IFEA IES Endodontic and Dental Practice During COVID-19
IFEA IES Endodontic and Dental Practice During COVID-19
IFEA IES Endodontic and Dental Practice During COVID-19
1
Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research,
Chennai, India. [email protected]
2
Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences , New Delhi, India.
[email protected]
3
Prof and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics,
Sathyabama Dental College & Hospital,Chennai, India.
[email protected]
4
Senior Lecturer, Glasgow Dental College,
University of Glasgow, Scotland. [email protected]
5
Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
Chairman - Education Committee, International Federation of Endodontic Associations
(IFEA) [email protected]
Corresponding author:
Dr. Velayutham Gopikrishna, [email protected]
1
Abstract:
The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic poses an immense global health challenge. As
dental care providers, we are faced with significant responsibilities both to the dental
team and our patients to limit exposure to the virus. Due to the nature of our work, the
team are at a high risk of contracting the virus and potentially transmitting the virus. One
of the prime modes of containing this pandemic is in enforcing effective social
distancing. However, as dental care providers we face the twin challenge of protecting
ourselves and our patients from community transmission and at the same time ensuring
patients continue to have access to urgent/emergency dental care. Whilst it is
recognized that practitioners from different countries will be subject to the governing
authorities and directives of their country, nevertheless this general position statement is
for the benefit of endodontists and dentists and provides an objective method of
streamlining their dental practices based on need and evidence based disease
containment protocols.
Introduction:
Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses that are zoonotic in
nature and cause symptoms ranging from those similar to the common cold to more
severe respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological symptoms[1]. Other than SARS-
CoV-2, there are six known coronaviruses in humans: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43,
SARS-CoV, HCoVNL63, HCoV-HKU1, and MERS-CoV. Coronaviruses have caused
two large-scale pandemics in the last two decades: SARS and MERS[2].
On 29 December 2019, the first four cases of an acute respiratory syndrome of
unknown etiology were reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. It appears that
most of the early cases had some sort of contact history with a seafood market[1]. Soon
afterwards, a secondary route of transmission was found to be via human-to-human
close contact. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced the official name of
the 2019 novel coronavirus as coronavirus disease - COVID-19[3]. The current reference
name for the virus is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-
2). The disease was recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020, with global spread
affecting 5,97,283 individuals with 27,365 deaths at the time of writing. Most of the
evidence for understanding the disease process comes from the epidemiological
findings from China, Korea, Italy, USA and United Kingdom. The information from these
countries have helped researchers model and draw inference for the rest of the world.
2
The nature of the dental setting puts both the dentist/dental team and the patient
at high risk of cross-infection. The COVID-19 pandemic, has led to the absolute
requirement for strict and effective infection control protocols beyond those that already
exist within the dental setting. The purpose of this position statement is to establish a
standard operating protocol for endodontic and dental practice in the current climate.
This document presents the essential knowledge about COVID-19 and nosocomial
infection in dental settings along with recommended management protocols for
institution-based and private clinical practices.
Routes of transmission:
The three most common transmission routes[4] of novel coronavirus include:
i. Direct transmission (through cough, sneeze or droplet inhalation),
ii. Contact transmission (through oro-nasal-ocular route) and
iii. Aerosol transmission.
3
Disease progress and containment:
A study from China CDC showed the majority of patients (80.9%) were
considered asymptomatic or had mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses
during the early phase of infection, which poses enormous challenges for containing the
spread of COVID-19. Asymptomatic carriers that were calculated based on the data
from the Diamond Princess cruise ship was as high as 17.9% [13].The basic reproductive
number (R0) denotes the number of people who can contract the disease from a
contagious person. The R0 of COVID-19 ranges from 2.6 - 4.7. Importantly, this is
higher than that of SARS or MERS[2].
With vaccines and effective drugs still under trial, Imperial College London has
outlined several public health measures to slow down the disease progress[16]:
i.Home isolation of cases – whereby those with symptoms of the disease (cough and/or
fever) remain at home for 7 days following the onset of symptom.
ii.Home quarantine – this involves all household members of the individual(s) with
symptoms of the disease remain at home for 14 days following the onset of symptoms.
iii.Social distancing – this is a broader policy that targets to lower the overall contacts
that one makes with other people by three-fourths. This involves contacts made
outside the household, school or workplace.
iv.Social distancing of those over 70 years – as for social distancing but just for those
over 70 years of age who are at highest risk of severe disease.
v.Closure of schools and universities
4
However, social distancing creates significant challenges for the provision of
dental services. Dental practitioners and in particular endodontists are health care
providers with a major role in management of dental emergencies including
symptomatic pulpitis, acute dental infections and dental traumatic injuries. Hence
complete closure of clinical practice/dental institutions is not recommended.
Dentists also can participate in health education services by extending the information
on prevention measures issued by their respective national and refer suspected COVID-
19 patients to government authorised institutions[17,18].
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Providing Dental Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations
As health care professionals it is our duty to mitigate the community spread of
this disease through responsible and informed actions. We need to fulfill our
professional duty towards our patients, and in particular obtain informed consent from
the patient of the proposed treatment(s), while keeping ourselves, our staff and
environment safe. The International Federation of Endodontic Associations (IFEA)
and Indian Endodontic Society (IES) recognizes and recommends the need for
immediate postponement of all elective dental procedures while keeping
emergency services operational. Concentration on emergency care will take care of
immediate patient needs for true dental emergencies while also reducing the load of
such emergencies on hospital emergency departments. The situation in hand is fluid
and not time limited, but may persist for some time and will require close monitoring.
The governing bodies and local governments are continuously providing timely updates
regarding the situation that needs to be closely monitored.
In this position statement, we intend to answer the following questions for the practicing
dentist: .
1. Specific Recommendations for dentists to triage patients to decide, what is a
dental emergency and when and how to schedule such patients
2. Recommendations regarding a work flow and steps to be followed in a dental
setting to reduce exposure while keeping the services functional for
emergency care
3. Infection prevention and control recommendations
4. Specific Dental Procedure Related Recommendations
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• Emergency Care
• Urgent Care
• Scheduled Care / Elective Care
7
Table 2 : Recommended medications for Emergency Care Patients reporting with
severe dental pain during Covid-19 Pandemic
• The most recommended drugs of choice24,25,26 for treating acute pulpitis are:
• The pain felt by patients diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis may be
also alleviated by administering 4 mg dexamethasone either orally Or through
intraligamentary and mainly supraperiosteal injections27.
• Current WHO guideline29 has not contraindicated the usage of Ibuprofen during
COVID -19 Pandemic as on 27th March 2020. However with conflicting research
in this issue this position statement would recommend the usage of alternative
medications to ibuprofen given in this table above.
8
2. Recommendations regarding a work flow and steps to be followed in a dental
setting to reduce exposure while keeping the services functional for emergency
care.
Certain specific measures are discussed here regarding general work flow for
dental patient management during this period.
9
Table 3: Covid-19 Risk Assessment Chart *
Geographical
location – Areas History of Temperature/Resp Risk Category
Stage 3 of exposure iratory symptoms
outbreak
(Community
Transmission )
+ + +
+ + - HIGH RISK
+ - -
- + +
- + -
- - + LOW RISK
- - -
*The risk assessment is based on the evidence gathered upto 27th March 2020. Since
the disease dynamics is constantly changing, the reader is referred to their respective
health bodies to keep abreast of the situation.
10
• Emergency Severity Assessment of the associated dental condition
(discussed in Section 1.1) Only patients which fall under Emergency/Urgent Care
should be attended to or scheduled immediately for management. While others
may be tele-counselled, put under pharmacological management if needed
(Table 2) and kept on a telephonic follow up for any exacerbation of symptoms.
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Box 1: GENERAL RECOMMENDATION CHECKLIST
FOR DENTAL CENTRES BEFORE TREATING PATIENTS
DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC*
*https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/index.html
Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities
Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices
Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
12
As outlined previously droplet and aerosol transmission are significant risks in the dental
practice setting. Due to the potential risk of asymptomatic COVID-19 patient presenting
in the dental setting appropriate measures to limit risk should be taken. The use of
personal protective equipment (PPE) in line with guidance should be used (see section
3.1.2). Generally, certain endodontic emergencies that necessitate the use high speed
handpiece to gain access to the root canal system should be performed under dental
dam and high volume aspiration[30, 31]. However, ALL aerosol generating procedures
should be avoided (see section 4.1).
Even when not using aerosol generating procedures, it is important that robust
infection control measures are employed. In non-clinical areas such as reception
and waiting areas thorough cleaning should take place. Ideally all non-essential items
should be removed from these areas and surfaces free of clutter. (See section 4.5)
• Hand washing with soap and water is preferred when hands are visibly dirty or
soiled with blood or other body fluids or after using the toilet.
• Use alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR), when hands are not visibly soiled or tap
and running water is not available
Hand hygiene must be performed:
• Before patient examination
• Before dental procedures
• If gloves are torn or compromised during the procedure
• After removing gloves
• After touching the patient
• After touching surroundings or equipment that are not disinfected
Dental professionals should avoid touching their own eyes, mouth and nose[32].
13
3.1.2 Use of PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT:
The use of PPE, including protective eyewear, masks, gloves, caps, face shields, and
protective outerwear, is strongly recommended for all healthcare givers in the
clinic/hospital settings during the COVID-19 pandemic [19].
a. A triple-layered surgical mask can be worn by all health care providers when within
1–2 meters of patient.
b. Particulate respirators (N-95 masks authenticated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health or FFP2-standard masks set by the European Union)
are recommended for routine dental practice[33,34].
c. If available an FFP3-standard mask should be used and in COVID-19 positive
patients this would be considered essential.
14
No. SUBJECT RECOMMENDATION REASON
15
No. SUBJECT RECOMMENDATION REASON
✓ Preoperative administration of
MANAGEMENT
4.3.1 any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
PROTOCOL 1 h prior to the local anesthesia injection (Table 2)
FOR ACUTE
PULPITIS ✓ Local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine with 1:
WITHOUT 100,000 epinephrine (1.8ml).
GENERATING • Allow sufficient time (15 mins) for anesthesia to
AEROSOL take effect
• If required use supplemental buccal infiltration
To achieve
with 4% Articaine with 1: 100,000 epinephrine
optimal
(0.9 – 1.2ml) at the apex of the tooth to be
anesthesia
treated[38-40] OR Intraligamentary injection
0.2ml of 2% lidocaine with 1: 100,000
epinephrine[41]
• Buffered (alkanising) LA solution[42]
16
No. SUBJECT RECOMMENDATION REASON
4.4 DISINFECTION General areas - frequently clean and disinfect, including door
OF THE CLINIC handles, chairs, and desks.
SETTINGS[44,47] Disinfectants - Isopropyl alcohol, 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite
Reusable instruments - pretreated, cleaned, sterilised, and properly
stored. (Refer Table 4)
4.5 WASTE Medical and domestic waste should be marked and disposed in
MANAGEMENT accordance with the Biomedical Waste Management and Handing
Rules 2016, 2018[48,49].
17
Box 2: RECOMMENDED DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION PROTOCOLS
FOR DENTAL CLINICS TEATING PATIENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
A. Treatment area/patient care area
• All critical, heat resistant semi critical instruments and handpieces should
be cleaned and sterilized after each use or discarded.
• Heat sensitive semi-critical items can be processed with high-level
disinfection eg. 2% Gluteraldehyde.
• High touch/clinical surfaces that are difficult to clean must be covered using
a physical barrier for every patient or disinfected between patients.
(Eg: 1 % Sodium hypochlorite or 70% alcohol)
• Use moistened wipe / cloth to clean all surfaces with freshly prepared
disinfectant solution. (Eg: 1 % Sodium hypochlorite or 3% hydrogen
peroxide). Always Discard remnant diluted solution
• Floor - Use Wet Moping- Multi Bucket Technique : (i) Water followed by
(ii) Detergent followed by (iii) Low Level Disinfectant like 3% hydrogen
peroxide, 1% Sodium hypochlorite or EPA approved agents
18
TABLE 5 : PREPAREDNESS CHECKLIST TO VERIFY
BEFORE TREATING A PATIENT IN YOUR DENTAL SET-UP*
✓ You and your team members DO NOT have any history of direct
exposure to COVID 19 and DO NOT have high temperature or
respiratory symptoms ?
* IFEA and IES strongly recommend that a dental practitioner should not treat patient in
his clinic UNLESS he/she is able to comply with ALL points in the above Checklist. In
case a dental practitioner does not comply with all six parameters of above check list
19
then he/ she should refer the patient to an equipped dental center / local medical
authorities.
Concluding Remarks:
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Annexure
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