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    Rakha Haris TI3B

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    Rakha Haris
    The document discusses PL/SQL procedures and cursors. It provides examples of: 1. Creating procedures that perform updates, inserts, and deletes on database tables. 2. Using cursors to fetch rows from database tables and display or process the rows. Examples demonstrate using explicit cursors, cursor FOR loops, and record types. 3. Passing parameters to procedures and using them to filter query results or perform conditional logic. The examples cover basic and advanced cursor usage, procedures, parameter passing, and using DML to modify database tables from PL/SQL code.

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    Rakha Haris TI3B

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    Rakha Haris
    37 views15 pages
    The document discusses PL/SQL procedures and cursors. It provides examples of: 1. Creating procedures that perform updates, inserts, and deletes on database tables. 2. Using cursors to fetch rows from database tables and display or process the rows. Examples demonstrate using explicit cursors, cursor FOR loops, and record types. 3. Passing parameters to procedures and using them to filter query results or perform conditional logic. The examples cover basic and advanced cursor usage, procedures, parameter passing, and using DML to modify database tables from PL/SQL code.

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    The document discusses PL/SQL procedures and cursors. It provides examples of: 1. Creating procedures that perform updates, inserts, and deletes on database tables. 2. Using cursors to fetch rows from database tables and display or process the rows. Examples demonstrate using explicit cursors, cursor FOR loops, and record types. 3. Passing parameters to procedures and using them to filter query results or perform conditional logic. The examples cover basic and advanced cursor usage, procedures, parameter passing, and using DML to modify database tables from PL/SQL code.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    37 views15 pages

    Rakha Haris TI3B

    Uploaded by

    Rakha Haris
    The document discusses PL/SQL procedures and cursors. It provides examples of: 1. Creating procedures that perform updates, inserts, and deletes on database tables. 2. Using cursors to fetch rows from database tables and display or process the rows. Examples demonstrate using explicit cursors, cursor FOR loops, and record types. 3. Passing parameters to procedures and using them to filter query results or perform conditional logic. The examples cover basic and advanced cursor usage, procedures, parameter passing, and using DML to modify database tables from PL/SQL code.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Rakha Haris

    TI – 3B

    Cursor and Record


    1. Exercise using CURRENCIES tables
    a. Write a PL/SQL block to declare a cursor called currencies_cur. The cursor will
    be used to read and display all rows from the CURRENCIES table. You will need
    to retrieve currency_code and currency_name, ordered by ascending
    currency_name.
    b. Add a statement to open the currencies_cur cursor.
    c. Add variable declarations and an executable statement to read ONE row through
    the currencies_cur cursor into local variables.
    d. Add a statement to display the fetched row, and a statement to close the
    currencies_cur cursor.
    e. Run your block to check that it works. It should display: AFA Afghani.

    DECLARE
    CURSOR currencies_cur IS
    SELECT currency_code,currency_name FROM currencies ORDER BY
    CURRENCY_NAME;
    v_curr_code currencies.currency_code%TYPE;
    v_curr_name currencies.currency_name%TYPE;
    BEGIN
    OPEN currencies_cur;
    FETCH currencies_cur INTO v_curr_code, v_curr_name;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_curr_code|| ' ' || v_curr_name);
    CLOSE currencies_cur;
    END;

    f. Your code so far displays only one row. Modify your code so that it fetches and
    displays all the rows, using a LOOP and EXIT statement. Test your modified
    block. It should fetch and display each row in the CURRENCIES table. If it
    doesn't, check that your EXIT statement is in the correct place in the code.

    DECLARE
    CURSOR currencies_cur IS
    SELECT currency_code,currency_name FROM currencies ORDER BY
    CURRENCY_NAME;
    v_curr_code currencies.currency_code%TYPE;
    v_curr_name currencies.currency_name%TYPE;
    BEGIN
    OPEN currencies_cur;
    LOOP
    FETCH currencies_cur INTO v_curr_code, v_curr_name;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_curr_code|| ' ' || v_curr_name);
    EXIT WHEN currencies_cur%NOTFOUND;
    END LOOP;
    CLOSE currencies_cur;
    END;
    g. Write and test a PL/SQL block to read and display all the rows in the
    COUNTRIES table for all countries in region 5 (South America region). For each
    selected country, display the country_name, national_holiday_date, and
    national_holiday_name. Display only those countries having a national holiday
    date that is not null.
    DECLARE
    v_c_name countries.country_name%TYPE;
    v_h_date countries.national_holiday_date%TYPE;
    v_h_name countries.national_holiday_name%TYPE;
    CURSOR countries_cur IS
    SELECT country_name, national_holiday_date, national_holiday_name
    FROM countries WHERE region_id = 5 AND national_holiday_date IS NOT NULL;
    BEGIN
    OPEN countries_cur;
    LOOP
    FETCH countries_cur INTO v_c_name, v_h_date, v_h_name;
    EXIT WHEN countries_cur%NOTFOUND;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('country: ' || v_c_name ||
    ' National Holiday: ' || v_h_name || ' Held on: ' || v_h_date);
    END LOOP
    CLOSE;
    END;

    2. Write a PL/SQL block to read through rows in the countries table for all countries in region 5
    (South America region). For each selected country, display the country_name,
    national_holiday_date, and national_holiday_name. Use a record structure to hold all the
    columns selected from the countries table.
    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
    DECLARE
    CURSOR countries_cur IS
    SELECT country_name, national_holiday_name, national_holiday_date
    FROM countries WHERE region_id = 5;
    countries_rec countries_cur%ROWTYPE;
    BEGIN
    OPEN countries_cur;
    LOOP
    FETCH countries_cur INTO countries_rec;
    EXIT WHEN countries_cur%NOTFOUND;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Country : '||countries_rec.country_name||', National
    Holiday :
    '||countries_rec.national_holiday_name||
    ', held on : '||countries_rec.national_holiday_date);
    END LOOP;
    CLOSE countries_cur;
    END;
    3. Use the employees table. Create a PL/SQL block that fetches and displays the six employees
    with the highest salary. For each of these employees, display the first name, last name, job id,
    and salary. Order your output so that the employee with the highest salary is displayed first. Use
    %ROWTYPE and the explicit cursor attribute %ROWCOUNT.

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;


    DECLARE
    CURSOR emp_cursor IS
    SELECT first_name, last_name, job_id, salary
    FROM employees
    ORDER BY salary DESC;
    emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
    BEGIN
    OPEN emp_cursor;
    LOOP
    FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_record;
    EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%ROWCOUNT > 6;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_record.first_name||' '||emp_record.last_name||' '||
    emp_record.job_id||' '||emp_record.salary);
    END LOOP;
    CLOSE emp_cursor;
    END;
    4. Modify the following PL/SQL block so that it uses a cursor FOR loop. Keep the explicit
    cursor declaration in the DECLARE section. Test your changes.
    DECLARE
    CURSOR countries_cur IS
    SELECT country_name, national_holiday_name, national_holiday_date
    FROM countries
    WHERE region_id = 5;
    countries_rec countries_cur%ROWTYPE;
    BEGIN
    OPEN countries_cur;
    LOOP
    FETCH countries_cur INTO countries_rec;
    EXIT WHEN countries_cur%NOTFOUND;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Country: ' || countries_rec.country_name || ' National
    holiday: '||
    countries_rec.national_holiday_name
    || ', held on: '|| countries_rec.national_holiday_date);
    END LOOP;
    CLOSE countries_cur;
    END;

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;


    DECLARE
    CURSOR countries_cur IS
    SELECT country_name, national_holiday_name, national_holiday_date
    FROM countries WHERE region_id = 5;
    BEGIN
    FOR countries_rec IN countries_cur
    LOOP
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Country: ' || countries_rec.country_name || ' National
    holiday: '||
    countries_rec.national_holiday_name
    || ', held on: '|| countries_rec.national_holiday_date);
    END LOOP;
    END;
    5. Using the COUNTRIES table, write a cursor that returns countries with a highest_elevation
    greater than 8,000 m. For each country, display the country_name, highest_elevation, and
    climate. Use a cursor FOR loop, declaring the cursor using a subquery in the FOR…LOOP
    statement.

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    BEGIN
    FOR countries_rec IN
    (SELECT country_name, highest_elevation, climate
    FROM countries
    WHERE highest_elevation > 8000)
    LOOP
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Country name: '|| countries_rec.country_name ||'the
    highest elevation is:
    '||
    countries_rec.highest_elevation||' and the climate is: '||countries_rec.climate);
    END LOOP;
    END;
    Procedure and Function
    1. What is the difference between the following two pieces of code?

     Code Sample A merupakan anonymous block, sedangkan Code Sample B merupakan


    procedure
     Code Sample A tidak disimpan di database, sedangkan Code Sample B disimpan di
    database
     Code Sample A tidak ada IS, sedangkan Code Sample B ada IS
     Code Sample A ada DECLARE, sedangkan Code Sample B tidak perlu karna sudah ada
    CREATE PROCEDURE

    2. Create the copy by executing the following SQL statement:


    CREATE TABLE employees_dup AS SELECT * from employees;
    3. Use the code below to create a procedure in Application Express. Save the definition of your
    procedure in case you need to modify it later. In the “Save SQL” popup, name your saved work
    “My name change procedure.”
    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE name_change IS
    BEGIN
    UPDATE employees_dup
    SET first_name = 'Susan'
    WHERE department_id = 80;
    END name_change;
    4. Execute the procedure by running the following anonymous block:
    BEGIN
    name_change;
    END;
    5. Create a second procedure named pay_raise which changes the salary of all employees in
    employees_dup to a new value of 30000. Execute the procedure from an anonymous block, then
    SELECT from the table to check that the procedure has executed correctly

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;


    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pay_raise IS
    BEGIN
    UPDATE employees_dup
    SET salary = 30000;
    END pay_raise;

    BEGIN
    pay_raise;
    END;
    6. Create, save, and execute a procedure which updates the salary of employees in
    employees_dup according to the following rules:
    - if the employee is in department 80, the new salary = 1000
    - if the employee is in department 50, the new salary = 2000
    - if the employee is in any other department, the new salary = 3000.
    You will need to include three UPDATE statements, one for each of the above rules. In a later
    lesson you will learn how to avoid this. Execute your procedure from an anonymous block and
    verify that the updates have been performed correctly.

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;


    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE salaryChange IS
    BEGIN
    UPDATE employees_dup
    SET salary = 1000
    WHERE department_id = 80;
    UPDATE employees_dup
    SET salary = 2000
    WHERE department_id = 50;
    UPDATE employees_dup
    SET salary = 3000
    WHERE department_id NOT IN (80, 50);
    END salaryChange;

    BEGIN
    salaryChange;
    END;
    7. Using the COUNTRIES table:
    a. Create a procedure that accepts a country_id as a parameter and displays the name of
    the country and its capitol city. Name your procedure get_country_info. Save your
    procedure definition for later use.

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;


    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_country_info
    (p_country_id IN countries.country_id%TYPE)
    IS
    v_country_name countries.country_name%TYPE;
    v_capitol countries.capitol%TYPE;
    BEGIN
    SELECT country_name, capitol INTO v_country_name, v_capitol
    FROM countries
    WHERE country_id = p_country_id;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The country name is '||v_country_name||'and the capital
    city is '|| v_capitol);
    END;
    b. Execute your procedure from an anonymous block, using country_id 90
    BEGIN
    get_country_info(90);
    END;
    c. Retrieve your procedure code from Saved SQL and modify it to trap the
    NO_DATA_FOUND exception in an exception handler.

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;


    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_country_info
    (p_country_id IN countries.country_id%TYPE)
    IS
    v_country_name countries.country_name%TYPE;
    v_capitol countries.capitol%TYPE;
    BEGIN
    SELECT country_name, capitol INTO v_country_name, v_capitol
    FROM countries
    WHERE country_id = p_country_id;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The country name is '||v_country_name||'and the capital
    city is '|| v_capitol);
    EXCEPTION
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found for COUNTRY_ID=' || p_country_id);
    END;

    8. Create a function called full_name. Pass two parameters to the function, an employee’s last
    name and first name. The function should return the full name in the format, last name, comma,
    space, first name (for example: Smith, Joe).
    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION full_name
    (p_last_name employees.last_name%TYPE, p_first_name employees.first_name%TYPE)
    RETURN VARCHAR2
    IS
    BEGIN
    RETURN (p_last_name||', '||p_first_name);
    END;
    9. Test your function from an anonymous block which uses a local variable to store and display
    the returned value.

    DECLARE
    v_full_name VARCHAR2(50);
    BEGIN
    v_full_name := full_name('Smith','Joe');
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The name is: '|| v_full_name);
    END;
    10. Create a function called divide that accepts two numbers as input and returns the result of
    dividing the first number by the second number, rounded to two decimal places. Save your code.
    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION divide(n1 NUMBER, n2 NUMBER)
    RETURN NUMBER IS
    rez NUMBER;
    BEGIN
    rez:=ROUND(n1/n2, 2);
    RETURN rez;
    END;
    11. Test your function twice from an anonymous block using input values (50, 2) and (25, 3).

    DECLARE
    v_test NUMBER;
    BEGIN
    v_test:=divide(50,2);
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_test);
    END;
    DECLARE
    v_test NUMBER;
    BEGIN
    v_test:=divide(25,3);
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_test);
    END;

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