Growth, Production and Wood Quality in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest and Monoculture Systems
Growth, Production and Wood Quality in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest and Monoculture Systems
Growth, Production and Wood Quality in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest and Monoculture Systems
ABSTRACT: This work aimed to evaluate the growth, production and wood quality a clonal hybrid (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus
urophylla) produced in integrated crop-livestock-forest systems (iCLF) and monoculture. The study was carried out in an iCLF system
and a monoculture stand, both in the municipality of Sinop, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Diameter (at 1.3 m height), total height
and production (volume) of trees were evaluated, along with wood quality (growth strains and wood density). The parameters of
the trees in the iCLF system were analyzed according to the different positions of the trees in the plantation (lines and between
rows), and were compared with the quality of the wood produced in the traditional system (homogeneous plantation). The results
indicated an approximate yield of 22.98 m-3 ha-1 year-1 for iCLF and 32.15 m-3 ha-1 year-1 for traditional planting. The longitudinal
residual deformation LRD (growth stress) in the iCLF system was higher for the central trees of the stand. The canopy projection
in monoculture plantation and the central line of the iCLF system presented more homogenous distribution in relation to the other
planting lines. The trees produced in the integrated system presented greater wood density than those produced in the monoculture.
RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, a produção e a qualidade da madeira do híbrido clonal
(Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) produzido em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (iLPF) cultivado
em renque triplo e, monocultivo produzido em espaçamento de 3,50 x 3,00 m. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um sistema iLPF
e em um monocultivo, ambos planejados no município de Sinop-MT. Foi avaliado o crescimento em diâmetro a 1,3 m de altura
e altura total, a produção (volume) e a qualidade da madeira (tensões de crescimento e a densidade da madeira) através
de técnicas não destrutivas. A análise destes parâmetros foi em função das diferentes posições das árvores nos plantios
(linhas e entre linhas do plantio no renque), e comparada à qualidade da madeira produzida pelo sistema tradicional (plantios
homogêneos). No sistema iLPF a produtividade foi estimada em 22,98 m-3 ha-1 ano-1 e no monocultivo 32,15 m-3 ha-1 ano-1.
Nos resultados da deformação residual longitudinal – DRL (tensões de crescimento), verificou-se para o sistema iLPF maior
deformação nas árvores centrais do renque. A projeção de copa dentro do plantio homogêneo e na linha central do sistema
iLPF apresentou distribuição mais homogênea em relação as demais linhas do plantio. As árvores produzidas no sistema iLPF
apresentam densidade da madeira superior àquelas produzidas no monocultivo.
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.15, n.3, e7928, 2020 1/13
Growth, production and wood quality in integrated crop-livestock-forest and monoculture systems
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.15, n.3, e7928, 2020 2/13
Growth, production and wood quality in integrated crop-livestock-forest and monoculture systems
Statistical analysis
Statistical comparisons were made for dendrometric
variables and nondestructive wood quality tests comparing
the iCLF and monoculture systems. Additionally, the different
relative positions of the trees were compared between
the iCLF lines. The data obtained in the evaluations were
subjected to analysis of variance, and for the significant effects
of treatment, the Tukey test was applied for comparison of
means, at 5% probability. Before the analysis, the assumptions
of normality, homogeneity of variance and data independence
were evaluated. The program used for the analyses was the
Action supplement, which analyzes the data in Microsoft Excel
spreadsheets.
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Growth, production and wood quality in integrated crop-livestock-forest and monoculture systems
Table 1. Average values of dendrometric variables measured for Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla trees grown in
monoculture and iCLF systems in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Where: DBH = Diameter at breast height, standardized at 1.3 m; Ht = total height; V = volume projection per hectare for iCLF and homogeneous; CAI = current annual increment;
Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ statistically, according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
The values found are similar to those reported by Matias comparing different types of spacing of a Eucalyptus hybrid,
(2016), when analyzing individuals of Eucalyptus grandis x found that the volume was affected by the arrangements.
Eucalyptus urophylla in an integrated system at six years of age. The canopy projection (measuring the tree canopy radius
With spacing of 3 x 2 m, distance between rows of 20 m and in four positions according to the exposure in the N, S, E, W
triple lines, average values of 19.06 cm for DBH and volume of directions) in monoculture and iCLF systems, on average, did
0.31 m³ per plant were obtained. The superior performance of not show significant difference (p> 0.05). However, there was
the integrated system can be attributed to lower plant density variation in the distribution for the four cardinal points (Table
compared to the monoculture stand, due to the spacing 3). In the iCLF system, the greatest projection occurred along
between rows, where there is greater availability of resources the North-South axis, while in the homogeneous system there
(soil and nutrients) and less intraspecific competition (Oliveira was greater regularity of the projection.
et al., 2015; Mascarenhas et al., 2017). In the iCLF system, the canopy of individuals in each line
When evaluating different spacing of Eucalyptus hybrids, tended to project towards the side of greatest exposure
Oliveira et al. (2009) found that the volume varies according (North or South), with the exception of the central line. The
to the different spatial arrangements in an agrosilvopastoral North line presented average values of 3.24 m and the South
system, with differentiation of DBH and total height. Our line showed 3.02 m (Table 4). This result is due to the lower
results corroborate those. density of trees per unit of cultivated area in the integrated
In the iCLF system, there was no significant difference system, which implies greater space for canopy growth, mainly
(p> 0.05) between the different exposures, for all variables in the lateral lines (Martins et al., 2002; Radomski & Ribaski,
studied. Mean DBH values ranged from 16.27 to 17.44 cm and 2010). In the Southern hemisphere, the openings to the North
total height from 14.63 to 14.78 m (Table 2). generally receive higher incidence of sunlight throughout the
As for production, the monoculture yielded 128.6 m³ ha-1 year, which leads to higher metabolic activity of the trees,
while the iCLF system yielded 91.93 m³ ha-1, with average resulting in greater growth.
annual increases of 22.98 m3 ha-1 year-1 for iCLF and 32.15 m3
ha-1 year-1 for traditional planting. This can be attributed to the Nondestructive analysis - wood density
higher density of plants compared to the iCLF, which is only In the monoculture stand, the Pilodyn device registered
concentrated in the rows. values from 19.75 to 20.92 mm deep in the bark, while in the
Behavior similar to the present study was observed by integrated system, values from 18.03 to 18.39 mm were found
Oliveira et al. (2015) when comparing the performance of (Table 5).
Eucalyptus in monoculture and iCLF systems. Those results Since the estimated density is a variable dependent on
corroborated earlier findings by Oliveira et al. (2009), who when Pilodyn penetration, there was a difference between the
values of homogeneous planting and the iCLF system (p
Table 2. Average values of the dendrometric variables <0.05). The values found for homogeneous system ranged
measured for the iCLF system of Eucalyptus grandis x from 0.397 to 0.423 g cm-3 while in the integrated system the
Eucalyptus urophylla in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. values were from 0.431 to 0.490 g cm-3 (Table 6). The density
results obtained are similar to those observed by Hsing et al.
(2016), who studied five clones of E. urophylla x E. grandis
and found mean density values ranging from 0.429 to 0.471
g cm-3.
Where: DBH = Diameter at breast height; Ht = total height; NS: no statistical differences
The trees grown in the integrated system had higher wood
were detected (p> 0.05). density than those grown in the traditional system. This can
Table 3. Average values of canopy projection of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla trees grown in monoculture and iCLF
systems in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ statistically, according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.15, n.3, e7928, 2020 4/13
Growth, production and wood quality in integrated crop-livestock-forest and monoculture systems
Table 4. Average values of canopy projection measured for the iCLF system of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in
Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ statistically, according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
Table 5. Pilodyn penetration capacity (mm) of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla trees grown in monoculture and iCLF
systems in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ statistically, according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
Table 6. Density estimated with a Pilodyn meter (g cm-3) of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla trees grown in monoculture
and iCLF systems in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ statistically, according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
be explained by the fact that these trees are more subject The average LRS values found in our study were clearly
to the action of the weather, especially the action of winds. greater than the values reported by the authors mentioned
Wood in these conditions tends to have a higher percentage above. This fact can be attributed to differences in species,
of gelatinous fibers, of slightly higher density due to the location, age and incidence of winds, which can influence the
occurrence of driftwood (Washusen et al., 2001; Vidaurre et occurrence of this metric.
al., 2013). In addition, the passage of animals in this system The results observed in the iCLF system in the trees with
causes frequent contact with trees during grazing. This causes different exposures did not show significant differences (p>
the trees to produce a higher percentage of reaction wood 0.05) (Table 8). This indicates that the locations of the trees
(Ferreira et al., 2020). in relation to their exposure in the row do not interfere with
growth stresses.
Nondestructive analysis - Growth stress In the iCLF system, on average the total height and the
LRS levels were similar between cultivation systems for diameter were greater in relation to the monoculture stand.
most of the evaluated exposures. The only exception was The total volume of wood produced in the homogeneous
the East exposure, where iCLF showed greater deformations system was higher than in the iCLF system, while the
when compared to the monoculture. Regarding the average individual volume of trees was smaller. We also observed that
behavior, the monoculture trees also showed lower values on average, the highest densities and growth stresses were
than those of the iCLF system (Table 7). observed in trees in the integrated system, for all exposures.
When studying LRS in a monoculture system of Eucalyptus In analyzing Grevillea robusta, Martins et al. (2002) found that
spp. at different ages, Lima et al. (2004) found mean values trees planted in single lines or on borders received a greater
of 0.071 mm, indicating less deformation compared to the amount of light on the side of the canopy, so they ended
average of that study. Similarly, Muneri et al. (1999), when up having the greatest development on the face exposed to
evaluating the intensity of growth stresses through LRD, sunlight, resulting in a shaft with asymmetric cross section
obtained mean values of 0.077 mm in a monoculture stand of and consequently low wood quality due to the formation of
Eucalyptus cloeziana at 4 years of age. reaction wood.
Table 7. Longitudinal residual strain (LRS) of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla trees grown in monoculture and iCLF
systems in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ statistically, according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.15, n.3, e7928, 2020 5/13
Growth, production and wood quality in integrated crop-livestock-forest and monoculture systems
Table 8. Longitudinal residual strain (LRS) for the iCLF system of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, in Sinop, Mato
Grosso, Brazil.
NS:
no statistical differences were detected (p> 0.05).
Conclusions Braz, R. L.; Nutto, L.; Mattos, J. L. M. Efeito da poda sobre a qualidade
da madeira de Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus
The trees of the eucalyptus hybrid studied here (Eucalyptus saligna. Scientia Forestalis, v. 45, n. 114, p. 261-274, 2017.
grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) grown in the iCLF system had https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v45n114.
higher wood density than those grown in the homogeneous Ferreira, M. D.; Melo, R. R.; Tonini, E.; Pimenta, A. S.; Gatto, D. A.;
stand. Beltrame, R.; Stangerlin, D. M. Physical–mechanical properties
The longitudinal residual deformations, resulting from of wood from a eucalyptus clone planted in an integrated crop-
growth stresses, were higher in trees grown in the iCLF system. livestock-forest system. International Wood Products Journal, v. 11,
n. 1, p. 1-8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2019.1706137
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