "beach marks" . B. 6-9, 15
c. The failure exhibits a wavy type of fingerprint that is C. 4-8, 10
random in nature. D. 3-6, 20
d. The failure exhibits a ragged rough type of
144. For furnaces, to prevent PASCC, keep the firebox B
fingerprint that emanates from the failure point.
heated above the dew point to keep _________ from
138. A fatigue fracture is brittle and the cracks are most B forming.
often ________.
A. Water
A. Parallel B. Acids
B. Transgranular C. Moisture
C. Intergranular D. Corrosion
D. Transverse
145. For galvanic corrosion to take place, three condition C
139. Fatigue will not occur in carbon steel if stresses are B must met, presence of an electrolyte, two different
below the: materials or alloys and _________.
A. Transition limit A. a cathode

B. Endurance limit B. a anode
C. Hardening limit C. an electrical connection
D. Speed limit D. None of the above
140. Ferritic stainless steels are usually not used in ________ B 146. Formation of a metallurgical phase known as sigma B
applications. phase results in a loss of ________ in some stainless
steels as a result of high temperature exposure.
A. Non-pressure boundary
B. Pressure boundary A. Ductility
C. High temperature B. Fracture toughness
D. Low temperature C. Embrittlement
141. For 5Cr-0.5Mo, what is the threshold temperature for B
creep? 147. Formation of sigma phase in austenitic stainless steels B
can also occur in a few hours, as evidenced
A. 500°F by the known tendency for sigma to form if an
B. 800°F austenitic stainless steel is subjected to a post weld
C. 600°F heat treatment at _______.
D. 700°F
A. 1150°F
B. 1275°F
C. 1100°F
D. 1325°F
148. A form of corrosion caused by living organism such as C 154. For some materials such as titanium, carbon steel and B
bacteria, algea or fungi is ___________. low alloy steel, the number of cycles to fatigue
fracture decreases with __________ until an endurance
A. HIC limit is reached. Below this endurance limit, fatigue
B. SOHIC cracking will not occur, regardless of the number of
C. MIC cycles.
A. Temperature increases
149. A form of corrosion that can occur at the junction of A
B. Stress amplitude
dissimilar metals when they are joined together in a
C. Pressure decreases
suitable electrolyte is _______.
D None of the above
A. Galvanic corrosion 155. Foul smelling water may be sign of fouling and/or A
B. Anodic corrosion ________.
C. Cathodic corrosion
D. All of the above A. MIC
B. HIC
150. A form of fatigue cracking in which cracks develop B
C. SOHIC
under the combined effects of cyclic loading and
D. All of the above
corrosion is called _________. Cracking often initiates at
stress concentrations such as a pit in the surface. 156. Galvanized steel components should not be welded A
to _______ due to LME.
A. Cyclic cracking
B. Corrosion cracking A. 300 Series SS
C. Stress fatigue B. 400 Series SS
D. Stress cracking C. Carbon Steel
D. Duplex SS
151. A form of mechanical fatigue in which cracks are B
produced as a result of dynamic loadings is ________. 157. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and C
other metals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic
A. Spheroidization compounds or microbiological activities is called_______.
B. Vibration-induced cracking
C. Fatigue cracking A. Flue Gas Corrosion
D. Stress cracking B. Atmospheric corrosion
C. Cooling water corrosion
152. A form of thermal cracking, _________, can occur when C
high nonuniform thermal stresses develop over a
E. All of the above
relatively short period of time in a piece of equipment
due to differential expansion and contraction. 158. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and A
other metals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic
A. Thermal expansion compounds or microbiological activity is called ______.
B. Thermal stress
C. Thermal shock A. Cooling water corrosion
D. Linear expansion B. Oxidation
C. MIC
153. For pressure vessels, inspection should focus on welds A
of ________ operating in the creep range.
159. Geometry, stress level, _________ and material D
A. CrMo alloys properties are the predominate factors in determining
B. Carbon steel the fatigue resistance of a component.
C. Stainless steel
D. Low hydrogen electrodes A. Temperature
B. Pressure
C. Velocity
D. Number of cycles
160. Geometry, stress level, number of cycles and ________ B 166. Hardness is primarily an issue with SSC. Typical low C
are the predominate factors in determining the fatigue strength carbon steel should be controlled to produce
resistance of a component. weld hardness less than _________.
A. Temperature A. 225 BHN

B. Material properties B. 237 BHN
C. Pressure C. 200 BHN
D. Velocity D. 240 BHN
161. The grain size has an important influence on the high C 167. Hardness levels above _________ are highly susceptible B
temperature ductility and on the reheat cracking to hydrogen stress cracking (HF). Time-to-failure
susceptibility. A ___________ grain size results in ________ decreases as the hardness increases.
ductile heat affected zones, making the material more
susceptible to reheat cracking. A. 225 BHN
B. 237 BHN
A. Large, more C. 241 BHN
B. Small, less D. 247 BHN
C. Large, less
168. ____________ has been a major problem on coke drum A
D. Small, more
shells.
162. Graphitization can be prevented by using chromium D
containing low alloys steels for long-term exposure A. Thermal fatigue
above __________. B. Stress cracking
C. Erosion
A. 650°F D. Temper embrittlement
B. 700°F
169. HCl acid corrosion is found in several units, especially D
C. 750°F
_______ and _________ units, hydroprocessing units and
D. 800°F
catalytic reformer units.
163. The graphitization rate ___________ with increasing A
temperature. A. Amine, crude
B. Crude, Alkylation
A. Increases C. Vacuum, Amine
B. Decreases D. Crude, Vacuum
C. Stops
170. Heat treatment can have a significant effect on the A
D. Proceeds
toughness and hence fatigue resistance of a metal. In
164. ________ greatly increase the probability and severity of D general, _________ grained microstructures tend to
blistering, HIC and SOHIC damage. perform better then _________ grained.
A. Acids A. Fine, Course

B. Caustics B. Austenetic, Martensitic
C. Amines C. Course, Fine
D. Cyanides D. Martensitic, Austenetic
165. A hard, brittle surface layer will develop on some C 171. Higher _________ containing alloys are used for C
alloys due to exposure to high temperature process improved resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion.
streams containing high levels of nitrogen compounds
such as ammonia or cyanides, particularly under A. Chromium
reducing conditions, is called _________. B. Carbon
C. Molybdenum
A. Carburization D. All of the above
B. Spheroidization
C. Nitriding
172. High strength, low alloy steels such as A193-B7 bolts B 178. How many mils per year would you expect a carbon A
and compressor parts are susceptible to hydrogen steel line to lose if exposed to a marine environment?
stress cracking. A193-B7M Bolts are susceptible if
__________. a. 20 mpy
b. 15 mpy
A. Exposed c. 10 mpy
B. Overtorqued d. 5 mpy
C. Double nutted
179. HTHA is dependent on temperature, hydrogen partial B
pressure, time and ________.
173. High strength steels are susceptible to LME when they D
come in contact with molten ___________. A. Pressure
B. Stress
A. Cadmium C. Yield
B. Zinc D. Tensile strength
C. Lead
180. Hydriding of titanium is a metallurgical phenonemon in B
D. Both A and C
which hydrogen diffuses into the titanium and reacts to
174. High temperature H² / H²S corrosion damage is C form an embrittling phase. This can results in a
minimized by using alloys with high ___________ content. complete loss of ________ with no noticeable sign of
corrosion or loss of thickness.
A. Carbon
B. Molybdenum A. Strength
C. Chromium B. Ductility
D. Stainless C. Carbides
D. Hardness
175. High temperature hydrogen attack results from C
exposure to hydrogen at elevated temperature and 181. Hydrochloric acid corrosion is a general and localized C
pressures. The hydrogen react with _________ in steel to corrosion and is very aggressive to most common
produce _______, which cannot diffuse through steel. The materials on construction. Damage in refineries is
loss of carbides causes an overall loss in strength. often associated with dew point corrosion in which
vapors containing _______ and hydrogen chloride
A. Carbides, oxygen condense from the overhead stream of a distillation,
B. Alloys, hydrogen dioxide fractionation, or stripping tower.
C. Carbides, methane
D. Hydrogen dioxide, H²S A. O²
B. O
176. How do you mitigate brittle fracture of new C
C. H²O
equipment.
D. CO²
a. Use only 400 series stainless steels.
b. Use only 300 series stainless steels. 182. Hydrogen blisters may form as surface bulges on the B
c. Use material specifically designed for low ID, the OD on within the wall thickness of a pipe or
temperature operation per ASME B&PV Code. pressure vessel. Blistering occurs from hydrogen
d. Use material designed for high temperature generated by __________, not hydrogen gas from the
operation per ASME B&PV Code. process stream.
177. How is the effectiveness of treatment monitored in B
A. H²S
cooling water systems?
B. Corrosion
a. using AE.
C. Hydriding
b. measuring biocide residuals.
D. Sulfur
c. using velocity ratio technique.
d. using ACFM technique.
183. Hydrogen blisters may form at many different depths C 189. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux is used, B
from the surface of the steel, in the middle of the ___________ can be charged into the steel resulting in
plate or near a weld. In some cases, neighboring or delayed cracking.
adjacent blisters that are at slightly different depths
(planes) may develop cracks that link them together. A. Atomic hydrogen
Interconnecting cracks between the blisters often B. Hydrogen
have a ________ appearance. C. Oxygen
D. H²O
A. Crescent
190. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux weld C
B. Eyebrow
electrodes are used to weld carbon steel, hydrogen
C. Step Like
can be charged into steel resulting in ________________.
D. Jagged
184. Hydrogen permeation or diffusion rates have been D A. Reduced tensile strength
found to be minimal at pH __________ and increase at B. Loss of ductility
both higher and lower pH's. C. Delayed cracking
D. All of the above
A. 4
191. Improved resistance to erosion is usually achieved C
B. 5
through increasing substrate ________ using harder
C. 6
alloys, hard facing or face-hardening treatment.
D. 7
185. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism that C A. Composition
is responsible for sulfide stress corrosion cracking in B. Stress
wet H²S environments except that HF acid is C. Hardness
generating the ________. D. None of the above
192. In a pump, the difference between the actual pressure, B
A. Sulfide
or head, of a liquid available (measured on the suction
B. Caustic
side) and the vapor pressure of that liquid is called Net
C. Hydrogen
Positive Suction Head (NPSH) available. The minimum
D. Water
head required to prevent cavitation with given liquid at
186. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism that C a given flow rate is called Net Positive Suction Head
is responsible for sulfide stress corrosion cracking in _________. Inadequate NPSH can result in cavitation.
wet H²S environments except that HF acid is
generating the ________. A. Surplus
B. Required
A. Sulfide C. Reserve
B. Corrosion D. None of the above
C. Hydrogen
193. Increasing chromium content in the alloy improves C
resistance to sulfidation. However, there is little
187. If the BHN is 400-500 it may indicate __________. B improvement with increasing chromium content until
about ______ Cr.
A. Carburization
B. Hydriding A. 3-5
C. Temper embrittlement B. 5-7
D. Caustic embrittlement C. 7-9
D. 9-12
188. If weld repairs are required, the effects of temper B
embrittlement can be temporarily reversed (de- 194. Increasing the chromium in steels offers no major B
embrittled) by heating at __________ for 2 hours per inch improvement in resistance to CO² corrosion until a
of thickness and rapidly cooling to room temperature. minimum of _________ is reached.
A. 1000°F A. 9%
B. 1150°F B. 12%
C. 1200°F C. 5%
D. 1250°F D. 7%
195. In design and fabrication, it is advisable to avoid sharp A 201. In HF service, carbon steel operating above ________ A
changes in cross section, such as short radius fillets or should be closely monitored for loss on thickness and
undercut that can give rise to _________. may need to be upgraded to Alloy 400.
Long-seam welds are particularly susceptible to A. 150°F

reheat cracking due to mismatch caused by fit up B. 175°F
problems. C. 160°F
D. 200°F
A. Stress concentrations
202. ___________ injection downstream of the desalter is D
B. Cracking
another common method used to reduce the amount
C. Circumferential stress
of HCl going overhead.
D. All of the above
196. In fired heater tubes, dissimilar weld metal cracking A A. Hydrogen
forms primarily on the _________ of the material. B. Nitrogen
C. Water
A. Outside D. Caustic
B. Inside
203. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at B
C. Welds
temperatures below the Charpy impact _______________
D. All of the above
temperature, the point at which the toughness of the
197. In general, the resistance of carbon steel and other B material drops off sharply.
alloys to high temperature corrosion is determined by
the ________ content of the material. a. failure
b. transition
A. Molybdenum c. critical
B. Chromium d. stable
C. Carbon
204. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at C
D. All of the above
temperatures below the Charpy impact transition
198. In general, the resistance of iron and nickel based A temperature. Steel cleanliness and __________ have a
alloys to sulfidation is determined by the _________ significant influence on toughness and resistance to
content of the material. brittle fracture.
A. Chromium A. Alloy composition

B. Carbon B. Tensile strength
C. Molybdenum C. Grain Size
D. Alloying D. Pressure
199. In HF Service, carbon steel form a protective _______ B 205. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at B
scale in dry concentrated acid. Loss of the protective temperatures ________ the Charpy impact transition
scale through high velocities or turbulence will result temperature.
in greatly accelerated corrosion rates.
A. Above
A. Chloride B. Below
B. Fluoride C. Around
C. Iron sulfide D. Inside
D. Iron oxide
206. In order for PASCC to occur the material must be C
200. In HF service, carbon steel forms a protective fluoride C ___________.
scale in dry concentrated acid. Loss of the protective
scale through high _________ or turbulence will result in A. PWHT
greatly accelerated corrosion rates. B. Non-PWHT
C. Sensitized
A. Temperature D. Austenetic
B. Pressure
C. Velocities
207. In order to minimize and prevent amine SCC, PWHT D 213. In susceptible materials, Primary factor that affects A
all carbon steel welds in accordance with API RP sigma phase formation is the ___________ at elevated
_________. temperatures.
A. 751 A. Time of exposure

B. 912 B. Pressure
C. 510 C. Stress
D. 945 D. Velocity
208. In piping and equipment, creep cracking can occur B 214. In vessels and piping, creep cracking can occur where B
where high metal temperatures and _________ occur high metal temperatures and ________ occur together.
together. Creep cracking, once initiated, can progress
rapidly. A. Pressures
B. Stress Concentrations
A. Pressures C. Velocities
B. Stress risers D. None of the above
C. Velocities
215. In what type of environment would atmospheric A
corrosion be most severe?
209. In pressure containing equipment, SOHIC and SCC B
damage is most often associated with ________. a. Marine environments, and moist polluted industrial
environments.
A. Internals b. Desert environments, and cold dry rural
B. Weldments environments.
C. Branches c. Areas exposed to the morning sun and prevailing
D. None of the above winds.
d. Far north environments with maximum exposure to
210. Inspecting for high-cycle fatigue can be difficult C
cold and snow.
since:
216. __________ is accelerated high temperature wastage of C
A. The cracks are extremely tight materials that occurs when contaminants in the fuel
B. Predicting the location of cracking is difficult form deposits and melt on the metal surfaces.
C. Once the crack begins, only a few cycles are
needed for the crack to lead to failure. A. Spheroidization
D. Often the equipment is vibrating making non- B. Dealloying
destructive evaluations difficult. C. Fuel ash corrosion
211. Inspection for wet H²S damage generally focuses on A
________ and _______. 217. ____________ is a change in the microstructure of certain A
carbon steels and 0.5 Mo steels after long term
A. Weld seams, Nozzles operation in the 800°F to 1100°F range.
B. Trays, Weld Seams
C. Nozzles, trays A. Graphitization
D.None of the above B. Softening
C. Temper Embrittlement
212. An inspector notes that there are cracks in the brick D
D. Creep
fireproofing of a column supporting a vessel on a FCC
unit. An inspection hole is opened to check the 218. _____________ is a change in the microstructure of certain C
condition of the column. Heavy rust scale is present carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after long-term
and the inspector requires the entire column to be operation in the 800°F to 1100°F range that may cause
stripped. Severe pitting to holes and serious thinning a loss in strength, ductility and/or creep resistance.
of the column is found. What type of corrosion would
this be? A. Embrittlement
B. Carburization
a. Heavy erosion from catalyst. C. Graphitization
b. Chloride attack. D. Sensitization
c. Normal weathering of the column.
d. CUI (corrosion under insulation).
219. ___________ is a change on the microstructure of steels B 224. _______________ is a form of environmental cracking that B
after exposure in the 850°F to 1400°F range, where can initiate on the surface of high strength low alloy
the carbide phases in carbon steels are unstable and steel and carbon steels with highly localized zones of
may agglomerate from their normal plate-like high hardness on the weld metal and HAZ as a result
appearance. of exposure to aqueous HF acid service.
A. Carburization A. Sulfide stress cracking

B. Spheroidization B. Hydrogen stress cracking
C. Graphiding C. Caustic stress cracking
D. 885°F embrittlement D. Hydrogen induced cracking
220. ________ is a form of carbon that may promote B 225. ___________ is a form of stress corrosion cracking C
carburization, particularly during decoke cycles where normally occurring during shutdowns, startups or
temperatures exceed the normal operating during operation when air and moisture are present.
temperatures. Cracking is due to sulfur acids forming from sulfide
scale, air and moisture on sensitized stainless steel.
A. Carbonic acid
B. Coke A. Caustic SCC
C. Crude oil B. Chloride SCC
D. None of the above C. Polythionic acid SCC
221. ___________ is a form of carburization resulting in D
accelerated localized pitting which occurs in 226. _____________ is a form or erosion caused by the B
carburizing gases and/or process streams containing formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable
carbon and hydrogen. Pits usually form on the surface tiny vapor bubbles.
and may contain soot or graphite dust.
A. Condensate corrosion
A. Hydrate corrosion B. Cavitation
B. Carbide corrosion C. Dew-point corrosion
C. Spheroidization D. Atmospheric corrosion
D. Metal dusting
227. _________ is a loss in toughness due to metallurgical C
222. ___________ is a form of cracking that results when B change that can occur in alloys containing a ferrite
certain molten metals come in contact with specific phase, as a result of exposure in the temperature
alloys. Cracking can be very sudden and brittle in range 600°F to 1000°F.
nature.
A. Caustic embrittlement
A. SCC B. Notch toughness
B. LME C. 885°F embrittlement
C. AET D. Ductile embrittlement
D. SOHIC
228. ____________ is a mechanical form of degradation that B
223. ___________ is a form of damage found mostly in older C occurs when a component is exposed to cyclical
vintage carbon steels and C-0.5 Mo low alloy steels stresses for a extended period, often resulting in
under the combined effects of deformation and aging sudden unexpected failure.
at an intermediate temperature.
A. Stress fatigue
A. Spheroidization B. Mechanical fatigue
B. Thermal fatigue C. Thermal fatigue
C. Strain aging D. Cyclic fatigue.
D. None of the above.
229. ___________ is a selective corrosion mechanism in which B 234. ___________ is surface initiated cracks caused by C
one or more constituents of an alloy are environmental cracking of 300 Series SS and some
preferentially attacked leaving a lower density often nickel based alloys under the combined action of
porous structure. tensile stress, temperature and aqueous chloride
environment. The presence of dissolved oxygen
A. Phenol corrosion increases the propensity for cracking.
B. Dealloying
C. Carburization A. SSC
D. Preferentially weld attack B. SOHIC
C. CI SCC
230. __________ is most likely found in hard welds and heat D
D. HIC
affected zones and in high strength components.
235. ___________ is the main concern during start-up, D
A. SOHIC shutdown and/or hydro testing for equipment/piping
B. HIC operating at elevated temperatures. This event can
C. Carburization also occur in an auto refrigeration event in units
D. SSC processing light hydrocarbons.
231. ____________ is most likely found on hard weld and heat- B
A. Stress fracture
affected zones and in high strength components.
B. Carburization
C. Spheroidization
A. HIC
D. Brittle fracture
B. SSC
C. SOHIC 236. ___________ is the primary alloying agent that affects A
D. Blistering resistance to oxidation.
232. ___________ is often found in piping and equipment that C
A. Chromium
handles caustic, including H²S and mercaptan removal
B. Molybdenum
units, as well as equipment that handles caustic,
C. Silicon
including H²S and mercaptan removal unit, as well as
D. Aluminum
equipment that uses caustic for neutralization in
sulfuric acid and HF acid units. 237. ________ is the reduction in toughness due to D
metallurgical change that can occur in some low alloy
A. Carburization steel as a result of long-term exposure in the
B. Sulfide corrosion temperature range of about 650°F to 1100°F.
C. Caustic embrittlement
D. Hydrogen cracking A. Hardening
B. Graphitization
233. ____________ is similar to HIC but is a potentially more B
C. Spheroidization
damaging form of cracking which appears as arrays of
D. Temper embrittlement
cracks stacked on top of each other. The result is a
through thickness crack that is perpendicular to the 238. _________ is the result of cyclic stress caused by B
surface and is driven by high levels of stress. variation in temperature.
A. MIC A. Creep
B. SOHIC B. Thermal fatigue
C. Sulfuric SCC C. Cyclic cracking
D. None of the above D. Stress corrosion cracking
239. ___________ is the result of cyclic stresses caused by D
variation in temperature.
A. Cyclic cracking
B. Stress cracking
C. Stress fatigue
D. Thermal fatigue
240. ______ is the sudden rapid fracture under stress C 246. Lean amine is generally not corrosive because they C
(residual or applied) where the material exhibits little either have low conductivity and/or high pH. Corrosion
or no evidence of ductility or plastic deformation. rates increase with increasing temperature,
particularly in rich amine service. Temperatures above
A. Thermal fatigue ___________ can result in acid gas flashing and severe
B. Thermal shock localized corrosion.
C. Brittle fracture
D. Stress fracture A. 170°F
B. 190°F
241. _________ is usually found in aqueous environments or A
C. 220°F
services where water is sometimes or always present,
D. 240°F
especially where stagnant or low-flow conditions
allow the growth of microorganisms. 247. The level of creep damage is a function of the C
material and the coincident _______ level at which the
A. MIC creep deformation occurs.
B. HIC
C. SOHIC A. Pressure/Temperature
D. None of the above B. Pressure/Stress
C. Temperature/Stress
242. ___________ is when oxygen reacts with carbon steel and B
other alloys at high temperature converting the metal
to oxide scale. 248. The "L" grade of stainless steel will sensitize if C
exposed more than several hours above _________ or
A. High temperature corrosion long term above _________.
B. Oxidation
C. Dealloying A. 1200°F, 800°F
D. Thermal fatigue B. 1000°F, 600°F
C. 1000°F, 750°F
243. It is generally accepted that stresses approaching B
D. 1100°F, 800°F
_________ are required for SCC to occur so that thermal
stress relief is effective in preventing caustic SCC. 249. Liquid metal embrittlement can occur if 300 Series SS C
comes in contact with molten __________.
A. MAWP
B. Yield A. Copper
C. Creep range B. Mercury
D. Critical C. Zinc
D. Lead
244. Key factors affecting thermal fatigue are the D
magnitude of the_______________ and the ____________. 250. Localized corrosion due to the concentration of B
caustic or alkaline salts that usually occurs under
a. temperature; rate (speed of rise) evaporative conditions is ____________.
b. equipment size; complexity (intricacy of
construction) A. Carbonate corrosion
c. stress loading; size (increase, decrease of loads) B. Caustic corrosion
d. temperature swing; frequency (number of cycles) C. Alkaline Corrosion
245. Key factors affecting thermal fatigue are the A
magnitude of the temperature and the _________. 251. A loss in ductility of high steels due to penetration of D
atomic hydrogen can lead to brittle cracking
A. Number of cycles hydrogen embrittlement. Which of the following
B. Pressure materials is susceptible to HE.
C. Stress
D. Alloy composition A. Carbon Steel
B. 400 Series SS
C. low alloy steel
D. All of the above
252. The loss in strength from spheroidization (Softening) is A 259. Major factors affecting sulfidation are alloy C
usually accompanied by a(n) _________ in ductility, which composition, temperature and concentration of
allows for deformation at stress concentration. _________ corrosive compounds.
A. Increase a.water
B. Decrease b. hydrogen
C. Reduction c. sulfur
D. Yield d. ammonia
253. Low alloy steels contain a maximum of ______ chrome. D 260. Many thermal fatigue cracks are filled with: C
A. 5% A. chlorides
B. 6% B. hydroslime
C. 7.5% C. oxides
D. 9% D. sulfides
254. Low Creep ductility is ______ prevalent at the lower A 261. ________ material sections also have a ________ resistance B
temperatures in the creep range. Or low stresses in to brittle fracture due to higher constraint, which
the upper creep range. increases triaxial stresses at the crack tip.
A. More A. Thinner, lower

B. Less B. Thicker, Lower
C. Equally C. Thinner, Higher
D. None of the above D. Thicker, Higher
255. Low creep ductility is _________ severe in high tensile A 262. Mechanical fatigue can cause cracks that initiate from A
strength materials and welds. the surface and often form a:
A. More A. Clam shell appearance

B. Less B. Snail shell appearance
C. Usually C. Turtle shell appearance
D. Not D. None of the above
256. The major factors affecting high temperature A 263. Mechanical fatigue is caused by: A
sulfidation are the temperature, the presence of
hydrogen, the concentration of H²S and the __________. A. cyclic stresses occurring over a long period of time
B. Higher than average stresses at high temperatures
A. Alloy content C. Constant stresses occurring at low temperatures
B. Velocity D. Cyclic operating conditions of bird poop, then rain
C. Pressure etc.
D. Water content
264. Metal dusting is preceded by ________ and is B
257. The major factors affecting high temperature C characterized by rapid metal wastage.
sulfidation are the temperature, the presence of
hydrogen, the H²S concentration and the _________. A. Decarburization
B. Carburization
A. Pressure C. Graphitization
B. Stress D. None of the above
C. Alloy composition
265. Metallic components form a surface _________ when B
D. Velocity
exposed to sulfur compounds. This may react with air
258. Major factors affecting sulfidation are alloy D (oxygen) and moisture to form sulfur acids (polythionic
composition, temperature and _________. acid).
A. Time A. Oxide
B. Stress B. Sulfide scale
C. Concentration of hydrogen C. Sulfate scale
D. Concentration of Sulfur D. Caustic scale
266. MIC is often characterized by _________ within pits in D 273. The most common method used for monitoring C
carbon steel. underground structures is measuring the structure to
soil __________ using dedicated reference electrodes
A. Oxide near the structure.
B. Tubercles
C. Worm Holes A. Resistivity
D. Cup shaped pits B. Corrosiveness
C. Potential
267. MIC is often found in _________, bottom water storage B
D. Electrolyte
tanks, piping with stagnant or low flow and piping in
contact with some soils. 274. The most important factors affecting graphitization B
are the chemistry, stress, temperature and ______.
A. Vessels
B. Heat exchangers A. Velocity
C. Drums B. Time at exposure
D. All of the above C. Pressure
D. Ductility
268. A minimum of ________ to _______ molybdenum is needed C
in alloy to resist naphthenic acid corrosion. 275. NAC may be found in hot hydrocarbon streams A
downstream of the crude and vacuum units, ___________
A. 2%, 3% any hydrogen mix point.
B. 1½%, 2½%
C. 2%, 2½% A. Upstream of
D. 1%, 2% B. Downstream of
C. Adjacent to
269. Mitigation of CUI is best achieved by __________. C
D. Around
A. A properly documented inspection program. 276. Naphthenic acid corrosion is a form of high D
B. A properly installed insulation system. temperature corrosion that occurs primarily in crude
C. A properly applied coating system and vacuum units and downstream units that process
D. A properly documented NDE program. certain fractions that contain naphthenic acid. Which
of the following materials is susceptible to naphthenic
270. The more noble material, called the __________, is B
acid corrosion?
protected by sacrificial corrosion of the more active
material, called ____________. The more active metal
A. Carbon steel
corrodes at a higher rate than it would if it were not
B. 300 Series SS
connected tot he more noble metal.
C. 400 Series SS
D. All of the above
A. Anode, Cathode
B. Cathode, Anode 277. Naphthenic acid corrosion is most severe in __________ B
C. Alpha, Omega flow; in areas of high velocity or turbulence and in
D. None of the above distillation towers where hot vapors condense to form
liquid droplets.
271. Most brittle failures appear as: D
A. Single phase
A. Branched cracking
B. Two phase
B. Intergranular cracking
C. Three phase
C. Ductile tears
D. Negative phase
D. Cleavage
278. Naphthenic acid is ______ by catalytic reactions on B
272. Most Brittle failures occur: A
downstream hydro processing and FCC units.
A. Below the impact transition temperature
A. Enhanced
B. On thinner materials
B. Destroyed
C. On "Clean" steel
C. Concentrated
D. While in operation at elevated temperatures
D. Diluted
279. Nickel based alloys usually contain _______ nickel. A 285. __________ of the amine system is the most effective B
way to prevent amine corrosion.
A. >30%
B. >20% A. Proper concentration
C. >10% B. Proper operation
D. >12% C. Proper design
D. Proper startup
280. Nitriding begins above _________ and becomes severe B
above ________. 286. Once cracking from LME has occurred, grinding out B
the affected area ______ an acceptable fix.
A. 500°F, 800°F
B. 600°F, 900°F A. Is
C. 800°F, 1000°F B. Is not
D. 700°F, 1100°F C. Can be
D. Cannot be
281. Nitriding is usually confined to the surface of most A
components and will have a dull, ________ appearance. 287. Oxidation of carbon steel begins to become C
In more advanced stages, the material will exhibit very significant above ________.
hard surface hardness.
A. 800°F
A. Gray B. 900°F
B. Black C. 1000°F
C. Brown D. 1100°F
D. White
288. Oxygen and iron in the water injected into reactor A
282. Nitriding layers are magnetic. Therefore, _________ A effluent can lead to __________ corrosion and fouling.
should be checked for magnetism as an initial
screening for nitriding. A. Increased
B. Decreased
A. 300 Series SS C. Substantial
B. 400 Series SS D. Minimal
C. Duplex SS
289. Permanent deformation occurring at relatively low D
D. Low alloy steel.
stress levels as a result of localized overheating is
283. Non-stressed relieved _________ is susceptible to stress B called _______.
corrosion cracking when in contact with moist HF
vapors in the presence of oxygen. A. Stress cracking
B. Brittle fracture
A. Carbon steel C. Temper embrittlement
B. Alloy 400 D. Stress rupture
C. 300 Series SS
290. Phosphoric acid corrosion is usually found in ________ B
D. 400 Series SS
areas.
284. __________ of a component is the most important factor A
in determining a components resistance to mechanical A. High velocity
fatigue. B. Low Velocity
C. High temperature
A. Design D. Low temperature
B. Temperature
291. The presence of _________ can destabilize the scale and D
C. Stress
turn it into a non protective scale.
D. Pressure
A. H²S
B. O²
C. H²
D. H²O
292. The presence of _______ in H²S streams increases the B 298. Proper application of ________ will control but not C
severity of high temperature sulfide corrosion at eliminate microbes that cause MIC so that continued
temperature above about 500°F treatment is necessary.
A. Amine A. Ozone
B. Hydrogen B. Caustic
C. Sulfides C. Biocides
D. All of the above D. None of the above
293. The presence of what other element increases the B 299. Protection in a boiler from boiler feed water corrosion D
propensity for CI SCC cracking? is accomplished by:
a. Carbon dioxide. A. Injecting chlorines to kill microbiological bugs

b. Oxygen. B. Injecting caustic to lower the pH to <4.0
c. Carbon monoxide. C. Lowering solids content in boiler feed water to less
d. Nitrogen. than 50 ppm.
D. Maintaining a protective corrosion layer of
294. Preventative measures to minimize the potential for D
magnetite (Fe304)
brittle fracture in existing equipment are limited to
controlling ________ and _________, minimizing pressure at 300. PWHT is _____________ in preventing caustic SCC. A
ambient temperatures during start-up and shutdown
and periodic inspections at high stress locations. A. Effective
B. Not effective
A. Temperature, stress C. Not practical
B. Stress, pressure D. None of the above
C. Velocity, stress
301. A quick test for embrittlement from _________ is a bend A
D. Temperature, pressure
test or crush test. Unaffected material will be crushed
295. Primarily hot-wall piping and equipment in the C in a ductile fashion while embrittled components will
following units can be affected by graphitization. FCC, crack with no signs of ductility.
catalytic reformer and ________.
A. Titanium Hydriding
A. Hydrotreater B. Temper embrittlement
B. Hydrocracker C. Caustic embrittlement
C. Coker D. None of the above
D. Alky
302. The rate of creep deformation is a function of the A
296. The primary factors affecting high temperature B material, load and temperature. The rate of damage is
oxidation are metal temperature and ______. sensitive to both load and temperature. Generally, an
increase of about _____ or an increase of _________ on
A. Pressure stress can cut the remaining life in half.
B. Alloy composition
C. Stress A. 25°F, 15%
D. Oxygen B. 50°F, 10%
C. 50°F, 15%
297. A prime location for erosion is: A
D. 25°F, 10%
A. In catalyst piping 303. Refractory anchor material must be compatible with C
B. Downstream of a gate valve the _________ of the base metal.
C. Any superheated steam piping
D. Upstream of a pump A. Composition
B. Welding
C. Thermal coefficient
D. Ductility
304. Refractory anchors must be resistant to _________ in D 310. The removal of surface material by impacting materials A
high temperature services. is called:
A. Thermal fatigue A. Erosion

B. Thermal cracking B. Erosion-corrosion
C. Stress cracking C. Erosion or erosion-corrosion
D. Oxidation D. IPC (imparting particle corrosion)
305. Refractory lined equipment should be designed for B 311. Resistance to sulfidation increases as the : A
erosion, thermal shock and ________.
A. Chromium content in the material increases
A. Thermal fatigue B. Nickel content in the material increases
B. Thermal expansion C. Material's tensile strength decreases
C. Thermal contraction D. Material's tensile strength increases
D. All of the above
312. SCC tendency __________ towards the alkaline pH A
306. The regenerator reboiler and the regenerator are C region.
areas where the temperature and ________ of the amine
stream are the highest and can cause significant A. Decreases
corrosion problems. B. Increases
C. Remains constant
A. Pressure D. Varies
B. Stress
313. SCC usually occurs at pH values above two(2). SCC B
C. Turbulence
tendency __________ toward the alkaline pH region.
D. Concentration
307. Regular and controlled carbon grades of stainless B A. Increases
steels such as types 304/304H and 316/316H are B. Decreases
particularly susceptible to sensitization in the weld C. Stabilizes
HAZ. Low carbon "L" grades are less susceptible and D. None of the above
usually can be welded without sensitizing. The "L"
314. Sensitization occurs in the _________ to ________ range. B
grades will not sensitize provided long term operating
temperatures do not exceed about ________.
A. 800°F, 1400°F
B. 750°F, 1500°F
A. 700°F
C. 600°F, 1120°F
B. 750°F
D. 1000°F, 1750°F
C. 800°F
D. 900°F 315. The severity of hydrochloric acid corrosion _______ with B
_______ HCI concentration and increasing temperatures.
308. Reheat cracking is most frequently observed in A
__________ grained sections of a heat-affected zone.
A. Decreases, decreasing
B. Increases, increasing
A. Course
C. Decreases, increasing
B. Fine
D. Increases, decreasing
C. Dense
D. Treated 316. Short term overheating is a permanent deformation A
occurring at relatively ________ stress levels as a result
309. The removal of a materials protective scale by B
of localized overheating. This usually Results in
impacting materials is called:
bulging and failure by stress rupture.
A. Erosion
A. Low
B. Erosion-corrosion
B. High
C. Erosion or erosion-corrosion
C. Even
D. IPRSC (imparting particle removal of scale
corrosion)
317. Sigma phase in welds can be minimized by controlling D 324. Since cracking is usually surface connected, effective C
ferrite in the range of ___________ for Type 347 SS methods of inspection are:
A. 3%-5% a. WFMT and LT.

B. 5%-7% b. ET. and AE.
C. 7%-9% c. VT. MT and PT.
D. 5%-9% d. AET, ET. and RT.
318. Sigma phase occurs in Ferritic, martensitic, austenitic A 325. Smooth grooving of pipe walls is an indication that is C
and duplex stainless steel when exposed to the causative agent.
temperatures in the range of _________. a. carbon monoxide
b. oxygen
A. 538°C - 927°C c. carbon dioxide
B. 614°C - 918°C d. hydrochloric or sulfuric acids
C. 676°C - 760°C
326. SOHIC is driven by localized stresses so that ___________ A
D. 584°C - 840°C
is somewhat effective in preventing SOHIC damage.
319. Sigma phase occurs in Ferritic, martensitic, austenitic B
and duplex stainless steel when exposed to A. PWHT
temperatures in the range of _________. B. Preheat
C. Temperature
A. 850F - 1250F D. None of the above
B. 1000F - 1700F
327. Soil corrosion appears as external thinning with B
C. 950F - 1500F
localized losses due to _______.
D. 800F - 1500F
320. The signature mark of a fatigue is a _______ type D A. Resistivity
fingerprint that has concentric rings. B. Pitting
C. General corrosion
A. Eyebrow D. Potential
B. Half-moon
328. Soil corrosion of carbon steel can be minimized A
C. Radii
through the use of special backfill, coating and
D. Clam Shell
_________.
321. ___________ significantly increases the probability and C
severity of blistering, HIC and SOHIC. A. Cathodic protection
B. Resistivity
A. Hydrogen C. Temperature
B. Oxygen D. None of the above
C. Cyanide
329. Soils having high moisture, high dissolved salt C
D. Caustic
concentration and high ____________ are the most
322. __________ significantly increases the probability and B corrosive.
severity of blistering, HIC SOHIC damage.
A. Oxygen content
A. Caustic B. Resistivity
B. Cyanides C. Acidity
C. Stress D. All of the above
D. Temperature
330. Soil to Air interface areas are usually more E
323. Since all fuels contain some amount of sulfur, sulfuric C susceptible to corrosion than the rest of the structure
and sulfurous acid __________ can occur if the metal because of _________ and ___________ availability.
temperature is below this temperature.
A. Moisture
A. Corrosion B. Bacteria
B. Pitting C. Oxygen
C. Dew point corrosion D. B and C
D. All of the above E. A and C
331. Some units affected by HTHA are listed below. One B 337. SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking resulting C
of the ones listed is usually not considered a target. from the absorption of _________ that is produced by the
Pick this unit. sulfide corrosion process on the metal surface.
a. Hydrocracker.
b. Crude still. A. Sulfur dioxide
c. Catalytic Reformer. B. Hydrogen sulfide
d. Hydrotreater. C. Atomic hydrogen
D. Hydrogen chloride
332. Sour water corrosion in ___________ containing C
environments may be accompanied by carbonate 338. SSC is a form of _________ stress corrosion cracking. A
SCC.
A. Hydrogen
A. H²O B. Caustic
B. H²S C. Polythionic
C. CO² D. Alkaline
D. O²
339. Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves B
333. Spheroidization and graphitization are competing B in high temperature FCC regeneration service are
mechanism that occur at overlapping temperature susceptible areas for ____________.
ranges. Spheroidization tends to occur above _______
while graphitization predominates below this A. Brittle fracture
temperature. B. Sigma phase
C. Cavitation
A. 1000°F D. Corrosion fatigue
B. 1025°F
340. Stainless steels have higher coefficients of thermal B
C. 1050°F
expansion than carbon steel or low alloy steel or
D. 1100°F
nickel based alloys and are more likely to see ________.
334. SSC generally occurs below about _______. B
A. Higher temperatures
A. 150°F B. Higher stresses
B. 180°F C. Higher pressure
C. 210°F D. None of the above
D. 240°F
341. Stainless steels with sigma can normally withstand C
335. SSC generally occurs below about _________. C normal operating stresses but upon cooling to
temperatures below ______ may show a complete lack
A. 225°F of fracture toughness as measured by a Charpy impact
B. 200°F test.
C. 180°F
D. 150°F A. 800°F
B. 600°F
336. SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking resulting C
C. 500°F
from the absorption of atomic hydrogen that is
D. 400°F
produced by the ________ corrosion process in the
metal surface. 342. Start-up and shutdown of equipment increase the B
susceptibility of thermal fatigue. There is no limit on
A. HCl temperature swings; however, as a practical rule,
B. HF cracking may be suspected if the temperature swing
C. Sulfide exceeds about _______.
D. Wet H²S
A. 150°F
B. 200°F
C. 250°F
D. 300°F
343. A Steam actuated soot blower has condensate in the A 349. Stress levels and ________ are the critical factors C
first steam exiting the soot blower. What type of causing carbonate stress corrosion cracking.
damage can be expected to be found when the
furnace is brought down for maintenance and A. Temperature
inspection? B. Velocity
C. Water chemistry
A. Thermal fatigue D. None of the above
B. Steam blanketing
350. Stress relief and stabilization heat treatment of 300 B
C. Creep
Series SS for maximizing chloride SCC and PASCC
D. Stress rupture
resistance can cause __________ problems, especially in
344. Steam blanketing is when the heat flow balance is B thicker sections.
disturbed; individual bubbles join to form a steam
blanket, a condition known as Departure from A. Thermal fatigue
Nucleate Boiling (DNB). Once a steam blanket forms, B. Reheat cracking
tube rupture can occur rapidly, as a result of __________. C. Hydrogen
D. HIC
A. Thermal fatigue
351. Stress ruptures are characterized by _________ failures B
B. Short term overheating
and are usually accompanied by thinning at the
C. Brittle fracture
fracture surface.
D. Stress
345. Steel cleanliness and ________ have a significant C A. Rapid
influence on toughness and resistance to brittle B. Fish-mouth
fracture. C. Tensile
A. Composition
352. The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or D
B. Alloy
applied) where the material exhibits little or no
C. Grain Size
evidence of ductility or plastic deformation is called
__________.
346. Steel hardness, ________ and stress are critical factors in C
causing hydrogen stress cracking. A. 885°F
B. Temper embrittlement
A. Temperature C. Stress corrosion cracking
B. Alloy composition D. Brittle fracture
C. Strength
353. Sufidation is also known as ________. C
347. Stress corrosion cracking usually occurs at metal C A. Sulfur corrosion
temperatures above about: B. Sulfate corrosion
a. 200 F. C. Sulfidic corrosion
b. 160 F. D. None of the above
c. 140 F.
354. Sulfidation is primarily caused by _________ and other B
d. 100 F.
reactive sulfur species as a result of the thermal
348. Stresses acting on the weldment are significantly B decomposition of sulfur compounds at high
__________ when austenitic stainless steel filler metal is temperatures.
used. A nickel based filler has a coefficient of thermal
expansion closer to carbon steel resulting in a A. Sulfur dioxide
significantly lower stress at elevated temperatures. B. H²S
C. Sulfur trioxide
A. Lower D. Sulfates
B. Higher
C. Altered
355. Sulfidation is primary caused by: B 361. Sulfur and chloride species in fuel will form sulfur D
dioxide, sulfur trioxide and hydrogen chloride within
A. Impacting particles the combustion products. At low enough
B. Sulfur compounds decomposing at higher temperatures, these gases and the water Vapor in the
temperatures flue gas will condense to form ___________ acid.
C. Sulfur compounds being created in the FCCU (cat
cracking unit ) A. Hydrochloric
D. Elemental sulfur collecting in stagnate areas, e.g. B. Hyrdofluoric
dead legs. C. Sulfuric
E. Operators failing to adequately control the pH of D. Both A and C
sulfur streams.
362. Sulfur compounds react with carbon steel in high D
356. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at C temperature environments. This reaction causes
about: corrosion. The presence of____________ accelerates the
corrosion.
A. 150°F
B. 250°F a. water
C. 500°F b. carbon dioxide
D. 1100°F c. oxygen
d. hydrogen
357. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at A
metal temperature above __________. 363. Sulfuric acid promotes general and localized C
corrosion of carbon steel. Carbon steel heat affected
A. 500°F zones may experience severe corrosion. Acid
B. 600°F concentration, temperature, alloy content and _______
C. 800°F are critical factors affecting sulfuric acid corrosion.
D. 1000°F
A. Pressure
358. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at D
B. Stress
metal temperatures above
C. Velocity
a. 800°F
D. Ductility
b. 700°F
c. 600°F 364. Surface initiated cracks caused by environmental A
d. 500°F cracking of 300 Series SS and some nickel based
alloys under combined action of tensile stress,
359. Sulfidation usually creates: A
temperature and aqueous chloride environmental is
called _________. The presence of dissolved oxygen
A. Uniform corrosion
_________ the propensity for cracking.
B. Isolated pitting
C. Intergranular cracking
A. CI SCC, increases
D. Transgranular cracking
B. Stress cracking, increases
E. Hard and brittle zones
C. CI SCC, Decreases
F. Inspection mightmares
D. Stress cracking, Decreases
360. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is defined as cracking of D
365. Susceptibility of an alloy to sulfidation is determined B
metal under the combined action of tensile stress and
by its ability to form protective _____________.
corrosion in the presence of ___________ and ___________.
A. Oxide scales
A. Sulfur, Oxide
B. Sulfide scales
B. Hydrogen, water
C. Carbide scales
C. H²S, Oxygen
D. Water, H²S
366. Susceptibility to hydrogen stress cracking __________ D 372. Temper embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is B
with _________ hardness. not readily apparent and can be confirmed through
_________.
A. Increases, increasing
B. Decreases, increasing A. Metallographic examination
C. Decreases, Decreasing B. Impact testing
D. Both A and C C. Metallography
367. Susceptibility to sulfidation is determined by the C
_______ of the material. 373. __________ testing is the best method to determine the A
susceptibility of a material to hydrogen stress
A. Corrosion resistance cracking.
B. Tensile strength
C. Chemical composition A. Hardness
D. Yield Strength B. Acoustic
C. SWUT
368. Susceptibility to temper embrittlement is largely C
D. AUT
determined by the presence of the alloying elements
manganese and _______. 374. There is currently no known metal alloy that is B
immune to _________ under all conditions.
A. Chromium
B. Moly A. Carburization
C. Silicon B. Metal dusting
D. None of the above C. Decarburization
369. Temperature, ___________ and stress are critical factors C
of stress rupture. This is usually found in furnaces with 375. Thermal fatigue becomes of concern if the C
cooking tendencies and fired heater tubes. temperature swings exceed:
A. Pressure A. 50°F
B. Ductility B. 100°F
C. Time C. 200°F
D. Tensile strength D. 400°F
370. Temper embrittlement ____________ be prevented if the B 376. Thermal fatigue cracks propagate ____________ to the C
material contains critical levels of embrittling impurity stress and are usually dagger shaped, transgranular
elements and is exposed in the embrittlement range. and oxide-filled.
A. Can A. Axial
B. Cannot B. Diagonal
C. Will C. Transverse
D. None of the above D. Angular
371. Temper embrittlement can be identified by a(n) A 377. Thermal fatigue cracks usually: A
________ shift in the ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature measured in a Charpy impact test. A. initiate on the surface of the component
B. Initiate in the subsurface of the component
A. Upward C. Grow very rapidly (at the speed of sound in the
B. Downward material)
C. Abrupt D. Are very tight and narrow
378. Thermal fatigue cracks usually initiate on the _______ of A 384. Three types of equipment with mechanical loading C
the component. They are generally wide and filled that are affected by mechanical fatigue cracking are
with oxides due to the elevated temperatures. listed below. One of the four items listed below is not
correct. Pick the incorrect item.
A. Surface
B. ID a. Rotating shafts on centrifugal pumps that have
C. Welds stress concentrations due to key ways.
D. None of the above b. Small diameter piping that vibrates because of
adjacent equipment.
379. Thermal fatigue cracks usually propagate ________ to C
c. Large, heavy, cast steel compressor cases.
the stress and they are usually dagger-shaped.
d. High pressure drop control valves or steam
reducing stations that have serious vibration problems
A. Parallel
B. Diagonal 385. Time to failure by thermal fatigue is primarily affected B
C. Transverse by:
D. Across
A. Magnitude of stress and operating temperature
380. Thermal fatigue damage is in the form of cracking that B
B. Magnitude of stress and number of cycles
may occur anywhere in a metallic component where
C. Carbon content in material and operating
relative movement is constrained, particularly under
temperature
repeated ________.
D. Carbon content in material and number of cycles.
A. Cyclic stresses 386. Titanium Hydriding damage occurs primarily in sour D
B. Thermal cycling water strippers and amine units in the overhead
C. Pressure variations condensers, heat exchanger tubes and other titanium
D. All of the above equipment operating above ________.
381. Thermal fatigue is caused by: A
A. 300°F
B. 270°F
A. Cyclic stresses that come from temperature
C. 210°F
variations
D. 165°F
B. Long term operation at elevated temperatures
C. Excessive thermal growth 387. Titanium should not be used in known hydriding B
D. Hours of physical activity during a hot summer day services such as ______ or _____.
382. Three factors when critically combined tend to cause C
A. Caustic, amine
brittle fracture. Which of the four factors
B. Amine, sour water
listed below does not belong?
C. Sour water, Alkylation
a. The material's fracture toughness (resistant to crack
D. All of the above
like flaws) is low.
b. The size, shape and stress concentration of a flaw 388. To prevent carburization, select alloys with strong D
tends to lead to failure. surface oxide or sulfide film former such as _________.
c. The temperature is high enough to induce failure.
d. The amount of residual and applied stresses on the A. Silicon
flaw is enough to cause fracture. B. Molybdenum
C. Aluminum
383. Three of the steels listed below are susceptible to B
D. Both A and C
brittle fracture. Pick the one that is not.
389. To prevent hydrogen embrittlement, use lower C
a. Carbon steel. strength steels and __________ to temper the
b. 300 series of stainless steels. microstructure, improve ductility and reduce residual
c. Low alloy steel. stress.
d. 400 series of stainless steels
A. Alloys
B. Preheat
C. PWHT
D. All of the above
390. Type 304L SS is satisfactory for phosphoric acid D 396. Vessels constructed after December, 1987 are D
concentration of 100% up to about ___________. Type subject to the requirements of _________ of ASME
316L is required from there to 225°F. Section VIII, Division 1.
A. 140°F A. UW-26
B. 150°F B. UG-31
C. 100°F C. UB-54
D. 120°F D. UCS-66
391. Typical HF Alkylation units operate with 1% to 3% D 397. Vibration-induced fatigue can be eliminated or C
water in the acid, equivalent to an HF-in-water reduced through _________ and the use of supports
concentration of 97% to 99% and the temperatures and vibration dampening equipment. Material
are generally below __________. upgrades are not usually a solution.
A. 300°F A. Hangers
B. 250°F B. Dummy legs
C. 200°F C. Design
D. 150°F D. None of the above
392. Units where graphitization may be suspected are the B 398. Ways to prevent thermal fatigue include stress smooth
FCCU and the _______ unit. concentrators by making _________________
transitions at places where the wall thickness
A. Hydrotreater changes.
B. Coker
399. Weld heat affected zone graphitization is most B
C. Alky
frequently found in the heat affected zone
adjacent to welds in narrow band, corresponding
393. __________ usually occurs when a colder liquid contact a C to the low temperature edge of the heat
warmer metal surface. affected zone, in multi-pass welded butt joints,
these zones overlap each other covering the
A. Brittle fracture entire cross section. Because of its appearance,
B. Thermal fatigue this type of graphitization is called ____________.
C. Thermal shock
D. Stress rupture A. Half-moon
B. Eyebrow
394. __________ usually occurs when a colder liquid contact a C
C. Radii
warmer metal surface.
A. Stress cracking 400. Welds joining dissimilar materials (ferritic and B
B. Thermal fatigue austenetic) may suffer ___________ related damage
C. Thermal shock at high temperature due to thermal expansion
D. Stress shock stresses.
395. A vacuum tower operating at 740°F is being entered C
A. Stress
to inspect. Several sets of Type 410 SS trays are bent
B. Creep
at various angles. The trays are removed in order to
C. Fatigue
straighten them. When an attempt is made to
D. Thermal stress
straighten them cracks form at the bends. What type
of damage mechanism would cause the cracks to 401. Wet H²S services or ___________ acid services are A
form? process where hydrogen diffuses into the steel
and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is an issue.
A. Hydrogen embrittlement
B. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking A. HF
C. 885°F embrittlement B. Sulfuric
D. High temperature corrosion C. Caustic
D. HCL
402. What alloying element determines the resistance of B 410. What is the typical erosion-corrosion rate in mpy of B
an alloy to sulfidation? Monel immersed in a seawater flume with the
seawater traveling over it at 4 fps?
a. Nickel.
b. Chrome. a. 0.2 mpy
c. Low carbon. b. <0.2mpy
d. Columbium. c. 1 mpy
d. 0.3 mpy
403. What determines the likelihood and severity of A
corrosion for flue gas dew point corrosion? 411. What kind of steel is not susceptible to SCC? C
a. concentration of sulfur and chlorides in the fuel.
b. an excess of vanadium in the fuel. a. AISI Type 347 SS.
c. condensation of hydrofluoric acid. b. AISI Type 316 SS.
d. none of the above. c. Carbon steel.
d. Duplex SS
404. What determines the susceptibility of an alloy to A
sulfidation? 412. What materials are affected most by atmospheric D
corrosion?
a. Its ability to form protective sulfide scales.
b. The amount of nickel present. a. Nickel200, Inconel, and Incoloy.
c. The ability to resist erosion. b. Monel, Titanium, Duranickelalloy 301.
d. The capability to avoid graphitic decomposition. c. 300series stainless steels, and cast iron.
d. Carbon steel, low alloy steels, and copper alloyed
405. What is not a proven method for the detection of B
aluminum.
HTHA damage?
a. VT. 413. What materials are usually affected by CUI? D
b. AET.
c. WFMT. a. Cast iron, Nickel 2OO, and Aluminum.
d. RT b. Titanium, Duranickel alloy 301, and Copper nickel.
c. Monel, incoloy, and inconel.
406. What is the atmospheric corrosionrate if carbon steel D
d. Carbon steel, low alloy steels, 300 series and
is exposed in a dry rural environment?
duplex stainless steels.
a. <4 mpy
b. <3 mpy 414. What method is most used to assure boiler feed water D
c. <2 mpy corrosion is not occurring?
d. <1 mpy
A. Spot UT readings at turbulent areas
407. What is the chemical symbol for butane of butylenes? C
B. Profile RT at turbulent areas
C. Profile RT and stagnant
A. C²
D. Laboratory analysis of boiler feedwater
B. C3
C. C4 415. What percent of chlorides is safe for exposure to 300 D
D. CH4 series stainless steel?
408. What is the chemical symbol for ethane or ethylene? A
a.15%
b.10%
A. C²
c.5%
B. C3
d.O%
C. C4
D. CH4 416. What standard refers to Fitness-For-Service B
evaluations?
409. What is the chemical symbol for propane or B
propylene?
A. RP 581
B. RP 579
A. C²
C. RP 588
B. C3
D.RP 568
C. C4
D. CH4
417. What standard refers to Risk-Based-Inspection? A 424. What type of on stream inspection method can detect B
the loss of refractory on an operating unit?
A. RP 581
B. RP 579 a. Visual inspection.
C. RP 588 b. Infrared scan.
D. RP 568 c. Ultrasonic scan.
d. Eddy current scan.
418. What structure is 304 stainless steel? B
425. What type of unit suffers severe erosion-corrosion D
A. Martensitic due to exposure to naphthenic acids in
B. Austenitic some crude oil?
C. Duplex
D. Ferritic a. Catalytic Reformer Reactor piping.
b. FCCU Fractionator overhead lines.
419. What structure is 409 stainless steel? D
c. Hydroprocessing reactor effluent piping.
d. Crude and Vacuum unit piping and vessels.
A. Martensitic
B. Austenitic 426. What usually causes corrosion in boiler feedwater and D
C. Duplex condensate return systems?
D. Ferritic
a. Corrosion pitting is the result of dezincification of
420. What structure is 410 stainless steel? A
the tubes.
b. Corrosion is the result of dissolved heavy water
A. Martensitic
(020) and carbon monoxide (CO).
B. Austenitic
c. Corrosion is the result of HCI and H2SO4in the
C. Duplex
system.
D. Ferritic
d. Corrosion is the result of dissolved gases, oxygen
421. What test is used to determine a materials's A and carbon dioxide.
toughness?
427. When carbon is absorbed into a material at elevated B
temperatures while in contact with a carbonaceous
A. Charpy impact test
substance it is called carburization. Temperatures
B. Guided Bend test
usually have to be above __________ for this to occur.
C. Tension Test
D. Physical fitness test
A. 1000°F
422. What treatment is used to prevent boiler feed water B B. 1100°F
corrosion? C. 1200°F
D. 1400°F
A. Oxide scavengers are added to process
428. When caustic stress corrosion cracking is a concern, B
B. Oxygen scavengers are added to process
steam out of ___________ carbon steel piping and
C. Sulfide scavengers are added to process
equipment should be avoided.
D. Sulfur scavengers are added to process
423. What type damage is caused by thermal fatigue? B A. PWHT
B. Non-PWHT
a. Damage is in the form of severe oxidation and C. Ferritic
scaling. D. Hardened
b. Damage is in the form of cracking anywhere a
429. When connected to a more anodic material, titanium B
movement or expansion is constrained.
may suffer severe __________.
c. Damage is in the form of tensile separation of high
stressed parts of equipment.
A. Corrosion
d. Damage is in the form of bending of parts that are
B. Hydriding
highly stressed.
C. Stress
D. Notch toughness
430. Where is PASCC normally located? A 437. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the A
most aggressive in causing amine corrosion?
A. Adjacent to welds
B. On impellers A. Monoethanolamine (MEA)
C. At stress risers B. Diglycolamine (DGA)
D. At flanges C. Diethanolamine (DEA)
D. Methydiethanolamine (MDEA)
431. Which API RP recommends programs to monitor B
small-bore piping, flange faces, blistering and 438. Which of the following are affected by sulfidation? D
HIC/SOHIC if HF alky units?
A. Carbon steel
A. 574 B. 300 Series SS
B. 751 C. 400 Series SS
C. 571 D. All of the above
D. 980
439. Which of the following are susceptible to thermal D
432. Which if the following materials are subject to D fatigue?
mechanical fatigue?
A. SA-516-70
A. Carbon steels B. SA-182 Gr B
B. Stainless steels C. SA-53 Gr B
C. Low alloy steels D. All of the above
D. All of the above
440. Which of the following can be affected by 885°F E
433. Which material below is not susceptible to caustic B Embrittlement?
corrosion?
A. 410 SS
A. Carbon steel B. 430 SS
B. 400 Series SS C. 308 SS
C. 300 Series SS D. Alloy 2205
D. Low alloy steel E. A,B and D
434. Which material does not have endurance limit? C 441. Which of the following does not increase the D
likelihood of atmospheric corrosion?
A. Non-normalized carbon steel
B. Normalized carbon steel A. Bird poop
C. Stainless Steel B. Increasing annual rainfalls
D. Titanium C. Locations where moisture
D. Increasing operating pressures
435. Which of following materials are not susceptible to C
E. Increasing amounts of airborne contaminates
hydrogen stress cracking?
442. Which of the following is not a critical factor that B
A. Carbon steel contributes to a brittle fracture?
B. Low alloy steel
C. Stainless steel A. The material's fracture toughness
D. None of the above B. Maximum operating temperature
C. Stress concentration at at flaw
436. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the D
D. Magnitude of the residual stresses
least aggressive in causing amine corrosion?
443. Which of the following is not a major factor associated A
A. Monoethanolamine (MEA) with boiler water condensate corrosion?
B. Diglycolamine (DGA)
C. Diethanolamine (DEA) A. Operating pressure
D. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) B. Oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide content
D. Process pH
E. Temperature
444. Which of the following is not a major factor associated B 450. Which of the following materials are affected by B
with corrosion by sulfidation? mechanical fatigue cracking?
A. Alloy composition A. Only carbon steel

B. Operating pressure B. Only carbon steel and chromes
C. Operating temperature C. Only carbon steel and high nickel alloys
D. Sulfur content D. All materials
445. Which of the following is not a method used to A 451. Which of the following materials are generally not D
prevent brittle fracture? suitable for HF service?
A. Thorough inspections A. 300 Series SS

B. Strict controls on selecting construction materials B. Carbon Steel
C. Post weld heat treatment C. 400 Series SS
D. Controlling minimum operating temperatures D. Both A and C
446. Which of the following is not a primary factor B 452. Which of the following materials are susceptible to D
contributing to erosion-corrosion? nitriding?
A. Impact angle (angle that impacting particles strike A. Carbon Steel

metal) B. 300 Series SS
B. Tensile strength of the metal C. 400 Series SS
C. Velocity of impacting particles D. All of the above
D. Corrosiveness of the environment.
453. Which of the following materials are susceptible to D
447. Which of the following is not a prime candidate for D polythionic acid SCC?
thermal fatigue?
A. 300 Series SS
A. Coke drums B. Alloy 600
B. Steam actuated soot blowers C. Alloy 800
C. Mix points of hot and cold streams D. All of the above
D. 600 psig steam piping
454. Which of the following materials are the least D
E. Welds joining materials having different coefficients
susceptible to caustic embrittlement?
of expansion
448. Which of the following is not primary factor E A. Carbon steel
contributing to erosion? B. Stainless steel
C. 9Cr-0.5Mo
A. Impact angle (angle that impacting particles strike D. Nickel base alloys
metal)
455. Which of the following materials is affected by high D
B. Size if impacting particles
temperature corrosion?
C. Velocity of impacting particles
D. Density of impacting particles
A. Carbon Steel
E. Corrosiveness of the environment.
B. 300 Series SS
449. Which of the following is not primary initiating point B C. 400 Series SS
for thermal fatigue? D. All of the above
456. Which of the following materials is least affected by C
A. Notches
atmospheric corrosion?
B. Rounded pits
C. Nozzle-to-shell welds
A. Carbon steel
D. Weld toes
B. Chromes
C. Stainless steels
D. Copper alloyed with alumimum
457. Which of the following materials is least effected by C 464. Which of the following metals is the most anodic? A
brittle fracture?
A. Zinc
A. Carbon Steel B. Carbon Steel
B. Chromes C. Nickel
C. 300 Series stainless steels D. Monel
D. 400 Series stainless steel
465. Which of the methods are effective for finding D
E. All Stainless steels
thermal fatigue cracks?
458. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to A
CI SCC? A. MT
B. PT
A. 400 Series SS C. VT
B. Duplex SS D. All of the above
C. Nickel based alloys
466. Which of these cast irons are not susceptible to C
D. All of the above
graphitic corrosion?
459. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to D
high temperature hydrogen attack? A. Gray cast iron
B. Black cast iron
A. 300 Series SS C. White cast iron
B. 5Cr-1Mo D. None of the above
C. 9Cr-1Mo
467. Which of these materials are not susceptible to D
D. All of the above
PASCC?
460. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to D
SCC? A. Carbon steel
B. 300 Series SS
A. Carbon steel C. 400 Series SS
B. 300 Series SS D. Both A and C
C. Low alloy steel
468. Which of these materials are not susceptible to C
D. Both A and C
Spheroidization?
461. Which of the following materials is susceptible to D
carburization? A. Carbon Steel
B. 9Cr-1Mo
A. Low alloy steels C. 316 SS
B. 300 Series SS D. Both A and B
C. 400 Series SS
469. Which of these materials are susceptible to brittle D
D. All of the above
fracture?
462. Which of the following materials is susceptible to CO² A
corrosion? A. Carbon steels
B. Low alloy steels
A. Carbon steel C. 400 Series SS
B. Stainless steel D. All of the above
C. Duplex stainless steel
470. Which of these materials are susceptible to creep D
D. Both B and C
damage?
463. Which of the following materials is susceptible to C
sigma phase embrittlement? A. Carbon Steel
B. Stainless Steel
A. Carbon Steel C. Low alloy steel
B. Low alloy D. All of the above
C. 300 Series SS
D. Both A and B
471. Which of these materials exhibit an endurance limit A 478. With CO² corrosion, increasing temperature ________ B
below which fatigue cracking will not occur? corrosion rates up to the point where CO² is
vaporized.
A. Carbon Steel
B. 300 Series SS A. Decrease
C. 400 Series SS B. Increase
D. None of the above C. Eliminate
472. Which of these materials is not susceptible to amine D
cracking? 479. With cooling water corrosion, _________ oxygen content A
tends to _______ carbon steel corrosion rates.
A. Carbon steel
B. 300 Series SS A. Increasing, increase
C. 400 Series SS B. Decreasing, decrease
D. Both B and C C. Decreasing, increase
D. Increasing, decrease
473. Which of these materials is susceptible to 885°F D
embrittlement? 480. With creep, increased stress due to loss in thickness B
from corrosion will _________ time to failure.
A. 400 Series SS
B. Duplex SS A. Increase
C. 5Cr-1Mo B. Reduce
D. Both A and B C. Not affect
474. With 885°F embrittlement, increasing amounts of C
_______ increase susceptibility to damage when 481. With CUI, corrosion rates ________ with increasing metal B
operating in the high temperature range of concern. temperatures up to the point where the water
evaporates quickly.
A. Chromium
B. Hardness A. Decrease
C. Ferrite B. Increase
D. Hydrogen C. Stay the same
475. With ammonia stress corrosion cracking weld hardness B
should not exceed _______ BHN. 482. With decarburization, the decarburized layer will be C
free of carbide phases. Carbon steel will be _________.
A. 237
B. 225 A. Annealed
C. 235 B. Quenched
D. 218 C. Pure Iron
476. With chloride stress corrosion cracking, ___________ B
temperatures ____________ the susceptibility for cracking. 483. With HF acid corrosion, oxygen contamination A
__________ the corrosion rate of carbon steel and
A. Decreasing, Increases promotes accelerated corrosion and SCC of Alloy
B. Increasing, Increases 400.
C. Increasing, Decreases
D. Decreasing, Eliminates A. Increases
B. Decreases
477. With CI SCC, _________ levels of chloride _______ the C
C. Maintains
likelihood of cracking.
D. Elimanates
A. Decreasing, Increases
B. Increasing, Decreases
C. Increasing, Increases
D. Increasing, Eliminates
484. With high temperature hydrogen attack, ________ using a B 490. With sour water corrosion, streams with a pH below D
combination of velocity ratio and backscatter have ________ indicate the presence of a strong acid.
been the most successful in finding cracking.
A. 7.0
A. MT B. 5.5
B. UT C. 6.0
C. RT D. 4.5
D. EC
491. With steam blanketing, failure occurs as a result of C
485. With high temperature sulfide corrosion (sulfidization), A _______ in the tube from the internal steam pressure at
noticeable increases may be found downstream of the elevated temperature.
________ injection points.
A. Stress risers
A. Hydrogen B. Velocity
B. Caustic C. Hoop stress
C. Ammonia D. Tensile strength
D. Water
492. With sulfidation, the presence of oxygen _________ A
486. With hydrofluoric acid corrosion, corrosion rates A corrosion.
increase with ________ temperatures and ________ HF
concentrations. A. Increases
B. Decreases
A. Increasing, decreasing C. Has not effect on
B. Decreasing, increasing D. Stops
C. Increasing, increasing
493. With sulfuric acid corrosion, alloys such as Alloy 20 C
D. Decreasing, decreasing
resist dilute corrosion and form a protective _________
487. With short term overheating, time to failure will A film on the surface.
__________ as internal pressures or loading decrease.
A. Sulfide
A. Increase B. Chloride
B. Decrease C. Iron sulfate
C. Remain the same D. Iron oxide
494. With sulfuric acid corrosion, carbon steel corrosion C
488. With sour water corrosion, at a given pressure, the H²S D rates increases significantly if the flow velocity
concentration in the sour water _________ as exceeds about ___________ fps or at acid concentrations
temperatures __________. below ________.
A. Increases, increases A. 6-9, 80%

B. Decreases, decreases B. 5-7, 75%
C. Increases, decreases C. 2-3, 65%
D. Decreases, increases D. 4-6, 85%
489. With sour water corrosion, corrosion increase with B 495. With sulfuric acid corrosion, mix points with _______ A
__________ NH4HS concentration and _________ velocity. cause heat to be released and high corrosion rates
can occur where the acid becomes diluted.
A. Increasing, decreasing
B. Increasing, increasing A. Water
C. Decreasing, Decreasing B. Hydrogen
D. Decreasing, increasing C. H²S
D. Caustic
496. With sulfuric acid corrosion, the presence of oxidizers can _______ the corrosion rate. A
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stabilize
D. Eliminate
497. With thermal fatigue, time to failure is a function of the magnitude of stress and the number of cycles and decreases with B
_________ stress and _________ cycles.
A. Increasing, decreasing
B. Increasing, increasing
C. Decreasing, decreasing
D. Decreasing, Increasing
498. With very few exceptions, cooling water should always be on the ______ side to minimize stagnant areas. A
A. Tube
B. Shell
C. Inlet
D. Outlet

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A. Further from A. 5Cr-0.5Mo

A. Low alloy steel A. Increasing, decrease

A. Uniform corrosion A. Manganese

A. 100°C, 121°C A. Austenitic

A. 175°F, 212°F A. Austenitic

A. Stress corrosion cracking

A. Galvanic corrosion A. 180°F

A. Ductility a. Desalting Unit.

A. Transition limit A. a cathode

A. Temperature A. 225 BHN

A. Acids A. Fine, Course

Long-seam welds are particularly susceptible to A. 150°F

A. Chromium A. Alloy composition

A. 751 A. Time of exposure

A. Carburization A. Sulfide stress cracking

A. More A. Thinner, lower

A. More A. Clam shell appearance

a. Carbon dioxide. A. Injecting chlorines to kill microbiological bugs

A. Thermal fatigue A. Erosion

A. 3%-5% a. WFMT and LT.

A. Alloy composition A. Only carbon steel

A. Thorough inspections A. 300 Series SS

A. Impact angle (angle that impacting particles strike A. Carbon Steel

A. Increases, increases A. 6-9, 80%

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