García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

SENTENCE PATTERN

Example: He bought new shoes for the weeding

He is the agent (doer of the action)

New shoes receive the action (direct object)
For the weeding the reason for what the action of the verb is performed
(indirect object) it is also a prepositional phrase.

Exercise1: Identify the subject, verb, compliment (direct object),

prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences.

Subject Verb Direct object Indirect object

1. Our neighbor's dog barked all afternoon.

2. Our walking group meets at seven o'clock in the morning.
3. The band played all evening.
4. June speaks at almost every staff meeting.
5. Mrs. Perez bought a new rug for her dining room.
6. Some cough medicines contain alcohol.
7. Bill carried his tools in a five- gallon plastic bucket.
8. Linda often buys snacks at the university store.
9. All of the buses are equipped with safety belts.
10.Paulette wore the same brand of blue jeans for twenty years.

Exercise 2: Identify the part of speech of each word in the following

sentences: Underline the following: (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, article,
conjunction, preposition, pronoun)
1. The tiny island is surrounded by a spectacular body of water.
2. My pen is running out of ink.
3. I always wanted to go to that show.
4. Did you enjoy the party the other night?
5. My computer program is faulty.
6. The costumes in the pageant are almost as beautiful as the contestants.
7. The Paseo Del Rio runs along the San Antonio River in the heart of the city.
8. A beautiful photograph is a wonderful souvenir of an event.
9. You don't need to read all the information to get the question right.
10. My sister was thrilled to be invited.
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COUNT AND NON- COUNT NOUNS

Exercise 3: Underline the correct determiner

1. Some people who have every pillow fluffed and in its proper place in their rooms
never make an effort to organize their closets.
2. For her class Juanita created a gigantic collage that included old shoes, silverware,
and clippings from newspapers.
3. Interesting baskets can be made of straw, bark or roots.
4. Osteoporosis is the abnormal loss of bone.
5. Vera's salsa was delicious and contained very few calories.
6. Customers are not in the mood to accept major changes in styles of clothing.
7. Shorter campaigns make voters more interested in politics.
8. After a long, lonely winter, the ugly duckling emerged as a beautiful swan.
9. Clutter can make a room seem smaller.
10. I didn't have much luggage - just two small bags.

Exercise 4. Underline the correct determiner.

1. (The amount of/ The number of) people going out of the country is increasing.
2. The case had to be reconsidered with (these / this) new evidence.
3. I like (fewer / less) mashed potatoes.
4. She ate (fewer / less) French-fries than usual.
5. He wants to make as (much / many) money as possible.
6. Anne invited a huge (amount / number) of people to the party.
7. Annette will drink an endless (amount / number) of milk if you let her.
8. There are (less / fewer) computers in this warehouse than in the other.
9. The secretary didn't provide (much / many) information.
10. After the meeting, they made (little / few) changes in their policy.

5. ARTICLES

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with a or an.

1. A one-eyed creature 5. An only child

2. A university graduate 6. An urban Center
3. A used car 7. An eager student
4. A hurricane 8. A usual mistake
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Exercise 6. Choose the article that correctly completes each sentence

below.
1. By sitting next to (a, an) exit on public transportation, you make it easier for a
thief to escape with your belongings.
2. (A, An) kitchen decorated in American Country style is often crowded with
baskets, primitive furniture, and other collectibles.
3. Walter stores his extra cash in (a, an) empty cereal box.
4. Sheila always wears (a, an) uniform to work.
5. Each year (a, an) cowbird can lay as many as forty eggs in other bird's nests.

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with (a, an, the, or (-) if not necessary.
1. To tell the truth, a bank savings account may not be the best place for your money.
2. Helen showed - initiative when she decided to start a business of her own.
3. Losing as little as a quart of blood can result in shock and unconsciousness.
4. Over the last 20 years, more than 3 million people have attended the Country
Dinner Playhouse.
5. Major changes have taken place in the financial services industry.
6. Dr. Richards predicts an extinction of the whooping crane.
7. Most people believe that the liberty is very precious.
8. Taking a hot bath is a good way to relax.

Exercise 8. Choose the correct form in the parentheses.

1. (Apples / The apples) are good for you.
2. Look at (apples / the apples) on that tree! They're very large.
3. (Women / The women) are often better teachers than (men / the men).
4. In Britain (coffee / the coffee) is more expensive than (tea / the tea).
5. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. (Cheese / The cheese) was especially
good.
6. (Most people / The most people) still believe that (marriage / the marriage) and
(family life / the family life) are the basis of our society.
7. They got married but (marriage / the marriage) wasn't successful.
8. I know someone who wrote a book about (life / the life) of Gandhi.
9. (Life / The life) would be very difficult without (electricity / the electricity).
10. (Skiing / The skiing) is my favorite sport but I also like (swimming / the swimming).
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Exercise 9. Supply the article “the” if it is necessary

1. all of — sudden 16.at — sunset

2. to play the violin 17.in — loud voice
3. as the result 18.to watch—TV
4. in — conclusion 19. at the first sight
5. in — demand 20.to listen to the radio
6. at the time 21the day before yesterday
7. to tell the truth 22.to be in — bed
8. to be in — hurry 23. after the lunch
9. to be at — loss 24. for — example
10. from — time to — time 25.two times — day
DISTINCTION BETWEEN OTHER/ANOTHER/OTHERS

Exercise 10. Choose the best option between brackets

1. Lightning is a rush of electrical current from a cloud or from one cloud to (another
/other).
2. A ballet dancer's techniques and skills are very different from those of
(another /others).
3. No (another / other) state produces as much corn as does Iowa.
4. The legal surrender of a criminal suspect from one state or country to
(another /other) is called extradition.
5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is one type of disease that is carried by ticks, and
Colorado tick fever is (another / other).
6. The art of photography has often been influenced by — and has influenced —
(another / other) fine arts.
7. William O. Douglas was a Supreme Court justice for 36 years, longer than any
(another / other) justice in the history of the Court.
8. In physics, diffusion is the spread of one substance's molecules or atoms through
those of (another / other).
9. A basketball player may advance the ball by dribbling it or by passing it to (another /
other) player.
10. Limpkins are water birds that eat snails and (another / other) mollusks.

Tense Correction.

Exercise 11. Define whether the following sentences are TRUE (T) or
FALSE (F). Correct mistakes.
1. I have been in Mexico during the summer of 1970. (F, was)
2. Mary had prepared dinner when I arrived, so we were able to eat immediately. (T)
3. Three years ago he had been a student at a university in California. (F, was a
student)
4. We have collected stamps for many years. (T)
5. We took the bus downtown, did a few errands, and had gone to lunch. (F, went to
lunch)
6. Since he bought a new car, he has been driving to work every day. (T)
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7. Last night they have recognized us from the party we went to earlier in the week. (F,
they recognized)
8. Since Ted graduated, he has been working with his father. (T)
9. The doctor had seen ten patients since eight o'clock this morning. (F, has seen)
10. He is studying English for the last five years. (F, he has studied)

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Exercise 12. Choose the word that correctly completes each sentence
below.
1. Everyone (complains, complain) when gas prices go up.
2. Most of Benito's shirts (has, have) at least one pocket.
3. Somebody (is, are) addressing all the wedding invitations with a fountain pen.
4. Everyone in the Hundley family (buys, buy) a new toothbrush twice a year.
5. Few of my friends (dislikes, dislike) both crunchy peanut butter and the smooth
variety.
6. Nobody (remembers, remember) that the space between the thumb and the first
finger is called the purlicue.
7. Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice cream shop every day.
8. Nothing (ends, end) the baby's crying except being rocked in the rocking chair.
9. All of the workers who enter by the main gate (passes, pass) through a metal
detector.
10. Each of the messages on the answering machine (is, are) for you.

Exercise 13. Underline the subject of the missing verb and fill in the
blanks with "is" or "are".
1. Neither the doctor nor the nurses are here.
2. The number of nurses in the city is very large.
3. All of nurses are very good.
4. All of the medicine is gone.
5. Some of the water is used for irrigation.
6. Most of the money is counterfeit.
7. Not only the money but also the jewels are locked up in the safe.
8. Neither the jewels nor the money is mine.
9. All of the cookies are gone.
10. Half of the furniture is in the truck

PRONOUNS
Subject pronouns Object pronouns Adjective pronouns Absolute possessives
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
We Us Our Ours
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You You Your Yours

They Them Their Theirs

Exercise 14. Choose the correct pronoun.

1. Mary is heavier than (me /I).

2. It must be (her / she).
3. John and (I / me) went to the movies.
4. Is it true that (he / him) is here?
5. Who is at the door? — It is (I / me).
6. She isn't so fast as (he / him).
7. (He / Him) and his father are both very tall.
8. It was (they / them) who told us.
9. Just between you and (I / me) Marcy's hair is fright.
10. She went with Bob and (I / me) to a new hairdresser.

Exercise 15. Most of the following sentences contain one mistake. Write
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F). Correct mistakes.
1. Is this clarinet yours? (T)
2. Mary Lee picked up my briefcase, and now I'm stuck with her's. (F, hers)
3. Our neighbor’s lawns are always better kept than our's. (F, ours)
4. Gene always has trouble understanding his telephone bill. (T)
5. I wish I could find dress shoes as attractive and comfortable as your's. (F, yours)
6. Lauren told me that the idea for the new advertising campaign was hers. (T)
8. Our telephone is made of white plastic, and theirs' is made of brass and polished
wood. (T)

Exercise 16. Choose the word that correctly completes each sentence
below.
1. The choir gives (its, their) concert on the third Sunday in May.
2. The Fire Company held (its, their) election of the officers last week.
3. Either Jo or Martha gives (her, their) oral report today.
4. The commission planning the redevelopment of the waterfront present (its, their)
proposal to the major next week.
5. Either the cat or its kittens left (its, their) toy mouse in the middle of the living room.
6. A group of park workers use (its, their) own cars to patrol the park at night.
7. The U.S. Army Band presents (its, their) free concert on the lawn of the Whitman
Stafford farmhouse Friday at 7:30 p.m.
8. Neither Rebecca nor Kit will tell us how much (she, they) weighs.

APPOSITIVES (Extra Information between Commas)

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Exercise 17. Underline the appositives in the following sentences. Use

commas when necessary.

1. My son, the policeman, will be visiting us next week.

2. The captain ordered the ship's carpenters to assemble the shallop, a large rowboat.
3. Walter, the playboy and writer, is very attached to his mother, Mrs. Hammon.
4. Paul Newman, the famous American actor, directed five motion pictures.
5. Elizabeth Teague, a sweet and lovable girl, grew up to be a mentally troubled
woman.
6. Sweetbriar, a company known throughout the South, is considering a nationwide
advertising campaign.
7. As an above-average student and talented musician, John made his family proud.
8. The extremely popular American film Titanic was widely criticized for its mediocre
script.
9. Citizen Kane, the greatest American film ever made, won only one Academy Award.
10. 60 Minutes, the TV news magazine program, featured a story on the popular
singer Whitney Houston.

GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

Exercise 18. Use a correct form of the given verb in each sentence

Bare Infinitive (infinitive without to) (just base form)

Full infinitive (verb + to)
Gerund (verb + ing)

1. They want to study (study) all the topics carefully.

2. You can't expect your boss to let (let) you go early.
3. They really enjoy having (have) nothing to do.
4. He hasn't finished eating (eat) lunch yet.
5. She complained about being (be) the only person without the books.
6. They forced the hostage to lie (lie) on the floor.
7. Then they made them close (close) their eyes.
8. Is it difficult to make (make) an omelette?
9. When did you last go skating (skate)?
10. Is it difficult to work (work) on that project?
11. When did you last go swimming (swim)?
12. Do you mind going (go) such a long way to work every day?
13. I’d rather to drink (drink) red wine.
14. He loves going out (go out) on holidays but he hates going back (go back) to
classes.
15. She let him remember (remember) what has happened.
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16. She had gone fishing (fish) several times!

17. She got him to answer (answer) her homework!
18. She had the mechanic to fix (fix) her automobile.
19. He doesn't let anyone to smoke (smoke) in his car.
20. He doesn't stop to work/working (working), He’s been working in the past three
hours!
21. Eating (Eat) junk food, drinking (drink) soft drinks and smoking (smoke) are all bad
for your health.

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Exercise 19. Use So … оr Neither … in the following sentences.

Examples:
(affirmative) I'm feeling tired. — So am I.
(negative) I don't like eggs. — Neither do I.

1. I need a holiday. —So do I.

2. I don't like milk. —Neither do I.
3. I couldn't get up this morning. —So would I.
4. I'd love a cup of tea. —So would I.
5. I've never been to Africa. —Neither have I.
6. I was ill yesterday. —So was I.
7. I should smoke less. —So should I.
8. I spent the whole evening watching television. —So did I.
9. I didn't know that Ann was in hospital—Neither did I.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Exercise 20. Complete the sentences with the correct conditional
(0,1st,2nd or 3rd).

1. If I have enough apples, I will bake (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.
2. If I had enough apples, I would bake (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.
3. I will fix your bicycle if I have (have) a screwdriver of the proper size.
4. I would fix your bicycle if I had (have) a screwdriver of the proper size.
5. I will make (make) a tomato salad for the picnic tomorrow if the tomatoes in my
garden are ripe.
6. I would make (make) a tomato salad for the picnic tomorrow if the tomatoes in my
garden were ripe.
7. Jack would shave today if he had (have) a sharp razor.
8. Jack will shave today if he have (shave) a sharp razor.
9. Sally always answers the phone if she is (be) in her office.
10. Sally would answer the phone if she were (be) in her office right now.
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Exercise 21. Correct mistakes in these sentences.

1. If he studied more, he would have been able to pass the exam.

If he had studied
2. He would have signed his name in the corner, if he painted that picture.
If he had painted that picture.
3. Ben would have studied medicine if he were admitted to a medical school.
If he had been admitted
4. If water freezes, it has become a solid.
It becomes a solid.
5. If you put too much water in rice when you cook, it got sticky.
It will get sticky.

6. If Jim's family meet Karen, I am sure that they would like her.
If Jim’s family met Karen
7. If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system.
If we had had the money
8. If Barbara was really my friend, she would call me once in a while.
If Barbara were really my friend

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Exercise 22. Choose the correct word in the parentheses.

1. George is a (careless / carelessly) writer. He writes (careless / carelessly).

2. Frank asked me an (easy / easily) question. I answered it (easy / easily).
3. Sally speaks (soft / softly). She has a (soft / softly) voice.
4. I entered the classroom (quiet / quietly) because I was late.
5. Ali speaks English very (good / well). He has very (good / well) pronunciation.
6. This math problem looks (easy / easily). I'm sure I can do it (easy / easily).
7. That chair looks (comfortable / comfortably).
8. I looked at the problem (careful / carefully) and then solved it.
9. I felt (sad / sadly) when I heard the news.
10. Susan smiled (cheerful / cheerfully). She seemed (cheerful / cheerfully).

Exercise 23: Choose the right word, an adjective or an adverb.

 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

1. Please, shut the door (quiet / quietly).

2. Can you be (quiet / quietly), please?
3. This soup tastes (nice / nicely).
4. Tom cooks very (good / well).
5. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look (safe / safely).

COMPARISONS

Exercise 24. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the
adjectives in parentheses.

Note: In some cases you need the form “the…..+comp form, the the…..
+comp form” in other cases just the comparative form is needed. Make
sure the “conjunctions” “and” “but” connects “the same idea”
1. The less he works, the happier (happy) he is.
2. The bigger the car, the faster (fast) you can go.
3. the fresher (fresh) it is, the better (good) it will taste.
4. The more (more) you eat, the fatter (fat) you will get.
5. The less (less) you spend, the more (more) you save.
6. It was becoming colder (cold) and colder (cold).
7. I was getting more and more excited (excited).
8. The weather was bad and getting worse (bad) and worse (bad).

ENOUGH WITH ADJECTIVES. ADVERBS AND NOUNS

Exercise 25: Complete these sentences using enough with one of the
following words:

Big Old Warm Well Cups

Money Room Time qualifications

Example: She can't get married yet. She's not old enough.

1. Tom would like to buy a car but he hasn't got enough money.
2. I couldn't make coffee for everybody. There weren't enough cups.
3. Are you warm enough? Or shall I switch on the heating?
4. It's only a small car. There isn't enough old room for all of you.
5. George didn't feel well enough to go to work this morning.
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6. I didn't finish the examination. I didn't have enough time.

7. Do you think I've got enough qualifications to apply for the job?
8. Try this jacket and see if it's big enough for you.

CAUSE CONNECTORS: BECAUSE/BECAUSE OF; SO/SUCH

Exercise 26. Complete the following sentences with either because or

because of as appropriate.

1. We arrived late because of the bad traffic.

2. He could not play in the game because of his foot injury.
3. She did not buy it because the price was too high.
4. Because it is a national holiday, there will be no class tomorrow.
5. We could not sleep last night because of the noise next door.
6. Because of cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the same
nutrients as milk.

Exercise 27. Fill in the gaps using "so" or "such".

1. Come on! Don't walk so slowly.

2. I've never read such a stupid book.
3. I was surprised that he looked so well after his recent illness.
4. They've got such a lot of money, they don't know what to do with it.
5. She is a very attractive girl. She's got such beautiful eyes.
6. Everything is so expensive these days, isn't it?
7. Why do you ask them such stupid questions?
8. It was such a boring film that I fell asleep in the middle of it.
9. The wind was so strong, it was difficult to work.
10.The food at the hotel was very bad. I've never eaten such awful food.

PASSIVE VOICE

Exercise 28. Change the active to the passive by supplying the correct
form of be
Remember the following:
Passive voice structure 1 (verb to be + pp + object)
Passive voice structure 2 (verb to be + pp object GETS OMMITED)

1. Tom opens the door. Example: The door was opened by Tom.
2. Tom is opening the door. — The door is being opened by Tom.
3. Tom has opened the door. — The door has been opened by Tom.
4. Tom opened the door. — The door was opened by Tom.
5. Tom was opening the door. — The door was being opened by Tom.
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6. Tom had opened the door. — The door had been opened by Tom.
7. Tom will open the door. — The door will be opened by Tom.
8. Tom is going to open the door. — The door is going to be opened by Tom.
9. Tom will have opened the door. — The door will have been opened by Tom.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Exercise 29. Complete the sentences using who / whom / whose /

where / which.

1. What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place where people are buried.
3. A pacifist is a person who believes that all wars are wrong.
4. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.
5. The place where we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
6. This school is only for children whose first language is not English.
7. I don't know the name of the woman to whom I spoke on the phone.
8. The man who is wearing glasses is a pop singer.
9. The window which was broken by the naughty boy will have to be repaired.

INCLUSIVES:

as well as both ... and either ... or neither ... nor not only ... but also

whether ...or

Exercise 30. Fill in the gaps with necessary words.

1. The weather on Sunday will be both sunny and warmer.

2. My fiance is attractive and intelligent as well as considerate.
3. The objective is not only to identify the problem but also to solve.
4. We can use the bike both to ride to school and to go to the grocery store.
5. To reach your goal, you must plan and work as well as dream.
6. Not only her parents but also her brothers and sisters live in Wisconsin.
7. The party will celebrate both our finishing the term and your getting a new job.
8. We will keep in touch both writing and calling as well as visiting each other.

ANTECEDENTS OF PRONOUNS

Remember to check out the subject and look out for its gender
(masc/fem/neutral) or number(sg/pl)
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Example: Andy and Celeste have spent hundreds of hours restoring their
old house. – their: Andy and Celeste.

Exercise 31. In the sentences below match the pronouns and their
antecedents.

1. Abrasive cleansers clean well, but they are also likely to scratch the surfaces of
pots and pans.
2. Nancy says she plans to spend the whole day reorganizing her closets.
3. The aim of a home fire extinguisher is to cover a burning object with a
substance that prevents oxygen from reaching it.
4. Do teenagers want their parents to understand them?
5. Joshua wrote his first autobiography when he was nine years old.
6. Several old friends called Keith to congratulate him after his letter was
published in Sunday's newspaper.
7. Claudia uses a rearview mirror clipped onto her bicycle helmet.
8. Paul thinks the parrot understands what it says to him.
9. Gwendolyn told Dionysios she disapproved of his working.
10. Mrs. Wilowski asked her assistants to present their proposals at the staff
meeting Tuesday.

PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (ING or Past Participle)

Remember the following:

When the subject “DOES THE ACTION” the sentence is ACTIVE
When the subject “GETS AFFECTED/RECEIVES THE ACTION” the sentence is passive

The GERUND form is used when the sentence is ACTIVE

The PAST PARTICIPLE form is used when the sentence is PASSIVE

Exercise 32. Identify the participles in the sentences below and then
analyze if they are properly used. Some sentences are correct.

1. Annie soldering the colored pieces of glass together.//soldered

2. Many unaccompanied children regularly fly across the country.
3. Briggs named his car Whistler because of the hissing sounds it makes.
4. New Yorkers assuming that a flashing "Don't Walk" sign actually means
"Run".//assume
5. Helen collects sunglasses making in the 50s and 60s.//made
6. Chip describes himself as an innocent guppy swimming among the sharks.
7. Laurel came to work worn shorts, blouse, a tailored jacket, and flat shoes.//wearing
8. A barometer measures the weight of the air covered the earth's surface. //covering
9. El Dorado was the fabling city of gold sought by early Spanish explorers in the New
World.//fabled
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10. Heather wears adhesive bandages decorating with cartoon characters. //decorated

Exercise 33. Choose the word or words that best complete each sentence.

1. The largest (knowing/known) insects are found in tropical rain forest.

2. A bill of lading is a (writing/written) receipt for goods that are sent by public
transportation.
3. A hummingbird's heart beats at the (astonishing/astonished) rate of 615 beats per
second.
4. At the peak of the jump, a pole-vaulter performs a series of (twisting/twisted) body
Motions to clear the bar.
5. Anyone (working/worked) under conditions that cause a heavy loss of perspiration
can suffer heat exhaustion.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Exercise 34. Find and correct mistakes in parallel structures in the

following sentences.

Make sure the adjectives describing the noun follow “the same pattern”
Example: She is beautiful(adj), interesting(adj) and respectful(adj)

1. Steel is alloyed with manganese to increase its strength, hardness and resistant to
wear. (Correct)

2. Sacramento is the commercial, industry, and financial center of California's Central

Valley, as well as being the state capital.
2. Sacramento is the commercial, industrial, and financial center of California's Central
Valley, as well as being the state capital.

3. When taking part in winter sports, one should wear clothing that is lightweight,
warmth, and suitable for the activity. (Correct)

4. Folklore consists of the beliefs, customs, traditions, and telling stories that people
pass from generation to generation.
4. Folklore consists of the beliefs, customs, traditions, and stories that people pass
down from generation to generation.

5. Because of their hardness, industrial diamonds can be used for cutting, to grind, and
drilling.
5. Because of their hardness, industrial diamonds can be used for cutting, grinding, and
drilling.

6. Scholar John Fiske wrote on history, religious, and sociology.

6. Scholar John Fiske wrote about history, religion, and sociology.
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7. Monterey, California, has long been a center for writers, artists, and the craftsman.
7. Monterey, California, has long been a center for writers, artists, and craftsman.

8. T.S. Eliot was equally distinguished as a poet, he wrote criticism and dramatist.
8. T.S. Eliot was equally distinguished as a poet, critic writer, and playwright.

INVERSION
Exercise 35. Change each sentence by inverting the verb.

Remember that when applying this structure in either the “present or

simple past tense” the auxiliary is needed.

Remember that using inversion is for emphasis by placing the negative

particle at the beginning follow by the inverted noun/verb.

Example of inversion in present tense:

I scarcely go to nightclubs / Scarcely do I go to nightclubs

Example of inversion in past tense:

She rarely came to class during the semester / Rarely did she come to
class during the semester.

1. We rarely go to movies. Rarely do We go to movies.

2. I seldom sleep past seven o'clock. Seldom do I sleep past seven o clock.
3. I hardly ever agree with her. Hardly do I ever agree with her.
4. I will never forget the wonderful people I have met here. Will do I never forget the
wonderful people I have met here.
5. I have never known Pat to be dishonest. Have did I never known Pat to be dishonest.
6. The mail scarcely ever arrives before noon. Scarcely do the mail ever arrive before
noon.
7. He hardly ever comes to work on time. Hardly do He ever comes to work on time.
8. Women at no time have had greater opportunities. At no time do women have had
greater opportunities.
9. He was pleased with himself only after he received first prize. Was did He pleased
with himself only after he received first prize.
10. The traffic had never been so bad. Had did the traffic never been so bad.

Connectors

Time Cause/result Condition Opposition Manner Comparison

After Because If Although As though Than
Since Since Even if While As if as
Before So (that) Unless Though
By the time Whereas Only if Whereas
When In order that Once Even though
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

Whenever In case (that)

While Whether or
Now that not
Until In the event
Once (that)
As soon as Provided
As/so long as (that)
As

Exercise 36. Choose the correct word in the following sentences.

1. We cannot believe that he is the man C saved you from drowning.

(A) that (B) whom (C) who (D) whose

2. The only thing B stopped her from going to study abroad was the pleading of her
grandmother.
(A) who (B) which (C) whom (D) why

3. Most folk songs are ballads D have simple words and tell simple stories.
(A) what (B) although (C) with (D) that

4. D other mammals, whales do not have a sense of smell.

(A) not alike (B) unlike (C) unlikely (D) dislike

5. John missed the neighborhood B he had grown up.

(A) in which (B) in where (C) which (D) that

6. I B like the film nor the novel it's based on.

(A) both (B) neither (C) so (D) either

7. A my brother and I were upset when we heard the news.

(A) both (B) and (C) neither (D) either

8. I met Tom A I was waiting for the bus.

(A) while (B) during (C) then (D) for

9. I have travelled a lot D by train and by plane.

(A) both (B) and (C) or (D) either

10. I wouldn't like to go to Scotland. I wouldn't like to go A.

(A) neither (B) too (C) either (D) both
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

TAG QUESTIONS
Exercise 37.Finish these sentences by adding a tag questions with the
correct form of the verb and the subject pronoun.

1. Tom won't be late, will He? 10. There are a lot of people here, isn't there?
2. They were very angry, weren´t they? 11. Let's have dinner, don´t we?
3. Ann is on holiday, isn't she? 12. This isn't very interesting, is it?
4. You weren't listening, were you? 13. I'm too fat, am I not?
6. Sue doesn't like onions, does she? 14. You wouldn’t tell anyone, would you?
6. Jack's applied for the job, didn´t He? 15. Listen, isn't it?
7. You've got a camera, don´t You? 16. I shouldn't have got angry, right?
8. You can type, can´t you? 17. Don't drop it, do you?
9. He won't mind if I go early, do you? 18. They had to go home, didn't they?

Troublesome verbs

The following set of verbs are confusing every time they show up due to
their similarities in sound and past tense forms.
Remember the following:
When the verb “can directly affect an object” then it is “transitive”
When the verb “ONLY AFFECTS the SUBJECT” then it is INTRANSITIVE

Example:
The sun rises at 6:00 am every day!

(it refers to the subject-The subject does the action of the “rising” since
it “goes up” by itself-therefore it is intransitive)

Example:
(in class the teacher says)
Please “raise your hands” if you are interested in the project!

(In IMPERATIVE ACTIONS the SUBJECT GETS OMMITED!

In this case the subject “teacher” is being omitted and the verb “raise” is
DIRECTLY AFFECTING THE DIRECT OBJECT “HANDS”-Therefore the verb is
transitive.

Check out the following table:

Base Form Past Form Past participle Form Verb properties
Lie Lay lain Intransitive
I had to lie down because I Lily lay back on the pillows My father had lain in bed for Subject only
was groggy and watched a movie several days
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

Lay Laid Laid Transitive

She will lay the carpet herself. He laid the pencil on the He laid the pencil on the Object is affected
table. table.
Sit Sat Sat Intransitive
Abdullah sits here He sat there before. Salman has sat there many Subject only
times
Set Set Set Transitive
Please set the glass on the Khalid set the table for She has set the table Object is affected
table. lunch.
Rise Rose Risen Intransitive
We rise at 5 a.m. Everyone rose when the The sun has just risen. Subject only
judge entered the
courtroom.
Raise Raised Raised Transitive
They raise the flag every He raised his bicycle over He has raised the flag many Object is affected
morning. his head. times

Exercise. Choose the correct word in parentheses.

1. The children (raised / rose) his hand in class.

2. Taxes (raises / rises) every year
3. Karla (set / sat) in an armchair because she was tired.
4. I (set / sat) your book on the table a few minutes ago.
5. Hens (lay / lie) eggs.
6. Al is (laying / lying) on the floor!
7. Jan (laid / lay) the toothbrush on the shelf a few minutes ago.
8. If you are tired, you should (lay / lie) down and take a nap.
9. Monterrey (lays / lies) to the north of Mexico.
10. After studying all night long, the student was able to (rise / raise) his score in the
beautiful TOEFL test.

Reported speech

Exercise 39. Complete the following sentences by using the verb and preposition
between brackets

1)"You shouldn't do that " said the guard. (advise against)

The guard would advise against doing that.

2) "I'll go out on holidays" said Laura. (decide, using infinitive)

Laura decided to go out on holidays.

3) "I think you should go to see a doctor" He said to his sister. (advise, using infinitive)

He advised his sister to see a doctor

 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

4) "Watch out for the big truck" he said. (warn, using 'about')

He warned us about the big truck

5) "You should apply for the vacancy" said Paul to Angy. (encourage)

Paul encouraged Angy to apply for the vacancy

6) "You can hung out with your friends" said Bryan’s mum. (agree, using clause)

Bryan’s mum agreed that Brian could hang out with his friends.

7) "The class will be called off next week" said the teacher to Carlos. (explain + clause)

The teachers explained Carlos that the class would be called off next week.

8) "It's a great idea to stay in" said Dennise. (recommend + verb-ing)

Dennise recommends staying in.

9) "Don't play in that place" she said to the children. (warn, using infinitive)

She warned the children not to play in that place.

10) "I'll make the dinner!" said Sofie. (insist + on)

Sofie insisted on making the dinner.

11) "I'll study really hard for the “bar" said the lawyer. (promise + to + infinitive)

The lawyer promised to study really hard for the “bar”.

12) "This is where my house was" said Jose. (explain, using question word + clause)

Jose explained where his house was.

13) "Ok, let's have our special dinner there tomorrow night!" we said. (agree +
infinitive)

We agreed to have our special dinner there tomorrow night.

14) "Don't forget that Bryan needs to go to the meeting" she said to me. (remind,
using clause)

She reminded me that Bryan needed to go to the meeting.

15) "How about having Italian pasta?" I said. (suggest, using verb-ing)

I suggested having Italian pasta.

 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

Reducing adverb and adjective clauses

Remember that in order to reduce a sentence the “SUBJECT OF BOTH

SENTENCES” has to be “THE SAME”

Remember the following:

When the subject “DOES THE ACTION” the sentence is ACTIVE
When the subject “GETS AFFECTED/RECEIVES THE ACTION” the sentence is passive

The GERUND form is used when the sentence is ACTIVE

The PAST PARTICIPLE form is used when the sentence is PASSIVE

Example:
When Chinese people eat bats they get happy
CHECK THE FOLLOWING:
1- If the sentence has the same subject in both sentences it can be
reduced.
2- Remember the reduction only happens in the sentence that has a
connector
3- Analyze if the sentence is “active” or “passive”
in this case the sentence is “active” because the Chinese people are
performing the action of the verb eat so the GERUND FORM HAS TO BE
USED.

So the reduced form of:

When Chinese people eat bats they get happy
Is:
When eating bats Chinese people get happy!

Exercise 40. Make “one sentence” from the following set of sentences, by reducing
the subject and modify the verb form.
1. I have a dog. It is called Spike.

Is called spike the dog I have.

2. The books were burnt. They told about bad things.

Being accused of murder, the man was arrested.

3. He was accused of murder. The man was arrested.

Being accused of murder, the man was arrested.

 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

4. After she was shocked by the bad news, the woman burst into tears.

After shocked by the bad news, the woman burst into tears

5. It is organized by our team. The event will surely have a great success.

Organized by our team, this event will surely have a great success.

6. The film is based on real events. It tells the story of a reporter.

Based on real events, the film tells the story of a reporter.

7. She was born in Hollywood. The woman knows all the famous movie stars.

Born in Hollywood, the woman knows all the famous movie stars.

8. The car was taken to the garage. It was repaired within an hour.

Taken to the garage, the car was repaired within an hour.

9. She was admired by everyone. The girl began to grow arrogant.

Admired by everyone, the girl began to grow arrogant.

10. He was dumped by his girlfriend. The man felt really sad.

Dumped by his girlfriend, the man felt really sad.

11. The survivors who were swimming from the wreckage were soon rescued. 

The survivors swimming from the wreckage were soon rescued.

12. Claire Baktne, who was born on Ellis Island in 1843, was a true representative of
the hopes of hundreds of immigrants.

Claire Baktne, born on Ellis Island in 1843, was a true representative of the hopes of
hundreds of immigrants.

13. The mall which was built in the downtown area of the city has affected traffic
considerably.

The mall built in the downtown area of the city has affected traffic considerably.

14. The new construction company promises to hire all the engineering students who
will have graduated from MIT by the end of next year.

The new construction company promises to hire all the engineering students
graduating from MIT by the end of next year.
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

15. The present that was given to me last night must have been very expensive. It
certainly is beautiful
The present given to me last night must have been very expensive. It certainly is
beautiful

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Test 1. Choose the correct answer.

1. Arizona A a very dry climate.

(A) has (В) being (С) having (D) with

2. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning C it.

(A) how repeat (B) repeating (C) to repeat (D) repeat

3. Strauss finished D two of his published compositions before his tenth

birthday.
(A) written (B) write (C) to write (D) writing

4. Many modern architects insist on D materials native to the region that

will blend into the surrounding landscape.
(A) use (B) to use (C) the use (D) using

5. Before the Angles and the Saxons C to England, the Iberians had lived
there.
(A) coming (B) come (C) came (D) did come

6. If water is heated to 212 degrees F. C as steam.

(A) it will boil and escape (B) it is boiling and escaping
(C) it boil and escape (D) it would boil and escape

7. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he C

the rest of Europe.
(A) had conquered (B) would conquer
(C) would have conquered (D) conquered

8. Football teams don't play in the Super Bowl championship A either the
National or the American Conference.
(A) unless they win (B) but they win
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

(C) unless they will win (D) But to have won

9. Less moderate members of Congress are insisting that changes in the

social security system D made.
(A) will (B) are (C) being (D) be

10. It is necessary A the approaches to a bridge, the road design, and the
alignment in such a way as to best accommodate the expected traffic flow
over and under it.
(A) plan (B) to plan (C) planning (D) The plan

11. In the stringed instruments, the tones C by playing a bow across a set
of strings that may be made of wire or gut.
(A) they produce (B) producing (C) are produced (D) that are producing

12. A Giant Ape Man, our biggest and probably one of our first human
ancestors, was about the size of a male gorilla.
(A) It is believed that (B) That it is
(С) That is believed (D) That believing

13. By the twenty-first century, the computer D a necessity in every home.

(A) became (B) becoming (C) has become (D) will have become

14.The giraffe survives in part because it B the vegetation in the high

branches of trees where other animals have not grazed.
(A) to reach (B) can reach (C) reaching (D) reach

15. Hydrogen peroxide B as a bleaching agent because it effectively

whitens a variety of fibers and surfaces.
(A) used (B) is used (C) is using (D) that is uses

16. Since the earth's crust is much thicker under the continents,
equipment would have to be capable of drilling through 100 000 feet of
rock to investigate the mantle A.
(A) beneath them (B) beneath their (C) beneath its (D) beneath they

17. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian A was best known for his work in
silent movies.
(A) who (B) which (C) whose (D) What

18. A desert receives less than twenty-five C of rainfall every year.

 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

(A) centimeter (B) a centimeter (C) centimeters (D) of centimeters

19. C at 212 degrees F. and freezes at 32 degrees F.

(A) waters boils (B) The water boils (C) Water boils (D) Waters boil

20.It is generally believed that an M. (B) A. Degree is good preparation for

a career in B.
(A) a business (B) business (C) businesses (D) one business

21. Fire-resistant materials are used to retard C of modem aircraft in case

of accidents.
(A) a damage to the passenger cabin (B) that damages to the passenger
cabin
(C) damage to the passenger cabin (D) passenger cabin's damages

22. Hybrids have one more B per plant than the other varieties.
(A) corns (B) ear of corn (C) corn ears (D) corn's ears

23. C trees is a custom that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor day.
(A) The plant (B) Plant (C) Planting (D) To planting

24. B migrate long distances is well documented.

(A) That it is birds (B) That birds (C) Birds that (D) it is that birds

25. At Woolworth's first five-and-ten-cent store, D more than a dime.

(A) neither items cost (B) items not cost
(C) items non costing (D) no item cost

26. C fuel that is used today is a chemical form of solar energy.

(A) Most of (B) The most (C) Most (D) Almost the

27. C is cheaper for students who maintain aB average because they are a
better risk than average or below-average students.
(A) Automobile's insurance (B) Insurance of automobiles
(C) Automobile insurance (D) Insurance automobile

28. The Canterbury Tales, written about 1386, is as alive and C today as it
was nearly 600 years ago.
(A) appealed (B) appeal (C) appealing (D) the appeal of
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

29. 0il paints are A they have become the most popular painter's colors.
(A) so versatile and durable that (B) so versatile and durable than
(C) such versatile and durable as (D) such versatile and durable

30. Although we often use "speed" and "velocity" interchangeably, in a

technical sense, "speed" is not always B "velocity".
(A) alike (B) the same as (C) similar (D) as

Test 2. Choose the correct answer.

1. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are C most other ground

squirrels.
(A) like to (B) like as (C) like (D) alike

2. After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, the United States had C it
had previously owned.
(A) twice more land than (B) two times more lad as
(C) twice as much land as (D) two times much land than

3. In the Great Smoky Mountains, one can see A 150 different kinds of
trees.
(A) more than (B) as much as (C) up as (D) as many to

4. It has been estimated that C one hundred thousand men participated in

the gold rush of 1898.
(A) approximate (B) until (C) as many as (D) more

5. C apples are grown in Washington State.

(A) Best (B) The most good (C) The best (D) The better

6. It is generally true that the lower the stock market falls, C.

(A) higher the price of gold rises (B) the price of gold rises high
(C) the higher the price of gold rises (D) rises high the price of gold

7. C in the cultivation of a forest, trees need more careful planning than

any other crop does.
(A) Because the time and area involved
(B) For the time and area involving
(C) Because of the time and area involved
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

(D) As a cause of the time and area involved

8. Amniocentesis can be used not only to diagnose fetal disorders D the

sex of the unborn child with 95 percent accuracy.
(A) but determining (B) but also determining
(C) but to determine (D) but also to determine

9. Bacterial spores germinate and sprout B favorable conditions of

temperature and food supply.
(A) when encountering of (B) when they encounter
(C) when they will encounter (D) when the encounter of

10. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like

legionnaire's syndrome, and doctors don't know D.
(A) what is the cause (B) the cause is what
(C) is what the cause (D) what the cause is

11. Not until the Triassic Period B.

(A) the first primitive mammals did develop
(B) did the first primitive mammals develop
(C) did develop the first primitive mammals
(D) the first primitive mammals develop

12. Penguins, the post highly specialized of all aquatic birds, may live C
twenty years.
(A) before (B) since (C) for (D) from

13. B the Gulf Stream is warmer than the ocean water surrounding it.
(A) Wholly (B) Whole (C) As a whole (D) A whole as

14. Of all the cities in Texas, B.

(A) that san Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(B) San Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(C) probably San Antonio the most picturesque
(D) the most picturesque probably that San Antonio

15. Most beekeepers have observed C at the approach of a thunderstorm.

(A) enraging the bees (B) that bees become enrages
(C) that bees enraging (D) become enraged the bees
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

16.The first transistor was basically a small chip made of germanium onto
one surface of which two pointed wire contacts A side by side.
(A) are made (B) made (C) were made (D) making

17. Iron C for weapons and tools in the Bronze Age following the Stone
Age.
(A) is generally used (B) generally used
(C) was generally used (D) used generally

18. Groups of tissues, each with its own function, D in the human body.
(A) it makes up the organs (B) make up the organs
(C) they make up the organs (D) makes up the organs

19. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, C.

(A) were a little winged child
(B) representing as a little winged child
(C) was represented as a little winged child
(D) a little winged child

20. In a suspension bridge B that carry one or more flexible cables firmly
attached at each end.
(A) there are two towers on it (B) there are two towers
(C) two towers there are (D) towers there are two

21. A college bookstore that sells used textbooks stocks D along with the
new ones on the shelf under the course title.
(A) its (B) their (C) a (D) them

22. The television programs we allow B to watch influence their learning.

(A) a children (B) our children (C) our child (D) their childs

23. In a hot, sunny climate man acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more
liquids, wearing lighter clothing, and C.
(A) skin changes that darken (B) his skin may darken
(C) experiencing a darkening of the skin (D) darkens his skin

24. Both historically and B, Ontario is the heartland of Canada.

(A) in its geography (B) geographically (C) also its geography (D) geography
 García de Santiago Daniel (Exp:272442)

25. Waitresses and waiters who serve B deserve at least a 20 percent tip.
(A) in a courteous manner (B) courteously
(C) with courtesy in their manner (D) courteous

26. The average elevation of the Himalayas is twenty thousand feet, and
Mount Everest B to more than twenty-nine thousand feet at its apex.
(A) raises (B) rises (C) roses (D) arises

27. When Jacqueline Kennedy was first lady, she collected many beautiful
antiques and B them among the original pieces in the White House.
(A) sat (B) set (C) sit (D) sits

28. The president usually B unless his press secretary approves it.
(A) doesn't do a statement (B) doesn't make a statement
(C) doesn't statement (D) no statement

29. A discovery of insulin, it was not possible to treat diabetes.

(A) Prior to the (B) Prior (C) The prior (D) To prior

30. Unless protected areas are established, the Bengal tiger, the blue
whale, and the California condor face B of extinction.
(A) possible (B) the possibility (C) to be possible (D) possibly