International

ernational Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 5 Issue 2, January-February
February 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Determination of the
t Presence of Pesticides/Insecticide
Residual Concentrations in Serum Blood Samples of o
Albino Rats Exposed to
o Mosquito Net Treated
Insecticide over
ver a Long Period as a Case Study
Muktar Haruna Dunari1, Hussaini Abubakar2,
Haruna Abubakar Danyaya3, Balarabe Sarki Sagagi4
1,2Departmentof Maths and Statistics,
3Department off Science Laboratory Technology, College of Science and
nd Technology,
Technology
1,2,3Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic,
Polytechnic Kazaure, Nigeria
4Department off Chemistry, Kano State University
Universi of Science and nd Technology,
Technology Nigeria

ABSTRACT paper Muktar Haruna

How to cite this paper:
The study was designed to experimentally investigate the presence of Dunari | Hussaini Abubakar | Haruna
permethrin and cypermethrin insecticide residue concentrations in serum Abubakar Danyaya | Balarabe Sarki
samples of albino rats. 60 Albino rats were used in this research which Sagagi "Determination of the Presence of
were equally divided into three groups, with the first containing Rats Pesticides/Insecticide Residual
placed under no mosquito net as control, the second containing Rats placed Concentrations in Serum Blood Samples
under commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net, and the third of Albino Rats Exposed to Mosquito Net
containing rats placed under experimentally
entally formulated treated insecticide Treated Insecticide over a Long Period
Mosquito net. The presence of the insecticide concentration in Blood serum as a Case Study" Published in
samples of the Rats were determined after carefully extracting the serum International Journal
by solvent extraction technique, and analyzing the extracts by Gas of Trend in Scientific
Chromatographic
romatographic method. Permethrin insecticide and cypermethrin Research and
insecticide were detected in the serum samples of the albino Rats. ANOVA Development (ijtsrd),
results of F(2,57)=9.1,P=0.000 indicates significant difference in the ISSN: 2456
2456-6470,
concentration level of the insecticide in the three
thre groups of the Rats. The Volume-5 5 | Issue-2,
Issue
Post hoc test indicates that, those Rats housed under experimentally February 2021, IJTSRD38484
formulated mosquito net, [Mean=0.8,SD=0.02], and those placed under pp.846-851,
851, URL:
commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net, [Mean=0.5,SD=0.001], www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38484.pdf
experienced higher level of concentration of insecticide as compared to
controls, [Mean=0.00,SD=0.00] (those in Group A). The Mean ± S.D for Copyright © 2021
20 by author(s) and
permethrin and cypermethrin insecticides were significantly different from International
nternational Journal of Trend in
that of controls. 0.9±0.011mg/L of Permethrin was detected in samples
sam of Scientific Research and Development
week two and three of the commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net Journal. This is an Open Access article
and 0.32.±0.01mg/L in week one of the experimentally formulated treated distributed under
insecticide Mosquito net, respectively as indicated in Table 1, while the terms of the
cypermethrin has a highest value off 0.1±0.082mg/L in week two, six, and Creative Commons
seven of the commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net as well as Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
0.9±0.082mg/L in the experimentally formulated treated insecticide (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Mosquito net respectively. The values recorded for both insecticides used
in this work are within the WHO recommended permissible limit of
0.05mg/kg-2.0mg/kg.

KEYWORDS: Albino rats, Insecticide, Gas Chromatography and Mosquito net

1. INTRODUCTION
Pesticides is a general term for substances used for Using treated mosquito net leads to direct exposure to
controlling insects and rodenticides. The most dangerous insecticides, and these are absorbed by inhalation,
pesticides to humans are insecticides and rodenticides ingestion, and dermal contact. The residue concentrations
(Soomro, et al., 2008). In third world countries, safety of these compounds in the exposed can lead to a variety of
procedures for the use of pesticides
pesticid are almost metabolic and systemic
stemic dysfunctions, and in some cases
nonexistent which can pose a serious health problems to outright disease states (Anyanwu et al., 2006). Common
its users who applies it without protective masks, and mode of action of the major pesticide products is to
which makes it impossible to avoid direct pesticide disrupt neurological function. In addition to being
inhalation as well as residual neurotoxic response to the neurotoxic, these compounds are profoundly injurious to
insecticide (Anyanwu et al., 2006). the
he immune and endocrine systems as well. Such ill health
effects are not limited only to those systems, but can cause

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38484 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February
February 2021 Page 846
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
a variety of dermatological, gastrointestinal, between adipose tissue and serum residues. The adipose
genitourinary, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and tissue levels in ng/g of CB-138, 153, 180 and pp’- DDE
cardiological problems (Soomro, et al., 2008). Biological (68.3 vs. 78.6, 145.7 vs. 90.9, 93.5 vs. 69.1, 470.9 vs.
monitoring provides the basis for estimating an internal 1274.5) were explained by serum residues. The
chemical doze by measuring pesticide and their metabolite accumulation pattern for CB-153 and CB –180 in serum
compound concentrations in selected tissues, fluids, or and adipose tissue are mirror images of each other
bodily waste (Anyanwu et al., 2006). (Waliszewski et al., 2000). A survey of 577 whole blood
samples from school children in Peninsular Malaysia,
Analysis of blood provides evidence of exposure and gives
extracted and analysed for the residues of 11
an indication burden of the pesticide residues on the body.
organochlorine and 2 organophosphorus pesticides
Blood measurements provide an estimation of the dose
revealed the presence of pesticide residues in blood in
available for the target site, allowing for prediction of
ng/g, dieldrin, endrin, nd: 47.6, alpha-endosulfan, nd-0.6;
dose-response relationships. Furthermore, because blood
beta-endosulfan, nd; endosulfan sulfate, nd; heptachlor,
is a regulated fluid the blood concentrations of toxicants
nd-3.8; lindane, nd-5.7; p,p’-DDT, nd-3.4; o,p’-DDE, nd-1.4;
measured at a specific time interval after exposure will
p,p’-DDE, nd; chlorpyrifos, nd-10.3 and diazinon, nd-103.0
remain the same as long as the absorbed amounts are
(Mathur et al., (2005). In a study from Canada, 251 cord
constant; therefore no corrections for dilution are
blood samples collected from 1994 through 2001 for
necessary (yohanne et al., 2000).
plychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl
Malaria is estimated to affect between 350 to 500million dichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
people annually and accounts for 1 to 3million deaths per chlordanes, lead and mercury showed significantly
year, though it has been indicated that the use of net decreasing trends per year at p<0.001, for PCBs 7.9%, DDE
impregnated with insecticides prevention (Ikeako et al., 9.1%, DDT 8.2%, and HCB 6.6% while no significant trend
2017) has been an extremely effective method of malaria was detected for chlordanes (Stewart et al., (2012). The
prevention (Anyanwu et al., 2006). Sub-Saharan Africa has residue concentrations of some organochlorine and
the largest burden of malarial disease, with over 90% of organophosphorus pesticides were also detected in blood
the world’s malaria-related deaths occurring in this region samples of school children (Soomro et al., (2008). This
(Anyanwu et al., 2006). Twenty-five million pregnant necessitate an experimental investigation of its presence
women are at risk of malaria which accounts for over using albino rats as a case study. In a study conducted in
10,000 maternal and 200,000 neonatal deaths per year USA, plasma samples collected at birth between 1998 and
(Ikeako et al., 2017), which indicates that the disease’s 2001 from 230 mother and newborn pairs enrolled in the
morbidity and mortality is more common among pregnant Columbia Centre for children’s Environmental Health were
women, and children less than five years of age (Anyanwu analysed for 29 pesticides. Seven pesticides were detected
et al., 2006). in 48-83% of plasma samples (range, 1-270 pg/g) the
organophosphates chlorpyrifos and diazinon, carbamates
In our environment, families absorb a measurable
bendiocarb and 2- isopropoxyphenol (metabolite of
quantity of pesticides due to long term use of mosquito
propoxur) and fungicides- dicloran, phthalimide
net; therefore most researches concerns have focused on
(metabolite of folpet and captan) and
the acute or life threatening effects of such insecticides
tetrahydrophthalimide (metabolite of captan and captafol)
and therefore little work is reported on the absorbed dose
(Whyatt 2003). Maternal and cord plasma levels were
(Soomro, et al., 2008).
similar, except for phthalimide and were highly correlated
The study was designed to experimentally investigate the (p<0.001) (Whyatt et al., 2003). Blood and abdominal
presence of permethrin and cypermethrin insecticides tissue from 126 adult cadavers submitted for autopsy at
residue concentrations in serum blood samples of albino the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of
rats after exposed to mosquito net treated with insecticide Veracruz, Mexico were analyzed for HCB, b-HCH, pp’- DDE,
over a long period op’- DDT and pp’- DDT. The comparison of mean and
standard deviation values for all organochlorine pesticides
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
between both sample groups indicated significantly higher
In 1986-87, 9.2 mg/kg PCBs and 3.7 mg/kg of DDE were
values of serum lipids vs. adipose lipids expressed as
detected in the blood samples of residents from large and
mg/kg on lipid basis (HCB 0.178 vs. 0.055, b- HCH 0.504
medium to small urban centers across Ontario (Mathur et
vs. 0.216, pp’ DDE 2.789 vs. 1.063, op’- DDT 0.130 vs.
al., (2005).In a study from Veracruz, Mexico, maternal
0.062, pp’ DDT 0.340 vs. 0.585 and t- DDT – 3.258 vs.
adipose tissue, and maternal blood serum from 64
1.706). Only pp’ – DDT reveals inverse levels which could
volunteers mothers were analysed for organochlorine
be due to higher accumulation in adipose fats. The higher
pesticide residues- HCB, a, b, g, d- HCH, aldrin, dieldrin,
levels in blood serum lipids express that these
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, pp’-DDT, op’-DDT, pp’-
organochlorines are inclined to blood lipids as a body
DDD, a, b, endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, chlordane, and
compartment and that the equilibrium pattern favors
methoxychloride. The Concentration of t-HCH in maternal
blood serum lipids (Waliszewski et al., 2004).
adipose tissue, and maternal serum was 0.17 and 0.22
mg/kg on fat basis respectively, t-DDT was 5.851, and According to Chemical Trespass: Pesticides In Our Bodies
5.226 mg/Kg respectively, hexachloro benzene was 0.065, And Corporate Accountability report by Pesticide Action
and 0.18 mg/kg respectively (Waliszewski et al., 2000). A Network North America (PANNA) and partner groups in
total of 96 serum and 46 adipose tissue samples collected more than 20 cities many U,S. residents carry toxic
from infertile women attending centres for reproductive pesticides in their bodies above government assessed
medicine in Belgium from 1996-98 were analyzed for “acceptable” levels. Analyzing pesticide residue data
seven organochlorine pesticides and seven collected by the US Centres for Disease Control and
polychlorinated biphenyls. There was a strong association Prevention (CDC) on levels of chemicals in 9,282 people

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
nationwide revealed that government and industry have organochlorines by Gas chromatography and USEPA
failed to safeguard public health from pesticide exposures. Method 8141A for organophosphorus compounds using
CDC found that among the people who had their blood and gas chromatography-capillary column technique as stated
urine tested, 100 per cent showed pesticide residues. The in (Mathur et al., 2005). The blood serums of the Rats were
average person carried a toxic cocktail of 13 of 23 collected at an interval of seven days for a period of three
pesticides analyzed. Two insecticides chlorpyrifos and months.
methyl parathion- were found at levels up to 4.5 times
3.2.1. Commercially Insecticide Treated Mosquito
higher than what U.S government deems acceptable.
Net
Children, women and Mexican Americans shouldered the
The commercially treated mosquito net was purchased
heaviest pesticide burden. Children, the population most
and used in this work without further treatment after it
vulnerable to pesticides are exposed to a higher level of
was dried under shed as stated in the user guides.
nerve damaging organophosphorus pesticides (Schafer et
al., 2004). According to a WWF report, 2004 analysis of 3.2.2. Formulation of Insecticide Used for Treating
blood samples of 14 European ministers from 13 Mosquito Net for the Experiment
European countries, for 103 different manmade chemicals The fabric was first thoroughly washed to remove
from 7 different chemical families organochlorine unwanted dirt, and completely dried before treated with
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, synthetic musks, the formulated insecticides as follows.
per fluorinated chemicals, brominated flame retardants,
3.3. Calculation of the surface area and the amount
phthalates and anti-bacterial, revealed that 55 of the 103
of reagent used for treating the cotton netting
chemicals analyzed were detected. A cocktail of hazardous
materials with insecticides
chemicals contaminated every volunteer tested and six of
The surface area of the rectangular Bocholt was calculated
the 7 chemical groups were detected. 25 of the same
using = 2 + 2 + , where the
chemicals were detected in every individual – including
parameters in the formula represent the sides of the
pp’- DDE and HCB. The chemical found in highest
Bocholt.
concentration in whole blood was Diethyl hexyl phthalate
(endocrine disrupter) at concentrations of 160 ng/g and in The amount of water needed to completely soak the fabric
blood serum it was pp’- DDE (a DDT metabolite), at a depends on the nature of the materials used as mosquito
concentration of 3300 pg/g and deca BDE, a neurotoxic net. In this work, cotton was used and the formulation is
chemical used as flame retardant was found at the highest presented in table 1.
concentration of 45 pg/g of all the flame retardants Table 1: Insecticide formulation
analysed (Mathur et al., 2005) Therefore, the tremendous
Amount of Amount of
usage of pesticides has promoted toxicological studies in Amount
Size of 55% 10%
our community of water
netting Permethrin cypermethri
(ml) for
3. MATRIALS AND METHOD materia used as n used as
the cotton
3.1. Materials l (cm2) insecticide insecticide
Material
The materials used are: Computer, Refrigerator, Rotatory (ml) (ml)
evaporator, Thermometer, Test tube, Volume metric
1500 6500 45.5 30.5
flasks, measuring cylinders, Magnetic stirrer, Hot plates,
Centrifuge, Electric, homogenizer, Mixer, Gas
The bowl was partially filled with water and the said
Chromatographs (Thermoquest-Trace GC) with 63Ni
amount of Permethrin (45.5ml), and Cypermethrin
selective Electron-Capture Detector with advanced
(30.5ml) was added to the water and was stirred untilled
software (Chromcard-32 bit Ver 1.06 October 98) was
thoroughly mixed. The water was added to 6500ml
used for the analysis.
completely.
Reagents
1500cm2 fabric was soaked in the formulated insecticide,
Standards insecticides (permethrin and cypermethrin)
squeezed and allowed to finish dripping to dryness.
with 99% Purity, 97% pure n-Hexane, Florisil, lauric acid,
Magnesium silicate, 98% pure Methanol, 92% pure Diethyl 3.4. Sampling methodology
Ether, 98% pure Sulfuric, Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate 10ml composite blood samples from each group of Rats,
Na2SO4, methylpolysiloxane, 50% phenyl those placed under no mosquito net, those placed under
methylpolysiloxane, 5% diphenyl, and 95% commercially treated mosquito net, and those placed
dimethylpolysiloxane 10-ml syringe from Hamilton under the formulated treated mosquito net (as labeled
Company, 90% pure Acetone, 97% pure Diethyl ether, group A, group B and group C) were collected at an
Detergent, and Chromic acid were used in this research. interval of 7 days for a period of three months using micro
syringe, and was placed in to a separate sampling residue
3.2. Experimental Designed free heparinized of 20ml glass vessels containing 200 USP
60 Albino rats were used in this research which were units of heparin in 0.2 ml solution with the help of
equally divided into three groups, with the first containing sterilized syringe. The Blood samples were transported in
Rats placed under no mosquito net as control, the second dried ice to the laboratory, and stored at -200oC for the
containing Rats placed under commercially insecticide analysis.
treated Mosquito net, and the third containing rats placed
under experimentally formulated treated insecticide 3.5. Sample extraction
Mosquito net, for determining the presence of the The serum was extracted using solvent extraction in
insecticide concentration using the Blood serum samples accordance with. 5ml of Blood was diluted with 25ml
of the Rats after careful extraction using solvent extraction distilled water and 2ml of saturated brine solution added
techniques in accordance with USEPA method 8081A for and transferred to 125ml capacity separatory funnel and

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
was extracted by shaking the separatory funnel vigorously found in samples and it was used to calibrate (retention
in 20ml of 9:1 ratio n-hexane: acetone mixture for 2-3 time, and area count) the instrument response with
minutes, and releasing the pressure intermittently. The respect to analyte concentration in accordance with
separatory funnel with the content was allowed Soomro, et al., (2008) techniques.
undisturbed until the three layers were separated. The
3.5.3. For Permethrin Base and cypermethrin
extracts collected were passed through anhydrous sodium
insecticides
sulfate and concentrated to about 1-2ml using rotary
The insecticides were analysed with Gas Chromatograph
vacuum evaporator.
(Thermoquest-Trace GC) with 63Ni selective Electron-
3.5.1. Clean up: Capture Detector with advanced software (Chromcard-32
Cleanup was done by USEPA Method 3620B- Florisil clean bit Ver 1.06 October 98). The carrier gas and the makeup
up by column chromatography. Florisil was activated at gas was nitrogen with a 1.0ml/min and 40ml/min-flow
1300 OC overnight and cool in a dessicator before using. rate respectively employing the split less mode. The area
under the peak was directly proportional to the
The weight of florisil was predetermining by calibration
concentration of the analyte.
using lauric acid. 1g of florisil was packed in to 20cm
length and 12mm ID glass chromatographic column, 2.0ml of the final extracts was injected at a temperature of
anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to the top of the 2700 OC. The oven temperature was kept at 1200OC with a
florisil 0.5cm column and the column was pre-eluted with hold time of 1 minute, then from 1200OC to 2050OC at a
hexane. rate of 250OC/minute with a hold time of 1 minute then
finally from 205 to 2900 OC at a rate of 20 OC/minute with
3.5.2. Calibration of GC system.
a hold time of 60min. The total run length was 15minutes.
The GC system was calibrated using external standard
The detector was maintained at 290OC and the Peaks were
technique. Were 1000mg/l Individual Stock standard
identification with GC software (Chromcard-32 bit Ver
solution was prepared by weighing appropriate amounts
1.06 October 98) calibration table set up with a relative
of active ingredients in a brown bottle with a Teflon-lined
retention time window of 0.65%.
screw cap and dissolved in HPLC grade hexane. Stock
standard solution was used to prepare primary dilution 3.6. Data Analysis
standards at different concentrations by dilution of the The data obtained were statistically analysed using one
composite stock standard solution with hexane, way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Post hoc
corresponding to the expected range of concentrations comparison test.
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Result
The concentration of permethrin, cypermethrin detected in the extracted serums of the experimental animals (Albino -
Rats), those placed under no mosquito net as control, those placed under commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net,
and those placed under experimentally formulated treated insecticide Mosquito net are presented here for discussion. The
data obtained were analysed at P-value (p<0.05). Values are mean ± SD and the significant data accepted were compared
with the data of p-value.
Table 1: Permethrin level detected (mg L–1) in the serum of the Albion Rats within the experimental
Group of Permethrin level detected (mg L–1) in the serum of the experimental animals within the period of
experim experiment
ental 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
animals week week week week week week week week week week week week
A 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0
1.2±0.0 0.9±0.0 0.9±0.0 0.89±0. 0.82±0. 0.7±0.0 0.7±0.0 0.6±0.0 0.6±0.0 0.6±0.0 0.6±0.0 0.6±0.0
B
2 1 1 01 03 8 8 8 6 2 9 4
0.32.±0. 0.27±0. 0.27±0. 0.23±0. 0.23±0. 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 1.9±0.0 0.2±0.0
C
01 08 09 08 01 1 3 3 3 3 7 6
Key: Group ‘A’ containing Rats placed under no mosquito net as control, Group ‘B’ containing Rats placed under
commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net, and Group ‘C’ containing rats placed under experimentally formulated
treated insecticide Mosquito net
Table2: Cypermethrin level detected (mg L–1) in the serum of the Albion Rats within the experimental
Group of Cypermethrin level detected (mg L–1) in the serum of the experimental animals within the period of
experime experiment
ntal 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
animals week week week week week week week week week week week week
0.0±0.
A 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0
0
0.1±0. 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±00. 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0
B
06 8 4 2 3 8 8 2 4 2 7 4
0.2.±0. 0.2±0.0 0.3±0.0 0.3±0.0 0.3±0.0 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 1.9±0.0 1.9±0.0 0.9±0.0
C
07 4 9 2 2 1 8 9 8 3 9 8
Key: Group ‘A’ containing Rats placed under no mosquito net as control, Group ‘B’ containing Rats placed under
commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net, and Group ‘C’ containing rats placed under experimentally formulated
treated insecticide Mosquito net

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Table 3 Calibration data for the retention times (tR), limits of detection (LOD), and limits of quantification (LOQ)
in mg L–1 of insecticide analyzed by G C
Calibration data
Standard Insecticide mg/L
tR, min Equation R2
(LOD) (LOQ)
Permethrin 6.82 y = 11.388x + 1.682 0.9994 0.0017 0.0058
Cypermethrin 7.74 y = 6.7901x + 2.8332 0.9993 0.0008 0.0027
The residues concentration of permethrin and cypermethrin in the extracted serum samples were detected in the albino
rats at limits of detection (LOD) as in Table 4.3. The concentration of these insecticides (permethrin and cypermethrin)
were identified by comparing the retention time/peak areas of unknown samples with those of standards through
calibration curves.
4.2. Discussion bis (p-chorophenJyl) ethane (p,p’-DDT) and parathion
Permethrin insecticide and Cypermethrin insecticide were residues at the alarming rate in most of blood samples of
detected in the serum blood samples of the albino Rats. . the agro professionals volunteers used in their
ANOVA results of 2, 57 = 9.1, = 0.000 indicates experiment. In support of this work, Mathur et al., (2005)
significant difference in the concentration level of the also reported to have analyzed 14 organochlorines and 14
insecticide in the three groups of the Rats. The Post hoc organophosphorus pesticides, where 0.057 mg/l of α β γ
test indicates that, those Rats housed under and δ HCH were detected in the whole blood samples they
experimentally formulated mosquito net, = considered while γ isomer of HCH 0.0227 mg/l (lindane)
0.8, = 0.02 , and those placed under commercially was detected in some of the blood samples. Also 0.0652
insecticide treated Mosquito net, = 0.5, = mg/l of DDD, DDE and DDT were detected in blood
0.001 , experienced higher level of concentration of samples. Also 0450 mg/l, 0.0046 mg/l, 0.0948, 0.0662,
insecticide as compared to controls, = 0.00, = 0.0301and 0.0366mg/l of pp’- DDE isomers endosulfan
0.00 (those in Group A) as indicated in both Table 1 and Monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, malathion and
2. The Mean ± Standard Deviation for permethrin phosphamidon were respectively detected in serum blood
insecticide and cypermethrin insecticide was significantly samples showing an evidence of absorption of pesticide
different than the controls means. 0.9±0.011mg/L of and insecticide by the body.
Permethrin was detected in samples of week two and
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
three of the commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net
5.1. Conclusion
and 0.32.±0.01mg/L in week one of the experimentally
The residual concentration of the insecticides studied in
formulated treated insecticide Mosquito net, respectively
the serum extracts of the albino rats appears at very low
as indicated in Table 1, while cypermethrin has a highest
concentrations within the permissible level. This however
value of 0.1±0.082mg/L in week two, six, and seven of the
proved evident of absorption of insecticide in the body
commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net as well as
system of the experimental Rats. In most cases, the
0.9±0.082mg/L in the experimentally formulated treated
concentration decreases over some periods of the
insecticide Mosquito net respectively as indicated in Table
exposure of the experimental Rats to the insecticide due to
2.
metabolic activity, and also possibly due to the reduction
The world health organization (WHO) recommends a of the concentration of the insecticide on the experimental
permissible limit of 0.05mg/kg-2.0mg/kg for both mosquito nets owing to environmental factors such as rise
permethrin and cypermethrin even though permethrin is in temperature. However, the low concentration of these
slightly more effective than cypermethrin (Agnieszka et insecticides detected indicates toxicological impact on
al., 2018).The values recorded for both insecticides used in exposed animals. Hence there is need for further
this work are within the WHO recommended permissible toxicological studies particularly on the metabolites
limits. These insecticides are several times more toxic to formed by this insecticide to ascertain its effect even at
insect than to vertebrate due to insects’ small size, lower low concentration.
body temperature, and its more sensitivity to sodium
5.2. Recommendation
channels. Yet, these insecticides are recommended for
Government should investigate the reason for the poor
home use to control insect because they are considered
usage of insecticide treated nets for the purpose of its
relatively non-toxic to human. However, the insecticides
improvement.
are not completely harmless as they may enter the body
by absorption, through skin contact, by inhalation, and There should be a public awareness program on the
through food or water. Absorption levels of these effective use of insecticides, especially on the treatment of
insecticides depend on the duration of exposure, and if Mosquito net as most of the insecticides are carcinogenic.
found present above the permissible limit, may have an
A timely alternative method for the use of insecticide
adverse effect on the fertility, the immune system, the
treated mosquito net in controlling malaria, and other
cardiovascular and the hepatic metabolism as well as the
mosquito related diseases, such as fumigation, should be
enzymatic activity (Agnieszka et al., 2018).
adopted on the side of both the government, and all the
These results agree with the work of Soomro et al., (2008), stake holders.
who found a concentration of 0.009, 0.005, 0.05 and 0.08
Government should fund more research and encourage on
mg/kg endosulfan, monocrotophos, carbaryl and
the synthesis of insecticide that are environmentally
cypermethrin respectively in the blood serum samples of
friendly and non-toxic to human, as well as regulating the
spray-workers in their related work. Also, Yawar et al.,
importation of these insecticides
(2012) found Chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-

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