SUMMARY

COMPILED BY :
NAME : DIANI PUTRI
NIM : PO.71.24.1.20.025
CLASS : 1 REGULAR A

SUPERVISOR
SITI NURAZIZA TUZZUHRO,SPD,Mpd

D-III MIDWIFERY STUDY PROGRAM PALEMBANG

HEALTY POLYTECHNIC OF PALEMBANG
2020/2021
TABLE OF CONTENS

1.1 ACTIVE VOICE..............................................................................................................1

A. Definition..................................................................................................................1

B. Social Function..........................................................................................................1

C. Generic Structure.......................................................................................................1

1.2. NOUN.............................................................................................................................2

A. Definition..................................................................................................................2

B. Type ..........................................................................................................................3

C. Functions...................................................................................................................5

1.3. PASSIVE VOICE...........................................................................................................6

A. Definition..................................................................................................................6
................................................................................................................................................

B. Social Function..........................................................................................................6

C. Generic Structure......................................................................................................6

1.4 CONDITIONAL SENTENCE.........................................................................................7

A .Definition..................................................................................................................8

B. Type...........................................................................................................................8

1.5 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES.....................................................................................10

A. Definition..................................................................................................................10

B. Example.....................................................................................................................10

1.6 DEGREE OF COMPARISON.......................................................................................12

A. DEFINITION............................................................................................................12

B. THREE DEGREE OF COMPARISON....................................................................12

REFERENCE.........................................................................................................................15
1.1 ACTIVE VOICE

A. DEFINITION

Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb

B. SOCIAL FUCTION

Ø I'll start with active voice because it's simpler. In an active sentence, the subject is doing
the action. A straightforward example is the sentence "Steve loves Amy." Steve is the subject,
and he is doing the action: he loves Amy, the object of the sentence.

Ø Another example is the title of the Marvin Gaye song “I Heard It through the
Grapevine.” "I" is the subject, the one who is doing the action. "I" is hearing "it," the object of
the sentence

Ø Active voice makes documents stronger by showing responsibility or giving credit for an
action. When we avoid showing responsibility, we often don't give enough information to
explain the problem and how to fix it. Often, we use a form of the passive called the "cut
passive" and never identify the doer of the action. This form sounds vague and abstract.

C. GENERIC STRUCTURE

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

ð S + VI/I+S + Complement

B. PRESENT CONTINOUS

ð S + V I + ing + Complement

C.PRESENT PERFECT

ð S + have, has + V III + Complement

D. PAST TENSE
ð S + V II + Complement

E. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

ð S + was, were + V I + ing + Complement

F. MODAL

ð S + modal + V I + Complement

G. PAST PERFECT TENSE

ð S + had + V III + Complement

H. FUTURE GOING TO

ð S + is, am, are + going to + V I + Complement

I. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

ð S + will + have + V III + Complement

C. EXAMPLE

1. I lit a candle every night

2. Some girls speak english in the room

3. I send a letter to the post office

4. They promise us higher wages

5. Sultan Takdir Alisyabana was writing Layar Terkembang

1.2 NOUN

A.DEFINITION
 Nouns refer to persons, animals, places, things, ideas, or events, etc. Nouns encompass most
of the words of a language.

•Noun can be a/an -

•Person – a name for a person: - Max, Julie, Catherine, Michel, Bob, etc.

•Animal – a name for an animal: - dog, cat, cow, kangaroo, etc.

•Place – a name for a place: - London, Australia, Canada, Mumbai, etc.

•Thing – a name for a thing: - bat, ball, chair, door, house, computer, etc.

•Idea – A name for an idea: - devotion, superstition, happiness, excitement, etc.

•Examples of Noun in sentence

B.TYPES OF NOUN:

•Proper Noun

•Common Noun

•Abstract Noun

•Concrete Noun

•Countable Noun

•Non-countable Noun

•Collective Noun

•Compound Noun

•Proper Noun:

A proper noun is a name which refers only to a single person, place, or thing and there is no
common name for it. In written English, a proper noun always begins with capital letters.

Example: Melbourne (it refers to only one particular city), Steve (refers to a particular person),
Australia (there is no other country named Australia; this name is fixed for only one country).

•More Examples of Proper Noun

•Common Noun:

A common noun is a name for something which is common for many things, person, or
places. It encompasses a particular type of things, person, or places.

Example: Country (it can refer to any country, nothing in particular), city (it can refer to any city
like Melbourne, Mumbai, Toronto, etc. but nothing in particular).

So, a common noun is a word that indicates a person, place, thing, etc. In general and a proper
noun is a specific one of those.

•More Examples of Common Noun

•Abstract Noun:

An abstract noun is a word for something that cannot be seen but is there. It has no physical
existence. Generally, it refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions.

Example: Truth, lies, happiness, sorrow, time, friendship, humor, patriotism, etc.

•Abstract Noun examples in sentences

•Concrete Noun:

A concrete noun is the exact opposite of abstract noun. It refers to the things we see and
have physical existence.

Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, water, money, sugar, etc.

•Countable Noun:

The nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns. Countable nouns can take an
article: a, an, the.
Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, etc. (you can say 1 chair, 2 chairs, 3 chairs – so chairs are
countable)

•Countable Noun examples in sentences

•Non-countable Noun:

The nouns that cannot be counted are called non-countable nouns.

Example: Water, sugar, oil, salt, etc. (you cannot say “1 water, 2 water, 3 water” because water is
not countable)

Abstract nouns and proper nouns are always non-countable nouns, but common nouns and
concrete nouns can be both count and non-count nouns.

•Non-countable Noun examples in sentences

•Collective Noun:

A collective noun is a word for a group of things, people, or animals, etc.

Example: family, team, jury, cattle, etc.

Collective nouns can be both plural and singular. However, Americans prefer to use
collective nouns as singular, but both of the uses are correct in other parts of the world.

•Compound Noun:

Sometimes two or three nouns appear together, or even with other parts of speech, and
create idiomatic compound nouns. Idiomatic means that those nouns behave as a unit and, to a
lesser or greater degree, amount to more than the sum of their parts.

Example: six-pack, five-year-old, and son-in-law, snowball, mailbox, etc.

C.Functions of Nouns

Nouns can be used as a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object of a verb; as an object
of a preposition; and as an adverb or adjective in sentences. Nouns can also show possession.
•Subject: The company is doing great. Roses are the flowers of love.

•Direct object: I finally bought a new mobile.

•Indirect object: Max gave Carol another chocolate.

•Object of preposition: Roses are the flowers of love.

•Adverb: The train leaves today.

•Adjective: The office building faces the mall.

•Possession: The lion’s cage is dangerous. My brother’s daughter is adorable.

1.3 PASSIVE VOICE

A. DEFINITION

In general we tend to use the active voice. That is when a subject does an action to an
object.

B. SOCIAL FUCTION

* PASSIVE VOICE is a grammatical construction where the subject of sentences didn’t

do the action, but as the receiver of action. The object of the action becomes the subject ofthe
sentence, and the actor appears in a prepositional phrase, or is absent from the sentence.

* In passive voice, the target of the action gets promoted to the subject position. Instead
of saying, "Steve loves Amy," I would say, "Amy is loved by Steve." The subject of the sentence
becomes Amy, but she isn't doing anything. Rather, she is just the recipient of Steve's love. The
focus of the sentence has changed from Steve to Amy.

* If you wanted to make the title of the Marvin Gaye song passive, you would say “It
was heard by me through the grapevine,” not such a catchy title anymore.

C. GENERIC STRUCUTURE

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

ð S + is, am, are + V III + by + Complement

B. PRESENT CONTINOUS

ð S + is, am, are + being + V III + by + Complement

C. PRESENT PERFECT

ð S + have, has + been + V III + by + Complement

D. PAST TENSE

ð S + was, were + V III + by + Complement

E. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

ð S + was, were + being + V III + by + Complement

F. MODAL

ð S + modal + be + V III + by + Complement

G. PAST PERFECT TENSE

ð S + had + been + V III + by + Complement

H. FUTURE GOING TO

ð S + is, am, are + going to + be + V III + by + Complement

I. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

ð S + will + have + been + V III + by + Complement

D. EXAMPLE

1. A candle is lited by me every night

2. English is spoken by some girls in the room

3. A letter is sent by me to the post office

4. We are promised higher wages by them

5. A poem is being writen by Rini classroom now

1.4 CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

A. DEFINITION

•A conditional sentence is a type of sentence that states a condition and the outcome of that
condition occurring. Conditional sentences are made up of a dependent clause and an
independent clause joined to express said condition.

•In English grammar, a conditional sentence is a type of sentence that expresses one
situation (the condition, antecedent, or protasis in a dependent clause) as a condition for the
occurrence of another situation (the result, consequent, or apodosis in the main clause). Put
simply, the basic structure underlying most conditional sentences can be expressed as, "If this,
then that." Also called a conditional construction or a conditional. In the field of logic, a
conditional sentence is sometimes referred to as an implication.

B.TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

1.Zero Conditional

Time: General

Function: Habits, tendencies, rules, and scientific facts.

Structure: When + Present Simple, Present Simple.

Example: When he is stressed, he exercises.

2.. Conditional Sentence Type 1

•Time : Future

•Function: Probable future, predictions, promises, threats, and offers.

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
•Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

•Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

•Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

•Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on
how to form negative sentences.

•Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

3.Conditional Sentence Type 2

Time :Hypothetical future, abstract

Function: Fantasy, improbable future, hypothesis, and negotiations.

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

•Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

•Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

•Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

•Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on
how to form negative sentences.

•Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

4. Sentence Type 3

•Time: Hypothetical past

•Function: Regrets, comments about past situations.

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
•Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

•Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

•Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

•Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and Conditional II on
how to form negative sentences.

•Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

1.5 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A. DEFINITION

1.GERUNDS

gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is
"reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

2.INFINITIVES

An infinitive is the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You
can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence

B .EXAMPLE OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1.GERUNDS

•He enjoys not working.

•The best thing for your health is not smoking.

2. INFINITIVES

•To learn is important. subject of sentence

•The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence

•He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

•I decided not to go.

•The most important thing is not to give up.

C.use a gerund or an infinitive?

Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence.
However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English,
whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural
and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or
potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember
that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.

Examples:

•Learning is important. normal subject

•To learn is important. abstract subject - less common

•The most important thing is learning. normal complement

•The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common

As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive.

In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main
verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.

Examples:

•He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.

•He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.

Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Examples:

•She suggested going to a movie.

•Mary keeps talking about her problems.

Some verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Examples:

•She wants to go to a movie.

•Mary needs to talk about her problems.

1.6 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

A. DEFINITION

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.

B. THREE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. Positive degree.

2. Comparative degree.

3. Superlative degree.

1.Positive degree.

It is a comparison to compare one thing with another in the same level

a. There is no additional type of its adjective.

b. Don’t forget to put “as” before and after adjective.

Example

1. Rina is as beautiful as my classmate, Rani.

2. Mr. Brown can run as fast as my lecturer, Mr. Black

3. Dinda is as smart as Britney

2.Comparative degree.

It is to compare one thing with another thing in the different level.

•Rules:

A. If it is 1 or 2 syllables, adjective + er. Put “than” after adjective itself.

Example

1. Borobudur temple is bigger than Prambanan temple

2. Mr. Kenedy is shorter than Mr. Gowell.

3. My English teacher is slimmer than his wife, Mrs. There.

B. If it is 3 or more syllables, adjective doesn’t change. We put “more” before adjective itself
than add “than” after the adjective.

Example

1. Hanny is more beautiful than Hanna

2. Mr. Handy’s car is more expensive than Mr. Halim’s car.

3. Patrick mission is more difficult to be done than Rudy’s mission

3. Superlative Degree

is a kind of comparison to compare one thing with other things (more than one thing)

•Rules:

A. If it is one or two syllables, adjective + est. Put “the” before its adjective.

Don’t put “than” after its adjective!

Example

1. Yova is the smartest student in her class.

2. This box is the heaviest among others.

3. My mother is the tallest woman in her village.

B. If it is three or more syllables, just put “the” and “most” before its adjective.

Don’t put “than” after adjective!

Example

1. It is the most expensive car in the world.

2. Valencia is the most beautiful girl at our school

3. Ella is the most diligent person in our family.

REFERENCES:

Active Voice. http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/activevoiceterm.htm. Accessed on April 23,

2013.

http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/active-voice-versus-passive-
voice#sthash.r2bD4JfW.dpuf

http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/active-voice-versus-passive-
voice#sthash.r2bD4JfW.dpuf

R. Carter, Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2006.

Robert Khron, English Sentence Structure, The University of Michigan Press. 1970.

Dra. Ade Mulyanah, Dr. Ir. Bob Foster, M.M. 2012. Kumpulan Soal dan Pembahasan Bahasa
Inggris. PT Duta. Jl. Purnawarman No. 31. Bandung

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/gerund/