Impact of Academic and Social Factors On Education Performance of Students
Impact of Academic and Social Factors On Education Performance of Students
Impact of Academic and Social Factors On Education Performance of Students
ABSTRACT
Counseling makes perfect any human being for living life smoothly. According to phycology
people required someone near to him/her with whom he/she can share their thoughts, happiness, emotions
etc. and this is required in education also, In education we need to give support to our students for
knowing their problems and feeling regarding education, life, career, friends, family etc. in this paper
researcher tried to find out the importance of the counseling in the mind of students of the effect of the
same in students mind because in the recent time importance of the education is more and the use of
technology is also more so its big problem for the students for connecting consciously with the learning,
and without consciousness people cannot understand many thinks for life long time it’s just for
examination. By using the qualitative research study research has tried to find out solution for the same
with the sample of 60 students of undergraduate of Parul University. During the research researcher
identified major two internal and external factors in which there are six other factors, with the help of the
qualitative research technique.
Keywords: Counseling, Education Performance, Students Mind.
1. INTRODUCTION
Education is the important for making any nation great. With the help of the education university
and teacher can create a good outcome for the student’s life and supporting system for life of students. As
per psychology one person cannot speak friendly with other unknown person, even if it’s his/her teacher
of professor. Effective college counseling services today include extensive students outreach, deep
integration with the institution’s academic mission, and evidence of contribution to student academic
success (Archer & Cooper, 1998; Davis & Humphrey, 2000). Counseling is also help full for student
retention in study. One of the ways in which counseling services can better assist colleges and universities
in meeting their aims is through prevention initiatives designed to enhance the retention of students.
Student retention is a long-standing challenge that institutions continue to address (Braxton, Bray, &
Berger, 2000). Research has found that retention rates increase when students are academically and
socially integrated into the university or college environment, when they have positive regard for their
academic performance, and when they value the supportive relationships they have established at the
institution (Pascarella & Terenzini, 1983, 1991) by this literature researcher can say that through the
counseling universities can increase the performance of the academic outcome and the retention in the
continuous study and also helps to reduce the drop out ration which is the bigger problem now a days for
the universities and colleges.
One of the effect is reduction in the students drop out ration, Interactions between individuals
and the academic system, along with social interactions, continually modify goals and institutional
commitments in ways that lead to persistence or to varying forms of dropout (Stage, 1989; Tinto, 1993).
Academically students are enrolled with the institute or universities but the socially they want someone
for sharing their feeling and problems just like after parents they are having second trust on the teacher or
the professor.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Counseling of College Students must consider each student’s unique inventory and provide
individualized programming focused on student growth and development. Recognizing this, (Pascarella
and Terenzini 1991) asserted that effective higher education embraces “the broader mission[that] has
defined education to include increased self-understanding, and expansion of personal, intellectual,
cultural, and social horizons and interests”
Archer and Cooper (1998) noted that one of the greatest challenges for college counseling is to
provide integrated and coordinated services that successfully mesh with academic goals. Archer and
Cooper also believed that the potential of counseling services would be more fully realized if programs
became more fully integrated into the academic mission of the institution. Ironically, this integration is
often overlooked in the implementation and evaluation of student services programs ( Elkins, Braxton, &
James, 1998; Phillips-Miller & Morrison, 1999)
Curricular and co-curricular engagement strategies for promoting innovation have proliferated,
efforts aimed at studying the effectiveness of such experiences have lagged behind substantially (Antal,
Kingma, Moore, & Streeter, 2014). As a recent headline in The Chronicle of Higher Education blared:
“Colleges Have Spent Big Money on Innovation Centers. Do They Work?” (Wyllie,2018). This notable
lack of evaluative efforts has plagued both traditional programming (e.g., entrepreneurship courses) and
newer, more broadly accessible introductions of innovation in the curriculum. Common reasons cited for
the persistence of this gap between pedagogical advances and their assessment range from a lack of
measures that meaningfully align stated curricular priorities with quantifiable outcomes (Duval-
Couetil,2013) to inadequate research designs that evaluate the efficacy of course taking related to
innovation on aligned outcomes of interest (Antal et al.,2014).
2.1 Keganian Perspectives
Throughout his theoretical efforts to understand human developmental processes, Kegan (1982,
1994) hypothesized that an individual’s progression toward more advanced orders of self might follow
three interrelated lines of development: cognitive, social, and intrapersonal. To briefly summarize:
Cognitive development is concerned with those mechanisms by which we reason and interpret
information and processes occurring in the world around us; social development is concerned with
relationships between ourselves and others; and intrapersonal development is concerned with the
mechanisms by which we engage in self-reflection and achieve increasing
degrees of self-understanding (Kegan, 1994).
As innovation and its manifestations necessarily involve the whole person (see James &
Brookfield, 2014; Morris, Webb, Fu, & Singhal, 2013; Wagner, 2012), we adopted a Keganian-oriented
approach to framing those intrapersonal, social, and cognitive aspects of self that could be developed in
association with innovation—their innovation capacities. A detailed review of the literature (Selznick,
2017) suggested that any investigation of intrapersonal aspects should include a student’s sense of himself
or herself as being an intrinsically motivated, proactive innovator (Barbosa, Gerhardt, & Kickul, 2007;
Kickul, Gundry, Barbosa, & Whitcanack, 2009; Wagner, 2012). Turning to social aspects, literature
across disciplines has suggested the vital importance of educational efforts in building students’ skills to
persuasively communicate with team members and build sustaining interdisciplinary peer and near-peer
networks (Boyles, 2012; Poysa-Tarhonnen, Elen, & Tarhonen, 2016; Shane, 2003). Creative cognition
and intellectual risk taking were central elements with respect to the cognitive domain. Drawing on
(Koestler’s 1964) theoretical work, creative cognition was considered to be a cognitive ability associated
with generating novel ideas that frequently bridge gaps between knowledge across differing domains,
types, and contexts (Dubitzky, Kotter, Schmidt, & Berthold, 2012; Hulme, Thomas, & DeLaRosby, 2014;
Koestler, 1964; Morris et al., 2013; Phillips, 2013). Intriguingly, recent work on creative cognition has
suggested that pedagogies that engage students in unfamiliar and imaginative approaches to new material
can inspire moments of “helpful creative panic” that excite learners and spark innovation (James &
Brookfield, 2014, p. 10; see also Barbosa et al., 2007; Poysa-Tarhonnen et al., 2016).
2.2 Theory of Planned Behavior
To supplement Kegan’s developmental approaches and in line with several studies that have
approached innovation and its connections to formal entrepreneurship (e.g., Moriano et al., 2012), we also
incorporated Ajzen’s (1991, 2002) planned behavioral perspective to more fully understand the influence
of curricular interventions on spurring innovation behavior during and after college. In brief, this
theoretical presentation hypothesized that actions individuals believe are favorable, socially desirable, and
achievable are those most likely happen (Ajzen, 2002).
Applying this framework to research, a sustained line of inquiry has sought to understand the
relationship between educational experiences and an individual’s expressed intentions to engage in
innovation and/or entrepreneurship (Bae, Qian, Miao, & Fiet, 2014; Bagheri & Pihie, 2014; Souitaris,
Zerbinati, & Al-Laham, 2007; Zhao, Seibert, & Hills, 2005). To better understand the extent to which a
broad pattern of effectiveness in developing this outcome might exist, a recent meta-analysis (Bae et al.,
2014) examined 73 studies that sought to determine the relationship between entrepreneurship education
interventions and the appearance of entrepreneurial intentions. Findings demonstrated that dedicated
entrepreneurship education had a significant, positive relationship with intentions (Bae et al., 2014, p.
239).
3. OBJECTIVE
Objective of this paper is to study the behavior of the students of the BBA who average age is 19
years and the effect of connectivity of the students in academic as well as the socially with the academic
institute. And there are various factors which directly affected to the student mind and the counseling of
the students, like the environment during counseling, question pattern, effect of the table between the
students and professor during the counseling, area of the counseling. Study and the career is also
important for students so also researcher can find out the effect of the counseling and other activities on
the students own life with the help of the qualitative research instruments and duration of the study
includes the asking the same every after the 4-5 months. So we can analyze the data frequently and also
researcher can evaluate the performance of the same.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The primary measure used for this study was a theoretically supported reliable and valid
instrument designed to assess students’ innovation capacities (see Selznick & Mayhew, 2018). The
innovation capacity scores were second-order factor scores calculated from nine conditioned constructs,
including intrinsic motivation, proactivity, innovation self-concept, networking, persuasive
communication, teamwork across difference, creative cognition, intention to innovate, and risk
taking/tolerance. Intrinsic motivation, proactivity, and innovation self-concept represent the intrapersonal
dimension of the innovation capacity.
Intrinsic motivation measures confidence in one’s ability to stay motivated when working toward
achieving goals; proactivity measures confidence in one’s ability to gather information and resources
required realizing objectives; and innovation self-concept measures the perception of oneself as someone
who can be innovative.
The social dimension of the innovation capacity includes networking, persuasive
communication, and teamwork across differences. Networking measures one’s comfort with developing
and sustaining mutually beneficial new relationships; persuasive communication measures perceived
effectiveness in one’s ability to clearly communicate new ideas and action plans to others; and teamwork
across differences measures perceived effectiveness in one’s ability to work as part of a group consisting
of diverse others to achieve a common objective. (Matthew J. Mayhew, Benjamin S. Selznick, Lini
Zhang, Amy C. Barnes & B. Ashley Staples, 2018) in this study researcher used the primary data
collection by the in-depth interview or counseling with the total 60 students of the BBA Class of Parul
University. With the every student research sped more than 15 minute for knowing well to the
background of the students.
5. ANALYSIS
This study is fully based on the qualitative research methods so researcher has taken the
interview of response from the students of under graduate students of Parul University, Management
department with the help of the structured question and the question based on the response of the students
and following outcome was measured. As this study is continuous researcher has just identifies the single
time information from the students and more will come after completion of the research of two years. In
primary stage we found the following facts and information and problems faced by the students during
the counseling and discussion. The quality of students’ performance remains at top priority for educators.
It is meant for making a difference locally, regionally, nationally and globally. Educators, trainers, and
researchers have long been interested in exploring variables contributing effectively for quality of
performance of learners. These variables are inside and outside school that affect students’ quality of
academic achievement. These factors may be termed as student factors, family factors, school factors and
peer factors (Crosnoe, Johnson & Elder, 2004).
Besides other factors, socioeconomic status is one of the most researched and debated factor
among educational professionals that contribute towards the academic performance of students. The most
prevalent argument is that the socioeconomic status of learners affects the quality of their academic
performance. Most of the experts argue that the low socioeconomic status has negative effect on the
academic performance of students because the basic needs of students remain unfulfilled and hence they
do not perform better academically (Adams, 1996). Gender, ethnicity, and father’s occupation are
significant contributors to student achievement (McCoy, 2005; Peng & Hall, 1995).
Theory of Educational Productivity by Walberg (1981) determined three groups of nine factors
based on affective, cognitive and behavioral skills for optimization of learning that affect the quality of
academic performance: Aptitude (ability, development and motivation); instruction (amount and quality);
environment (home, classroom, peers and television) (Roberts, 2007).
In this research following six factors we can consider for the research as researcher identified during
the first phase of counseling
1.1 Internal Factors at College Level
In this paper research has just identified the various factors which are highly affected the academic
performance of the student. That includes in above chart.
1.1.1 Academic Performance
During the counseling in the first phase researcher identified one of the factor that is the past
academic performance of the students. Past performance plays a very effective role in the life of
the students. There are mainly three types of the performance of the students in past which are as
follows: 1. Very Good, 2. Average, 3. Poor Performance
According to this study we can solve above problem by following ways
So according to this research in classroom above all factors affect during the teaching and improvement is
required in all the factors. In this research above all factors research found during the interview of
students.
1.2 External Factors at College Level
Students are spending more time in college campus so they are feeling like college is second home for
them, so we always need to take care of our students as like the parents. Family atmosphere gives them
the proper situation for the learning and help them to identify future goal. For this proper counseling is
required as like their brother or sister. This will help for overall increment in output. Parents’ education
level, parental profession, language, income and religious affiliations. These are usually discussed under
the umbrella of demography (Ballatine, 1993). The home environment also affects the academic
performance of students. Educated parents can provide such an environment that suits best for academic
success of their children. The school authorities can provide counseling and guidance to parents for
creating positive home environment for improvement in students’ quality of work (Marzano, 2003). The
academic performance of students heavily depends upon the parental involvement in their academic
activities to attain the higher level of quality in academic success (Barnard, 2004; Henderson, 1988;
Shumox & Lomax, 2001).
6. CONCLUSIONS
As per this research paper researcher can conclude impact of the academic factors like academic
performance, curricular activities and the class maintenance are high on the mind of the students and as
academician we have to work on these factors more. On the other side, social factors which we are
ignoring that are also important for the increasing the students’ performance. Research is conducted of 60
students with the help of the qualitative research design and researcher found the above data during the
first time counseling of the students.
In case of the academic factors we need to check first academic performance and background of
the students first after that we need to take step according to the result. In case of the second factor that is
curricular activities, every institute must arrange at least eight to ten activities during the one year for the
mind activeness and classroom must be well maintained.
Influence of social factor is must for the archiving the academic factors. Social factors are
attached emotionally with the mind of the students so if we are successfully taking care about the social
factors then academic goal will be fulfilled automatically.
REFERENCES
1. Adams, A. (1996). Even basic needs of young are not met. Retrieved from http://tc.education.
pitt.edu/library/SelfEsteem
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 50, 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
3. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of
planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1559-
1816.2002. tb00236.x
4. Antal, N., Kingma, B., Moore, D., & Streeter, D. (2014). University-wide entrepreneurship
education. Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth, 24,
227–254.
5. Archer, J., Jr., & Cooper, S. (1998). Counseling and mental health services on campus: A
handbook of contemporary practices and challenges. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6. Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship
education and entrepreneurial intentions: A meta-analytic review. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 38(2), 217–254. doi:10.1111/etap.2014.38.issue-2
7. Bagheri, A., & Pihie, Z. A. L. (2014). The factors shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Newcastle
upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars.
8. Ballatine, J. H. (1993). The sociology of education: A systematic analysis. Englwood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall.
9. Barbosa, S. D., Gerhardt, M. W., & Kickul, J. R. (2007). The role of cognitive style and risk
preference on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Leadership
and Organizational Studies, 13(4), 86–104. doi:10.1177/10717919070130041001
10. Barnard, W. M. (2004). Parent involvement in elementary school and educational attainment .
Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 39- 62.
11. Boyles, T. (2012). 21st century knowledge, skills, and abilities and entrepreneurial
competencies: A model for undergraduate entrepreneurship education. Journal of
Entrepreneurship Education, 15, 41–55.
12. Braxton, J. M., Bray, N. J., & Berger, J. P. (2000). Faculty teaching skills and their influence on
the college student departure process. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 2 15-227.
13. Ceballo, R., McLoyd, V., & Toyokawa, T. (2004). The influence of neighborhood quality on
adolescents’ educational values and school efforts. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 716-
739.
14. Davis, C. D., & Humphrey, K. M. (2000). College counseling: Issues and strategies for a new
millennium. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
15. Dubitzky, W., Kotter, T., Schmidt, O., & Berthold, M. R. (2012). Towards creative information
exploration based on Koestler’s concept of bisociation. In M. R. Berthold (Ed.),Bisociative
knowledge discovery: An introduction to concept, algorithms, tools, and applications (pp. 11–
32). Berlin, Germnay: Springer-Verlag.
16. Duval-Couetil, N. (2013). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programs:
Challenges and approaches. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 394–409.
doi:10.1111/jsbm.12024
17. Hulme, E., Thomas, B., & DeLaRosby, H. (2014). Developing creativity ecosystems: Preparing
college students for tomorrow’s innovation challenge. About Campus, 19(1), 14–23.
doi:10.1002/abc.2014.19.issue-1
18. James, A., & Brookfield, S. D. (2014). Engaging imagination: Helping students become creative
and reflective thinkers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
19. Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
20. Kegan, R. (1994). In over our heads: The mental demands of modern life. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
21. Kickul, J, Gundry, L. K, Barbosa, S. D, & Whitcanack, L. (2009). Intuition versus analysis?
Testing differential models of cognitive style on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the new
venture creation process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 439-453.
doi:10.1111/etap.2009.33.issue-2
22. Koestler, A. (1964). The act of creation. New York, NY: Macmillan.
23. Marzano, R. J. (2003). What works in schools: Translating research into action? Retrieved from
http://pdonline.ascd.org/pd_online/whatworks/marzano2003_ch13 .html
24. Matthew J. Mayhew, Benjamin S. Selznick, Lini Zhang, Amy C. Barnes & B. Ashley Staples
(2018): Examining Curricular Approaches to Developing Undergraduates’ Innovation
Capacities, The Journal of Higher Education, DOI: 10.1080/00221546.2018.1513307
25. McCoy, L. P. (2005). Effect of demographic and personal variables on achievement in eighth
grade algebra. Journal of Educational Research, 98 (3), 131-135.
26. Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A
crosscultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career
Development, 39(2), 162–185.doi:10.1177/0894845310384481
27. Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., Fu, J., & Singhal, S. (2013). A competency-based perspective on
entrepreneurship education: Conceptual and empirical insights. Journal of Small
BusinessManagement, 51(3), 352–369. doi:10.1111/jsbm.2013.51.issue-3
28. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1983). Predicting voluntary freshman year persistence/
withdrawal behavior in a residential university: A path analytic validation of Tinto’s model.
Journal of Educational Psycholojy, 75, 2 15-226.
29. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students. San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass.
30. Peng, S. S., & Hall, S. T. (1995). Understanding racial-ethnic differences in secondaryschool
science and mathematics achievement (NCES No. 95710). Washington DC: U.S. Department of
Education.
31. Phillips, D. P. (2013). Social entrepreneurship as change agent in the academy. In L. Book & D.
P. Phillips (Eds.), Creativity and entrepreneurship: Changing currents in education and public
life (pp. 36–51). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
32. Poysa-Tarhonnen, J., Elen, J., & Tarhonen, P. (2016). Student teams’ development over time:
Tracing the relationship between the quality of communication and teams’ performance. Higher
Education Research & Development, 35, 787–799. doi:10.1080/07294360.2015.1137887
33. Roberts, G. A. (2007). The effect of extracurricular activity participation in the relationship
between parent involvement and academic performance in a sample of third grade children.
Retrieved from https://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2007/ robertsg11186/robertsg 11186.pdf
34. Selznick, B. S, & Mayhew, M. J. (2018). Measuring undergraduates' innovation capacities.
Research in Higher Education, 59(6), 744-764. doi: 10.1007/s11162-017-9486-7
35. Shane, S. A. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus.
Northampton, MA: Elgar.
36. Shumox, L., & Lomax, R. (2001). Parental efficacy: Predictor of parenting behavior and
adolescent outcomes. Parenting, 2(2), 127-150.
37. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise
entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration
and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 566–591. doi:10.1016/j. jbusvent.2006.05.002
38. Stage, F. K. (1989). Motivation, academic and social integration and early dropout. American
Educational Research Journal, 26, 385-402.
39. Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research.
Review of Educational Research, 45, 89-125.
40. Wagner, T. (2012). Creating innovators: The making of young people who will change the
world. New York, NY: Scribner.
41. Walberg, H. J. (1981). A psychological theory of educational productivity. In F. H. Farley & N.
U. Gordon (Eds.), Psychology and education. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
42. Winkel, D., Vanevenhoven, J., Drago, W. A., & Clements, C. (2013). The structure and scope of
entrepreneurship programs in higher education around the world. Journal of Entrepreneurship
Education, 16, 15–29.
43. Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the
development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1265–1272.
doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265