Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No.

27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

Treatment of Periodontal Disease – A Herbal Approach

1 2 3
Bhushan.S.Kala*, Chauhan Gunjan , Nagpal Disha , Prakash Shobha
*MDS, Professor, Department of periodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
1
BDS, Post graduate student, Department of periodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.
2
MDS, Post graduate student, Department of periodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.
3
MDS, Professor and head, Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted on: 12-06-2015; Finalized on: 31-07-2015.

ABSTRACT
Periodontitis, or gum disease, affects millions of people each year. Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages
periodontium (the soft tissues and bones present around tooth for support). The disease mainly occurs when bacteria in dental
plaque infect the gums and bones that anchor the teeth. Periodontal diseases, if left unchecked, can lead to major health problems.
Over the last decade, herbal and Ayurvedic drugs has become a subject of world importance, with both medicinal and economical
implications. Herbal excipients are non-toxic and compatible they have a major role to play in pharmaceutical formulation. Herbal
medicines have been widely used all over the world since ancient times and have been recognized by physicians and patients for
their better therapeutic value as they have fewer adverse effects as compared to modern medicines. The aim of the present article
is to present overall view of the current strategies adopted for the formulation and application of traditional herbal remedies. This
review article summarizes the current data on the effect of natural products like Acaciacatechu, Aloe vera, Azadirachata indica,
Ocimum sanctum, Punica granatum & other important herbs on management of various periodontal diseases together with their
biological activities.
Keywords: Herbal drugs, periodontitis, gingivitis, dental plaque

INTRODUCTION denticola, T.socranskii, and P. intermedia. These bacteria,

together with P. gingivalis, are frequently present at the

P eriodontal disease is one of the most important

concerns for dentists and patients.1 It is recognized
as a major public health problem throughout the
world and is the most common cause of tooth loss in
adults.2 The word “periodontitis” comes from peri
same sites, and are associated with deep periodontal
pockets.7
Morris reported that in the United Kingdom 40-45% of
adults have moderate destructive periodontal disease
("around"), odont ("tooth") and -itis ("redness"). and 5-10% has a severe form of the disease. They also
Periodontitis is a set of diseases which usually attacks the reported that 72% of adults have visible plaque; which is
peridontium. The periodontium is the specialized tissues the main causative factor of periodontal disease. In the
that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining United States 50% of adults have gingivitis affecting at
them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. least 3-4 teeth; two-thirds of the population has sub
Periodontitis in comparison with gingivitis is a more gingival calculus, and about a one-third have
severe inflammation, because not only it affects the periodontitis.1,8
tissues, but also, it affects the bottom of the teeth. If it is
Pain, discomfort and cosmetic considerations are some of
not treated at all, it may lead to a loss of teeth.3,4
the factors that demonstrate severity of the problems
A variety of triggering factors like bacterial causes, associated with dental diseases and hence, it is of utmost
9
dyscrasias, avitaminosis etc cause inflamed gums leading importance to minimize and control dental diseases.
to gingivitis. Salivary tartar has an additive effect to these Periodontal treatment aims to cure inflamed tissue,
causative factors in causing gingivitis. Aggressive reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria and eliminate
periodontitis, chronic periodontitis and those resulting the diseased pockets. Mechanical therapy, chemotherapy
from conditions like HIV, diabetes, malnutrition and and systemic administration of antibiotics are some of the
immunosuppression are the other types of periodontitis.5 clinical methods being utilized currently. Conventional
Researchers found that Actinobacillus therapy includes scaling – removal of the calculus and the
actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis plaque, curettage clearing the inflamed soft tissue, and
these two bacteria appear to be likely to cause aggressive root planning - removal of necrotic tissues on the root
periodontal disease. Both P. gingivalis and A. surface. Periodontal diseases are associated with
actinomycetemcomitans, along with multiple deep bacterial infections; therefore antibacterial treatment
pockets in the gum, are associated with resistance to seems to be an appropriate method of improving the
standard treatments for gum disease.6 Other bacteria condition of the inflamed tissues. One of the major
associated with periodontal disease are Treponema problems associated with conventional treatment of

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 126
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

systemic administration of antibiotics is the distribution The purpose of this review is to present some recent
of drug throughout the body, which is not required and it examples of traditional medicinal plant extracts or
can also give rise to toxicity problems.10 phytochemicals that have been shown to inhibit the
growth of oral pathogens, reduce the development of
One method of minimizing the distribution of therapeutic
dental plaque and reduce the symptoms of oral diseases.
agents in the body is through the use of local drug
delivery system. Various plants and their immense potential in
management of dental health :
Many antibacterial are applied directly to the mouth for
the treatment of periodontal diseases. Mouth rinses, 1. Acacia catechu Wild
irrigating solutions and sustained release devices are
Acacia catechu Wild. (AC)(Family: Fabaceae and
some of the local delivery systems.
subfamily: Mimosoideae) known as Black Khair. AC
Periodontal local delivery devices that have been used for iscommercially used to obtain Katha (a concentrated
the targeted delivery of antimicrobial agents include: filtered extract) in North India.
fibers (hollow and monolithic), strips and compacts, films,
AC is used as mouthwash for mouth, gum and throat
microparticles, gels and nanoparticles.11
diseases like gingivitis, stomatitis. Cutch and katha is
Despite several chemical agents being commercially cooling, digestive and a very valuable astringent,
available, these can alter oral microbiota and have especially in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, bleeding
undesirable side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhoea and piles, uterine haemorrhages, leucorrhoea, gleet, atonic
12,13
tooth staining. dyspepsia, chronic bronchitis, etc.
Hence, the search for alternative products continues and The decoction of bark mixed with milk is taken to cure
natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used in cold and cough.23-27
traditional medicine are considered as good alternatives
to synthetic chemicals.14
Herbal and natural products of folk medicine have been
used for centuries in every culture throughout the world.
“Let food be your medicine and let medicine be your
food” was advised by Hippocrates, over two millennia
ago. It’s still true today that “you are what you eat.”15
The practice of medicine has evolved over many centuries
to reach its current state.
A recent survey conducted by the World Health
Organization estimated that almost 70–80% of the
population in the developing world has resorted to
traditional practices for treatment of a variety of
ailments.16
The populations of the two most populous countries in
the world, China and India, have practised traditional
medicine for the management of oral diseases, including
periodontal disease, for well over2000 years.17
With respect to diseases caused by microorganisms, the
increasing resistance in many common pathogens to
currently used therapeutic agents, such as antibiotics and
antiviral agents, has led to renewed interest in the Figure 1: Acacia catechu
discovery of novel anti-infective compounds. The extracts of AC have been reported to have various
As there are approximately 5,00,000 plant species pharmacological effects like antipyretic, anti-
occurring worldwide, of which only1% has been inflammatory, anti diarrhoeal, hypoglycaemic,
phytochemically investigated, there is great potential for hepatoprotective, antioxidant and antimicrobial
23,25-29
discovering novel bioactive compounds from these activities.
sources.18 The important chemical constituents reported in the
Plants and natural products from time immemorial used heartwood are catechin, catechutannic acid, epicatechin,
for their pharmacological applications viz., catechin tetramer, dicatechin, gallocatechin, kaempferol,
antiulcerogenic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, taxifolin, isorhamnetin, (+)Afzelechinn, L-arabinose, D-
antimicrobial, antioxidant properties etc. Here is a list of galactose, D-rhamnose and aldobiuronic acid. Catechinis
few of these in Table 1. highly active. It is used as a haemostatic.30

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 127
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Table 1

Plants with Plants with antimicrobial Plants with Plants with analgesic Plants with anti-inflammatory
20 22 22
antiulcerogenic property antioxidant property property
19 21
property property

Ocimum sanctum, Aloe (Aloe barbadensis, Aloe Spinach, Anicillo (Piper) species, Aloe (Aloe vera), Anestesia
Allophylus serratus, vera), Apple (Malus sylvestris, pepper, black Arnica (Arnica Montana), (Ottonia frutescents), Angelica
Desmodium Ashwagandha (Withania tea, broccoli, Betle (Piper betle), (Angelica archangelica),
gagenticum, somniferum), Bael tree (Aegle green tea, Capsicum (Capsicum Anisillo (Piper auritum),
Azadirachta indica, marmelos), Basil (Ocimum carrot, potato annuum), Chile Piperaceae Anisillo (Piper
Hemidesmus basilicum), Betel pepper (Piper tomato, (Capsicum annuum), marginatum), Arnica (Arnica
indicus, Asparagus betel), Black pepper (Piper blackberry, Clove (Eugenia Montana), Calendula
racemosus and nigrum), Buttercup (Ranunculus grape, olive, caryophyllus), Coca (Calendula officinalis),
Musa sapientum. bulbosus), Cashew (Anacardium pineapple, (Erythroxylum coca), Camptotheca (Camptotheca
pulsatilla), Castor bean (Ricinus strawberry, Feverview (Tanacetum acuminate), Celery seeds
communis), Ceylon cinnamon orange parthenium), Ginger (Apium graveolens),
(Cinnamomum verum), Chili (Zingiber officinale), Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis),
peppers, paprika (Capsicum Marijuana (Cannabis Chickweed (Stellaria media),
annuum), Clove(Syzygium sativa), Menthol Chicle (Manilkara sapota),
aromaticum), Coriander, (Mentha piperata), Chilcuague (Heliopsis
(Coriandrum sativum), Myrrh (Commiphora longipes), Chilmecatl
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus myrrha), Peppermint (Heliopsis longipes), Chinchillia
globules), Garlic (Allium (Mentha piperita), Poppy (Anicillo) (Tagetes minuta),
sativum), Gotu kola (Centella (Papaver somniferum), Dandelion (Taraxacum
asiatica), Turmeric (Curcuma Tobacco (Nicotiana officinale), Garlic (Allium
longa), Green tea (Camellia tabacum), Willow bark sativum), Ginger(Zingiber
sinensis), Henna (Lawsonia (Salix alba), Wintergreen officinale), Gotu kola (Centella
inermis), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza (Gaultheria procumbens) asiatica), Hierba mora
glabra), Marigold (Calendula (Solanum nigrum), Jaborandi
officinalis), Olive oil (Olea (Pilocarpus jaborandi),
europaea), Onion (Allium cepa), Licorice( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Papaya (Carica papaya),
Peppermint (Mentha piperita),
Poppy (Papaver somniferum),
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and

Role of Acacia catechu on Management of Periodontal
Tamil Nadu.
disease
The species is frequently used in herbal medicine. Many
A herbal tooth powder which removed plaque, stain or
scientific studies of the use of extracts of Aloe vera have
patches and cleaned and polished tooth surfaces without
been undertaken.33-36 Aloe vera contains75 potentially
any abrasive action, comprised the powder of
active constituents: vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars,
Acaciacatechu, Menthol and camphor in the proportion 37-39
lignin, saponins, salicylic acids and amino acids.
of 91%, 2.7% and 6.3% respectively. The powder of Acacia
catechu was used to remove tarter, plaque and stain and Aloe vera is found to possess good wound healing
in cleansing and polishing tooth surface without any activity.40 Aloe Vera contains 6 antiseptic agents: Lupeol,
abrasionaction. salicylic acid, urea, nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols
and sulfur. They all have inhibitory action on fungi,
The powders of menthol and camphor were used as a
bacteria and viruses. Aloevera has been found to be
flavouring agent. A clinical study on this dentifrice herbal
useful in cancer prevention, aphthous stomatitis,
tooth powder reported 87-95%, 70-72% and 80-95%
mucositis, and radiation dermatitis.41-44
reductions in plaque, gingivitis and dental calculus
respectively, about 15 days of treatment.31 Aloe vera is a potent anti inflammatory agent it inhibits
the cyclooxygenase pathway and reduces prostaglandin
2. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) 45
E2 production from arachidonic acid. Aloevera is a
46
The botanical name of Aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis potent laxative, it exhibits potent anti viral and anti
47
miller. It belongs to Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family, and tumoractivity. AloeVera possess good anti bacterial and
is a shrubby orarborescent, perennial, xerophytic, pea- anti fungal activity, Streptoccocus pyogenes and
green color plant. It grows mainly in the dry regions of Streptococcus faecalis are two microorganisms that have
48,49
Africa, Asia, Europe and America. In India, it is found in been inhibited by aloe veragel. Using a rat model, in a
study it was suggested that the antibacterial effect of the
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 128
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

aloe vera gel in vivo could enhance the wound healing statistical significant difference was observed between
process by eliminating the bacteria that contributed to them that inactivates bradykinin in vitro, salicylates, and a
inflammation.49 substance that inhibits thromboxane formation.60
Compositions that were safe and effective for preventing
It was proposed that a glycoprotein, aloctin A, which was
and treating oral disease and for maintaining good oral
isolated from Aloe arborescens, markedly inhibits arthritis
health for both humans as well as animals has been
in rats and carrageenan-induced edema inrats.50 Hutter
described. The composition contains a herbal ingredient
identified an anti-inflammatory agent as C-glucosyl
such as olive leaf extract, black walnut green hulls, clove
chromone from Aloe barbadensi.51 It is recently reported
leaf, thyme herb, grapefruit seed extract, Aloe vera,
that aloe vera leaf pulp extract was effective in reducing
Calendula flower, Echinaceapupurea, gota kola extract,
blood sugar, suggesting that it might be useful in the
chamomile flower, green tea leaf, oregano leaf,
scavenging of free radicals.52 It was reported that
peppermint oil, cinnamon bark, eucalyptus leaf, lavender
treatment with aloe vera increased antioxidant enzymes 61
oil etc.
and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation products in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, showing the The aloe vera extract treatment has also resulted in a
relationship between antioxidant activity and the onset of significant increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide
53-55
diabetes. dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and
glutathione S transferase in the liver and kidney of
Role of Aloe Vera in Management of periodontal disease
diabetic rats, showing the antioxidant property of aloe
vera gel extract.62 Thus, it can be hypothesized that
aloevera extracts can be useful in the control and
treatment of periodontal diseases by virtue of their
antioxidant properties as well.
3. Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Azadirachta indica (syn. Melia azadirachta) is well known
in India and its neighbouring countries for more than
2000 years as one of the most versatile medicinal plants
having a wide spectrum of biological activity. Every part
of the tree has been used as traditional medicine for
household remedy against various human ailments, from
antiquity.63-68
More than 135 compounds have been isolated from
neem. The main active ingredients are named nimbin,
Figure 2: Aloe vera nimbinin, and nimbidin. All parts of the plant yield ß-
sitosterol.69 Theleaves contain 6- desacetylnimbinene,
The aloe vera plant contains anthraquinone glycosides nimbandiol, nimbolide and quercetin, n-hexacosanol and
(especially in the latex form, which is different from the nonacosane. The diterpenoids margolone, nimbogone,
gel), polysaccharides, aloeresins, glucomannans, and nimbonolone and nimbolinin have also been isolated
bsitosterol.56 Antioxidative phenolic compounds were from the plant. Various parts of the neem tree have been
recently isolated from Aloe barbadensis and identified as used as traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India from time
aloeresin derivatives.57 These properties, along with the immemorial.
70

ease of availability, no known adverse effects, and cost

effectiveness, make aloe vera an ideal candidate for Neem oil, bark and leaf extract have been therapeutically
plaque control, thereby reducing gingivitis and most likely used as folk medicine to control leprosy, intestinal
eventual periodontitis.58 helmenthisis, respiratory disorders, constipation and as
health promoter.68 Studies indicate that neem leaf extract
Treatment of inflammation is still the key effect for most possess antiarrhythmic, antiarthritis, antiviral,
types of healing, and immunomodulatory properties of antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity.71-
the gel polysaccharides, especially the Acetylated 73

mannans from aloe vera, seem to play a key role.

Antidiabetic, anticancer, and antibiotic activities of aloe Role of Neem in management of periodontal disease
vera have also been reported, indicating wider use of this The ancient Ayurvedic practise of using Neem to heal and
gel.56 rejuvenate gum tissue and to prevent cavities and gum
Studies observed a significant reduction in plaque and disease is verified in modern clinical studies.74
gingivitis after a 30-day use of mouth rinse containing Some of the observed anti-plaque activity of neem
aloe vera with toothbrushing.59 It was found out that both chewing sticks is attributed to the fibrous nature of these
dentifrice containing aloe vera and fluoride resulted in sticks resulting in mechanical plaque removal; however,
significant reduction of plaque and gingivitis, but no neem plant also contain chemotherapeutic antiplaque
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 129
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

agents. The presence of gallotannins during the early 4. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
stages of plaque formation could effectively reduce the
number of bacteria available for binding to the tooth
surface by increasing their physical removal from the oral
cavity through aggregate formation. Additionally, the
effective inhibition of glucosyl transferase activity and the
reduced bacterial adhesion to SHA, as seen with the
presence of gallotannin extracts, suggest some potential
anti-plaque activity.77 The microorganisms found in
inflamed gums are resistant to penicillin and tetracycline
but are not resistant to antibacterial plant extracts like
neem. Unlike antibiotics, antibacterial plant extracts
produced no allergy in the gingiva that could inhibit their
effectiveness.78
In a clinical study, 50 patients with confirmed gingivitis
were selected, 40 showed severe bleeding and pustular
discharges from the gums. After just three weeks of
brushing twice a day with paste including neem leaf Figure 4: Tulsi leaves
extracts, eight out of ten patients showed significant
improvement. The patients also showed a reduction in Botanical name is Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi was recognized
bacterial populations and elimination of halitosis (bad thousands of years ago as one of the India’s greatest
78 80
breath) with no side effects. healing herb. It is an erect soft, hairy aromatic herb or
undershrub found throughout India.81
Several medicinal properties have been attributed to
Ocimum sanctum. Different parts of Tulsi plant e.g.
leaves, flowers, stem, root, seeds etc. are known to
possess therapeutic potentials and have been used by
traditional medical practitioners as expectorant,
analgesic, anticancer, antiasthmatic, antiemetic,
diaphoretic, anti-diabetic, antifertility, hepatoprotective,
hypotensive, hypolipidimic and antistress agents. Tulsi
has also been used in treatment of fever, bronchitis,
arthritis, convulsions etc.82
In an in-vitro study the various concentrations of the Tulsi
extracts have been assessed against streptococcus
mutans and concluded that the Tulsi extract 4% has a
maximum antimicrobial potential.83
Tulsi can act as COX-2 inhibitor, like modern analgesics
Figure 3: Neem leaves & twigs due to its significant amount of Eugenol (1 - hydroxyl -
2methoxy - 4 allyl benzene). Ocimum sanctum leaves
A synergistic herbal formulation comprising of active contain 0.7% volatile oil comprising about 71% eugenol
fractions from Azadirachta indica, Citrullus colocynthis and 20% methyl eugenol.84
and Cucumissativus extract and a carrier or additive was
developed. The composition was found to be useful for Ocimum sanctum at a dose of 100 mg/kg was found to be
teeth and gums as mouthwash or mouth rinse. This effective antiulcer agent in a study. Anti-ulcer effect of
herbal formulation was described to be useful for Ocimum sanctum may be due to its cytoprotective effect
preventing dental plaque and gingivitis in humans and rather than antisecretory effect.85 Due to its
also as an antimicrobial agent for preventing periodontal immunomodulating property Ocimum sanctummay find
diseases.79 its potential use in treating immunologically mediated
86
mucosal condition like pemphigus.
A clinical study conducted on 60 volunteer subjects to
evaluate the efficacy of fraction from neem, fraction from Role in the management of periodontal disease
Citrullus colocynthis and a mixture of them on the Tulsi leaves are quite effective in treating common oral
reduction of dental plaque led to significant reductions of infections. Also few leaves chewed help in maintaining
dental plaque.79 oral hygiene. Carracrol and Tetpene are the antibacterial
agents present in this plant. Sesquiterpene
bcaryophyllene also severs the same purpose. This

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 130
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

constituent is FDA approved food additive which is have demonstrated oncopreventive activity in in vitro and
naturally present in Tulsi.83 in vivo animal experiments.94
Tulsi leaves dried in sun and powdered can be used for Role in the management of periodontal disease
87
brushing teeth. It can also be mixed with mustard oil to
Massaging the aching teeth with roasted, ground
make a paste and used as toothpaste. Tulsi has also 93
turmeric eliminates pain and swelling. A study
proven to be very effective in counteracting halitosis. Its
concluded that chlorhexidine gluconate as well as
anti-inflammatory property makes it a suitable remedy
turmeric mouthwash can be effectively used as an
for gingivitis and periodontitis, and it can be used for
adjunct to mechanical plaque control methods in
massaging the gingiva in these conditions.88
prevention of plaque and gingivitis. The effect of turmeric
Tulsi contains Vitamin A and C, calcium, zinc and iron. It observed may be because of its anti-inflammatory action.
also has chlorophyll and many other phytonutrients. Reduction in total microbial count was observed in both
Deficiency of these nutrient has been associated with the groups. It is reported that the local drug delivery
89
variety of oral diseases. system containing 2% whole turmeric gel can be used as
an adjunct to scaling and root planing. There was a
5.Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)
significant reduction in the trypsin-like enzyme activity of
96
“red complex” microorganisms.
Another study it was seen that, 1% curcumin solution can
cause better resolution of inflammatory signs than
chlorhexidine and saline irrigation as a subgingival
irrigant. Mean PPD reduction was significantly greater for
the curcumin group than all other groups on all post-
treatment days.97
6. Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
Punica granatum (family Punicaceae), generally known as
“pomegranate,” is a shrub or small tree native to Asia
where several of its parts have been used as astringent,
and for hemostatic as well as diabetic control.
The fruit of this tree is used for the treatment of throat
Figure 5: Turmeric infections, coughs, and fever due to its anti-inflammatory
It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of family properties.99
Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and The constituents of pomegranate have been thoroughly
needs temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C. It is a investigated, however, clinical trials are in progress to
perennial plant with orange, oblong tubers 2 or 3 inches explore the therapeutic potential of pomegranate
in length and one inch in diameter, pointed or tapering at products, particularly determining preventive efficacy of
one end. When dried, it is made into a yellow powder pomegranate extracts in cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
with a bitter, slightly acrid, yet sweet taste. Ancient inflammation diabetes and ultraviolet radiation-induced
Indian medicine has touted turmeric as an herb with the skin damage.
ability to provide glow and luster to the skin as well as
vigor and vitality to the entire body. Since turmeric has The most therapeutically beneficial pomegranate
antimicrobial, antioxidant, astringent, and other useful constituents are ellagic acid, ellagitannins (including
properties, it is quite useful in dentistry also.91,92 punicalagins), punicic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanidins,
100
anthocyanins, and estrogenic flavonols and flavones.
The active constituents of turmeric are the lavonoid
curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and various volatile oils Pomegranate extracts have been shown to scavenge free
including tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone. Other radicals and decrease macrophage Oxidative stress and
constituents include sugars, proteins, and resins. The lipid peroxidation in animals and increase plasma
best-researched active constituent is curcumin, which antioxidant capacity in elderly humans. Also pomegranate
comprises 0.3-5.4% of raw turmeric. Curcumin has been extracts (juice, seed oil, peel) potently inhibit prostate
used extensively in ayurvedic medicine for centuries, as it cancer cell invasiveness and proliferation, cause cell cycle
is nontoxic and has a variety of therapeutic properties disruption, induce apoptosis, and inhibit tumour
including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, growth.101
antiseptic activity, and anticarcinogenic activity.93 Its role Role in the management of periodontal disease
in the treatment of various precancerous conditions like
oral submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia, and lichen planus Research showed that pomegranate extract was more
has also been studied. Turmeric extract and turmeric oil effective against the adherence of biofilm

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 131
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X
115-117
microorganisms than a pharmaceutical antifungal, when medicine. D. fortunei is also commonly used to
three or four microorganisms were involved.102 manage disorders of orthopedics and has been claimed to
have therapeutic effects on bone healing.115,116 Liu has
Investigators noted that pomegranate’s active
shown that D.fortunei has an antioxidant effect on rat
components, including polyphenolic flavonoids (e.g.,
osteoblasts from hydrogen peroxide-induced death and
punicalagins and ellagic acid), are believed to prevent
may promote bone recovery under similar pathologic
gingivitis through a number of mechanisms including
conditions.118 Liu reported that D. fortunei increases the
reduction of oxidative stress in the oral cavity,103-105 direct
attachment and growth of human gingival fibroblasts on
antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory effects;106,107
in vitro.119 The water extract of D. fortunei has been
antibacterial activity;108 and direct removal of plaque
109 reported to significantly protect against ototoxicity
from the teeth.
caused by treptomycin, streptomycin and kanamycin in
human and the progression of bone loss induced by
120,121
ovariectomy in rats. Moreover, it was also shown
that D. fortunei extracts are shown to be potent
inhibitors of the degradation of denaturated collagen by
122
cathepsin K and of bone resorption in an in vitro model.
2. Garlic (Allium sativum)
Historically, garlic was used in China to lower blood
pressure, in Egypt to increase physical strength, in Europe
to prevent the plague and in India as a home remedy for
various minor ailments like flu and cough. Garlic has been
used not only to flavour food but also because it contains
a sulfur-rich derivative of cysteine felt to have medicinal
benefits. Its anticarcinogenic actions may be explained by
particular organo-sulfur compounds. Diallyl sulfide, for
example, which is responsible in part for its strong taste
and odor, has been shown to selectively inhibit as well as
Figure 6: Pomegranate induce certain P-450 enzymes.123
In a study evaluating the effects of pomegranate on As S.mutans is one of the primary etiological organisms in
gingivitis, results showed a significant reduction in dental caries development, and in this study garlic extract
gingival bleeding after using a dentifrice containing the has been shown to be effective against S.mutans, garlic
pomegranate extract.110 Yet in another similar study with extract mouth rinse might be used as an effective remedy
a control group the effect of a gel with a pomegranate in the prevention of dental caries.124
extract was tested on a group with experimental gingivitis
which hardly mimics the naturally occurring gingivitis.99 In a study it was found that the garlic has antimicrobial
properties in vitro against streptococci and anticariogenic
Pomegranate rinsing also lowered saliva activities of properties against oral microorganism.125
alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme that breaks down sucrose
(sugar),111 while it increased activities of ceruloplasmin, Allicin is considered the most therapeutic constituent of
an antioxidant enzyme.112 “The pomegranate extract- garlic. Research performed using broth dilution method
induced increase in ceruloplasmin activity can be revealed that planktonic growth of the cariogenic, gram-
expected to strengthen antioxidant defences,” noted positive species S.mutans, S.sobrinus, and Actinomyces
investigators. Subjects who rinsed with placebo solution oris was inhibited by various allicin concentrations.
did not experience any of these changes.113 Taken Planktonic growth of the tested gram-negative perio-
together, researchers concluded that these changes in pathogenic species A. and Fusobacterium nucleatum was
saliva content indicated that routine rinsing with a also inhibited by allicn.126
pomegranate mouthwash, could promote oral health, 3. Onion (Allium cepa)
including affecting processes related to gingivitis.113
Onion has the distinction of being the king of vegetables.
Other Herbs Its extensive use in various forms due to the antibacterial
1. Drynaria and antifungal properties is well documented. It
promotes good heart health because it facilitates the
One of the traditional Korean medicine, Drynaria fortune thinning of the blood which helps to prevent clot
(D. fortunei; Gol-Se-Bo in Korean and Gu-Sui-Bu in formation. Onion extracts possess an effect on all test
Chinese) is one of candidates known to be effective for bacterial strains (S.mutans JC-2, S.sobrinus OMZ176,
the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipidemia, P.gingivalis ATCC 33277 and P.intermedia ATCC 25611),
arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and gynaecological diseases and the effects were bactericidal against cultured and
such as osteoporosis and bone resorption in oriental resting bacterial cells.
127

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 132
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Studies of experimental carcinogenesis in animal models diseases have been widely identified. They may be
and in cell culture systems indicate that several allium- tannins, terpenoids, flavanoids, alkaloids etc.
derived compounds exhibit inhibitory effects and that the Antimicrobial activities of these have been found to be
underlying mechanisms may involve both the initiation particularly useful for periodontal diseases. Clinical trials
128
and the promotion phases of carcinogenesis. The for assessment of safety and efficacy of these herbal
potential anticarcinogenic action of onions may also be remedies are in its infant stage. These herbal remedies
related to their high content of organosulfur compounds are expected to be a widely used in future. The herbal
or to their high antioxidant activity, which is principally remedies have an edge over conventional antibiotic
due to their wide content of flavonoids.129 treatment which suffer the limitation of low benefit to
high risk as compared to herbal treatment which possess
Allium cepa juice (0.4g/100g b.w. for 4 weeks) exhibited
high benefit to low risk ratio.136
anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effect in alloxan
induced diabetic rats, it also repaired hepatic and renal As traditional plant preparations have significant
130
damage caused by alloxan. historical background, it may be ethical to clinically
evaluate these first and then collect modern toxicological
4. Grape Seed Extract
data. Important classes of compounds essential for
Grape seed extract contains proanthocyanidins (PA) biologic activity must be delineated. All of this knowledge
which are potent antioxidants and are known to possess will be essential for proper standardization of a product.
anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immune-stimulating Therapeutic approaches with herbal medicine are often
effects. It has been reported to strengthen collagen based staggered due to lack of data on safety and efficacy and
tissues by increasing collagen cross-links.131 In a study meticulous clinical trial evidence. It is recommended that
conducted to determine re-mineralizing effects of grape more researches should be undertaken.137
seed extract on artificial root caries, results showed that
Standardization and quality assurance of these herbal
it is a promising natural agent for non-invasive root caries
remedies is also a key area to be focused in future and
therapy.131,132
efforts have been initialized towards this target. There
5. Cloves (Sysygium aromatium) are much more opportunities for further research in the
utility of herbal remedies for periodontal diseases. More
The dried flower buds of an East Indian evergreen tree,
organized and long-term research is to be carried out to
cloves are popularly used as a spice.
support the use of established remedies. Development of
They also yield a volatile oil used medicinally and in novel drug delivery systems for these herbal ingredients
perfumes. Cloves have antiseptic, stimulant, and is likely to be one of the thrust areas of research in future.
antiemetic (vomiting preventive) properties and are used Research on colloidal drug delivery systems such as
to treat the mouth, stomach, intestines, circulation, and nanoparticles, nanoemulsion etc seems to be
lungs.133 promising.136
Eugenol extracts from clove have often been used in REFERENCES
dentistry in conjunction with root canal therapy, 1. Oliver RC, Brown LJ, and Loe H, Periodontal diseases in the United
temporary fillings, and general gum pain, since eugenol States population, Journal of Periodontics, 69, 1998, 269-278.
and other components of clove (including beta- 2. Schwach-Abdellaoui K, Vivien-Castoni N, Gurny R, Local delivery of
caryophyllene) combine to make clove a mild anaesthetic antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases, Eur
as well as an anti-bacterial agent. J Pharm Biopharm, 50, 2000, 83-99.
3. Reddy PD, Satyanarayana T, Purushothaman M, Local Drug
Eugenol, the primary component of clove’s volatile oils, Delivery of Herbs for Treatment of Periodontitis, Journal of
functions as an anti-inflammatory substance. Clove also Innovative trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1, 2010, 245-251.
contains a variety of flavonoids, including kaempferol and 4. Kornman KS, Controlled release local delivery - Antimicrobials in
rhamnetin, which also contribute to clove’s anti- Periodontics. Prospects for the future, Journal of Periodontology,
134
inflammatory (and antioxidant) properties. 64, 1993, 782-791.
5. Piramal S.A., Jathar S.R., Sirwani R.P., Malhotra P.:
6. Mango (Magnifera indica) WO2008001325, 2008.
Mango leaf contains ascorbic and phenolic acids which 6. De Oliveira RR, Schwartz-Filho HO, Novaes AB Jr, Taba M Jr,
are known to possess antibacterial properties. Studies Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non-surgical treatment
of aggressive periodontitis: a preliminary randomized controlled
have shown that mango leaves (magnifera indica) possess clinical study, J Periodontol, 78, 2007, 965-73.
antibacterial properties against anaerobic dental
7. Mosby’s medical dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier
microflora such as P. intermedia and P. gingivalis and can
8. Morris AJ, Steele J, and White DA, The oral cleanliness and
effectively be used as adjunct for maintenance of oral periodontal health of UK adults in 1998, British Dental Journal,
hygiene.135 191, 2001, 186-192.

CONCLUSION 9. Friedman M, Golomb G, New sustained release dosage form of

chlorhexidine for dental use, J Periodontal Res, 17, 1982, 323-328.
Pharmacologically active phytochemicals useful for the 10. Steinberg D, Friedman M, Sustained release drug delivery devices
prevention, treatment and maintenance of periodontal for treatment of dental diseases; In: Tyle P, Ed. Drug delivery

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 133
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

devices: Fundamentals and applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 34. Boudreau MD, Beland FA, An evaluation of the biological and
1998, 491-515. toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (Miller), Aloe vera,
Journal of environmental science and health. Part C,
11. Lakshmi T, Geetha RV, Jai Ganesh Ramamurthy, Rummilla Anand
Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews 24 , 2006
VA, Anitha roy, Vishnu priya V & Ananthi T, Unfolding Gift of
Nature - Herbs for the Management of Periodontal disease: A 35. Vogler BK, Ernst E, Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical
Comprehensive Review, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4, 2011, effectiveness, The British journal of general practice : the journal
2576-2580 of the RoyalCollege of General Practitioners 49, 1999, 823–8.
12. Park KM, You JS, Lee HY, Baek NI, Hwang JK, Kuwanon G: an 36. Atherton P, Aloe vera revisited, Br J Phytother, 4, 1998, 76-83.
antibacterial agent from the root bark of Morus alba against oral
37. Shelton M, Aloe vera, its chemical and therapeutic properties, Int J
pathogens, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84, 2003, 181–85. Dermatol, 30, 1991, 679-83.
13. Chung JY, Choo JH, Lee MH, Hwang JK, Anticariogenic activity of
38. Atherton P, The essential Aloe vera, The actions and the evidence,
macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) against 2nd ed, 1997.
Streptococcusmutans. Phytomedicine, 13, 2006, 261–66.
39. Chithra R, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G, Influence of aloe vera on
14. Prabhu GR, Gnanamania, Sadulla S, Guaijaverin—a plant flavonoid collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats, Mol Cell
as potential antiplaque agent against Streptococcus mutans,
Biochem, 181, 1998, 71-6.
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 101, 2006, 487–95.
40. Heggers J, Kucukcelebi A, Listengarten D, Stabenau J, Ko F,
15. Zhu YP, Woerdenbag HJ, Traditional Chinese herbal medicine,
Broemeling LD, Beneficial effect of aloe on wound healing In an
Pharm World Sci, 17, 1995, 103-12.
excisional wound model, J Altern Complement Med, 2, 1996, 271-
16. World Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 7.
2002–2005, Document WHO ⁄ EDM ⁄ TRM ⁄2002.1. Geneva,
41. Furukawa F, Nishikawa A, Chihara T, Shimpo K, Beppu H, Kuzuya H.
Switzerland: World Health Organization, 11, 2002. Chemopreventive effects of Aloe arborescens on N-nitrosobis (2-
17. Zhu L, Petersen PE, Wang JY, Bian JY, Zhang BX, Oral health oxopropyl) amine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters,
knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of adults in China, Int Dent J, Cancer Lett, 178, 2002.
55, 2005, 231–241. 42. Fenig E, Nordenberg J, Beery E, Sulkes J, Wasserman L, Combined
18. Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj SV, ROLE OF MEDICINAL HERBS IN effect of aloe-emodin and chemotherapeutic agents on the
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DENTAL DISEASES, Ann proliferation of an adherent variant cell line of Merkel cell
Ayurvedic Medicine, 1, 2012, 95-101. carcinoma, Oncol Rep, 11, 2004, 213–7.
19. Dharmani P, Palit G, Exploring Indian medicinal plants for antiulcer 43. Garnick JJ, Singh B, Winkley G, Effectiveness of a medicament
activity, Indian J Pharmacol, 38, 2006, 95-9. containing silicon dioxide, aloe, and allantoin on aphthous
stomatitis, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 86,
20. Cowan MM, Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents, Clin Micro
Rev, 12, 1999, 564–582. 1998, 550–6.
44. Su K, Mehta V, Ravikumar L, Shah R, Pinto H, Halpern J. Phase II
21. Petti S, Scully C, Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review, J
Dent, 37, 2009, 413–423. double-blind randomized study comparing oral aloe vera versus
placebo to prevent radiation-related mucositis in patients with
22. Colvard MD, Cordell GA, Villalobos R, Sancho G , Soejarto DD, head-and-neck neoplasms, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 60, 2004,
Pestle W, Survey of medical ethnobotanicals for dental and oral 71–7.
medicine conditions and pathologies, Journal of
45. Michael. G. Newman, Henry H. Takei, Fermin A, Carranza. Clinical
Ethnopharmacology, 107, 2006, 134–142.
periodontology, 22, 347, 6, 97.
23. Anonymous, Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Revised new edition
46. Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL, Rosler KH, Blomster RN, Inactivation
2002, Indian Drug Manufacturer’s Association, Mumbai, 2002, 1-
of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants.
11.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35, 1991, 2463-6.
24. Wallis TE, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 5th Edition, CBS Publishers
47. West DP, Zhu YF, Evaluation of aloe vera gel gloves in the
and Distributors, New Delhi, 2005, 461-463. Anonymous, the
Wealth of India, Raw Material, Vol 1, CSIR, New Delhi, 2004. treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure, Am J
Infect Control, 31, 2003, 40-2.
25. Singh KN, Lal B, Note on traditional uses of Khair (Acacia catechu
Wild.) by inhabitants of shivalik range of western Himalaya, 48. Robson MC, Heggers JP, Hagstrom WJ, Myth, magic, witchcraft or
Fact? Aloe vera revisited, J Burn Care Rehab, 3, 1982, 157-163.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 10, 2006, 109-112.
26. Qadry JS, Shah’s and Qadry’s Pharmacognosy, 12th edition, B.S 49. Cera LM, Heggers JP, Robson MC, Hagstrom WJ, The therapeutic
efficacy of aloevera cream (Dermaide Aloe) in thermal injuries.
Shah Prakashan, Ahmedabad, 2008, 302-303.
Two case reports, J Am Animal Hosp Assoc, 16, 1980, 768-772.
27. Ray D, Sharatchandra KH, Thokchom IS, Antipyretic, antidiarrhoeal,
50. Saito H, Ishiguro T, Imanishi K, Suzuki I, Pharmacological studies on
hypoglycaemic and hepatoprotective activities of ethyl acetate
a plant lectin aloctin A. II. Inhibitory effect of aloctin A on
extract of Acaciacatechu Wild. In albino rats, Indian Journal of
experimental models of inflammation in rats, Jpn J Pharmacol, 32,
Pharmacology, 38, 2006, 408-413.
1982, 139-142.
28. Jayasekhar P, Mohanan PV, Hepatoprotective activity of ethyl
51. Hutter JA, Salman M, Stavinoha WB, Antiinflammatory C-glucosyl
acetate extract of Acacia catechu, Indian Journal of Pharmacology,
29, 1997, 426-428. chromone from Aloe barbadensis, J Nat Prod, 59, 1996, 541-543.
52. Okyar A, Can A, Akev N, Baktir G, Su¨tlu¨ pinar N, Effect of Aloe
29. http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_acaciac.htm
vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat
30. Harborne J.B 1999 phytochemical Dictionary, Tylor & francis Ltd., models, Phytother Res, 15, 2001, 157-161.
London
53. Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S, Antioxidant effect of
31. Ernst E, Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology, The British Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats,
journal of dermatology, 143, 2000, 923–929. Pharmacol Rep, 57, 2005, 90-96.
32. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber-Akazie 54. Nwanjo HU, Antioxidant activity of the exudate from Aloe
33. Marshall JM (2000). “Aloe vera gel: what is the evidence?”. Pharm barbadensis leaves in diabetic rats. Biokemistri, 18, 2006, 77-81.
J, 244: 360–362. 55. Ozsoy NR, Yanardag R, Can A, Akev N, Okyar A, Effectiveness of
Aloe vera versus glibenclamide on serum lipid parameters, heart

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 134
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

and skin lipid peroxidation in type II diabetic rats, Asian J Chem, 82. Rai Y. Holy Basil: Tulsi (A Herb), Navneet Publications India Ltd.,
20, 2008, 2679-2689. 2002.
56. Reynolds T, Dweck AC, Aloe vera leaf gel: A review update, J 83. Agarwal P, Nageshl L, Murlikrishnan, Evaluation of the
Ethnopharmacol, 68, 1999, 3-37. antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum
sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans, Ind J Dent Res, 21,
57. Yagi A, Kabash A, Okamura N, Haraguchi H, Moustafa SM, Khalifa
2010, 357-59.
TI, Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory
effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera, Planta Med, 68, 2002, 84. Singh SA, Majumdar DK, Rehan HMS, Evaluation of anti
957-960. inflammatory potential of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holybasil)
and its possible mechanism of action, J Ethnopharmacol, 54, 1996,
58. Grindlay D, Reynolds T, The Aloe vera phenomenon: A review of
the properties and modern uses of the leaf parenchyma gel, J 19-26.
Ethnopharmacol, 16, 1986, 117-151. 85. Dharmani P, Evaluation of anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer-healing
59. Villalobos OJ, Salazar CR, Sa´nchez GR, Effect of a mouthwash properties of Ocimum sanctum Linn. J Ethnopharmacol, 93, 2004,
197-206.
made of Aloe vera on plaque and gingival inflammation, Acta
Odontol Venez, 39, 2001, 16-24. 86. Mediratta PK, Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of
Ocimum sanctum seed oil and its possible mechanism of action, J.
60. de Oliveira SM, Torres TC, Pereira SL, Mota OM, Carlos MX, Effect
Ethnopharmacol, 80, 2002, 15-20.
of a dentifrice containing Aloe vera on plaque and gingivitis
control. A double-blind clinical study in humans, J Appl Oral Sci, 16, 87. Prakash P, Gupta N, Therapeutic uses of ocimum sanctum linn
2008, 293-296. (tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological action: A
61. Garnick JJ, Singh B, Winkley G, Effectiveness of a medicament short review, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 49, 2005, 125-31.
containing silicon dioxide, aloe, and allantoin on aphthous ulcers, 88. Sen P, Therapeutic potential of Tulsi: from experience to facts.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 86, 1998, 550- Drugs News and views, 1, 1993, 15-21.
556.
89. Tulsi Medicinal Ingredients. Available at http:/www.tulsiherbalte
62. Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S, Antioxidant effect of
90. http://www.wildflowerapothecary.com, The Health Benefits Of
Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats, Tulsi Tea
Pharmacol Rep, 57, 2005, 90-96.
91. Ramirez S, Bosca A, Soler A, Gutierrez MA, Antioxidant curcuma
63. Chopra RN, Nayer SL and Chopra IC, Glossary of Indian Medicinal extracts decrease the blood lipid peroxide levels of human
Plants, CSIR, New Delhi, 1956.
subjects: Age, 18, 1995, 167-169.
64. Chopra RN, ChopraIC, Handa KL and Kapur LD (eds), Indigenous 92. Kiso Y, Suzuki Y, Watanbe N, Oshima Y, Hikino H, Antihepatotoxic
Drugs of India, U.N. Dhur and Sons, Kolkata, 1958, 51–595.
principles of Curcuma longa rhizomes: Planta Med, 49, 1983, 185-
65. Kirtikar KR and Basu BD, in Medicinal Plants (eds Blatter E, Cains, 7.
JF, Mhaskar, KS.), Vivek Vihar, New Delhi, 1975, 536.
93. Çıkrıkçı S, Mozioglu E, Yılmaz H, Biological activity of curcuminoids
66. Thakur RS, Singh SB and Goswami A, Curr. Res. Med.Aromat. isolated from Curcuma longa. Rec Nat Prod, 2, 2008, 19 24.
Plants, 3, 1981, 135–140.
94. Deepa DA, Anita B, Sreelatha KT, Comparative study of the efficacy
67. Koul O, Isman M B and Ketkar CM, Can. J. Bot., 68, 1990, 1–11. of curcumin and turmeric oil as chemoprotective agents in oral
submucous ibrosis: A clinical and histopathological evaluation,
68. Chatterjee A and Pakrashi S (eds), The Treatise on Indian Medicinal
JIAOMR, 22, 2010, 88 92.
Plants, 3, 1994, 76.
69. Siddiqui S., Curr. Sci., 11, 1942, 278–279. 95. Waghmare PF, Chaudhary AU, Karhadkar VM, Jamkhande AS,
Comparative evaluation of turmeric and chlorhexidine gluconate
70. Varma G S, Miracles of Neem Tree, Rasayan Pharmacy, New Delhi, mouthwash in prevention of plaque formation and gingivitis: A
1976. clinical and microbiological study. J Contemp Dent Pract, 12, 2011,
71. Mitra CR, Garg HS, Pandey GN, Phytochemistry, 10, 1971, 857-864. 221 2.

72. Rao AR, Kumar S, Paramsivam TB, Kamalaksi S, Parashuram AR, 96. Behal R, Mali MA, Gilda SS, Paradkar AR, Evaluation of local drug
Indian J. Med. Res., 57, 1969, 495-502. delivery system containing 2% whole turmeric gel used as an
adjunct to scaling and root planning in chronic periodontitis: A
73. Murty KS, Rao DN, Murty LB, Indian J. Pharmacol., 10, 1978, 247- clinical and microbiological study, J Indian Soc Periodontol, 15,
250. 2011, 35 8.
74. http://www.gits4u.com/agri/agri5a.htm 97. Suhag A, Dixit J, Dhan P, Role of curcumin as a subgingival irrigant:
75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera A pilot study. PERIO: Periodontal Pract Today, 2, 2007, 115 21.
76. http://www.healthtipsexpress.com 98. http://dailyayurvedanews.com, Turmeric facts
77. Wolinsky LE, Mania S, Nachnani S, and Ling S, The inhibiting effect 99. Salgado AD, Maia JL, Pereira SL, de Lemos TL, Mota OM,
of aqueous azadirachta indica (neem) extract upon bacterial Antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of a gel containing Punica
properties influencing in vitro plaque formation, J Dent Res, 75, granatum Linn extract. A double-blind clinical study in humans, J
1996, 816-822. Appl Oral Sci, 14, 2006, 162-6.
78. http://www.neemamerica.com/research.asp 100. Pomegranate.www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pomegranate.html
79. Behl HM., Sidhu OP, Pushpangadan P, Singh SC, WO2004084852, 101. Jurenka.K. et al, Therapeutic Applications of Pomegranate (Punica
2004. granatum L.): A Review. Alt Med Rev, 13, 2008, 128-144.
80. Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham J, The mode of antimicrobial action of 102. Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MC et al, Minimum
the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), J Appl inhibitory concentration of adherence of Punica granatum Linn
Microbiol, 88, 2000, 170-176. (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C. albicans, Braz
Dent J, 17, 2006, 223-7.
81. Fine DH, Furgang D, Barnett ML, Drew C, Steinberg L, Charles CH,
Vincent JW, Effect of an essential oil-containing antiseptic 103. Seeram NP, Adams LS, Henning SM et al, In vitro antiproliferative,
mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels, J apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and
Clin Periodontol, 27, 2000, 157-161. a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination
with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice, J Nutr
Biochem, 16, 2005, 360-7.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 135
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 33(2), July – August 2015; Article No. 27, Pages: 126-136 ISSN 0976 – 044X

104. Chidambara Murthy KN, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Studies on 121. Wang Z, Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. Experimental study of
antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel Rhizoma drynariae (Gusuibu) in the treatment of streptomycin
extract using in vivo models. J Agric Food Chem, 50, 2002, 4791-5. ototoxicity, 24, 1989, 79-81.
105. Battino M, Bullon P, Wilson M, Newman H, Oxidative injury and 122. Jeong JC, Kang SK, Yoon CH, Jeong CW, Kim HM, Lee YC, Chang YC,
inflammatory periodontal diseases: the challenge of antioxidants Kim CH, Inhibition of Drynariae Rhizoma extracts on bone
to free radicals and reactive oxygen species, Crit Rev Oral Biol resorption mediated by processing of cathepsin K in cultured
Med, 10, 1999, 458-76. mouse osteoclasts, Int Immunopharmacol, 3, 2003, 1685-1697.
106. Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Kinane DF, Generation of inflammatory 123. Yang CS, Chhabra SK, Hong JY, Smith TJ, Mechanisms of inhibition
stimuli: how bacteria set up inflammatory responses in the gingiva, of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis by diallyl sulfide (DAS) and
J Clin Periodontol, 32, 2005, 57-71. related compounds from garlic, J Nutr, 131, 2001, 1041S–5S.
107. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Suppression of the nuclear factor- 124. Chavan SD, Shetty NL, Kanuri M, Comparative evaluation of garlic
kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary
reasoning for seasoning, Ann NY Acad Sci, 1030, 2004, 434-41. Streptococcus mutans count - an in vitro study. Oral Health Prev
Dent, 8, 2010, 369-74.
108. Badria FA, Zidan OA, Natural products for dental caries prevention,
J Med Food, 7, 2004, 381-4. 125. Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Motta RH, Ferraresi PM, Sartoratto A,
Antimicrobial activity of garlic against oral streptococci, Int J Dent
109. Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS, Punica granatum
(pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque, J Herb Hyg, 5, 2007, 109-15.
Pharmacother, 6, 2006, 79-92 126. Bachrach G, Jamil A, Naor R, Tal G, Ludmer Z, Steinberg D, Garlic
110. Pereira JV, Sampaio FC, Estudos com o extrato da punica granatum Allicin as a Potential Agent for Controlling Oral Pathogens, J Med
Food, 6, 2011.
linn (roma): Efeito antimicrobiano in vitro e avaliacao clinica de um
dentrifricio sobre microorganismos do biofi lme dental [abstract], 127. Kim JH, Anti-bacterial action of onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts
Journal da Aboprev 2003; Fev-abr:8. against oral pathogenic bacteria, J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 39, 1997,
136-41.
111. Beighton D, Radford JR, Naylor MN, Glycosidase activities in
gingival crevicular fluid in subjects with adult periodontitis or 128. Shirin H, Pinto JT, Kawabata Y, Antiproliferative effects of S
gingivitis, Arch Oral Biol, 37, 1992, 343-8. allylmercaptocysteine on colon cancer cells when tested alone or
in combination with sulindac sulphide, Cancer Res, 61, 2001, 725–
112. Bielli P, Calabrese L, Structure to function relationships in
ceruloplasmin: a ‘moonlighting’ protein, Cell Mol Life Sci, 59, 2002, 31.
1413. 129. Yang J, Meyers KJ, van der Heide J, Liu RH, Varietal differences in
113. DiSilvestro R, DiSilvestro D, DiSilvestro D, Pomegranate extract phenolic content and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of
onions, J Agric Food Chem, 52, 2004, 6787–93.
Pomella® Mouth Rinsing Effects on Saliva Measures Relevant to
Gingivitis Risk, Manuscript Submitted 12-07. 130. El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI and El-Naga NI, Biochemical study on
the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan–induced
114. http://www.health-study.com, Amazing Health Benefits of
diabetic rats, Food Chemi. Toxicol, 43, 2005, 57-63.
Pomegranate
131. Wu CD; Grape products and oral health, J Nutr, 139, 2009, 1818S-
115. Huang HF, You JS, The use of Chinese herbal medicine on
1823S.
experimental fracture healing, Am J Chin Med, 25, 1997, 351-356.
132. Xie Q, Bedran-Russo AK, Wu CD, In vitro remineralization effects of
116. Sun JS, Lin CY, Dong GC, Sheu SY, Lin FH, Chen LT, Wang YJ, The
grape seed extract on artificial root caries, J Dent, 36, 2008, 900-
effect of Gu-Sui-Bu (Drynariafortunei J Sm) on bone cell activities,
906.
Biomaterials, 23, 2002, 3377-3385.
133. Wahlquist ML, and Dalais FS, Phytoestrogens: emerging
117. Wong RW, Rabie AB, Systemic effect of crude extract from rhizome
multifaceted plant compounds, Med J Aust, 167, 1997, 199-120.
of Drynaria fortunei on bone formation in mice, Phytother Res, 20,
2006, 313-315. 134. Amrutesh S, Dentistry& Ayurveda V - An evidence based approach,
Int Journal of Clinical dental science, 2, 2011, 3-9.
118. Liu HC, Chen RM, Jian WC, Lin YL, Cytotoxic and antioxidant effects
of the water extract of the traditional Chinese herb gusuibu 135. Evaluation of Antibacterial activity of magnifera indica on
(Drynaria fortunei) on rat osteoblasts, J Formos Med Assoc, 100, anaerobic dental microflora based on in vivo studies, Indian J
2001, 383-388. Pathology Microbiol, 45, 2002, 307-310.
119. Liu B, Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, Effects of Lycium 136. Kumar P, Ansari SH and Ali J, Herbal Remedies for the Treatment
barbarum and Drynaria fortunei on in vitro attachment and growth of Periodontal Disease - A Patent Review, Recent Patents on Drug
of human gingival fibroblasts on root surfaces, 27, 1992, 159-161. Delivery & Formulation, 3, 2009, 221-228.
120. Long M, Smouha EE, Qiu D, Li F, Johnson F, Luft B, Flavanoid of 137. Agrawal N, Gupta R, Gupta I, Mehrotra V, HERBCRAFT: BOON TO
Drynaria fortunei protects against gentamicin ototoxicity. THE PERIODONTAL THERAPY, Int J Dent Health Sci, 1, 2014, 47-62.
Phytother Res, 18, 2004, 609-614.

Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 136
© Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. © Copyright pro