Biocides in Wood Preservation 2017: Prepared By: Biocide Information Limited Email

REPORT
BIOCIDES IN WOOD
PRESERVATION
2017
Prepared by: Biocide Information Limited

Email: [email protected]
More about us on www.biocide-information.com
GLOBAL SUMMARY – BIOCIDES IN WOOD PRESERVATION
Market Size 2017: Active Ingredient

$ 884 million
BIOCIDE SALES BY REGION:

Table 1: Biocide Sales by Region for Wood Preservations
REGION SALES ($M)
AMERICAS 471.0
ASIA PACIFIC 211.0
EUROPE 202.0
BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Table 2: Biocide Sales by Type
BIOCIDES SALES ($M)
Copper Formulations 254.0
Creosote 180.0
IPBC 48.0
Phenolics 38.0
BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT SUPPLIER:

Table 3: Biocide Sales by Manufacturer
COMPANY SALES ($M)
Lonza 133.0
Koppers 169.0
KMG 20.0
Viance (J.V. Dow & Huntsman) 34.0
BASF 20.0
Outlook for the future:

• The market for Biocides in Wood Preservation will grow 1%.
• Creosote to be further restricted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY .................................................................................5

1.1 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION ...............................................................................................................5
1.4 DEFINITIONS...........................................................................................................................................................5
2 END USER ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................7

2.1 TARGET MARKET .................................................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Bacteria...................................................................................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Fungi.......................................................................................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Beetles ....................................................................................................................................................................8
2.1.4 Termites..................................................................................................................................................................8
2.1.5 Features of a Wood Preservative ............................................................................................................................9
2.2 LEADING CUSTOMERS FOR WOOD PRESERVATIVES ............................................................................10

2.2.1 Profile of Leading customers by Region ..............................................................................................................10
2.3 GLOBAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................................11

2.3.1 Global Analysis by Hazard Class .........................................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Global Analysis by Sector ....................................................................................................................................13
2.4 WHAT OTHER MARKET RESEARCH COMPANIES SAY...........................................................................18
2.5 PURCHASING OF BIOCIDES .............................................................................................................................19

2.5.1 Technical information required ............................................................................................................................20
2.6 AMERICA ...............................................................................................................................................................21

2.6.1 End User Market Sectors ......................................................................................................................................21
2.6.2 Biocides used by End-Users in the Americas .......................................................................................................23
2.7 ASIA PACIFIC........................................................................................................................................................25

2.7.2 Biocides used by End-Users in the Asia Pacific ...................................................................................................26
2.8 EUROPE ..................................................................................................................................................................27

2.8.2 Biocides used by End-Users in Europe.................................................................................................................28
3 BIOCIDE COMPARISON ................................................................................................29

3.1.1 Comparison of Preservatives within Temporary Sector .......................................................................................29
3.1.2 Comparison of Preservatives within Do-It-Yourself ............................................................................................30
3.1.3 Comparison of Preservatives within Engineered Wood and WPC.......................................................................31
3.1.4 Comparison of Preservatives by Pressure Treatment ...........................................................................................32
3.1.5 Comparison of Organic Wood Preservatives by Dipping Method .......................................................................33
4 METHODS OF APPLICATION........................................................................................34
4.1 DIPPING ..................................................................................................................................................................34
4.2 DOUBLE VACUUM ...............................................................................................................................................34

4.3 FOAMING ...............................................................................................................................................................34
4.4 FOGGING................................................................................................................................................................34
4.5 SPRAYING ..............................................................................................................................................................35
4.6 VACUUM PRESSURE TREATMENT ................................................................................................................35
4.7 BRUSHING..............................................................................................................................................................35
5 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION ..............................................................................................36

5.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................36
5.2 MARKET SHARE BY BIOCIDE.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.1 Americas – Active Manufacture Level ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.2 Asia Pacific – Active Manufacture Level ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.3 Europe – Active Manufacture Level..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION AT END-USER LEVEL ........................................................................................46
6 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS ........................................................................................47
6.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................47
7 DISTRIBUTION ...............................................................................................................56
7.1 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ................................................................................................56
8 BIOCIDE FORMULATORS .............................................................................................58
9 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS .............................................................................................70
10 REGULATORY ANALYSIS .........................................................................................72

10.1 EUROPEAN BIOCIDES PRODUCTS REGULATION .....................................................................................72
11 TRENDS ......................................................................................................................73
12 FUTURE ......................................................................................................................76
BIOCIDES IN WOOD PRESERVATION – 2017
1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY

1.1 OBJECTIVES
The key objectives of this study were:
1. To provide marketing data on biocides, major wood preservative applications using

biocides, suppliers and customers.
2. To identify and analyse the trends taking place within the biocides industry.
3. To define the distribution channels in the industry.
1.2 METHODOLOGY
The report is based on over 30 interviews conducted throughout the globe. In each industry
analysis, BI contacted treated wood product manufacturers, biocide manufacturers, suppliers,
distributors and trade associations by telephone and conducted unstructured interviews
typical of the type used in market research. In addition to interviews, the report also
summarizes suppliers' product literature, data from trade associations, BI databases and our
monthly information report.
1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION

BI believes our estimates to be within 20% of the actual value. The accuracy of the
information is dependent on many factors such as the number of interviews conducted per
application, industry concentration and industry usage patterns. In order to increase our
accuracy, BI increases the number of end-user interviews where an industry is fragmented
and continues to interview until there is similarity in responses. Also all conclusions and data
per industry were confirmed with the key manufacturers of biocides.
1.4 DEFINITIONS
Biocide manufacturers are defined as companies who manufacture biocide active ingredients
in-house. For example AmeriTies, BASF, Copper producers, Dow, KMG, Lanxess, Lonza,
Koppers, Rio Tinto, Rutgers Chemical, Thor and Troy.
Biocide Blenders / Formulators are defined as companies whose majority of sales comes
from purchasing biocides which they blend into their own products. For example Cecil,
Contechem, Diachem, Dyrup, ISK Biocides, Kop-Coat, Lonza, Obermeier, Koppers, Remmer,
Sika, Viance etc.
CHAPTER 20 5 www.biocide-information.com
Distributors act as agents for both active manufacturers and biocide blenders. They are the
most popular choice of supplier for small end-users. Distributors sell a range of additives and
so will be making deliveries to end users and therefore biocides tend to be combined with
other products which allow the distributor to be competitive.
Endusers include treatment plants and sawmillers. For example, in the UK the largest
endusers who were interviewed included BSW Timber, Walford Timber and James Jones &
Sons.
Prices are in U.S. dollars and are at active manufacturer level unless stated. The exchange
rates used are as in the following table:
Table 4: Currency Conversion Rates

$ Currency
1 0.94 EUR
1 6.94 CNY
1 116.95 JPY
1 0.81 GBP
Source: www.xe.com
Volumes are reported in tonnes based on a 100% active biocide basis. In the case of
formulated products, the data is reported with a typical percentage of the formulated product.
2 END USER ANALYSIS
2.1 TARGET MARKET

Wood is an organic matter and is susceptible to microbial attack:
2.1.1 Bacteria
Bacteria only attack wood when it is extremely wet e.g. when stored in log ponds, buried in
the soil or used in cooling towers. The most commonly found bacteria are:
1. Escherichia spp.
2. Pseudomonas spp.
3. Staphylococcus spp.
2.1.2 Fungi
Fungi attack wood under damp conditions. This decay often originates in wood, which is in
contact with the ground or where wood becomes damp. Two groups of fungi are found
growing on timber; wood destroying fungi and wood discolouring fungi.
Wood destroying fungi cause decay of the wood, which results in a loss of strength as the
wood, is destroyed. Wood destroying fungi may be further divided into brown, white and soft
rots:
Brown rots are recognised by a darkening of the wood under attack. On drying the wood
becomes brittle and often cracks. Fungi of this type commonly cause decay in buildings e.g.
the dry rot fungus, serpula lacrymans and wet rot fungi, coniophora puteana.
White rots are characterised by a lightening of the attacked wood. Hardwoods are particularly
susceptible. Fungi of this type commonly cause decay in external joinery e.g. donkioporia
expansa.
Soft rots are characterised by wet wood being softened progressively from the surface. Wood
used in water cooling towers or in the ground are prone to these fungi e.g. ascomycetes.
Hardwoods are again particularly susceptible.
Wood discolouring fungi cause stains and moulds, which are surface growths that do not
reduce the mechanical properties of wood but instead discolour it. In the case where
appearance is important, there can be a loss of value. Softwood is more at risk than
hardwood. Blue stain and sapstain fungi colonise and penetrate into wood to cause a blue or
brown colouration in spots or streaks. Mould fungi can spread on the surface of wetted timber,
where they feed on sugars and can cause different colorations e.g. black brown. The most
common fungi are:
• Aspergillus spp.
• Aureobasidium spp.
• Trichoderma spp.
2.1.3 Beetles
Wood boring insects are important pests in that they cause much damage in wood in
structure and storage. The insects found damaging wood belong to the Cerambycidae,
Anobiidae and Curculionidae families. Insects attacking wood in storage belong to the families
Lyctidae, Bostrychidae, Platpodidae, Scolytidae and Cerambycidae.
2.1.4 Termites
Termites are a major problem in certain regions of the World such as France, Japan and parts
of North America. If there is a termite problem, it normally requires the treatment of the whole
building. The main termites found are: Coptotermes lacteus, Coptotermes formosanus,
Nasutitermes exitiosus, Reticulitermus lucifugus, Reticulitermus flavipes, Kalotermes
flavicollis
2.1.5 Features of a Wood Preservative

Wood preservatives are used to control the above pests and the ideal wood preservative will
have the following features:
• Have sufficient efficacy against wood destroying organisms

• Be able to penetrate wood
• Be chemically stable
• Be able to be safely handled

• Be economical to use
• Not weaken the structural strength of the wood
• Not cause significant dimensional changes within the wood.

• Be toxicologically tested and approved
• Insecticide properties may be required
2.2 LEADING CUSTOMERS FOR WOOD PRESERVATIVES

2.2.1 Profile of Leading customers by Region
Biocides are used in Wood Preservatives which are sold to the general public via retailers or
to wood product producers. The leading retailers includes all outlets which supply DIY (Do-It-
Yourself) products. The wood product producers tend to be focused on specific geographical
regions. The following is a profile of some large wood product producers who purchase large
quantities of Biocides.
Lapeyre is French based and part of Saint Gobain. The company has a turnover of $ 2 bn,
12,000 employees and supplies a range of doors and windows to professional trades people
and also to the general public via 400 stores. Lapeyre developed Wood Protect which allows
Lapeyre to offer a 30 year guarantee on all window shutters made of spruce.
Universal Forest Products is America’s leading manufacturer and distributor of wood to the
retail building materials, industrial packaging/components, manufactured housing, residential
construction and commercial markets. The company uses ACQ (Alkaline Copper
Quaternary), Creosote (AmeriTies) and MCA (Micronized Copper Azole) to treat lumber. UFP
applies the ACQ via a pressurized cylinder which forces alkaline copper quaternary, a
waterborne wood preservative containing copper and quaternary compounds, into the cellular
structure of the wood. This forms a highly insoluble compound — a compound that’s proven
effective in stopping termites and preventing decay for decades. The company also offers
MCA which is the latest generation of pressure-treated wood. ProWood MCA-treated wood
has a more natural look, is less corrosive and stays looking new longer. ProWood (MCA –
Micronized Copper Azole) is pressure treated to protect against termite attack and decay. The
copper is micronized, which lessens the corrosion of fasteners—so there's no need for
expensive fasteners. Pro Grade lumber carries a lifetime limited warranty against rot, decay
and termite infestation. ProWood® (MCA)'s wood preservative is also one of the first wood
preservatives to be Environmentally Preferable Product (EPP) certified by Scientific
Certification Systems (SCS). Scientific Certification Systems is a third–party certification
services and standards development company.
Another major treater in the Americas is Stella Jones who manufactures, sells and distributes
creosote and borated treated crossties. The company recently acquired Boatright Railwood
products.
2.3 GLOBAL ANALYSIS

The global market for Biocides used within wood preservation is estimated at $ 884 million at
active manufacture level and over $ 1,700 million at formulated products level. The market
can be segmented by Hazard Class as follows:
2.3.1 Global Analysis by Hazard Class
The market for wood preservatives can be segmented according to end-use which can be
applied to all wood preservatives. This methodology classifies the in-service environment for
wood into 5 classes for the purposes of assessing the likelihood of different types of biological
attack and need for preservative treatment (Hazard Class). The consumption of wood
preservatives by Hazard Class (H.C.) is outlined in the table below:
Table 5: Consumption of Wood Preservatives at Active and Manufacture Level in $ Million

End- Amount $ M (A.I.) Method of Treatment
Use Treated M³ in %
H.C. 1 220,000 12 % Fumigation, Quick-dip, Spraying,
Brushing, Impregnation
H.C. 2 1,900,000 20 % Fumigation, Quick-dip, Spraying,
H.C. 3 3,500,000 20 % Fumigation, Quick-dip, Spraying,
H.C. 4 19,000,000 38 % Impregnation
H.C. 5 3,500,000 10 % Impregnation
TOTAL 25,230,000 100 %
Hazard Class 1:- In this environment, wood is under cover, above ground and permanently
dry. Thus the risk of attack by surface moulds or by staining or wood-destroying fungi is
insignificant. Attack by wood-destroying insects, including termites, is possible but frequency
and importance of this risk depends upon geographical region.
Hazard Class 2:- In this environment, wood is above ground, partially covered and exposed to
occasional wetting. Thus wood-destroying fungi could develop. Surface moulds and staining
fungi could also grow. Risk of insect attack is similar to that for hazard class 1.
Hazard Class 3:- In this environment wood is above ground, not covered and exposed to
frequent wetting. Thus wood will be often liable to attack by wood-destroying fungi. The
growth of surface moulds and staining fungi can also cause disfigurement of panels. Risk of
insect attack is similar to that for hazard class 1.
Hazard Class 4:- In this environment wood is in contact with ground or fresh water and
permanently exposed to wetting. Thus the wood is liable to attack by wood-destroying fungi.
Risk of insect attack above ground or to those parts in contact with water is similar to that of
hazard class 1. Termite attack can also occur in certain geographical locations.
Hazard Class 5:- In this environment, wood is wholly or partially submerged in salt water.
Attack by marine organisms is the principal problem. Wood-destroying fungi are also liable to
attack the wood. Risk of insect attack to that portion above the water is similar to that of
hazard class 1. Termites may also be a problem in certain geographical locations.
2.3.2 Global Analysis by Sector

An alternative methodology used to segment the global wood preservative industry is by
sector. The total market for wood preservatives is $ 901 million active manufacture level and
over $ 1,700 million at formulated products level. The market can be segmented by sector
into: Temporary, Industrial, DIY/Trade, Remedial, Engineered Wood and Wood Plastic
Composite.
Industrial is the leading sector accounting for 53% of Biocide usage at active manufacture
sales. Industrial can be further segmented into residential (used in homes such as decking
and framing), non residential (used away from home such as poles / piling and ties /
sleepers).
Industrial is followed by remedial which includes Pest Control Operators (PCO’s) etc. The
total market is segmented by sector in the following table:
Table 6: Consumption of Biocides by Sector

Application $ M (A.I.)
Temporary 7%
Industrial 51 %
DIY / Trade 20 %
Remedial 12 %
Engineered Wood & Wood Plastic 10 %
Composites
TOTAL $884 M
The following is a summary for each sector.
2.3.2.1 Temporary Protection

Temporary protection refers to the control of blue stain and mould fungi on freshly felled
timber. The segment size accounts for 7 % of Biocide active ingredient sales.
In temporary protection, the wood volumes treated are high but the preservative volume is
much lower as they are only surface applications. The temporary treatments business has
fallen due to the decrease in world trade.
Carbamates such as IPBC, Phenolics such as NaPCP and OPP, Isothiazolinones such as
TCMTB and MBT, Azoles such as propiconazole, Borates and Quaternary Ammonium
Compounds dominate the biocides used within the temporary protection sector. The main
suppliers of temporary protection or sapstain preservatives are the specialist wood
preservative manufacturers such as BASF, Lonza, Koppers and HuntsmanViance. Smaller
companies include Buckman, Contechem, Diachem and Kop-Coat. Preservatives used in
temporary protection are normally applied via dipping methods although spraying techniques
are growing in usage.
2.3.2.2 Industrial
There are an estimated 3,000 wood treatment plants in the world which apply wood
preservatives. This is further subdivided into 1,000 in the American market (580 in USA, 300
in South America and 120 in Canada).
The wood treatment plants can be categorised as follows: (1) vertically integrated
preservative suppliers and treaters such as Koppers; (2) companies that farm trees, treat
wood, and have retail operations. UPM-Kymmene and Weyerhaeuser have operations
covering each process from tree farming to retail and wholesale marketing; (3) companies
that provide wood treatment services on a contract basis. This last sector is very fragmented
with many treaters purchasing timbers for treatment and sale. No single category of customer
dominates the market. Leading treaters include Cox Wood Preserving, Dantzler Lumber,
Everwood Treatment, Fireboard Corporation, Pacific Forest Products, Putnam Lumber,
Robinson Lumber and Tolleson Lumber Company.
Industrial wood preservation is the leading application for biocides accounting for 53 % of
Biocide sales at active manufacture level. Industrial wood preservation may be broken down
further into pressure and non-pressure treatment. Major uses for pressure - treated wood
include building timber, pilings, and utility poles. The main use for non pressure treated timber
is joinery.
In 2014, there was an estimated 25 million M³ of wood treated in the globe. The following
table illustrates quantities of timber (M³) treated per region by hazard class.
Table 7: Quantity of Timber Treated by Hazard Class by Region

REGION CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS 4 CLASS 5 TOTAL
America 80,000 800,000 1,600,000 10,000,000 1,600,000 14,080,000
Asia 90,000 540,000 900,000 4,400,000 900,000 6,830,000
Europe 20,000 300,000 500,000 3,000,000 500,000 4,320,000
TOTAL 220,000 1,900,000 3,500,000 19,000,000 3,500,000 25,230,000
America is the largest supplier of treated timber in the globe with 14 million M³ of timber
treated. Next is Asia with 6.8 million M³ of timber treated followed by Europe.
In terms of wood preservatives used to treat hazard classes, nearly all hazard class 5 are
treated with CCA, pentachlorphenate (PCP) and creosote. Growing concern about creosote
irritation has driven treaters towards PCP and copper formulations for utility pole treatment.
Pentachlorophenol reportedly provides better climbing characteristics for utility workers.
Coppers borne preservatives are the most popular preservatives used in hazard class 3-4.
Copper borne preservatives include Ammonium Copper, CCA, Cu-HDO, micronized copper,
copper azoles, copper quats and copper napthenate.
Copper preservatives also act as insecticides as well as providing protection against rot and
decay. This is especially important for telephone poles and railway sleepers where the wood
undergoes little inspection after installation. Where there is a problem with mould, the above
preservatives may also contain boron.
Copper preservatives tend to be combined with organic type preservatives such as azoles,
boron, DCOIT, IPBC, OIT, and Quats. Quats are the principal wood preservatives to treat
interior timber (class 1-2). In the past, organotin was the leading wood preservative used but
their use is decreasing due to VOC concerns and regulatory restrictions.
2.3.2.3 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) / Trade

DIY / Trade wood preservatives include wood treatments which penetrate the wood. They are
sold as stains, water repellents and brush-on wood preservatives via DIY retailers and the
professional market. Not all stains or water repellents contain biocides. Interior stains are not
generally exposed to moisture conditions sufficient to warrant biocides and while most
exterior stains do contain biocides, the producers do not always market them as wood
preservatives.
The biocides (bactericides, fungicides, insecticides) consumption in the DIY / Trade sector
account for 18 % of total sales at active manufacture level. An estimated 900 million litres of
DIY / Trade woodcare products were produced in 2015. This is further segmented into 650
million litres of stains, 150 million litres of DIY wood preservatives and 100 million litres of
woodprimers and water repellents. Approximately 40% of DIY / Trade woodcare products are
water-based. Most government regulations continue to lower VOC emission limits but
consumer perceptions that oil-based stains are more effective persist. For the future, the
percentage of water based woodcare products is expected to increase as a result of VOC
emission limits.
The DIY / Trade market is fragmented, with many companies having strong market share in
their geographical regions.
The main biocides used are Azoles, Copper / Zinc naphthenate, DCOIT, Dichlofluanid /
Tolyfluanid, N- (trichloromethyl) thiophalimide and IPBC. In DIY products, a distinction is
made between products acting as a wood preservative (decay fungi), antistain and anti mould
(mildewcide). Wood preservatives are effective against such wood-destroying organisms as
brown and white rot. Mildewcides are effective only on the surface of the protected wood and
act against the green and blue molds, which can discolour the surface. Generally mildewcides
are used in woodstains.
Biocides are generally a minor formulation component in DIY woodcare products. Products
marketed as wood preservatives contain higher levels of preservatives, up to 15% of an
active ingredient like copper-or zinc-naphthenate. Stains and water repellents may contain
both a wood preservative and a mildewcides in low concentration, usually 0.5% to 2%.
The leading insecticides used are bifenthrin, boron, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fipronil, imicloprid
and permethrin. Growth Regulator type insecticides are making an impact in the more
“environmentally” sensitive countries.
The leading bactericide for incan protection is BIT/MIT, CMIT/MIT and formaldehyde releasers
such as o-formals. CMIT/MIT is often used in the wood preservative formulations to protect the
“film” and as a remedial treatment. There is a movement away from formaldehyde releasers.
2.3.2.4 Remedial Sector

The global remedial sector for wood preservation including pest control is estimated at $ 20
billion and includes all services and products. The consumption of biocides account for 12%
of active manufacture sales. The dominant companies are Ecolab, Orkin, Rentokil and
Terminix which account for some 5% of the market; 50 large regional companies selling
between $10 M and $100 M each control the next 5%; more than 3,000 firms with sales of
$0.5 M to $10 M control the following 5%; some 150,000 firms with sales under $0.5 M,
account for the remaining 85% market share. Consolidation in the pest control (PCO) industry
through acquisition continues at full pace.
Of all the mainsteam formulators of wood preservatives, only Koppers are active in the
remedial sector and they recently introduced a new formulation which will be marketed via
their Koppers Utilities Business unit for the remedial treatment of poles. The preservative
system is called MP400-EXT and is a patent-pending combination of four active ingredients,
producing near zero Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions and eliminating
dependence on oil-based ingredients. The MP400-EXT formulation includes Koppers’s
proprietary combination of tebuconazole and bifenthrin. This blend demonstrated robust
protection against both fungi and termites in five year field stake tests. A unique, “micronized”
version of Oxine Copper was developed and added to help protect against strength-robbing
surface decay in older poles. Oxine Copper is also effective at very low concentrations and is
approved for food-contact applications. Sodium borate completes the formulation by providing
fast-acting diffusion and broad fungi control.
2.3.2.5 Engineered Wood & Wood Plastic Composites

Wood composites and wood plastic composites account for 10 % of Biocide sales at active
manufacture level. Zinc Borate is the leading wood preservative used and the leading end-
user is Louisiana Pacific. It is applied at 0.4% of weight retention (4kg per cubic metre). Zinc
Borate is followed by specialist Termiticides and blended formulations against algae and
mould.
For the future, the treatment of wood composites and wood plastic composites treated with
preservatives is expected to increase, as more composites will be used in exterior
applications such as decking. The treatment with a preservative will be influenced by the
following factors:
• Reduction in formaldehyde type glues used in the production of composites, which

currently provide some protection. This will have a positive effect. Currently it is
popular to treat low formaldehyde composites against surface mould which are being
exported to Japan.
• Currently composite manufacturers are beginning to realise that insects or fungi

damage restricts the usage of composite materials in some applications. This belief will
have a positive influence on preservative usage in the future.
• Increase in the use of wood composites in exterior and structural applications e.g.
packaging craters, window boards, cladding, decking on balconies, advertising
hoarding etc. This will have a positive effect.
• The treatment of wood composites allows manufacturers to move out of the

‘commodity status’ and into ‘specially treated status’ which allows the use of wood
composites into higher value applications i.e. decking. This will have a positive effect.
• Structural failure in North America for some composites is well published such as
rotting Wood Plastic Decking from Trex and Panels from Louisiana Pacific failing after
10 years. This will have a positive effect on consumption. Algae growth on decking
from wood plastic composites is a growing problem especially where maintenance is
poor.
2.4 WHAT OTHER MARKET RESEARCH COMPANIES SAY

GIA SAYS WOOD PRESERVATIVES MARKET AT $ 1.5 BN IN 2017
GIA say the global market for wood preservative chemicals is projected to reach US$1.5
billion by the year 2017. They say the US market for wood preservative chemicals is forecast
to reach US$567.4 million, while European market would reach US$412.2 million. Key factors
driving market growth include recovery in the construction sector, and increased demand for
wood preservative chemicals from engineered wood composites. Additionally, rising
performance and environmental issues are the major factors driving demand for greener or
superior value wood preservatives.
Demand for creosote in the US remains relatively stable with voluntary phase out of CCA
from residential applications, while demand for creosote is on a decline in Japan and Western
Europe. Various countries including Japan, Western Europe, Indonesia, India, Switzerland,
Austria and Sweden have banned the use of Pentachlorophenol for all applications, while in
the US, the use of Pentachlorophenol is restricted to limited applications. Higher value
formulations are likely to continue gaining market share, mainly due to performance and
environmental concerns. Demand for wood preservatives such as ACQ, Borates and Copper
Naphthenate has risen with the decline of Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) from
residential applications. The main beneficiary in the decline of CCA has been copper
formulations including ACQ and copper azole. Micronized copper wood treatments are new
versions of the CA and ACQ formulations. When compared to other standard formulations
that contain soluble copper, the new micronized copper wood treatment solutions contain
small solid copper particles, generally copper carbonate. These wood preservatives are
marketed under the “micro” or “micronized” labels. The Major players are BASF, Janssen
Preservation and Material Protection, KMG Chemicals, Kop-Coat, Lonza, Lapeyre,
Obermeier, Koppers, Rio Tinto Borax, RUETGERS Organics and Viance.
REPORT FROM EUROPEAN WOOD PRESERVING ASSOCIATION
According to the European Wood Preserving Association, Europe's wood preserving industry
supplies around 6.5 million m3 of pressure treated wood per year. This is broken into 44%
construction timber, 21 % garden timber, 14 % poles, 6 % sleepers, 15 % small roundwood.
The pressure treated wood is used in woodworking, construction, landscaping, leisure wood,
agriculture, marine, railway, telecommunication, electricity generation and distribution
applications. This wood is treated with either waterborne products, solvent based products or
creosote. The type of preservatives used are 11 % creosote, 18 % LOSP anmd 71 %
waterborne preservatives. More information can be found on www.wei-ieo.org or the
European Wood Preservative Manufacturers on www.ewpm.org
2.5 PURCHASING OF BIOCIDES

Wood biocides are either purchased on a contract basis or on the spot basis. Pressure
treaters will purchase full tanks of concentrate and dilute to the recommended concentration
at their facilities. For pressure treatment biocides, contract agreements may include the
provision of application machines, technical services and guarantees of protection to the
timber for a fixed period.
It is estimated that at least 70% of all pressure treated wood biocides are purchased on a
contract basis. The use of contracts within pressure treatment is expected to grow with the
increasing trend of customers getting biocide suppliers to manage their whole wood
preservative process.
Production and technical personnel from the large timber treating companies are usually the
first point of contact when introducing a biocide to a potential customer. Those personnel tend
to rely very heavily on the individual biocide suppliers to provide technical advice, assistance
with problems and regulatory data. As a result, criteria for selection tend to concentrate on
technical as well as customer service factors. The following is a list of the main factors used in
the purchase decision making process:
• Effectiveness of the product

• Technical service and problem resolution
• Commercial terms (price)
• Supplier relations & reputation

• Regulatory approvals
• Provision of Training services for operators responsible for treatment
Smaller pressure treatment plants tend to buy from distributors and there is a trend towards
distributors becoming licensees of the large biocide manufacturers. This means the large
manufacturers supply distributors with licences to use the trademarks of their products e.g.
Tanalith from Lonza. Thus the issue of branding is entering the long term protection market.
The purchasing of biocides used in stains and wood preservatives for the DIY market is
normally purchased through distributors for small and medium sized accounts and direct for
the large accounts.
2.5.1 Technical information required
The following list of technical information is what timber treaters require before purchasing
biocides:
• Product features
• Directions for use
• Physical properties
• Solubility
• Compatibility
• Addition practises
• Corrosion data
• Efficacy and stability
• Microbiological properties
• Toxicology Summary
• Handling and storage information
• First aid procedures
• Spill neutralisation
• Analytical procedures
• Environmental Fate
• Pumping and metering information
In addition to providing the above information, most timber treaters take the following
precautions and expect support from their wood preservative suppliers:
• Training operators who are responsible for treating timber

• All operations are recorded and inspected regularly
• Protective clothing
• Health monitoring including urine samples

• Fail safety devices introduced into the treatment plant
• Plant is safe to operate as it is regularly inspected
2.6 AMERICA
2.6.1 End User Market Sectors

The market for biocides used within wood preservation in the Americas is estimated at $ 471
million at active manufacture level.
The market can be segmented by sector into: Temporary, Industrial, DIY/Trade, Remedial,
Engineered Wood and Wood Plastic Composite. Industrial is the leading sector accounting for
58 % of Biocide usage. Industrial can be further segmented into residential (used in homes
such as decking and framing), non residential ( used away from home such as poles / piling
and ties / sleepers). Industrial is followed by Remedial, DIY/Trade, Engineered Wood and
Temporary. The total market is segmented by sector in the following table:
Table 8: Consumption of Biocides in the American Wood Preservative Industry by Segment

Temporary Wood 6%
Preservation
Industrial Wood 58 %
Preservation
DIY / Trade Wood 13 %
Preservation
Remedial 13 %
Preservation
Engineered Wood 10%
& Wood Plastic
Composites
TOTAL $ 471 M
Industrial wood preservation

Industrial wood preservation is the leading segment within the Americas, accounting for 58 %
of Biocide sales at active manufacture level. The region is the largest supplier of treated
timber in the globe with 14 million M³ of timber treated. Industrial wood preservation is the
treatment of timber and may be broken down further into pressure and non - pressure
treatment. Major uses for pressure - treated wood include building timber, pilings, and utility
poles. The single biggest segment within industrial wood preservation is rail wood ties and in
the USA alone, there are 50 treating plants, treating 24 million crossties per year.
Ammonium copper quats (ACQ), Micronized copper quats and azoles, copper azoles and
borates are the leading wood preservative used in America. Creosote and Pentachlorphenol
are the leading oil borne preservative. Pentachlorophenol dominates the utility sector where it
provides better climbing characteristics. There is a trend to combining creosote with borates.
Remedial Sector
Remedial wood preservation accounts for 13 % of Biocide sales at active manufacture level.
The total remedial sector is estimated at valued at $6 bn and is divided into four segments:
Terminix and Orkin together account for some 20% of the market; 50 large regional
companies selling between $10 M and $100 M each control the next 20%; more than 900
firms with sales of $0.5 M to $10 M control the following 20%; some 30,000 firms with sales
under $0.5 M, account for the remaining 30% market share. Consolidation in the pest control
(PCO) industry through acquisition continues at full pace..
DIY and Trade Woodcare
DIY/Trade Woodcare sector account for 13 % of Biocide sales at active manufacture level.
The American DIY and Trade woodcare is estimated at 85 Million gallons in 2015. The
woodcare sector encompasses clear wood finishes, toners (tinted clear finishes), semi-
transparent stains and DIY/trade wood preservatives. The major suppliers are Behr, Flood,
Olympic and Thompson. The second tier suppliers include Cabot, Cuprinol and Wolman.
Wood stains at 60 M gallons is the dominant sector. The market is divided into 12 M gallons
for interior and 48 M gallons for exterior use. The major suppliers are: Akzo, Behr, Benjamin,
Moore, PPG, Samuel Cabot and Sherwin-WilliamsValspar. Second tier players include Flood,
Thompsons and Wolman.
Wood Composites & Wood Plastic Composites
Wood composites and wood plastic composite account for 10 % of Biocide sales at active
manufacture level. In 2015, 56 billion square feet of structural wood panels were produced in
America. The production of plywood declined with the volume of oriented strand board (OSB)
increasing. OSB accounts for about half of the structural panels used to make flooring and
other components for the home in the American construction industry.
Weyerhauser’s OSB manufacturing facility in Sutton, Va., claims to be the world’s largest,
with a capacity exceeding 500 million square feet. Louisiana-Pacific acquired the Canadian
company Le Groupe Forex, reinforcing its position as the world's biggest OSB manufacturer.
2.6.2 Biocides used by End-Users in the Americas
Some of the companies who apply wood preservatives within the Americas are identified in
the table below:
Table 9: Wood Preservatives used by Companies in America

DIPPING
Company Product Biocide used
Andersen Windows permethrin + IPBC
Jeld-wenn Windows permethrin + IPBC
Pella Windows chlorpyrifos + IPBC
DIY
Behr Wood Protector Copper Napthenate (9.08 %)
Thompsons Wood Protector IPBC in water & folpet in solvent
Olympic Weatherscreen N-(trichloromethyl thiophthalimide)
PARTICLEBOARD
Louisiana Pacific OSB zinc borate
Boise Cascade Flooring Plywood ACQ
Weyerhaeuser Particleboard zinc borate
PRESSURE TREATED TIMBER

Conrad Forest Treated Wood ACZA
Cox Wood Teated Wood Copper azoles
Gross & Janes Rail wood ties Creosote
Koppers Treated wood Creosote, ACQ, CCA, Copper azole, PCP
Louisiana Log Homes copper-8-quinolinolate
Lowe's Treated Wood ACQ
McDowell Lumber, NC Crossties, Pallets Creosote, MCA’s
Pacific Wood Pres. Treated wood CCA, ACQ, Borates
PlayNation Playground Wood ACQ
Schroeder Log Homes copper-8-quinolinolate
Stella Jones Crossties Creosote & Borates
Sunbelt Forest Treated Wood ACQ
Tolleson Lumber Treated wood Copper Azoles
Wheeler Lumber Rail wood ties QNAP Copper Napthenate
REMEDIAL
Genics Remedial woodcare Copper napthenate, sodium fluoride
Nisus Boracare Boron, Copper Napthenate
Orkin Remedial woodcare Imidacloprid, boron, copper napthenate
Paragon Pest control Remedial permethrin, IPBC
Terminex Remedial woodcare hexaflumeron, boron, quats
Conrad Forest Products is a leading treater in Western United States where the Douglas Fir is
widely grown and difficult to treat unlike the southern Pine. The company has 3 treating plants
and provides a 25 year warranty for crossties and bridge timbers. The company uses ACZA
(Chemonite) which contains ammonia that aids penetration into the Douglas Fir. Conrad says
the Micronized copper cannot penetrate. The company sees a trend in adding borates to the
ACZA treated ties to provide even more indepth treatment due to the diffusion of the borates.
2.7 ASIA PACIFIC

The market for biocides used within wood preservation in Asia Pacific is estimated at $ 211
million at active manufacture level.
and ties / sleepers).
Industrial is followed by DIY/Trade, Engineered Wood and Wood Plastic Composites. The
total market is segmented by sector in the following table:

Temporary 7%
Industrial 38 %
DIY / Trade 26 %
Remedial 12 %
Engineered Wood 17 %
& Wood Plastic
Composites
TOTAL 211 M
In Australia, there are 120 treatment plants of which most are in Queensland. The big sector
for wood preservatives in Australia are Engineered wood which uses boron as specified by
the Engineered Products Association. In South Africa there are 170 treatment plants.
2.7.2 Biocides used by End-Users in the Asia Pacific
Some of the leading companies who apply wood preservatives are in the following table:.
Table 11: Leading End Users and Wood Preservatives Used in Asia Pacific
PARTICLEBOARD
Akita Plywood Fenitrothion
Cymao Plywood Phoxim
Futurebuild Hybeam Joists Bifenthrin (Determite)
Marsubara OSB Phoxim, Pyridafenthion
Toyo Plywood Phoxim, Fenitrothion

Alex Bentick Treated Wood Koppers Lifewood CCA
Dainihon Wood Treated Wood Copper azole
Hynes Treated Wood Permethrin, copper azole,cca
L.M. Hayter Treated Wood CCA and Naturewood ACQ
Iwasaki Sangyo Treated Wood Copper azole
LM Hayter Treated Wood CCA, ACQ from Koppers
Stora Timber (Aus) Treated Wood Determite based on bifenthrin
Xyence Corp Treated Wood Copper azole
2.8 EUROPE

The market for biocides used within wood preservation in Europe is estimated at $ 202 million
at active manufacture level.
and ties / sleepers). Industrial is followed by DIY/Trade which includes sales of wood
preservatives via the trade and professional sectors etc. The total market is segmented by
sector in the following table:

Temporary 5%
Industrial 59 %
DIY / Trade 20 %
Remedial 10 %
Engineered Wood 6%
& Wood Plastic
Composites
TOTAL 202 M
The largest end-use for wood preservatives at manufacture level is the Industrial or pre-
treatment sector which provides long term protection to timber (including timber in contact
with ground) against wood destroying fungi and insects. Industrial is followed by the DIY &
Trade sector which encompasses all timber or furniture treated by householders and
professional decorators with wood preservatives. Typically the wood preservatives are
purchased from DIY centres or distributors.
Three small end-use sectors are Temporary, Remedial and Wood Composites. Temporary
covers the application of biocides to freshly felled timber before or just after it is moved to the
sawmill. The temporary segment is mainly concentrated in select regions of Europe such as
the Ukraine in the East and France / Portugal / Spain in the west. Remedial is the treatment of
in-situ timber against fungal and insect infestations. The smallest but fastest growing end-user
of preservatives is wood composites, which includes plywood and orient strand board.
Currently preservatives used within wood composites are primarily for export markets but are
predicted to grow within European countries as more composites are used in structural and
exterior applications.
2.8.2 Biocides used by End-Users in Europe
The following table identifies the Biocides via the wood preservatives which are used by end-
users in Europe.
Table 13: Leading End User and Wood Preservatives used in Europe
DIPPING
Amec (UK) Treat Wood Tebuconazole, Propiconazole,
Buliard (France) Joinery Wood Cypermethrin, Azoles
Elit-Fonster (Nordic) Windows Azoles, IPBC (Gori Vac TH92)
Jeldwen Windows Ecovance (DCOIT)
Panto (Italy) Joinery Dichlofluanid
Smets (Benelux) Joinery Propiconazole & Cypermethrin
DIY
Akzo (Benelux) Wood Stains Dichlofluanid, also Azoles
Akzo (UK) Cuprinol Ultimate 0.95 % IPBC, 0.24 % Propiconazole
Amonn (Italy) Wood preservatives Azoles, Permethrin
Becker (Nordic) Wood Preservatives IPBC
Gori (Benelux) Wood Preservatives IPBC, also Azoles, Cypermethrin
Sherwin Williams (UK) Ronseal Fence 0.5 % Propiconazole, 0.093 % Permethrin
PARTICLEBOARD
Isoroy (France) OSB Xilip (Azole, Carbendazim)
Joubert (France) Flooring Plywood Basileum
Shauman (Finland) Plywood Basileum

Aqua Holzbau (Ger) Building wood Copper oxide, boric acid
BSW (Latvia) Building Wood copper quat
Collstrop (Denmark) Building Wood copper HDO
Forest Garden (UK) Building Wood copper Quats (Koppers Naturewood)
Howarth (UK) Building Wood copper azoles
Kurekss (Latvia) Building Wood copper azoles
PTG (UK) Building Wood Azoles
Rowlinson’s (UK) Building Wood copper quats
Stella (Italy) Buiding Wood copper HDO
3 BIOCIDE COMPARISON
3.1.1 Comparison of Preservatives within Temporary Sector
The cost of treating timber ranges from $4 per m³ for NaPCP up to $12 per m³ within the
temporary wood preservation sector as shown in the following table which compares prices
and the cost of treatment per m³ of timber.
Table 14: Comparison of Biocides within Temporary Wood Preservation

Chemistry Trade name Cost per % AI in *Formulated
(Supplier) m³ formulation Price $/kg
NaPCP ISK 4 4% 4
Quats Sinesto B
6 5% 6
(Wolman)
10.2% MBT & 12.5% Lonza Antiblue
8 1.2% 8
TCMTB
30 % TCMTB Busan 1030
6 1.5% 6
(Buckman)
4% blend azaconazole, Xylophene TAB 2
Carbendazim+benzalconium (Xylochimie/Dyrup/P 12 0.2% 12
chloride PG)
17% blend: 2.7% Wolsin FL 35
Propiconazole, 5.4% (Wolman)
10 0.85% 10
fenpropimorbh, 9% Boric
Acid
* 1 litre of preservative is diluted with 19 litres of water and treats 1 m³ of timber. Assume an
application rate of 20 litres per cubic metre which is the recommended uptake
As shown in the table above, the cost can be up to $ 12 per cubic metre and this significant
cost explains why temporary wood preservatives are not added as a matter of course but only
when there is a high risk of sapstain fungi.
3.1.2 Comparison of Preservatives within Do-It-Yourself

The average price for DIY wood preservatives (ex manufacture) is $12 per litre or $12,000 per
tonne. The following table compares the sales price for some popular Wood Preservative
formulations.
Table 15: Comparison of Biocides Used in DIY

Tradename Sale Price
(Ingredients) $ / kg
Behr Deck and Fence Preservatives (9 % Copper
Napthenate) 8
Bondex includes 0.55 % dichlofluanid, 1.50 %
propiconazole, 0.10 % permethrin 8
Cuprinol Decorative Wood Preservative (9 %
Acypetacs zinc and 0.18 % dichlofluanid) 9
Fongix SE from V33 contains (0.3 % azaconazole
and 0.15 % permethrin) 15
Sadolin Classic Wood Preservative (0.70 %
dichlofluanid) 12
Thompson’s Water Seal (1 % chlorothalonil) 10
Xyladecor plus (1.5 % propiconazole, 0.80 % IPBC,
0.05 % permethrin) 16
The biocide actives within 1 litre of wood preservatives cost between $0.21 and $ 1.5 which
amounts to between 2% and 20% of the ex-manufacture selling price. As biocides are a
significant percentage of the selling price of wood preservatives, most DIY wood preservative
suppliers state that a major driving force in approving a new biocide active would be cost
improvement.
3.1.3 Comparison of Preservatives within Engineered Wood and WPC

Engineered Wood (Wood Composites) is the third largest sector for Biocides and RioTinto is
the leading supplier of Biocides to the Engineered Wood Composites market. For the future,
the treatment of wood composites is expected to grow as Engineered Wood finds new
applications in exterior construction. Some of the more popular preservatives used for
preservation of EWP are profiled in the following table:.
Table 16: Comparison of Biocides used in Engineered Wood and Wood Plastic Composites
Tradename: Basilit B85 11
Active Ingredient: 63.2 % Boric Acid
Supplier: Rutgers
Application rate: 1 % or 1 kg per m³ of plywood
Selling price: $ 3 per kg
Tradename: Fungitrol 11
Active Ingredient: 95 % Folpet
Supplier: Troy
Application rate: 0.5 % to 7.5 %
Selling price: $ 10 per Litre
Cost of Treatment: 5 cents per board foot minimum
Tradename: PlasticGuard 420 VP

Active Ingredient: 20 % IPBC
Supplier: Troy
Application rate: 1.25 % to 5 %
Selling price: $ 10 per Litre
Tradename: Hi-Bor
Active Ingredient: Zinc Borate
Supplier: Rio Tinto (Borax)
Application rate: 0.4 % - 0.8 % for fungal / insect control
Selling Price $ 4 per kg
Tradename: Vinyzene IT 4005

Active ingredients: DCOIT
Supplier: DOW
Application rate: 3%
Selling prices: $ 10 per KG
Tradename: Xyligen 25 F
Active ingredients: 25 % N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy-Kalium
Supplier: Dr. Wolman (via BASF glues division)
Application rate: 1 % for dry wood particles
4 kg per m ³ of wood composite
Selling prices: $ 7 per kg
3.1.4 Comparison of Preservatives by Pressure Treatment

Copper based preservatives are mainly used in the preservation of exterior timber (Class 3-5).
They are waterborne preservatives and are dominated by the copper azole, copper HDO and
copper quat type. The preservation solution themselves are at least 95% water and the
preservatives have the advantage of ‘Fixing’ in the timber during redrying, giving the timber a
very long life even when immersed in water.
The application rate (retention rate) of wood preservatives is generally based on the end-use of
the wood. For example with fencing, ammonium copper quats (ACQ) and copper azoles are
applied at 6 kg per M3 The selling price of copper azoles and ACQ is $4 per kg which gives a
cost of treating at $ 24 per M3 for fencing posts. This is considerably more expensive than CCA
which was traditionally the most popular preservative until regulatory restrictions forced its
removal.
CCA is applied at an application rate of 6 kg per M3 whereas in Marine applications, the
application rate is 18 kg per M3. The selling price of CCA is $ 3 per kg. This results in a cost per
cubic metre of $18 per M3 for fencing posts. The cost of treating wood with popular
preservatives is compared in the following table:.
Table 17: Cost of Treating Fencing Post in $ per M3

Leading Wood Price per kg/$ Retention kg/m³ Cost in $ per m³ of
Preservatives Used treated wood
ACZA 4.0 6 24.0
CCA 3.0 6 18.0
MCQ 3.0 6 18.0
Wolmanit CX-S 5.0 4 20.0
Tannalith E 4.0 6 24.0
Koppers AC 500 4.0 6 24.0
Creosote 0.8 100 80.0
Lonza supply ACZA with a retention of 6 kg and a cost of $ 24 per cubic metre of wood.
Wolmanit CX-S (6.1% Bis-(N cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy) – copper + 4.2%
copperhydroxycarbonate + 4% boric acid)
Tannalith E (22.4% coppercarbonate + 4.9% boric acid + 0.5% tebuconazole)
Koppers AC 500 (7.4% copper ethanolamine complex + 4.6% alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride)
Creosote is recognized as an effective wood preservative and insecticide that extends the
functional life of treated wood from five to eight years up to 40 years. It dominates the pole
preservation market. Creosote is cheaper on a per kilo basis compared with the alternative
preservatives, however, creosote represents a more expensive wood preservative on a cost -
to - treat basis, as shown above.
3.1.5 Comparison of Organic Wood Preservatives by Dipping Method

Organic solvent preservatives are mainly used in the preservation of interior timber (hazard
class 1-2). They are applied by the dipping method. The most popular wood preservatives in
this sector are boric acid, copper-HDO, DCOIT, NaPCP, triazoles, Quats, and an insecticide.
The following table compares the cost and application rate of wood preservatives used in this
sector.
Table 18: Costs of Wood Preservatives in Dipping ($ per M2)

Leading Wood Price per kg ($) Application rate Cost in $ per m² of
Preservatives Used kg/m² treated wood
Hydrokoat 4 5.0 8 g/m² 0.04
Wolman CX H 200 5.0 50 g/m² 0.25
Xylodian IF C3 4.0 10 g/m² 0.00
Hydrokoat 4 from Koatchemie (36% Quat, 1.1% Cypermethrin)

Wolmanit CX-H200 (2.5% Bis (N-cyclohexyldiazenium dioxy) – copper + 4.2% copper
hydroxycarbonate + 25% boric acid)
Xylodiam IF C3 from Diamantines (1.5% propiconazole 0.44% permethrin)
One of the most popular wood preservatives within this sector is Ecovance from Viance which
is based on DCOIT. EcoVance Preservative can be used for above ground and in ground
wood applications such as decking, fencing and fence posts, rails, spindles, flooring, trellises,
gazebos and wood shingles, millwork and joinery, trim and fascia, and sill plates.
4 METHODS OF APPLICATION
The most popular methods of applying wood preservatives are outlined below:
4.1 DIPPING
Dipping is most suited to permeable timbers such as pine sapwood as penetration of the
timber using this treatment is poor. The timber to be treated is submerged in a concentrated
solution of water soluble wood preservative for a period of time which can range from three
minutes to a few days. Dipping is the most popular method of applying wood preservatives for
the temporary treatment of timber or when the timber is used under cover. There are
thousands of such units worldwide including smaller units within Joinery factories.
4.2 DOUBLE VACUUM

Double vacuum is particularly appropriate for joinery as the process does not result in
dimensional changes in the timber. Therefore timber can be machined to its final dimensions
before treatment is applied. The timber to be treated is first placed in a cylinder, where a
partial vacuum is created. The cylinder is then filled with an organic solvent preservative, the
vacuum is released, and the timber remains immersed for up to an hour, under atmospheric
or applied pressure. On releasing the pressure, the cylinder is drained, before a second
vacuum is created, in order to reclaim some of the solution and produce a solvent free
surface. The application of wood preservatives via double vacuum treatment plants is popular
in UK, Scandinavia and Australia.
4.3 FOAMING
Wood preservatives formulated as a foamy paste are applied to wood surfaces using hand
implements or mechanical application systems. Foaming is becoming popular for the
treatment of embedded timbers or where access is difficult since the formulation is able to
spread into areas away from the application site.
4.4 FOGGING
Fogging is a technique used in professional remedial treatment requiring special equipment.
A liquid preservative formulation is heated and dispersed through a nozzle as a ‘fog’ of fine
droplets which deposits the preservative on surfaces throughout the treated area. Fogging is
typically used to treat roof voids and under-floor areas.
4.5 SPRAYING
Spray application of wood preservatives is generally comparable in its results to brush
application, and can be carried out as an alternative to brush treatment under appropriate
circumstances. Spray treatment is the most common and widely-used method of application
of wood preservatives in the in situ eradication of woodworm and treatment of wet or dry rot.
Units giving a coarse spray with minimum atomisation are preferred, and it is particularly
important to ensure good ventilation when spraying. Organic solvent type preservatives are
most commonly used for this type of application.
The preservative should be flooded on to the surface until a slight run-off occurs. If the
resultant absorption is less than that recommended for the preservative being used, further
applications should be made after the initial treatment has soaked in but before it has dried.
For remedial treatment, the preservative should be applied to all sides of the timber. Particular
regard should be paid to flooding on to end grain and into joints.
4.6 VACUUM PRESSURE TREATMENT

Pressure treatment is recommended where timber is expected to become wet and stay wet in
service and is therefore most frequently used for timber in ground contact. This process
involves the timber being immersed in a preservative fluid inside a closed cylinder. A high
pressure (normally between 10 and 14 bar) is then applied, which forces the preservative into
the wood. This type of high pressure is most commonly used for water borne preservatives
such as copper/chromium/arsenic formulations, copper azoles and copper quats. Pressure
treatment normally results in good penetration of the sapwood, although its success in
penetrating hardwood is more variable, depending to a great degree on the species involved.
The two main pressure treatment schedules are known as ‘full cell’ and ‘empty cell’. The
application of wood preservatives via Vacuum Pressure is widespread throughout the globe.
4.7 BRUSHING
Brushing is the simplest and most readily available method of applying a wood preservative,
and is particularly useful to the general public for on-site treatments in building, particularly
where working of pre-treated timber exposes a fresh surface. It is mostly used with organic
solvent type wood preservatives, lower viscosity grades of creosote and specially formulated
water-based preservatives.
Paint brushes are commonly used but, with most preservatives, any soft bristled brush is
satisfactory, and soft floor brushes can be used advantageously where large areas are
involved.
5 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION
5.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS

The consumption of biocides within the global Wood Preservatives industry is valued at $ 884
million at active manufacture level. The Americas especially the USA is the largest consumer
of wood preservatives in the globe with sales of $ 471 million. Copper including cca
formulations are the most popular biocides used within Wood preservation with sales of $
278.5 million as shown in the following table which segments the market by chemistry and
geographical region:.
Table 19: Biocides Sales by Region within the Wood Preservation industry
AMERICAS ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE GLOBAL
BIOCIDE
($M) ($M) ($M) ($M)
Amines 4.0 3.0 2.0 9.0
BIT/MIT 2.0 2.0
Boron Chemistry 17.0 8.0 7.0 32.0
Carbendazim 1.0 2.0 1.0 4.0
Chlorothalonil 2.0 2.0 1.0 5.0
Copper including CCA,
Micronized copper, 177.0 50.5 51.0 278.5
copper naphthenate
CMI/MIT 4.0 5.0 5.0 13.0
Creosote 120.0 30.0 30.0 180.0
Cyproconazole 1.0 3.0 1.0 5.0
Dazomat 4.0 2.0 1.0 7.0
DCOIT 4.0 6.0 7.0 17.0
Dichlofluanid/Tolyfluanid 2.0 3.1 2.0 7.1
Folpet 2.0 2.0 4.0
Formaldehyde
2.0 3.0 1.0 6.0
Releasers
n-cyclohexyl
diazeniumdioxy-kalium 2.0 3.0 13.0 18.0
(HDO)
Insecticides 11.0 11.0 6.0 28.0
IPBC 22.0 14.0 12.0 48.0
MBT 2.0 2.0 1.0 5.0
OIT 5.0 4.0 4.0 13.0
Phenolics (PCP) 27.0 8.0 3.0 38.0
Propiconazole 3.0 4.0 13.0 20.0
Quats 20.0 5.0 4.0 29.0
TBTO 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.5
TCMTB 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0
Tebuconazole 10.0 3.0 5.0 18.0
Thiabendazole 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0

Other 25.0 32.4 29.5 86.9
TOTAL 471.0 211.0 202.0 884.0
Copper is combined with co-biocides such as arsenate, azoles, betaine, HDO, quats,
napthenates in wood preservation formulations. It is estimated that 20,000 tonnes of copper is
used in the wood preservation industry with total formulated sales of $278.5 million. Copper is
supplied by a broad range of companies such as Aditya Birla, Chemet, Nihon Kagaku
Sangyo, Penninsula Copper and Spiess Urania. One of the leading suppliers is Spiess Urania
who produces the active substances copper carbonate, basic and copper hydroxide in the
company's copper salt production facility in Hamburg. Both copper salts were listed as part of
the BPD as active ingredients for wood preservative products in Annex 1 in the category PT
8.
Copper is used in combination with co-biocides such as azoles, betaine (in Europe), HDO and
quats inorder to overcome the problem of copper resistant fungi. The copper is solubilized
with monoethanolamine or ammonia. Ammonia is very effective as a fixation agent but is
usage is limited due to emission & odour control. Ammonia is used in hard to treat timber
such as western USA as it allows for better penetration.
Also included in the copper valuations is CCA. CCA’s are very permanent in the timber and are
applied by pressure impregnation. They are normally sold as a 60% active in a paste and are
diluted with water by the end user to a 2% - 5% solution.
The disadvantage of CCA type products is that the arsenic and chromium are both considered
carcinogenic and as a result their usage is banned or restricted in most Countries. This will result
in declining usage of CCA in the future.
Copper napthenate is also popular as a wood preservative formulation where it is supplied as a

8 % active ingredient. Copper napthenate is created via the reaction of copper salt and
naphthenic acid. Copper napthenate has grown at the expense of pentachlorenate. In the USA,
the largest market in the globe for wood preservatives, some of the penta plants have switched
to copper napthenate.
The single biggest trend within copper chemistry has been the introduction of micronized
copper. Any source of copper can be used to obtain micronized particles but copper
carbonate is the most popular. Small micronized particles are dispersed in the carrier instead
of using dissolved copper. The common carrier is water and a dispersing agent (polymeric
dispersants) which attach to the surface of micronized copper particles and keep the particles
away from each other. The co-biocides such as azole, quats and insecticides can be mixed
with micronized metal formulations.
Micronized copper and co-biocide has been pioneered by Koppers (Osmose) who claim their
micronized copper performs as well as copper azoles or copper quats, leaches less than non
micronized formulations and improves corrosion resistance. Micronized copper can be used
at retention levels of 0.07 pcf for above ground use and 0.16 pcf for ground contact use.
These retention levels are significantly lower than the traditional copper formulations.
Koppers’s first product was MicroPro which was introduced in 2006 and has been used to
treated more than 10 billion board feet. It is used to treat more than 50 % of US treated
timber.
Azoles (Azaconazole, Cyproconazole, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, Thiabendazole)

are very popular biocides used in the wood preservation industry with sales of over $ 50
million. The azole fungicides have high effectiveness, good selectivity, good toxicity and a
good ecotoxicity profile. Azoles tend to be supplied in blends in order to enhance the
spectrum of control. The 5 most popular azoles in wood preservation market are
azaconazole, cyproconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and thiabendazole of which
propiconazole and tebuconazole dominate.
The largest end use application for azoles is the above ground long-term preservation sector
where azoles are being used alone or in combination with copper (96 % copper & 4 % azole).
They are seen as suitable wood preservatives in the long-term protection segment as they
have good resistance to leaching and evaporation. Tebuconazole and propiconazole are the
most popular azoles for this application due to their superiority against white and brown rot
fungi. For pressure treatment, tebuconazole tends to be used in combination with copper
whereas for dipping, propiconazole is the most popular choice where it may be used in
combination because of their synergistic action. Another major benefit of azoles is their good
toxicity profile and as a result they are substituting for solvent based organotins in timber
products with high human contact such as garden furniture. The following table shows a list of
formulations containing Azoles.
Table 20: Formulations Containing Azoles

Tradename Active Ingredients
(Supplier)
Basilit PCx 1 % propiconazole, 0.05 % cypermethrin
(Rutgers)
Madurox Structure 0.65 % propiconazole, 0.06 % cypermethrin
(Dyrup)
Protim E415 (i) 0.10 % permethrin, 0.15 % propiconazole, 0.15 % tebuconazole,
(Koppers) 2 % disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
Protim Brown CDB 0.184 % permethrin, 0.93 % propiconazole
Tannalith E (22.4 % copper carbonate + 4.9 % boric acid + 0.5 % tebuconazole).
(Lonza)
Vacsol Aqua 0.12 % tebuconazole, 0.12 % propiconazole, 0.1 % permethrin
(Koppers)
Xilit P96 MS 0.1 % cypermethrin, 0.17 % propiconazole, 0.3 % tebuconazole
(Cecil)
The second largest end use application for the azoles is in the DIY sector where Azoles have
established themselves as an effective biocide against wood destroying fungicides. The
azoles used in the DIY market can be further segmented according to end use as
demonstrated in the following table:.
Table 21: Main Azoles Used

Target Microorganism Recommended Azole
Wood destroying fungi Tebuconazole, Propiconazole
Wood discolouring fungi Cyproconazole, Propiconazole
For sapstain control, azaconazole is used in Europe and also in America. It is suitable for
sapstain control due to its effectiveness against the main sapstain causing fungi. Azaconazole
is normally combined with other actives such as quaternary ammonium compounds,
propiconazole, carbendazim in order to broaden the spectrum of control. In the remedial
sector, azoles have been gaining in popularity and are now established fungicides used for
dry rot control. The major manufacturers are Janssen, Lanxess, Makteshim and United
Phosphorous.
Recently a new formulation containing equal amounts of tebuconazole and propriconazole

have shown to be synergistic. This will see some usage in copper azole formulations with the
usage of 2 % tebuconazole / 2 % propiconazole instead of the 4 % propiconazole.
Boron is a popular biocide in the wood preservation industry with total sales of $ 32 million.
Boron is the single most popular remedial wood preservative for the protection against wood
boring insects and wood rotting fungi. Boron based remedial wood formulations have all the
attributes to satisfy most concerns related to health, safety and the environment, both for
employees and the occupants of buildings in which fungicides and wood boring insect
treatments are required. They can be formulated as inorganic borates such as boric acid and
disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or organic borates such as trihexylene glycol biborate where
the glycol is used to aid penetration into the wood. The major advantages of borates are their
broad spectrum efficacy (fungi & insects), low acute mammalian toxicity and of being benign
in the environment. In addition, borates have no odour, no colour and are easy to use.
Recently there has been a growing usage of mixtures containing boric acid and disodium
octaborate tetrahydrate which are perceived as been more effective in eliminating wood
boring insect infestations and preventing their recurrence. This blend also has the advantage
of using water as the carrier, thereby almost eliminating the need for organic solvents. In
addition, there is the trend of adding boron to creosote treated cross ties.
Boric acid is also widely used at 4% to 5% in combination with copper and organic biocides in
the longterm industrial preservative sector. It is quite common to use boron as a
complementary biocide to ACQ, Copper Napthenate or Creosote for industrial timber such as
railroad crossties. The use of boron allows for better penetration of preservative within the
timber.
Zinc Borate is the most popular preservative used in the preservation of engineered wood and
wood plastic composites. This market will grow as wood composites find new applications in
exterior construction. The leading manufacturer of boron for Wood is Borax (Rio Tinto
Minerals) followed by Etimine and Wuxi Xijin Chemical in China. Borates have seen a decline
in Europe except UK due to perceived toxicity problems.
Carbendazim is used within the Wood Preservative industry with sales of $ 4 million.
Carbendazim’s activity against wood staining fungi is excellent and it is suitable for use in the
formulation of sapstain biocides. Carbendazim is also effective against trichoderma species.
The main weaknesses are against species of alternaria, mucor, geotrichum,
streptoverticillium, cephaloascus and candida. In cases where full protection is required,
Carbendazim is combined with other fungicides which have the relevant spectrum of activity
e.g. carbendazim is frequently combined with azoles or chlorothalonil in wood preservatives
supplied to the DIY sector.
Chlorothalonil is a fungicide that was widely used but now in decline. The product has sales
of $ 5 million. Its principal market is in America. Chlorothalonil can be combined with
carbendazim. The leading supplier of chlorothalonil blends is ISK Bioscience which sells it
under the tradename of Tufbrite B. The major manufacturer of Chlorothalonil is Lanxess with
many smaller suppliers such as generics. It is available as a 96% dry powder and a 40%
liquid dispersion.
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolinone and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) is an

important incan preservative and solution sterilant with sales of $ 14 million within the global
Wood Preservative industry. The chloromethyl and methyl isothiazolones (CIT and MIT)
biocides are used in a ratio of 3:1. CMIT/MIT can be used alone or in combination where it
offers the following benefits: (1) Broad spectrum antibacterial activity (2) Low cost effect in low
pH systems (3) Broad Regulatory approvals (4) Low VOC / solvent free (5) Pale colour (6)
Speed of kill.
The major disadvantages to CMIT/MIT are: (1) Chlorinated (2) Unstable at high pH (3)
Inactivated by amines (4) Poor temperature stability (5) Deactivated by reducing agents (6)
Requirement for stabilisers such formaldehyde or metal ions (7) Skin sensitiser (8) Volatile.
Creosote has sales of $ 180 million and is widely used in the pressure treatment of class 1
timber. The leading manufacturers of creosote is Kopper Industries followed by AmeriTies,
Coopers Creek Chemical Corp, KMG Chemicals, Koshii Preserving, Rutgers Chemical and
Toho chemical in Japan. Kopper industries uses its creosote for its own usage as the
company is a major supplier of treated poles and cross ties in the Americas from its 12
treatment plants.
Wood treated with creosote should not be used where it will be in frequent or prolonged
contact with bare skin (for example, chairs and other outdoor furniture), unless an effective
sealer has been applied. As a result, its usage will be restricted to high hazard applications
and it will be banned in Europe from 2018. Currently the USA is the leading region for
Creosote consumption where an estimated 91 million cubic feet was treated in 2014. The
leading sector for creosote usage in the USA is crossties (24 million produced in 2014) where
they cost $ 28 each or $ 7.50 per cubic foot. This compares very favourably to concrete which
cost $ 40 per tie. There has been a recent trend to dual treat crossties with borates which
results in longer life especially where termites are a problem.
N-(trichlormethyl) thiophalimide, more commonly known as Folpet, is used exclusively in

oil -based stains. Folpet readily hydrolyzes in water but is encapsulated by the oil base,
protecting it from hydrolyzation. The product has sales of $4 million. The product is supplied by
Makhteshim Agan.
N-cyclohexyl diazeniumdioxy-kalium (HDO) is used in the dipping and pressure treatment
of wood where it is combined with copper and sometimes boric acid. It can also be used
alone for wood particles where it is applied into dry wood particles at 1% or 6 kg per cubic
metre. The major manufacturer of HDO is BASF. HDO has sales of $18 million
IPBC (3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate) is used in all sectors of the wood preservative

industry with sales of $48 million. IPBC is used in class 1-3 for longterm wood preservation
where it is used in combination with other actives such as azoles. A major benefit of IPBC is
its good toxicity profile and as a result it will increase in usage due to substitution for
organotins in joinery applications. The major suppliers of IPBC blended wood preservatives
are the wood preservative formulators such as Lonza, Koppers, Dyrup (Xylochimie) and Kop-
Coat in America. Other suppliers are listed in the following table:.
Table 22: Formulations Containing IPBC

(Supplier)
Adler Aquawood (IPBC, Permethrin)
(Adler)
Adolit SM (17 % IPBC)
(Remmers)
Gorivac TH 92 (0.065% cypermethrin, 0.1% IPBC, 0.3%
(Dyrup) propiconazole, 0.100% tebuconazole)

Gorivac TH 82 (organotin + IPBC)
(Dyrup)
Woodlife Surface Treatments 0.1% Chlorpyrifos, 0.5% IPBC)

(Kop-Coat)
Xylophene MEX 2002 (0.06% cypermethrin, 0.054% IPBC, 0.162%
(Xylochimie) propiconazole, 0.054% tebuconazole)
For DIY and professional wood preservatives, IPBC is blended with azoles in order to
enhance its spectrum of control. Recently Sadolin launched a new wood preservative based
on IPBC and permethrin for the DIY and trade market. IPBC is manufactured by Dow, Lonza
and Troy of which Troy is the leader.
In remedial applications, IPBC is growing in popularity for the eradication and prevention of
wood destroying fungi such as (coniophoro puteana, polyporus versicolor, poria monticola,
gloeophyllum trabeum, lenzites trabea). IPBC are commonly combined with the azoles in this
sector.
For wood composite products, IPBC is applied via the glue where it protects the composite
from mould during shipping. This is a very common practice for Japanese bound engineered
wood.
4,5-Dichloro-2-(n-octyl)-4-isothiazolinone-3-one (DCOIT) and 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolinone

(OIT) have combined sales of $ 17 million and are growing in usage. DCOIT has higher
biocidal activity and lower water solubility than OIT and makes it suitable for applications
where such features are required. Dow is the main manufacturer of DCOIT, followed by
Chemicrea, Dalian Bio-Chem and Thor. The manufacturers sell Isothiazolinones via
formulators who sell it under their own tradenames.
Isothiazolinones are popular in Joinery and DIY wood preservatives and stains which provide
some preservation to the wood. Typically they maybe used in a blend where the combination
provides excellent protection against wood discolouring fungi and algae. Viance market
DCOIT and Water Repellent for the Joinery market in the USA.
Insecticides (Pyrethroids)
Insecticides have sales of $28 million within the wood preservation industry and are
manufactured by a broad range of companies such as BASF, Bayer, Dow, Excel, FMC,
Janssen, Sankyo Lifetech, Sumika and Tagros. The most popular insecticides are the
Pyrethroids which are synthetic compounds, the chemical structure of which is patterned after
pyrethrins (extracted from the chrysanthemum flower), a mixture of six esters. The synthetic
pyrethroids mimick the broad efficacy of the botanical which contains all six ester properties
and no resistance has yet been observed as it becomes very difficult for insects to develop
the requisite combination of alternative pathways to these six properties.
Generally, pyrethroids show low mammalian toxicity, but like pyrethrum, they are highly toxic
to fish and bees. The most popular synthetic pyrethroid used as a wood preservative is
permethrin. A distant second is a group of more recent synthetic pyrethroids which are more
active and photo-stable. This group is lead by cypermethrin and followed by deltamethrin,
cyfluthrin and bifenthrin.
Most of the pyrethroids except Deltamethrin are manufactured outside of Europe with India
being a popular source of production. Bayer, FMC and Sankyo Lifetech are the leading
manufacturers of pyrethroids for wood preservatives. The typical selling prices are $40 per
kilogram for permethrin, $60 per kilogram for cypermethrin (5 X more active than permethrin)
and $500 per kilogram for Deltamethin (20 X more active than permethrin).
A growing insecticide is 1-[4-(2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyloxy)-2-fluorophenyl]-3-(2,6-
difluorobenzoyl) urea is a new and promising insecticide which has the common name of
flufenoxuron sold under the tradename of Flurox. It is considered to be a new breakthrough
insecticide for wood preservatives due to its precise mode of action and good activity against
wood borers. Flufenoxuron is an acylurea insecticide which acts as a growth regulator in insects.
It functions by inhibiting the production of chitin – the skin of the insect. When the exposed
larvae attempt to moult to its next stage of development, it is unable to produce a new skin and
dies. It is manufactured by Janssen. For the future, it is expected to substitute for the
permethrins.
Another insecticide used is Etofenprox which is produced by Mitsui Chemicals Agro and sold
via Spiess-Urania under the trade name Lignusal® to the professional market. The trade name
Lignusal® EP 20 with 20% Etofenprox and Lignusal® EP 50 with 50% Etofenprox, are
effective against wood destroying insects. The Annex I inclusion as a biocidal active ingredient
was agreed upon for the product group PT 8 under BPD 98/8/EC on 01 February 2010.
Phenolics have combined sales of $ 38 million. Pentachlorophenate including Sodium

pentachlorophenol (NaPCP) is the leading phenolic used in the wood preservation industry. It
is the leading biocide in the 6 million pole market. The product has been in decline since its
usage is restricted by regulatory restrictions on dioxins leaching into the environment. The
leading suppliers of PCP is KMG followed by Koppers.
The remainder of the Phenolics are used in small amounts of which Orthophenyl Phenol (OPP)
is the second most popular phenolic used in Anti-blue wood preservatives and has benefited
most from the decline in NaPCP. The product offers broad-spectrum activity, is cost effective
and destroys sapstain fungi quickly. The major supplier of OPP is Lanxess and the leading
formulator using OPP in their product line is Frosh of Spain.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) have sales of $ 29 million and are normally
used in combination with other biocides e.g. copper for long term preservation. Quats are
seen as very versatile biocides and in addition to good microbial control they also provide
good formulation enhancement qualities. Lonza, Koppers and HuntsmanViance have been
the most proactive in promoting copper quats.
The copper quats can be type A,B,C,D. Didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) is used
in type A,B,D and alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (ADBAC) in type C. Type B is an
ammonia formulation whereas type A,C,D is an amine formulation. Typically the ratio of
copper to quat is 2:1 except type A which is 1:1. DDAC has received EU approval from
February 2015.
The major suppliers of wood preservatives using Quaternary ammonium compounds together
with their formulations are profiled in the following table:.
Table 23: Formulations with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

(Supplier)
Adolit Bauholz 44% benzalkonium chloride, 0.1% deltamethrin, 5% (Remmers)
TQ propiconazole, 5% Tebuconazole
Basilit HBX (49 % Benzalkonium chloride)
(Rutgers)
Celbor P (40% Didecyl-dimethyl-ammoniumchlorid, 13.4% boric acid)
(Koppers)
HuntsmanVia
nce (4.75% N-Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride,
(Koppers) 44 % copper hydroxyl carbonate)
Sulphamides include dichlofluanid and tolyfluanid and have sales of $7.1 million. The leading
manufacturer is Lanxess who supply under the trade names of Preventol A4S and A5.
Preventol A4S / A5 are used in wood stains, wood coatings and primers where there is a
need to protect against wood discolouring fungi. Both products are extremely effective against
wood staining fungi. They also exhibit favourable toxicity data, are insoluble in water, are non-
volatile and have light stability. Tolyfluanid has better solubility in organic solvents than
dichlofluanid, which eases its incorporation into coating formulations and impregnation agents
and makes it increasingly popular as an alternative to dichlofluanid.
TCMTB (Thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole) is a popular fungicide used in sapstain control

with sales of $3 million. TCMTB is normally applied in combination with other actives such as
quats or methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT).
Other Biocides used in Wood Preservation accounts for $ 86.5 million and includes arsenic,
chromium and naphthenic acid. Arsenic is still used in developing regions of the world and
provides protection against copper tolerant fungi.
5.2 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION AT END-USER LEVEL

The global market for speciality biocides in Wood Preservatives at formulated level is
estimated at $1,745 Million or 97% more than the value of the sales at the active level as
outlined in the following table:.
Table 24: Consumption of Biocides within Wood Preservatives at Manufacture and End User level
Sales at Distribution
Sales at end-
manufacture route to end- % Mark-Up
user level ($M)
level ($M) user in %
Active Manufacturer 884 10 70 150
Biocide Formulator 60 100 1,061
Service Company 10 140 180
Distributor * 20 100 354
TOTAL 884 100 1,745
* Includes Mark-up for Formulator and Active Manufacturer
Biocide formulators are the single most important group in the supply of biocides to the wood
preservative industry with 60% of formulated biocide sales to the Wood Preservative industry
being supplied via formulators such as Lonza, Koppers and HuntsmanViance. Most of the
formulators have manufacturing facilities and achieve their own registrations for biocide
formulations. They achieve an average 100% mark-up when they supply biocide formulations
as wood preservatives.
Biocide service companies are a small specialist group in the supply of biocides to the wood
preservative industry with 10% of formulated biocide sales to the Wood Preservative industry
being supplied via specialist service companies such as Rentokil. The service companies
achieve an average 140% mark-up when they supply biocide formulations as wood
preservatives. The mark-up is higher for the in-site market segments which include remedial
via pest control operators.
6 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS
6.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS
Koppers is the leading manufacturer of biocide active ingredients for the Wood Preservation
industry with sales of $ 169 million as shown in the following table:.
Table 25: Biocide Sales by Manufacturer in $ Million - Global and Regional

AMERICAS ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE GLOBAL
MANUFACTURER
SALES ($M) SALES ($M) SALES ($M) SALES ($M)
Akzo 1.0 3.0 4.0
BASF 3.0 2.0 15.0 20.0
Boron Suppliers (Rio
17.0 8.0 10.0 35.0
Tinto is largest)
Buckman 4.0 2.0 2.0 8.0
Changzhou Ruihao 1.0
1.0
Chem
Chemicrea 2.0 2.0
Copper Manufacturers 75.0 20.0 17.0 112.0
Dalian Biochem 2.0 2.0
Dow 10.0 5.0 6.0 21.0
Eastman 2.0 2.0 4.0
FMC 3.0 1.0 1.0 5.0
HuntsmanViance 30.0 3.0 1.0 34.0
Janssen 3.0 2.0 6.0 11.0
Kao 1.0 1.0
KMG 20.0 2.0 20.0
Koppers 114.0 25.0 30.0 169.0
Koshi Preserving 6.0 6.0
Lanxess 11.0 6.0 10.0 270
Lonza 86.0 22.0 25.0 133.0
Makhteshim-Agan 1.0 2.0 0.5 3.5
Mitsui 4.0 4.0
Nagase Chemtex 1.0 1.0
Nihon Kagaku Sangyo 2.0 2.0
Rutgers 12 10.0 16.0 38.0
Rutgers Organics 13.0 13.0
Sanyo Lifetech 4.0 4.0
Stepan 1.0 1.0
Sumika Enviro Science 4.0 4.0
Tagros 3.0 3.0
Thor 7.0 2.0 4.0 13.0
Troy 20.0 8.0 10.0 38.0
United Phosphorus 1.0 1.0
Xyence 2.0 2.0
Yangnong 2 2.0
Zhongshan 2 2.0
Other e.g. Amerties, 137.5
Etimine, Excel
52.0 55.0 30.5
Industries, Rutgers
Chemical
TOTAL 471.0 211.0 202.0 884
Many of the biocide manufacturers have forward integrated to supply formulated

preservatives and also offer comprehensive application, environmental, technical and
regulatory services to their customers. The biocides manufacturers have forward integrated
via the acquisition of specialist formulators. The leading wood preservative formulators who
are also manufacturing include BASF (Dr Wolman), Lonza, Sankyo Lifetech, Sumika Enviro
and HuntsmanViance. The leading wood preservative formulators who do not manufacture
active ingredients include Cecil, Dyrup, ISK Biocides, Kop-Coat, Koppers and Rutgers. Each
of these specialist formulators tend to be regionally based except Koppers.
Koppers has sales of $ 169 million at manufacture level and formulated sales of over $ 500
million making it the leading supplier of formulated wood preservatives in the globe. The
company has grown rapidly in the last few years due to a number of strategic acquisitions
across the globe including Osmose in 2014 who had sales of $ 380 million with $ 340 million
in wood preservation and $ 40 million in remedial treatments. Koppers has strategic located
production sites across the globe along with 9 strategic located wood treatment facilities in the
USA with creosote and Creosote & borate treatments. Koppers has a license from
HuntsmanViance to produce copper quats. Koppers recently introduceed Pole WrapTM CB, a
highly-effective preservative bandage designed to protect wood utility poles from decay in the
critical groundline area. The dry preservative bandage contains water soluble boron and
copper. The boron penetrates deeply while the copper protects the outer surface of the
wood, adding years of additional service life to the pole.
The Koppers company has a total turnover of $ 1,868 million in 2014 with 3 divisions: (1)
Carbon Materials and Chemicals, (2) Performance Chemicals ($ 390 million or 21 %), (3)
Railroad and Utility Products and Services (33 % of sales).
Performance Chemicals is divided into wood preservatives ($ 336 Million) and Railroad
structures ($ 54 million). The wood preservatives business manufactures wood preservation
chemicals for use in treating wood products. They are the number 1 global producer of wood
preservation chemicals used to treat lumber for decking, fencing, playgrounds, utility poles,
and other applications. The treated wood is used in a variety of products including wood
decking, fencing, construction materials, piers and docks. They supply 6 of the top 10 largest
lumber treating companies in the US and 3 of the 4 largest lumber wood treating companies
in Canada. Performance chemicals also includes Railroad Structures. This division offers a
broad range of railroad bridge inspection, treatment, repair, and construction services
throughout North America. They serve Class I and Short Line railroad operators. Their key
customers include Union Pacific, Genesee & Wyoming, Canadian National Railway, and
BNSF Railway.
Railroad and Crossties
Koppers are the largest supplier of railroad crossties in North America to the Class I and
short-line railroads. Other products include utility poles, rail joint bars, and railroad bridge
services. Railroad cross ties account for 21 % of sales and utility poles at 6 % of sales.
Akzo Nobel has sales of active ingredients to the wood preservative industry at $4 million.
Sales at end-user level within the wood preservative industry would be higher due to their
leading position within the DIY & Professional sector for wood care products.
Akzo Nobel has an extensive sales organisation throughout the world including the Americas,
Asia Pacific and Europe. The company sells directly and also via distributors.
Arquad and Armoblen are the trade names which covers a wide variety of formulated
quaternary ammonium compounds. Akzo Nobel is one of the largest suppliers of quaternary
ammonium compounds in the world. The company’s quaternary ammonium compounds are
Table 26: Quats Sold by Akzo Nobel

Trade name Active Ingredient
Arquad C-35 Cocotrimethylammonium chloride
Arquad 16-50 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride
Arquad 20-50 Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Arquad 2C-75 Dicocodimethylammonium chloride
Arquad CB-50 Cocobenzyldimethylammonium chloride
Armoblend Blend of quats
BASF sales of biocides to the Wood preservative industry are sold via its subsidiary Dr
Wolman. The company sales are estimated at $ 20 million at active ingredient level, of which
80% of sales are in Europe. The main product manufactured is copper HDO.
Buckman Laboratories, Headquarters in Memphis, TN, is an important supplier of biocides

in the paper, water treatment, leather tanning and coating industries. Total sales at active
manufacture level for wood preservation are estimated at $8 million.
Busan and Prosan are the trade names which covers a wide variety of formulations. The main
active ingredients manufactured by Buckman is Thiocyanimethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB).
Buckman’s product range for the wood preservative industry are outlined in the following
table:.
Table 27: Biocides Sold by Buckman to the Wood Preservatives Sector

Tradename Chemistry Applications within Wood
Busan 30 L TCMTB Temporary & low hazard pre-treatment
Busan 1009 TCMTB & MBT Broad spectrum microbiocide

Busan 1166 TCMTB, Deltamethrin Pre-treatment of wood
Prosan 8 Propiconazole Temporary wood protection
In addition to marketing its own line of biocides, the company also resells products made by
other companies such as deltamethrin, MBT, propiconazole and Quaternary Ammonium
Compounds.
Buckman’s BUSAN 1009 is used for nonpressure treatment applications and has been a
leading product in the Canadian timber industry. Recent concerns over its environmental
impact will negatively affect its sales both in Canada and the U.S.
Copper Manufacturers are normally supplying via formulators to the wood preservative
industry. The combined sales of copper manufacturers are estimated at $112 million. Some of
the leading manufacturers include Aditya Birla, Chemet and Spiess Urania.
Aditya Birla own Hindalco Industries Limited (India), has a Copper production at Dahej in
Bharuch district of Gujarat, INDIA. The company has a copper production capacity of
5,000,000 TPA.
Dow’s preservatives sales to Wood at active manufacture level are estimated at $ 21 Million.
The company manufactures CMIT/MIT, DCOIT, IPBC and OIT. DowAgroSciences also
supplies insecticides under the Lentrek trade name (Chlorpyrifos). Lentrek is used against
wood infesting insects such as termites, carpenter ants and wood boring beetles including
ambrosia, powderpost, false powderpost, deathwatch and old house borers. Dow also
supplies hexaflumuron which is a new IGR type sold under the tradename of Sentricon.
Dow’s product range is outlined in the following table:.
Table 28: Biocides Sold by Dow to the Wood Preservatives Sector

Tradename Chemistry Application
Lentrek Chlorpyrifos Insecticide
Sentricon Hexaflumuron Insecticide
Lentrek also provides a synergistic performance boost to fungicide additives such as IPBC,
tebuconazole, propiconazole, chlorothalonil and TCMTB.
Dow also supply 5-chloro-2 methyl isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl isothiazolin-3-one

(CMI/MI) which is a popular preservative for woodcare formulations and the fungicides: 2-n-
octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) and 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT). Dow

is also a part owner of Viance, a leading supplier of formulated industrial wood preservatives.
FMC is a leading supplier of insecticides to the wood industry. FMC manufactures bifenthrin
with estimated sales of $5 million.
Janssen is a leading supplier of biocides used in wood with sales of $11 million at active
manufacture level. Janssen sell their actives under a number of tradenames as outlined in the
following table:.
Table 29: Biocides Sold by Janssen to the Wood Preservatives Sector

Wocosen Propiconazole Fungicide
Rodewod Azaconazole Fungicide
Evipol Cyproconazole Fungicide
Flurox Flufenoxuron Insecticide
Farox Fenoxycarb Insecticide
Janssen sells azaconazole mainly in DIY and Anti-sapstain markets. Propiconazole is mainly
used for the long term above ground, DIY and remedial sector. The compound is quickly
gaining sales also in combination with other actives e.g. IPBC, tebuconazole. The azoles
have a favourable toxicological and ecotoxicological profile.
KMG Chemicals has headquarters in Houston, TX with sales of $ 20 million at active

manufacture level. The company markets creosote and pentachlorophenol products directly
to treaters. KMG sales have grown with the acquisition of Vulcan Chemicals who was the
other large pentachlorophenol producer. KMG is the largest supplier of creosote in North
America according to the Railway Tie Association (RTA), “Wood crossties have been
supporting North American railroads for more than 160 years and Creosote-treated wood
crossties continue to account for over 90% of the current installed rail tie base in North
America. In addition, creosote-treated ties can last for decades, resisting insect infestation,
fungi and weather decay.
Lanxess has worldwide sales of $27 million at active manufacture level with active
ingredients which are sold under the tradename of Preventol. The Preventol trade name
covers many actives supplied by Lanxess for use in wood preservative formulations as shown
in the following table:.
Table 30: Biocides Sold by Lanxess to the Wood Preservatives Sector

Preventol A4-S Dichlofluanid 90% Against wood discolouring fungi
Preventol A4-D Dichlofluanid 45% Against wood discolouring fungi
Preventol A5-S Tolyfluanid 96% Against wood discolouring fungi

Preventol A5-D Tolyfluanid 45% Against wood discolouring fungi
Preventol A8 Tebuconazole 93% Against wood destroying fungi
Preventol A8-D Tebuconazole 42% Against wood destroying fungi
Preventol OC 3067 IPBC 30% Against wood discolouring fungi
Preventol BCM Carbendazim 99% Against wood discolouring fungi
Preventol P Orthophenyl phenol (OPP) Fungicide for disinfectants
Preventol HS11 Cyfluthrin 18% Insecticide for wood and wood
composites
Preventol HS12 Cyfluthrin 92% Insecticide for wood and wood
composites
Preventol OC 3059 95% Imidacloprid Insecticide
Preventol OF plus 2-phenylphenol Temporary protection against stain /
mould
Lanxess has 4 technical service centres for biocides with the largest located at Leverkusen
where professional personnel are engaged in application and development projects. The
company makes large investments to provide good technical support service to all customers
either by its in-house sales force or distributors.
Lonza has estimated sales of $ 133 million at manufacture level. Lonza manufactures IPBC,
Quats which are used in many sectors of the wood industry and Zinc Pyrithione which is used
in Wood Plastic Composites. Lonza also manufactures copper azoles and copper quats
formulations and claims to be the leading supplier of formulated wood preservatives in the globe
with sales of $300 million at formulated level.
The company is number 2 supplier in the largest consuming region e.g. USA. Lonza is estimated
to have 30% of the world pressure treated wood preservative market. The company has
manufacturing plants in Italy, Netherlands, UK, the US and South Africa. Lonza manufactures
the following products: ACZA, copper, copper azoles, copper chrome (CC), CC arsenates, CC
borates, CC phosphorous and a range of dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride quats which are
blended in various combinations and sold under the tradenames of Bardac and Barquat. The
quat formulations range from 7.5% to 80% active ingredient. Lonza’s quat product range is
shown in the following table:.
Table 31: Biocides Sold by Lonza to the Wood Preservatives Sector

Trade name Active Ingredient Major Application
Bardac 2280 DDAC Wood
Bardac 22 DIDMAC Wood
Lonza place great emphasis on the technical and support services that they offer their
customers. The company is always keen to resolve customer problems as well as assisting in
formulation support and providing synergistic combinations where required.
Rio Tinto Minerals is the leading supplier of boron based wood preservatives with sales of $
25 million with Boron. The company is also a leading supplier of preservatives to the wood
composite industry with zinc borate.
RioTinto (Borax) manufactures boric acid and supplies wood preservation products under the
tradename Tim-bor for industrial wood preservatives and Composibor for wood composites.
The active ingredient in Tim-bor is Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate which is an essential
plant micronutrient and is perceived as environmentally benign. Tim-bor does not contain any
organic biocides or heavy metals. The active ingredient in Composibor is zinc borate. The
following table illustrates the main end uses for RioTinto products.
Table 32: Main End Uses for Borax Wood Preservatives

Tradename Application
Tim-bor Insecticide Professional application
Tim-bor Industrial wood Preservative Industrial application
Composibor Wood preservative Engineered wood
After wood composites which accounts for 50% of company sales, the company is actively
pursuing the long-term and remedial sectors where boron is often used alone or as part of a
blend. Other Boron suppliers had sales of $ 9 Million with the leading supplier being Etimine
who are Turkish with operations in Luxembourg for Europe and Pittsburgh for USA. They
produce boric acid and sodium borates which are used in Wood Preservation.
Ruetgers Chemical is the leading manufacturer of Creosote in Europe with sales of $ 38
Million. It is owned by the Indian industrial group Rain Commodities. More information on
www.ruetgers-group.com.
Rütgers Organics is focused on Wood Coatings and Wood Preservatives with more than
3000 employees and a turnover of over 700 million EUR. The company had sales of $ 13
Million in Wood Preservatives active ingredients with production facilities in Germany. The
company acquired the European business of the US wood preservative manufacturer Viance
which gave a manufacturing plant for Wood preservatives in Barrow-in-Furness, UK.
Sanyo Lifetech (Mitsui) is a manufacturer of insecticides and sunpurus to the Wood
Preservation industry with sales of $4 million. The company was formed from the merger of
Mitsui and Sanyo into Sanyo Lifetech wood preservatives unit. Mitsui also owns the copper
supplier Spiess Urania.
Sumika Enviro Science has sales of $4 million to the Wood Preservatives industry. The
company is a leading manufacturer of insecticides and a leading formulator of wood
preservatives in Japan. Sumika Enviro-Science is a merger of Shinto Fine, Yuko and
Sumitomo.
Tagros is Indian based and has sales of $3 million to the Wood Preservative industry. The
company is one of the leading manufacturers of permethrin which is widely used in the
preservation of wood and wood composites. Tagros has a supply agreement with Janssen for
supply of permethrin in Eastern and Western Europe for PT 8 applications.
Permethrin is being defended by Tagros Chemicals in the EU, making it the only firm to
defend permethrin under the EU Biocide Directive 98/8/EC.
Troy Chemical is based at Florham Park, New Jersey with sales to the Wood Preservative
industry are $ 38 million at active manufacture level. Troy is the largest producer of 3-Iodo-2-
propynyl butyl caramate (IBPC). IPBC is the leading product for DIY stains. In addition, the
company is achieving success in the non pressure sector where IBPC is being combined with
azoles and quats as shown in the following table which illustrates the biocides marketed by
Troy together with trade name and active ingredient levels.
Table 33: Biocides Sold by Troy to the Wood Preservatives Sector

Tradename Active Ingredient Levels
Troysan Polyphase P100 98% IPBC in Powder
Troysan Polyphase AF1 40% IPBC in Liquid dispersion
Troysan Polyphase P-20T 20% IPBC in Liquid formulation
Troysan Polyphase EC 17 17 % IPBC in Liquid formulation for acqueous systems
Troysan Polyphase WD 17 17% IPBC in Liquid, water dispersible formulation
Troysan Polyphase 174 98% 2-((Hydroxymethyl)amino)ethanol
Troysan Polyphase 186,190 95% Dimethyloxazolidine
Troysan Polyphase 192 100% 2-(Hydroxymethyl)amino-2-methyl propanol
Troysan Polyphase 140 3,5-Dimethyltetrahydro 1,3,5, 2H-thiadiazine-2-thione
Troysan Polyphase 395 1,3-bis(Hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (32%)
(Lonza registration) And hydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (7.5%)
Viance has sales at manufacture level of $ 34 million. The company is owned by Dow and
Huntsman. Viance offers a full range of other preservative technologies including:
Preserve® proven soluble copper for added protection against the aggressive effects of
decay and termite attack in ground contact applications.
QuanTIM™ patented, EPA-registered mold resistant formulation for framing, trussing and
sheathing.
D-Blaze® fire-retardant treated wood for lumber and plywood. Recently the company has
been promoting DCOIT technology for use in joinery applications.
Other has sales of $ 137.5 million. One of the companies is Excel Industries which is Indian
based and supplies naPCP under the tradename of BIOCEL SP 85. NaPCP is used in the
preservation of wood throughout Africa and India.
DISTRIBUTION
6.2 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
The majority of biocides used in wood preservatives are distributed via formulators to end-
users. They are distributed by four routes to the market as shown in Figure 1.
DISTRIBUTION OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES
Active Ingredient
Manufacturer
(3)
(2)
(1)
(4)
Distributor
Formulator
Service Companies
END- USER
DIY & Trade Producer / Remedial Formulations Producer / Industrial
Route 1 - 10 % of total sales

Figure 1: Distribution of Wood Preservatives
Route 1 is the supply of wood preservatives via service companies who mainly apply wood
preservatives at the end user’s location. This route accounts for less than 10% of sales at
active ingredient level and is most popular for the remedial sector of the wood preservative
industry. Examples of service companies include Ecolab, Orkin, Rentokil and Terminex.
Route 2 represents the main route for distribution of preservatives and accounts for 60% of
sales at active ingredient level. Formulators purchase biocide active ingredients which they
will formulate into wood preservatives. Formulators will also provide technical and regulatory
services to their customers. The end user is likely to be a DIY / Trade producer of woodcare
formulations or a large manufacturer of timber products who applies wood preservatives by
pressure or dipping. For example, BASF (Dr Wolman), Koppers, Lonza, Obermeier, and
Viance sell Copper Quats and Copper Azoles respectively directly to treaters. Koppers has
also created a unique market niche through its service group that inspects and retreats
standing utility poles. This is a very profitable part of the business and one of the prime
motives for the Koppers acquisition.
Route 3 is direct to end users and accounts for 10% of biocide sales at active ingredient level.
This route is most popular for manufacturers who sell direct to large woodcare product
manufacturers who supply the DIY and trade sector.
Route 4 accounts for 20% of biocide sales and is via distributors who resell direct to end
users / formulator / service companies without providing a service. The end users are mixed
in terms of size and how they apply the preservative.
7 BIOCIDE FORMULATORS
Many of the biocide manufacturers have forward integrated to supply formulated
preservatives and also offer comprehensive application, environmental, technical and
regulatory services to their customers. The biocides manufacturers have forward integrated
via the acquisition of specialist formulators. The leading wood preservative formulators who
are also manufacturing include BASF (Dr Wolman), Lonza, Sankyo Lifetech, Sumika Enviro
and HuntsmanViance. The leading wood preservative formulators who do not manufacture
active ingredients include Cecil, Dyrup, ISK Biocides, Kop-Coat, Koppers and Rutgers. Each
of these specialist formulators tend to be regionally based except Koppers. The following is a
profile of the main specialist formulators:
BASF sales of biocides to the Wood preservative industry are sold via its subsidiary Wolman.
The company sales are estimated at $ 40 million at end user level. Wolman provides an
extensive range of wood preservatives as outlined in the following table:.
Table 34: Formulated Products Supplied by BASF to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Diffusit 4,4 % Borax, 34,0 % Boric acid Class 1,2,Remedial
Diffusit-Holzbau 2,2 % Borax, 17,0 % Boric acid Class 1,2,Remedial
Diffusit-Holzbau B 2,0 % Borax, 15,0 % Boric acid Class 1,2,Remedial
Diffusit-Holzbau B 15,0 % Boric acid, 2,0 % Borax Class 1,2
Diffusit-Holzbau 18,43 % Boric acid Class 1,2
farblos
Diffusit S 32,5 % Borax, 52,5 % Boric acid Class 1,2
Wolmanit BF trocken 95,0 % Potassiumbifluorid
Wolmanit CII 11,0 % Alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl- Class 1,2,3
ammoniumchlorid, 42,2 % Boric acid
Wolmanit CP-067 17,4% Copperhydroxidcarbonat, 5,0 % Class 1,2,3
Boric acid, 1,8 % Propiconazol
Wolmanit CX-070 0,90 % Propiconazol, 3,00 % Bis-(N- Class 1,2,3
cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-Copper, 16,45
% Copperhydroxidcarbonat, 5,00 % Boric
acid
Wolmanit CX-10 3,5 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4
Copper, 16,3 % Copperhydroxidcarbonat,
5,0 % Boric acid
Wolmanit CX-12490 3,5 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4
5,0 % Boric acid
Wolmanit CX-H 50 0,625 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3

6,25 % Boric acid
Wolmanit CX-H 200 2,5 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
25,0 % Boric acid
Wolmanit CX-S 6,1 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4
4,0 % Boric acid
Wolmamit CX-SD 6,1 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4
Copper, 8,1 % Copperhydroxidcarbonat
Wolmanit QB 5,5 % Alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl- Class 1,2,3
ammoniumchlorid, 21,1 % Boric acid
Wolmanol-Fertigbau 3,5 % Tris-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
Aluminium, 0,2 % Permethrin, 0,5 %
Dichlofluanid
Wolmanol- 5,0 % Tris-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
Holzbau A Aluminium, 0,15 % Permethrin
Wolmanol- 3,5 % Tris-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
Holzbau B Aluminium, 0,2 % Permethrin, 0,5 %
Dichlofluanid
Wolmanol-Holzbau 2,5 % Tris-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
150 A Aluminium, 0,15 % Permethrin
Wolmanol 0,25 % Permethrin Remedial
Holzwurmfrei
Wolsin FL 35 2.7 % Propiconazole, 5.4 % Temporary

Fenpropimorbh, 9 % Boric acid
Wolsit IB-P 6,38 % Boric acid, 0,83 % Borax, Remedial
0,19 % Permethrin
Wolsit IB 5 5,0 % Permethrin Remedial
Wolsit KD 5 5,0 % Propiconazol, 1,25 % Permethrin Class 1,2,3
Wolvac LO 1,2 % Propiconazol, 0,1 % Permethrin Class 1,2,3
Xyligen 25 F 25,0 % N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy- Wood Composites
Potassium
Xyligen 30 F 30,0 % N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy- Wood Composites
Potassium
For the future, Wolman sees North America as the major growth area. The company received
EPA approval for its main wood preservative in 2006. Wolman supports its customers as a
means of assuring the safe and environmentally compatible use of its products in subsequent
processing. Services provided include:
• Training operators who are responsible for treating the timber
• Monitoring treatment plants for health, safety and disposal
• Providing technical service which is largely geared towards supporting treaters i.e.
analysing retention rates and adapting application rates accordingly.
Berkem includes the merger of Cecil and Sarpap wood preservative formulators with combined
sales at $ 35 million (EURO 25 Million) and 100 employees. Xilix and Xylacim are the trade
names which covers a wide variety of formulated wood preservatives. Berkem’s product
range is outlined in the following table:.
Table 35: Formulated Products Supplied by Berkem to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Pre-Treatment Sector
Tradename Active Ingredient
Termefilm Cypermethrin
Xilix MS 90 26 % quat, 0.60 % cypermethrin
Xilix M 80 R 3 % quat, 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xilix P 90 4.2 % quat, 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xilix P96 MS 0.1 % cypermethrin, 0.17 % propiconazole, 0.3 % tebuconazole
Xilix SPI 90 PRO 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xilix GOLD 300 1.08 % permethrin, 0.63 % propiconazole, 0.59 % tebuconazole
Xilix GOLD 600 1.25 % permethrin, 4.5 % propiconazole
Xilix PL 38 2.5 % boric acid, 23.4 % quat, 0.75 % permethrin
Xilix Pl 46 2.72 % boric acid, 21.17 % quat, 0.68 % cypermethrin
Xilix PL 48 2.5 % boric acid, 21.85 % quat, 1.3 % permethrin
Xilix P 86 CONC 1.2 % cypermethrin, 4.8 % tebuconazole
Xilix GOLD 500 0.44 % permethrin, 1.57 % propiconazole
Remedial Sector
Tradename Active Ingredient
Xilit Confort CSI 0.15 % cypermethrin
Xilit CP 80 PRO 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xilix CP 86 PRO 0.04 % cypermethrin, 0.23 % permethrin
Xilix CP 90 PRO 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xylacim X PRO 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xylacim XSI 0.15 % cypermethrin
Xilix Confort FI 0.1 % cypermethrin, 0.38 % tebuconazole
Xilix CP 80 4.2 % quat, 0.1 % cypermethrin
Xilix CP 99 4.6 % quat, 0.27 % permethrin
Berkem provides a comprehensive service for its wood preservative customers including
training of wood preservative operators, optimisation of plant, regular analyses of ready to use
wood preservatives and treated timber.
CONTECHEM formulates a range of antisapstain biocides for use in freshly cut timber. They
are mainly active in the west coast of North America with estimated sales of $ 10 million. The
most popular formulations supplied by Contechem are listed in the following table:.
Table 36: Formulated Products Supplied by Contechem to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Britewood S 23% Ortho-phenylphenol, sodium salt
Britewood Xl Sapstain Control 4.94% Propiconazole
Britewood Z-40 40% Propiconazole
Steri-Seal D 22.6% Ortho-phenylphenol, sodium salt
DIACHEM formulates a range of antisapstain biocides for use in freshly cut timber. They are
based in the west coast of North America with sales of $ 15 million. They claim to have global
coverage.
Viance is the third leading supplier of formulated wood preservatives in the globe with sales
of $ 50 million at end user level. The company manufactures CCA and ACQ.
Laporte CCA, Permawood, Kemwood and Remecology are the trade names which covers a
variety of active ingredients for industrial wood treatment. The main wood preservatives
supplied by Viance are outlined in the following table:.
Table 37: Formulated Products Supplied by Viance to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Laporte CCA Copper, chrome, arsenate Pre-treatment (Class
3-5)
Laporte Permawood Copper chrome arsenate Pre-treatment
(Class 3-5)
Kemwood CCA Copper chrome arsenate Class 3-5
Kemwood ACQ21 9.4 % copper oxide, 9.2 % didecyldimethyl Class 3-5
ammonium chloride (50 %)
Remecology R8 Permethrin Remedial
Remecology R9 Tri(Hexylene Glycol) Biborate Remedial
Permethrin
Viance’s leading product is Kemwood ACQ 21 which is based on Alkaline Copper Quaternary
(ACQ) preservative technology, a wood preservative that protects wood from rot, decay and
termite attack. ACQ is an alternative to present technologies that contain arsenic and
chromium.
The Remecology tradename is used by a subsidiary of Viance called Remtox which
specialises in the remedial treatment of poles and long term exterior wood.
Viance also supply 5-chloro-2 methyl isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl isothiazolin-3-one

(CMI/MI) which is a popular preservative for woodcare formulations and the fungicides: 2-n-
octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) and 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT). The
DCOIT technology will be the main fungicide promoted by Viance in the future. The trade
names and major application are shown in the following table:.
Table 38: OIT and DCOIT Formulations Supplied by Viance

Trade name Active Ingredient Major Application
Kathon 886 CMI in-can preservation, mould growth
Kathon 893 OIT Againstwood discolouring fungi
Kathon RH 287 DCOIT Longterm protection of fungi
Rozone 2000 DCOIT
ABS-1 DCOIT Antisapstain
ISK Biocides is based in Memphis and provides woodcare formulations for the industrial and
consumer markets with estimated sales totaling $ 5 million. The company’s most popular
formulation is Woodgard extra (IPBC & Propiconazole) which is substituting for their current
Biocide based on chlorothalonil, pentachlorophenate and copper quinolinolates.
Kop-Coat is headquartered in the USA and produces a range of industrial and DIY/trade
formulations for the Americas with a strong presence in Australia and New Zealand where it
has a production plant. The following preservative products provide long term protection
against decay, mold and termites for wood windows, doors and other exterior wood products.
They include both fast drying solvent products and low VOC water based preservatives. Sizes
range from 5 gallon pails to 6000 gallon tankers. They include Timbertreat® ICP-5 Insect
Control Product (37 % permethrin, Waterbased Woodlife® Wood Preservative (3 % IPBC),
Woodlife® 111 Wood Preservative (IPBC 0.9 %, Propiconazole 0.9 %, Tebuconazole 0.9 %)
and Woodlife® F Clear Wood Preservative (IPBC 0.9%).
For wood composites, the company offers "Woodlife is Inside" system provides broad range
protection throughout the panel to protect against mold, rot, termites and water damage. This
in-process application of protective additives to strands, chips, furnish and veneers before
pressing is readily adaptable to all processes. Kop-Coat also offers a post-manufacture
application called TRIB which combines both Formosan termite and rot protection in a
solvent-based carrier for dimensional stability. This system is approved by the Hawaiian
building code. Nearly 85% of the high value architectural products are TRIB treated and no
Formosan termite attack on it has been identified in over 15 years of use there. Kop-Coat’s
has estimated sales of $ 42 million to the wood preservative industry.
Lonza has estimated sales of $330 million of formulation wood preservative sales and is the
number two global supplier. Lonza is estimated to have 30% of the world pressure treated
wood preservative market. The company has manufacturing plants in Italy, Netherlands, UK, the
US and South Africa. Lonza manufactures the following products: copper, copper azoles, copper
chrome (CC), CC arsenates, CC borates and CC phosphorous.
Cryptogil, Omacide, Tannalith, Vacsol and Wolmanac are the main trade names for
formulated wood preservatives. The tradenames cover a wide variety of formulated actives as
Table 39: Formulations offered by Lonza to the Wood Preservative Industry

Tradename Chemistry Application (Class)
Antiblue IPBC & Propiconazole Sapstain
Antiblue F2 DDAC & Boron Sapstain
Cryptogil Cop CCA (copper, chrome, arsenate) Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Omacide IPBC 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate Dipping / DIY
woodcare products
Tannalith C 3310 CCA (copper, chrome arsenate) Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Tannalith 3402 CCB (copper chrome borate) Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Tanalith 3420 CCP (copper chrome phosphate) Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Tanalith CC CC (23% copper oxide + 59% chrome) Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Tanalith 3422 CB (copper Borate) Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Tanalith E 22.4% coppercarbonate, 4.9% boric acid, Pretreatment (3,4)
0.5% tebuconazole
Vacsol EWR 52A Organotin Pretreatment (1,2,3)
Vacsol 2151 Organotin Pretreatment (1,2,3)
Vacsol 2157 Organotin Pretreatment (1,2,3)
Vacsol 2162 Triazoles Pretreatment (1,2,3)
Wolmanac Copper, chrome, arsenate Pretreatment (3,4,5)
Kurt Obermeier GmbH & Co is an owner managed supplier supplier of specialty chemicals
with 150 employees. The company was founded as a sales and distribution outlet of Bayer
AG. To complement this product range, Obermeier formulatea their own products based on
silicones under the name KORASILON®. The company also manufacture wood
preservatives and surface finishing products for wood with estimated sales of $ 9 million (see
www.kora-holzschutz.de).
The range of wood products include primers, decorative treatment of wood and wood
preservatives which can be divided by application e.g. using vacuum pressure impregnation,
trough impregnation, dipping, and spraying. The wood preservatives include: Chromium-free,
Heavy metal-free, Chromium-based. The company also provides the KORA® range for
curative wood preservation and building restoration.
Koppers is the leading supplier of formulated wood preservatives in the globe with estimated
sales at $ 390 million. Koppers in addition to selling CCA also has wood treatment operations.
The company has been expanding rapidly with acquisitions of Protim Solignum, Rentokil in
Europe and Fernz in Australasia. Koppers have supply agreements with Merichem, CSI and
Borax involving copper napthenate, ACQ and zinc borates which are expected to grow as
substitutes for CCA. In Europe, Koppers has a supply agreement with Rütgers for non-
arsenate preservatives. The Koppers product line is listed in the following table.
Table 40: Formulated Products Supplied by Koppers to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Boracol Boron Class 1,2
Koppers Lifewood 50 % paste of CCA Class 5
Koppers Ammonium copper quat Class 3,4,5
Naturewood Class 3,4,5
Koppers Antiblue TCMTB & MBT Sapstain
Koppers Determite Bifenthrin Engineered Wood
Everclear Zinc versatate + Cypermethrin Class 1,2
Injecta ABS 33 CMI + MI Mouldicide
Injecta S-11 TCMTB + MBT Sapstain
Protim E415(I) 0.1 % permethrin, 0.15 % propiconazole, Class 1-3
0.15 % tebuconazole
Protim 210WR TBTO, Lindane Class 1,2
Protim 220 WR Zinc Versatate, Permethrin Class 1,2
Protim 230 TBTN, Permethrin Class 1,2
Protim 800 Acypetacs Zinc, Permethrin Class 1,2
Protim JP 800 Acypetacs Zinc Class 1,2
Protim AQ Permethrin Class 1,2
Solignum Green Copper Napthenate, Permethrin Class 1,2
Protim Woodworm Permethrin Remedial
Protim CDB Tri(Hexylene Glycol) Biborate / Permethrin Remedial
Solignum Universal Zinc Versatate, Permethin Remedial
Solignum Wood Zinc Octoate, Permethrin Remedial
paste
Koppers lifewood and Naturewood are the company’s major products which are sold globally.
In 1997, the company successfully launched Protim E415 (i) to substitute for tin based
preservatives in Joinery applications.
Koppers most recently introduced wood preservative formulations are its nanosized copper
formulation and is very optimistic about this product with over 80 wood treatment companies
using the product too date.
PPG (Incl Dyrup, Gori) is a major global supplier of wood preservatives with formulated
sales including woodstains at $ 130 million. PPG’s sales are mainly to the DIY & Trade
segments of the Wood Preservation industry.
PPG sell their wood preservatives under a number of tradenames with Gori-Vac and
Xylophene being the tadenames of their industrial wood preservatives. Some of the
formulations offered by PPG are included in the following table:
Table 41: Formulated Products Supplied by PPG to the Wood Preservatives Sector
GORI vac TH 92 0.59 % Propiconazol / 0.2 % Tebuconazol, Class 1-3
0.2 % 3-Jodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate,
0.1 % Permethrin
Xylophene TAB2 3 % azaconazole + 0.15 % benomyl
Bondex Curative 0.5 % azaconazole +0.4 % permethrin DIY & Professional
Bondex Primer 1.2 % Propiconazole +0.4 % Permethrin DIY & Professional
Bondex Multi Use .65 % Propiconazole + 0.06 Cyoermethrin DIY & Professional
Gori 44 .4 % Dichlofluanid DIY & Professional
Gori 88 .55 % Dichlofluanid DIY & Professional
Madurox BI Activ 0.06 % cypermethrin + 0.65 % DIY & Professional
Propiconazole
Madurox Fungicid .5 % azaconazole DIY & Professional
Madurox Preventiv .48 % Propiconazole + .01 % permethrin DIY & Professional
Madurox Treat 0.5 % azaconazole + .01 % permethrin DIY & Professional
Xylolux Color Top 0.8 % Propiconazole DIY & Professional
Nissus is a leading formulator of wood preservatives based in Memphis with sales of $ 18

million. The company is most active in the remedial sector with Cellutreat (98 % DOT borate
water soluble or 50 % liquid concentrate wood preservative) and QNAP (8 % copper
napthenate solution). Nissus are strongly promoting dual synergistic treatment using
Cellutreat followed by QNAP which has the effect of boosting preservation while not letting
borate leach from the timber. Nissus believes that 20 % of ties are treated with 0.25 pcf DOT
borate dual treatment.
Protemad is a central American wood preservative formulator of wood preservatives with

sales of $ 6 million. The company has headquarters in Colombia with sales offices in Ecudar
and USA.
Remmers is a leading formulator of wood preservatives within the German speaking

Countries of Europe. Sales of formulated wood preservatives were estimated at $ 16 million.
The main wood preservatives supplied are sold under the tradenames of Adolit and Aidol
which covers a wide variety of formulated wood preservatives. The main active ingredients
are purchased by Remmers and formulated as outlined in the following table.
Table 42: Formulated Products Supplied by Remmers to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Adolit Bauholz TQ 5 % propiconazole / 5 % Tebuconazole Class 1,2,3
44 % benzalkoniumchloride
0.1 % Deltamethrin
Adolit Bor flüssig 40,0 % Boric acid, 36 % Borax Class 1,2
Adolit CFB 38,0 % Potassiumhydrogenfluorid Class 1,2,3
10,0 % Borsäure, 5 % Borax
Adoli CKB-P 31,0 % Coppersulfat Class 1,2,3
1,0 % Copperoxid, 25 % Boric acid
Adolit CK flüssig 14,3 % Copperoxid Class 1,2,3,4
Adolit CKO flüssig 14,4 % Copperoxid, 18 % Boric acid Class 1,2,3
Adolit Holzbau B 9,5 % Borax, 10.5 % Boric acid Class 1,2
Adolit KDA 3,5 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4
Copper
16,3 % Copperhydroxidcarbonat
5,0 % Borsäure
Adolit M flüssig 20,0 % Benzalkoniumchlorid Remedial
12,0 % Alkaliborat
Adolis SF 90,3 % Magnesiumsilicofluorid Class 1,2
Adolit SM 17,0 % 3-Iod-2-propinyl butyl carbamat Remedial
Adolit TA 50 0,625 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
Copper
1,05 % Copperhydroxidcarbonat
6,25% Borsäure
Adolit TA 100 2,5 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)- Class 1,2,3
Copper
1,05 % Copperhydoxidcarbonat
6,25% Borsäure
Aidol Anti-Insekt 0,02 % Deltamethrin Remedial
Aidol Anti-Insekt EK 0,2 % Deltamethrin Remedial
Aidol Fertigbau F 0,03 % Deltamethrin Class 1
Aidol Fertigbau 100 3,50 % Xyligen AL, 0,03 % Deltamethrin, Class 1,2,3
0,50 % Dichlofluanid
Aidol Holzwurmfrei 10.5 % Boric acid, 9.5 % Borax Remedial
Aidol HWT 0.02 % Flufenoxuron Remedial
Aidol Imprâgnierung 2,00 % Xyligen AL, 0,016 % Deltamethrin, Class 1,2,3

0,55 % Dichlofluanid
Aidol Multi GS 1 % Tebuconazole, 0.02 % Deltamethrin Remedial
Aidol VR echtbraun 2,00 % Xyligen AL, 0,016 % Deltamethrin Class 1,2,3
Aidol VT naturbraun 2,00 % Xyligen AL, 0,016 % Deltamethrin Class 1,2,3
Remmers supports all sectors i.e. (pre-treatment, DIY, Remedial) of the wood preservative
industry from its comprehensive laboratories and technical service centre at Loeningen,
Germany. The company sells direct and also via distributors. Remmers has its own sales
force in mainland Europe and uses distributors in UK and Spain.
Rütgers Organics is a leading formulator of Wood preservatives in Europe with sales of $ 45

million. Rütgers is a major purchaser of active ingredients for reformulation into their own
woodcare products. The company supplies wood preservatives under the tradenames of
Impra and Impralit which covers a wide variety of formulated actives. Rütgers product range is
Table 43: Formulated Products Supplied by Rütgers Organics to the Wood Preservatives Sector
Impra-ISK 10 2,5 % Permethrin Remedial, class 1,2
Impra MSK 10 99,5 % Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat Remedial
Impra-sanoi 0,15 % Permethrin Remedial
Holzwurmfrei
Impralit-BBS 57,0 % Borsäure, 6,3 % Natriumorthoborat Remedial
Impralit-B1 flüssig 57,0 % Borsäure, 6,3 % Natriumorthoborat Class 1,2
Impralit-B2 flüssig 11,0 % Borsäure, 8,4 % Natriumorthoborat, Class 1,2
9,6 % Dinatriumoktaborat
Impralit-BKD 65 % Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat Class 1,2
Impralit BKD 2 60% Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat, Class 1,2,3
0,50 % Silafluofen
Impralit-CCO flüssig 12,3 % Copper (II) oxid, 5,7 % Borsäure Class 1,2,3,4
Impralit-CKB DP 31,0 % Coppersulfat, 1,0 % Copperoxid, Class 1,2,3,4
25,0 % Borsäure
Impralit-CKB flüssig 10,8 % Copper (II) oxid, 12,6 % Borsäure, Class 1,2,3,4
10,5 % Natriumoctaborat
Impralit-CK flüssig 13,9 % copper (II) oxid Class 1,2,3,4
Impralit-CX 4 6,1 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazenium-dioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4
4,0 % Borsäure
Impralit-CX 12 3,5 % Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazenium-dioxy)- Class 1,2,3,4

5,0 % Borsäure
Impralit-Fertigbau B 6,2 % Borax, 6,1 % Borsäure, Class 1,2
4,9 % Natriumpolyborat
Impralit KD 3 7,1 % Coppercarbonat, 13,0 % Class 1,2,3
Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat
Impralit-KDS 20,53 % Coppercarbonat, 6,5 % Class 1,2,3,4
Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat, 8,0 %
Borsäure
Impralit-KDS 4 10,26 % Coppercarbonat, 3,25 % Class 1,2,3,4
Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat,
4,0 % Borsäure
Impralit-TSK 16 32,5 % Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat Class 1,2
Impralit-TSK 17 50,0 % Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat, Class 1,2,3
0,375 % Silafluofen
Impralit-TTS 6,5 % Didecylpolyoxethylammoniumborat, Class 1,2
20,5 % Coppercarbonat, 8,0 % Borsäure
Impralit-UG 20,4 % Ammoniumbifluorid, 28,0 % Borax Class 1,2,3
Rütgers Organics has a technical service centre in Mannheim, Germany. The company offers
technical service to all its customers including optimisation of plant, analysis of solution /
treated wood, training of customer employees.
Germany is the company’s major market. Outside of Germany, the company has been
expanding using agents and joint ventures with other wood preservative suppliers. In the
Nordic region, the company has a joint venture with Koppers to provide arsenate and chrome
free formulations for the pre-treatment sector. In Austria, the company uses Synthesa
Chemie.
Sankyo Lifetech was formed from the merger of Mitsui and Sankyo and has formulated sales
of $ 43 million. The company is a leading supplier of insecticides in Japan.
Sika a manufacturer of construction products with global coverage, provides the Sikagard
range of wood treatments. The company has estimated sales of $ 32 million for the complete
Sikagard range which includes Universal Wood Treatment, Woodworm Killer, Dry Rot Fluid,
Wood Preservers and a Decking Preserver. The latest products to be added to the non-
solvent and VOC range are the Sikagard Wood Preservers (based on 0.5 % propiconazole),
to offer long term protection. The Sikagard Wood Preservers can enhance fencing, sheds,
decking and horticultural timbers to create a rich and colourful aesthetic. They are available in
a ready to use five liter can. The preservers provide long term protection of timber against rot,
decay, mould and wood staining fungi.
Sumika Enviro Science has formulated sales of $ 36 million to the Wood Preservatives
industry. The company is a leading manufacturer and formulator of wood preservatives in
Japan. Sumika Enviro-Science is a merger of Shinto Fine, Yuko and Sumitomo.
TimberTech is owned by Chemcolour Industries and is a medium sized supplier of wood
preservatives within Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The company has formulated
sales of $ 10 million to the Wood Preservatives industry.
8 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

Value added is the difference between selling price and cost of purchasing the biocides. The
value added analysis in Figure 2 for biocides in Wood Preservation, presents the expected
mark-Ups for biocides along each level of the supply chain for Wood Preservatives.
MARK-UPS FOR PRESERVATIVE ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Active Ingredient Manufacturer 40 %
Own Formulations Formulator Service Company

Mark-Up 30 %-100 % Mark-Up 50 % - 150% Mark-Up 100 %-300%
Distributor or Agent
Mark-Up 10 %-20%
WOOD PRESERVATIVE END-USER OR RETAILER
Figure 2: Valued Added Analysis for Wood Preservatives
Active ingredient manufacturers, who do their own formulations, achieve a 70 % mark-up.

This can vary between 40% to 100 % mark-up on their sales of biocides. Formulators
purchase biocide active Ingredients and they expect to achieve a mark-up of 100 % but can
vary between 50% to 150% mark-up when they resell the Wood Preservative formulation. The
150% mark-up are for sales at consumer level via retail units. Lonza and Koppers both sell
branded wood preservatives via retail units to consumers. They would expect to achieve
mark-ups of 150% when they supply branded wood preservatives to consumers. The mark-
ups are the highest level in the supply chain and reflect the costs of supporting brands, and a
broader range of packaging etc.
Service companies achieve a mark-up of 140 %. This can vary between 100% and 300 % for
wood preservatives because they provide a sophisticated surveying service at the customer’s
site by trained technical personnel. Service companies such as Rentokil, Terminex, pass
prices for wood preservatives and application to the end-user. Surveying charges are
provided free.
9 REGULATORY ANALYSIS
The use of Biocides in Wood are regulated by governments in all the developed Countries of
the World. If the country does not have specific regulations covering the use of Biocides, they
will follow, USA, EU or Japanese regulations in terms of which Biocides they will allow and
also the usage rates allowed.
The largest market for Biocides in Wood is the US where US Federal Law is implemented by
the Environmental Protection Agency. More details can be got from the EPA website. For
users of wood preservatives in the USA and also for the globe in general, they can make
antimicrobial claims for their products under the Treated Articles Exemption clause which
states that it is okay to claim and sell something that is protected with a registered product. In
addition, the use of Biocides can be regulated in certain regions via state registrations.
Once a Biocide is on the approved list, suppliers will use approval bodies to endorse their
usage. The main approval bodies for the USA are Building Codes (2006 International
Residential Code), American Wood Preservative Association (approvals and standard testing)
and the International research Group on Wood Preservation.
9.1 EUROPEAN BIOCIDES PRODUCTS REGULATION

In Europe, the regulations governing the use of Biocides are via the Biocides Products
Regulation (BPR) which is managed by ECHA. A Biocidal Products Committee, consisting of
representatives from each of the EU Member States will give its opinion on Biocidal products,
supported by technical and scientific support from ECHA. A Biocidal product cannot be
supplied on the EU market after 1st September 2015 unless the Biocide is included in the
Article 95 list of the approved Biocides. See the list on http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-
chemicals/active-substance-suppliers
Biocides used in Wood are examined in Product Type 18 of the BPD which governs the use
of biocides in Wood. Each company who wishes to provide a Biocide under Product Type 8
(Wood Preservatives), Product Type 14 (Rodenticides) and Product Type 18 (Insecticides),
must provide a comprehensive dossier containing data summaries on substance identity,
physico-chemical properties, analytical methods, efficacy, toxicology, ecotoxicology and
environmental fate together with a thorough risk assessment of the biocide.
10 TRENDS
The wood treatment industry is mature. Timber usage has grown at GDP rates over the past
decade. This appears to be a stable trend that determines total industrial wood preservative
consumption. The major market change will be the substitution of the leading preservatives
CCA and organotins by copper quats or copper azoles and organic biocides. Creosote is the
next widely used preservative which is expected to be banned in the future. Germany wants
to ban it from 2017. Koppers say they have a ready replacement in Sleeper Protect. Another
preservative which will be restricted is boron in use type 3 & 4.
Sales of DIY wood preservatives are also closely tied to GDP via residential construction and
renovation market. One of the major users is for wooden decks and patios which are growing
in consumption. The corresponding growth in preservatives may be offset by increased use
of aluminium and vinyl over wooden siding, a major application for exterior stains and wood
preservatives.
Wood plastic composites, made from wood by - products and recycled plastic, are being
positioned as no-maintenance alternatives to treated wood for structural and decorative
applications. For example, wood plastic composites are being marketed as treated wood
alternatives for decks. As these products become popular with consumers, they will develop a
new market for preservatives. Currently the most popular preservative formulations are based
on DCOIT, IPBC and Boron.
Across the globe, mechanised harvesting of forestry is now the preferred method of felling
where terrain and access allows. However the use of mechanised harvesters can lead to
excessive debarking and loosening of the bark. Bark damage has long been associated with
increased susceptibility to attack from bluestain fungi. This development is increasing the
demand for temporary protection wood preservatives.
The type of wood produced is moving from hard to soft, which has a greater need for
protection. There is also increase use of engineered wood products.
There is increased competitor interest in wood preservatives as patents for some of the
leading preservatives expire and newer market segments have been developed. Quality
Boron is a new entrant to the framing market with disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate (DOT).
This has lead to a downward trend in the price of biocides at active ingredient level. For
example the price of DOT has decreased by 25% since the entrance of Quality Boron.
The use of inorganics i.e. cca will decrease in the future due to regulations. There are also
some environmental concerns regarding fluoride compounds. Creosote, pentachlorophenol,
TBT compounds and copper napthenates are also losing market shares. In addition, the
above biocides will also be negatively impacted as VOC limitations are introduced. Lower
solvent based preservatives and the increased environmental controls will benefit azoles,
borates, organic copper, copper HDO and quaternary ammonium compounds which will
continue to take market share from chromium salt wood preservatives and the
organometallic's. Currently there is research in the use of nano copper as a wood
preservative and the successful introduction of this technology would change the type of
formulations being supplied to the market. The usage of pentachlorophenol will decrease as
the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention at its Ninth
Meeting in Rome last week recommended that pentachlorophenol (penta) move to the next
stage of the Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) listing process. POPs are products that are
persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic, and that have the potential to transport to remote
regions such as the Arctic. Pentachlorophenol has also long-established use in pressure
treating utility poles and cross-arms could continue.
As water based stains and wood preservatives grow from an estimated 10% of the market to
over 30%, Azoles and IPBC will experience significantly higher growth rates than average.
The use of insecticides within the wood preservative industry is a major growth area. Leading
this sector is the use of insecticides in engineered wood (wood composites). The application
of insecticides is direct onto the wood but may also be achieved via impregnation within the
vapor barriers (damp course membrane) which are put around and under buildings. The latter
route has found to be an effective long lasting method of controlling termites. The use of
insecticides incorporated into wood preservatives is mandatory in Japan where termites are a
threat.
Key regulations derived from the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Recycling have provided
incentives for wood treatment chemical suppliers to become more proactive in ensuring that
treater customers are in full environmental compliance. Integrated service support and
equipment / product bundling are becoming increasingly important competitive factors. The
type of services provided includes:
- Monitoring of plants, surrounding soil and water
- Training employees in terms of the safety in running the plant

- Optimizing the impregnation process via dosage advice
- Maximising quality by regular analysis of preservatives and wood
The wood preservation industry is changing with regard to application processes due to
increased environmental issues such as:
- Waste disposal
- Lowering VOC emissions
- Eliminating contaminations into the ground and water streams
The industry is working with customers on the above issues with a view to minimising the
effect of any new regulations. The net effect is expected to result in a small but continual
growth for pressure treatment and a reduction in the usage of dipping plants.
Incising to improve preservative penetration is gaining popularity. Robin Meade reports
Incising to increase protection of fence posts, deck joists and garden sleepers has gained a
ready market in the Wood Preservation Industry. Cutting into the surfaces to improve the
penetration and retention of pressure impregnated product has been tested by the major
preservative suppliers and is in use at some treatment plants and sawmillers, such as BSW
Timber, Walford Timber and James Jones & Sons. In the UK, BSW Timber has partnered
timber equipment engineers AV Birch to develop the Porcupine as an alternative to US
sourced incising machinery, and is in dialogue with several major sawmilling companies. The
Porcupine passes sawn timber through blades giving a consistent pattern of incisions applied
to each face of the product before pressure treatment. The specially designed knife system
clears any build-up of debris between the blades, ensures equal depth incisions and prevents
tear out of timber. BSW Timber Limited, a UK-based timber products manufacturing company,
introduced the easi line of products with easipost15 in 2012. BSW has developed easipost15,
an incised fence post, using its innovative incising process. The incising process is an
engineering system which delivers chemical impregnation 6mm into the post to penetrate the
heartwood as well as the sapwood. The process assists in increasing the performance of the
material. The product also utilizes Tanalith E chemical preservative from Arch Timber
Protection Lonza, which adds to its durability. The performance of easipost15 is higher than
the company's former BS8417 products. easipost15 is manufactured using British grown
timber. The company is offering a guarantee of 15-years on this range. The products are
come with a guarantee of durability and quality.
11 FUTURE
For the future, the leading service companies believe that pressure treatment will continue to
increase in usage although at a slow rate, double vacuum will decrease due to the movement
away from organic solvents and dipping will remain static. There is a big capital investment in
application equipment and therefore movements towards alternative methods of application
are slow.
The consumption of Biocides in wood preservatives will increase by 2% per year to $ 957 in
2021 as shown in the following table:.
Table 44: Projected Sales of Biocides in Wood Preservatives to 2021

YEAR SALES ($M)
2018 902
2019 920
2020 938
2021 957
The largest segment of the wood preservative market is industrial treatment of wood which is
undergoing large changes in the technology used. CCA, Creosote and tin based formulations
are decreasing in usage and this is resulting in preservative substitution with copper azoles
and copper quats being the main preservatives to benefit. The traditional copper formulations
are also being substituted by micronized copper.

Biocides in Wood Preservation 2017: Prepared By: Biocide Information Limited Email

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biocides in Wood Preservation 2017: Prepared By: Biocide Information Limited Email

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biocides in Wood Preservation 2017: Prepared By: Biocide Information Limited Email

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REPORT

Prepared by: Biocide Information Limited

Market Size 2017: Active Ingredient

BIOCIDE SALES BY REGION:

BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT SUPPLIER:

Outlook for the future:

• Creosote to be further restricted.

1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY .................................................................................5

1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION ...............................................................................................................5

2 END USER ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................7

2.2 LEADING CUSTOMERS FOR WOOD PRESERVATIVES ............................................................................10

2.3 GLOBAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................................11

2.4 WHAT OTHER MARKET RESEARCH COMPANIES SAY...........................................................................18

2.5 PURCHASING OF BIOCIDES .............................................................................................................................19

2.6 AMERICA ...............................................................................................................................................................21

2.7 ASIA PACIFIC........................................................................................................................................................25

2.8 EUROPE ..................................................................................................................................................................27

3 BIOCIDE COMPARISON ................................................................................................29

4.2 DOUBLE VACUUM ...............................................................................................................................................34

4.5 SPRAYING ..............................................................................................................................................................35

4.6 VACUUM PRESSURE TREATMENT ................................................................................................................35

5 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION ..............................................................................................36

5.2 MARKET SHARE BY BIOCIDE.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION AT END-USER LEVEL ........................................................................................46

6 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS ........................................................................................47

6.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................47

7.1 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ................................................................................................56

8 BIOCIDE FORMULATORS .............................................................................................58

9 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS .............................................................................................70

10 REGULATORY ANALYSIS .........................................................................................72

1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY

The key objectives of this study were:

1. To provide marketing data on biocides, major wood preservative applications using

3. To define the distribution channels in the industry.

1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION

Table 4: Currency Conversion Rates

2 END USER ANALYSIS

2.1 TARGET MARKET

2.1.5 Features of a Wood Preservative

• Have sufficient efficacy against wood destroying organisms

• Be able to be safely handled

• Not weaken the structural strength of the wood

• Not cause significant dimensional changes within the wood.

• Insecticide properties may be required

2.2 LEADING CUSTOMERS FOR WOOD PRESERVATIVES

2.3 GLOBAL ANALYSIS

2.3.1 Global Analysis by Hazard Class

Table 5: Consumption of Wood Preservatives at Active and Manufacture Level in $ Million

2.3.2 Global Analysis by Sector

Table 6: Consumption of Biocides by Sector

The following is a summary for each sector.

2.3.2.1 Temporary Protection

Table 7: Quantity of Timber Treated by Hazard Class by Region

2.3.2.3 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) / Trade

2.3.2.4 Remedial Sector

2.3.2.5 Engineered Wood & Wood Plastic Composites

• Reduction in formaldehyde type glues used in the production of composites, which

• Currently composite manufacturers are beginning to realise that insects or fungi