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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

A Correlational Study of Smoking and Mathematical Ability of

Grade 12 Students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina A.Y.

2019-2020

STEM – 201

Bea, Vincent

Priego, Jeffrey

Soriano, Ralph Leo

Sy, John Allen

Antonio, Precious Kathryn

Elizaga, Melanie

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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The proponents would like to express their deepest appreciation to all the

people who made this study possible. Without their help and guidance, the research

would have not been made possible.

First of all, to Almighty God, for giving the researchers strength and hope to

conduct this study, for them not to give up, and guiding them all throughout the study.

To Mr. Erico Habijan, the university president and SHS principal for

allowing this study to happen.

To Ms. Noime Calma, the Research II instructor for giving inspiration and

hope, and for guiding the researchers throughout the study.

To Mr. Vince Carlo Tan, the research adviser and statistician for his guidance

especially in computations as the statistician.

To Mr. John Rhex Sandagon and Ms. Rachel Joy Gundayao for sharing

heir knowledge in conducting a research.

To all the researchers’ subject teachers, for allowing the proponents to use

their time for the research.

Table of Contents

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Title……………………………………………………………………….1
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………..2
Abstract…………………………………………………………………...4
CHAPTER I
Background of the Study………………………………………………...5
Review of Related Literature……………………………………………11
Review of Related Studies……………………………………………….21
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………….31
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….33
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………..34
Hypotheses………………………………………………………………..35
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………35
Scope and Delimitations of the Study…………………………………...36
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………….37
CHAPTER II
Research Design…………………………………………………………..38
Sampling Design…………………………………………………………..39
Research Respondents……………………………………………………39
Research Instrument……………………………………………………..39

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………..40

Statistical Treatment of Data……………………………………………..41

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CHAPTER III
Tables and Interpretations………………………………………………..42
CHAPTER IX
Summary and Discussion…………………………………………………47
Conclusion………………………………………………………………….48
Recommendations………………………………………………………….49
Bibliography………………………………………………………………..51
Appendices………………………………………………………………….56

ABSTRACT

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Smoking is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease, presently

causing over 6 million deaths each year and is expected to cause over 8 million deaths

yearly by 2030. Also, there are recent findings about the other effects of smoking in

terms of mental and even psychological health. The researchers conducted the study to

potentially help the community, the young adults specifically by studying the

relationship of smoking and the mathematical abilities of grade 12 students. By

conducting this study, the results will serve as proof of the dangerous effects of

smoking, and therefore raise the awareness hoping to lessen the number of smokers

and those who plans to smoke. A modified multisectional questionnaire was

distributed to the 300 grade 12 n order to gather data. The survey questionnaire

contains 3 sections: the first contains questions about the demographic profile, the

second contains a likert scale, and the last one is a mathematical 7 item quiz. The

collected data was analyzed and computed. The study showed that the number of non-

smokers is greater than the number of smokers. The findings also showed that there is

a significant difference between the mathematical ability of smokers and non-smokers,

showing that smoking truly affects the mathematical ability of students.

CHAPTER I

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INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains the background of the study, review of related literature,

review of related studies, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of

the problem, hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and delimitations of the

study, and definition of terms.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease,

presently causing over 6 million deaths each year and is expected to cause over 8

million deaths yearly by 2030. Unless current trends change, the vast majority of these

deaths are projected to occur in the developing world. An efficient and systematic

surveillance mechanism to monitor the epidemic is one of the essential components of

a comprehensive tobacco control program.    The World Health Organization (WHO)

aims to reduce the global burden of disease and death caused by tobacco, thereby

protecting present and future generations from the devastating health, social,

environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to

tobacco smoke. This is accomplished through providing global policy leadership—

promoting the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the

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MPOWER package of tobacco policies as a key entry point to the FCTC. MPOWER

includes the following policies: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies; Protect

people from tobacco smoke; Offer help to quit tobacco use; Warn about the

dangers of tobacco; Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship;

and Raise taxes on tobacco. The FCTC encourages countries to adhere to its

principles, and WHO supports countries in their efforts to implement provisions of the

FCTC and MPOWER. (Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2015)

Tobacco smoking hardly affects the human health, but research shows that

smoking also affects the intellectual performance of the user. According to University

of Michigan Health System (2015), Smokers often say that smoking a cigarette helps

them concentrate and feel more alert. But years of tobacco use may have the opposite

effect, dimming the speed and accuracy of a person's thinking ability and bringing

down their IQ, according to a new study led by University of Michigan researchers.

The study showed that smoking affected the user’s IQ or intelligence quotient.

Thus, can affect the student smokers’ capability to learn during school time.

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According to DOH (2015), a number of tobacco control interventions,

particularly tobacco taxation has led to a significant drop in current smokers from 17

million (2009) to 15.9 million (2015). The Tobacco Tax Reform Law of 2012 is also

called an “anti-cancer tax” that has a significant health outcome and has increased

funds available for health. This figure represents a relative reduction of close to 20%

of smokers or in simpler terms, one million Filipinos have quit tobacco use --- the

biggest decline we have seen in Philippine history, and we can do more to stop the

suffering caused by this epidemic. Other measures that have contributed to the decline

in smoking are graphic health warnings, local ordinances and advocacy of the

health sector in strong partnership with civil society.

The issue of smoking has been addressed by the Philippine government and

attains successful solutions to lessen the number of smokers generally. But the number

of adolescent smokers in the Philippines is still significant.

Based on the study led by WHO (2014), MORE than one in every eight

Filipino aged 13–15 years old have been found to be puffing tobacco products,

according to the Youth and Tobacco in the Western Pacific Region: Global Youth

Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2005-2014 report of the World Health Organization (WHO).

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According to the latest GYTS report of the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office

(WPRO), 13.7 percent of those aged 13 to 15 years old in the Philippines are using

tobacco products. This makes the Philippines rank 15th among the highest out of the

22 countries subjected to the GYTS, said the report.

The numbers given by WHO are still alarming, 13.7 % of Filipinos aging from

13-15 are using tobacco products. Philippines has a law that only 18 years old and

above are allowed to use tobacco and nicotine products. And smoking cigarettes not

only affects the physical health but also the capacity of the user to think based on the

study of University of Michigan (2015), where their researchers concluded that

continuous usage of cigarettes can result to depletion of IQ, given that a huge number

of students are using cigarettes in the Philippines, and that can cause their IQ to lower

that can strongly affect their studies.

Poor academic performance is a known risk factor for adolescent smoking, yet

the association remains unclear, as the role of social ties has been rarely examined.

Our study aims to investigate the role of friendship ties in this association. In a sample

of 11,015 adolescents, aged 14 to17, in 50 schools within six European cities (SILNE-

survey, 2013), we used multilevel models to analyze the mediating effect of the

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composition of friendship ties and school types on the association between academic

performance and smoking. Results show smoking was more prevalent in adolescents

with lower academic performance than with higher. This association was stronger in

non-vocational schools than in vocational. Adolescents tended to have friendship ties

with someone sharing the same smoking status and academic performance. Finally,

friendship networks are patterned both on smoking and academic performance. This

suggests the educational environment contributes to future socio-economic

inequalities in smoking among young people. (Robert et.al., 2018)

Various studies have been conducted on how smoking affects the academic

performance of adults and students. The researches showed that smoking can really

affect the physical health of the user, as well as the individuals who inhale the smoke

or known as second/ third hand smokers, and some researches also concluded that

smoking also affects the intellect of the users, particularly the student smokers.

The researchers aim to conduct a study that focuses on how cigarette smoking

can affect the mathematical ability as it plays a major role as an individual by using

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survey questionnaires that assess the mathematical ability of both student

smokers and non-smokers. The researchers wanted to know if there is a significant

difference between the mathematical ability of students who smoke and to those not.

This research will open a new course of study to further discern the effects of

smoking, especially the mental effects related to the intellect. The researchers aim to

open the eyes of the public, particularly to the students to stop smoking, by showing

the various harmful effects of smoking.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN

According to Dresden (2019). Smoking cigarettes can have many adverse

effects on the body. Some of these can lead to life-threatening complications. In fact,

according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smoking

cigarettes increases the risk of dying from all causes, not just those linked to tobacco

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use. Smoking cigarettes affects lung health because a person breathes in not only

nicotine but also a variety of additional chemicals. Cigarettes are responsible for a

substantial increase in the risk of developing lung cancer. This risk is 25 times greater

for men and 25.7 times greater for women. Smoking cigarettes also presents a greater

risk of developing and dying from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). In

fact, the American Lung Association report that smoking causes 80 percent of COPD

deaths. Cigarettes are also linked to developing emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

They can also trigger or exacerbate an asthma attack. Smoking cigarettes can

damage the heart, blood vessels, and blood cells. The chemicals and tar in cigarettes

can increase a person's risk of atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the

blood vessels. This buildup limits blood flow and can lead to dangerous blockages.

Smoking also increases the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD), which occurs

when the arteries to the arms and legs start to narrow, restricting blood flow. Research

shows a direct link between smoking and developing PAD. Even those who used to

smoke face a higher risk than people who never smoked.

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The research above showed that smoking greatly harms the human

body, not just the smoker but also the individuals who inhales the smoke from the

cigarettes, same as what the article from University of California states.

From the study of University of California (2019), Thirdhand smoke can

damage epithelial cells in the respiratory system by stressing cells and causing them to

fight for survival, a research team led by scientists at the University of California,

Riverside, has found. The finding could assist physicians treating patients exposed to

thirdhand smoke. "Our data show that cells in humans are affected by thirdhand

smoke," said Prue Talbot, a professor in the Department of Molecular, Cell and

Systems Biology, who led the research. "The health effects of THS, have been studied

in cultured cells and animal models, but this is the first study to show a direct effect of

thirdhand smoke on gene expression in humans. "Study results appear in JAMA

Network Open. Thirdhand smoke, or THS, results when exhaled smoke and smoke

emanating from the tip of burning cigarettes settles on surfaces such as

clothing, hair, furniture, and cars. Not strictly smoke, THS refers to the residues left

behind by smoking. "THS can resurface into the atmosphere and can be inhaled

unwillingly by nonsmokers," said Giovanna Pozuelos, the first author of the research

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paper and a graduate student in Talbot's lab. "It has not been widely studied, which

may explain why no regulations are in place to protect nonsmokers from it. "The

researchers obtained nasal scrapes from four healthy nonsmokers who had been

exposed to THS for three hours in a laboratory setting at UC San Francisco. The UCR

researchers then worked to get good quality RNA from the scrapes -- necessary to

examine gene expression changes. RNA sequencing identified genes that were over-

or under-expressed. They found 382 genes were significantly over-expressed; seven

other genes were under-expressed. They then identified pathways affected by these

genes. "THS inhalation for only three hours significantly altered gene expression in

the nasal epithelium of healthy nonsmokers," Pozuelos said. "The inhalation altered

pathways associated with oxidative stress, which can damage DNA, with cancer being

a potential long-term outcome. It's extremely unlikely a three-hour exposure to THS

would cause cancer, but if someone lived in an apartment or home with THS or drove

a car regularly where THS was present, there could be health consequences."

From the research of American Chemical Society (2019). Along with many

other harmful health consequences, smoking tobacco causes chemical changes,

oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Excessive alcohol use can have similar

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effects. Surprisingly, however, very few studies have examined the combined impact

of smoking and alcohol on the brain. Now, researchers reporting in ACS Chemical

Neuroscience have shown that in rats, the joint use of tobacco and alcohol could

increase neural damage in particular brain regions. According to the National Institute

on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, many people who smoke tobacco also drink

alcohol excessively, and vice versa. Therefore, studying the combined effects of the

two drugs on the central nervous system could yield valuable insights. But most

previous studies have examined the consequences of one or the other in isolation.

That's why Alana Hansen and colleagues wanted to find out how drinking and

smoking together affect regions of the rat brain involved in drug addiction. The

researchers treated rats with alcohol, tobacco smoke or both twice a day for 28 days

and then compared their brains with control animals that didn't receive either

substance. They found that the combined alcohol and smoking treatment increased the

level of reactive oxygen species in the hippocampus compared with control animals or

rats given tobacco smoke alone. In all of the brain areas studied, combined alcohol and

smoking increased the levels of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines more than either

treatment alone. And in the striatum and frontal cortex, rats with both treatments

showed lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a growth factor that helps

existing neurons survive and stimulates the growth of new ones. These results suggest

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that alcoholics who smoke could be at additional risk for neural damage, the

researchers say.

The research of ACS focused on the effect of smoking to the brain, they stated

that the effect of smoking to the human brain is similar to what alcohol does to the

brain, the human brain is very sensitive and thus, quickly reacts to the harmful foreign

substances such as the substances imbued by cigarettes and alcohol. The researchers of

ACS concluded that smokers that are also alcoholics are at very high risk for brain

related disease and can be related to the intellectual damages done by smoking.

Looking into the statistics further, tobacco kills up to half of its users within a

lifetime. The addictive culprit of cigarettes is nicotine. Researchers are hard at work to

further understand how nicotine affects cells from the inside out, shedding light on

nicotine addiction. Every time you take a puff from a cigarette, nicotine races into the

brain attaching itself to neurons creating those feelings of happiness and calmness that

are associated with smoking a cigarette. For the uninitiated, the neurons are the cells

responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor

commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at

every step in between. Nicotine alters these “brain-sensors”, very literally changing

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them from the inside of brain. Not much is well understood about the effects of

nicotine on the brain in the research community. Using a biosensor, the research team

was able to visualize the effects of nicotine as it floods the cells. (Alexander,2019)

Based on Alexander, it appears that the human brain is really sensitive to

nicotine, they came into conclusion with the help of a certain type of a protein that

they have developed successfully that serves a sensor. The sensor glows as the

nicotine affects the brain activity. They also concluded that smoking really affects the

brain. Furthermore, it can be concluded that smoking can affect the brain productivity

affecting the mathematical capability of the user.

The part of the brain that's responsible for decision making and impulse control

is not yet fully developed during adolescence. Young people are more likely to take

risks with their health and safety, including use of nicotine and other drugs. Youth and

young adults are also uniquely at risk for long-term, long-lasting effects of exposing

their developing brains to nicotine. These risks include nicotine addiction, mood

disorders, and permanent lowering of impulse control. Nicotine also changes the way

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synapses are formed, which can harm the parts of the brain that control attention and

learning. (e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov)

The articles showed correlation about the effect of smoking to the human

health, most concluded that smoking significantly affects respiratory, cardiovascular,

and nervous system. Focusing on the brain, the articles stated that nicotine targets the

brain affecting how the individual thinks, reacts, and even impulses.

LOCAL

Smoking is such a widespread problem, prompting the government to prohibit

it in all public places throughout the country. It is so common an issue that everybody

has come to understand the word “smoking” to mean “smoking tobacco.” Smoking is

a major public health concern, posing health risks not only for the smokers themselves

but also for others around when the smokers smoke. Smoking, thus, has become a

completely negative idea, act or habit. Most people, including the smokers themselves,

would attest that it is a bad thing. Curiously, while smoking is generally perceived to

be a bad thing, many people continue to fall into the habit. The effects of tobacco

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smoke on people’s health are dreadful. The medical establishment has long proven

that smoking causes lung cancer, among many other serious ailments. More and more

governments all over the world are responding by banning smoking in public places.

(philstar.com)

According to St. Lukes Medical Center (2017), The effects of smoking are

legion. Smoking is dangerous because it has effects on the respiratory system and

cardiovascular system. One of the most dreaded effects of smoking is lung cancer.

Unfortunately, the effects of smoking are seen not only among smokers, but also in the

people around them. Smoking is dangerous because smoke contains more than four

thousand poisonous substances which cause various diseases, even death. Among

these are cancer-producing substances, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and other irritating

substances.

The research done by Aro (2017) states that, the cigarette contains 7,000

chemicals which are toxic when ingested by children and eaten by mistake among

household pets and animals including fish and other marine life. The sight of

cigarettes and packages disappearing into a storm and drain may ease the guilt of a

litterer but those often find their way into bodies of water, and subsequently, the

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stomachs of marine wildlife. The cigarette butt, the most littered worldwide, is non-

biodegradable composed of cellulose acetate, a plastic that may disperse into smaller

pieces. It said that smoking releases about 2.6 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide in

the air worldwide every year which is not good for the health. It also releases about

5.2 billion kilograms of methane every year which is a toxic substance.

The researches from St. Lukes MC, philstar.com, and Aro shows that smoking

heavily affects the health of the user. The smoke from cigarettes contain thousands of

toxic chemicals that is harmful to humans, causing dangerous health complications.

“While there is a lack of conclusive data regarding the long-term effects of

using e-cigarettes, its health risks cannot be set aside. The precautionary principle

recommends that, until conclusive data regarding their safety have been established,

regulatory measures should aim at reducing exposures to these products,” he said.

According to the DOH, the number of local e-cigarettes consumers will increase as the

global market for these devices expand. E-cigarettes or vapes are combinations of non-

tobacco-containing e-liquids or refills and an electronic delivery device. They produce

aerosol, mist, or vapor that users inhale by mimicking the act of smoking. "In 2015,

the Global Adult Tobacco Survey recorded that the overall prevalence of ever users

and current users of e-cigarettes in the Philippines was 2.8 percent and 0.8 percent,

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respectively," the DOH said. The DOH stressed that the composite contents of and

emissions from these devices are not completely without harm as they use chemicals

such as nicotine, ultra-fine particles, carcinogens, heavy metals, and volatile organic

compounds. (Montemayor, 2018)

The article of Duque (2018) states that, smoking causes health implications,

especially to blood flow within the body. “Tobacco smoke thickens the blood,

increases the risk of blood clots, narrows the arteries and restricts oxygen in the

blood,” he explained.

All the researches and articles agreed that smoking is harmful to human body,

given that it is treated as a major concern, its effect to the community is devastating by

destroying the body of the user, as well as the second and third hand smokers by

slowly interrupting the major organ systems due to the deterioration of organs such as

lungs, heart, and the brain.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

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FOREIGN

From the research of Edo (2014), the concept of tobacco and the effect as well

as misuse was looked into. The study was aimed at finding out how parent, family

background, peer group and curiosity of students etc contribute to tobacco

smoking problems among students, with special focus on drugs like cigarettes,

alcohol, coffee, kola nut shows that some students of college of education ekiadolor

smokes. The investigation also show that tobacco smoking induce memory loss and

alters behaviour. It was also discovered that tobacco usage affects academic

performance

and causes loss of ambition. Therefore, the work recommends proper educational

consequences of tobacco smoking, the provision of counselling services to school and

the imposition of some levies to restrict the production of tobacco. It also recommends

that the mass media should month heavy campaign against tobacco and also calls for

the introduction of meaningful and educational activities to the students.

The research shows that smoking affects academic performance due to the

memory loss and alteration of behavior caused by the chemicals of cigarettes which

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directly affect the human brain. On the other hand, a research done by Zhao et al.

(2014) states that Smokers and nonsmokers were compared on three aspects of

academic achievement. Although exactly the same percentage of smokers and

nonsmokers passed the first-year university examination, smokers obtained

significantly higher marks. Similarly, smokers achieved significantly higher marks in

their final year examinations in comparison with nonsmokers. Finally, a comparison of

the tutorial essay marks of the smokers and nonsmokers again showed that smokers

obtained significantly higher marks than nonsmokers. These data are consistent with

the idea that ambitious students adopt smoking in the belief that it will help them study

and sustain concentration.

The study conducted by Zhao et al. (2014) differs from the study of Edo

(2014). The study of Edo shows that smoking leads to poor memory and behavior

alteration that badly affects academic performance, on the other hand, the study led by

Zhao and his team concluded that smoking made the user boost their academic

performance

psychologically, due to the mindset that smoking helps them in their studies. Both

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study showed that smoking affects the school performance of students but in complete

different manner.

According to Warburton et al. (2015), On a practical test of their recollection

ability, people who on average had quit smoking for 2.5 years performed 25 percent

better than current smokers did. People who had never smoked scored 37 percent

better than the smokers.

"We already know that giving up smoking has huge health benefits for the body, but

this study also shows how stopping smoking can have knock-on benefits for cognitive

function, too," said study researcher Tom Heffernan, a psychology professor at

Northumbria University in England.

According to Bradberry (2015), Marijuana smokers have long been

characterized as dimwitted and slow. They tend to shrug off these stereotypes as

artifacts of how they are when they’re on the drug. If you’ve ever had the misfortune

of enduring a pot smoker who takes you through the “beneficial” effects of marijuana

on the brain, then you’ve likely wondered if the stereotype is true. As it turns out, it is.

A study more than thirty years in the making found that smoking marijuana

permanently lowers intelligence, or IQ. Frequent pot smokers (even those who had

given up marijuana) tended to have deficits in memory, concentration, and overall IQ.

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The reduction in IQ for those who smoked pot heavily prior to age 18 was most

pronounced: an average of eight points. An eight point reduction in IQ is enough to

have a significant, negative impact upon your life. To put it into context, consider that

individuals with an IQ of 110 have an average net worth of $71,000 and individuals

with an IQ of 120 have an average net worth of $128,000. It looks like smoking pot

can lower your tax bracket.

The study of Bradberry (2015) and Warburton et al. (2015) showed that

smoking negatively affects the academic performance of the user. The only difference

is the first one studied cigarette users, and the other one uses pot marijuana, both

concluded that smoking lowers the IQ or Intelligence Quotient and lowering the

memory capacity that heavily affects the academic thinking abilities of the user. The

study of Warburton compared former smokers, smokers, and non-smokers. He gave

the samples a test to determine their abilities, the results showed that former smokers

performed better than the current smokers, but non-smokers performed the best among

the three. While Bradberry concluded that smoking pot lowers the IQ of the user by an

average of 8 IQ that significantly affects an individual.

Based on the study of Pennanen et al. (2016), Poor academic achievement is

strongly related to smoking but studies that examine the mechanism between academic

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achievement and smoking are lacking. The aim of this study, therefore, was to

examine the smoking-related cognitions (i.e. attitude, social influence, self-efficacy

and intention to smoke) in relation to academic achievement and determine whether

these cognitions explain different patterns of smoking. Methods: The study uses the

data of a longitudinal study that was carried out in Finland, and the sample comprised

1,096 students in grades seven to nine. Results: During the seventh-grade students

with poor academic achievement reported more positive attitudes to smoking and a

greater social influence of their peers regarding smoking, weaker self-efficacy to

refuse smoking and more intentions to smoke in the future compared to students with

high academic achievement. Moreover, the follow-up analyses after a 24-month

interval revealed that self-efficacy to refuse smoking of students with poor grades had

become weaker compared to students with high grades. Furthermore, the influence of

seventh-grade academic achievement predicting ninth-grade weekly smoking was

partially mediated through the self-efficacy beliefs and the intention to smoke.

Conclusions: Differences in academic achievement may have an impact on

adolescents’ self-efficacy beliefs and the intention to smoke in the future. To reduce

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health inequalities a strong input on continuing research to improve smoking

prevention methods, especially for students with low academic achievement, is

needed.

LOCAL

From the study of Florendo (2014), Out of 1,866 freshman students surveyed

in Isabela State University Main Campus, Philippines, 286 were current smokers.

Findings revealed that most of the participants are in their adolescence stage, male

dominated, received minimal allowance, have parents with high educational

attainment, and their parents’ jobs require physical labor. Results showed that peer,

familial, mass media, environmental factors respectively except for the teacher factor

had considerable impact on the smoking behavior of the participants. Findings

indicated that most of the smokers have a high level of anxiety. Anxiety is

significantly related to the developmental stage when one started smoking and sticks

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he/she consumed per day. An intervention program aimed at reducing anxiety and

cigarette smoking among students need further research.

Findings from the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS 4)

released today by the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc.

(DRDF) and the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) show that

the levels of current drug use, drinking alcohol and smoking among young people

aged 15-24 have dropped considerably. The declining pattern is found in the practices

of both young men and women, as well as in younger and older youth. (UPPI, 2014)

According to Kiprono (2014), there was a significant difference in the extent of

influence of factors when the teenagers were grouped according to gender, the females

smoked more than the males. However, when grouped according to age (13-16 & 17-

19), there was no significant difference in their extent of influence. The teenagers were

very much aware of the effects of cigarette smoking on the biological, physical and

social implications. Despite this awareness, the drive to perform the behavior is strong.

The local studies showed correlation with each other. The studies of Moldes

(2019) and Balsa (2016) concluded that smoking does really affect the studies of the

user in terms of significant decline in grade average or GPA. Although the studies of

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Florendo (2014), Kiprono (2014), and UPPI (2014) showed that the users are very

well area of the consequences of using cigarettes, they concluded that their current

mindset is the one influencing the users from smoking.

From the research led by Balsa (2016), the researchers found that increases in

alcohol consumption result in small yet statistically significant reductions in GPA for

male students and in statistically non-significant changes for females. For females,

however, higher levels of drinking result in self-reported academic difficulty. The

fixed-effects results are substantially smaller than OLS estimates, underscoring the

importance of addressing unobserved individual heterogeneity.

According to Moldes et al. (2019), graduating senior high school students have

encountered different factors in relation to students’ peer pressure in school and its

association in their studies in terms of social belongingness, curiosity, cultural-

parenting orientation of parents and education. The results declared that there are

several factors that could affect students’ academic performance in school regarding to

peer pressure. This suggests that peer pressure does not give negative impact directly

to student toward their peers. Generally, students peer pressure in school affects the

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academic performance among students in term of various content. Furthermore,

cultural parenting among parents among parents and social belongingness can affect

student academic performance in school based on the result of the computation of chi-

square. It had been manifested that curiosity and students’ level of education does not

affect student academic performance. Hence, whatever the effects of student peer

pressure are based their approach towards their peers.

Theoretical Framework

Theory of Memory and Cognitive Impairment Due to Smoking

By Yale University

Prenatal cigarette smoking exposure is not an uncommon phenomenon despite

adverse publicity emphasizing its dangers. As nicotine stimulates nicotinic

acetylcholine receptors, it is believed that this may disrupt the maturation of the

developing brain. Several lines of evidence have accumulated to indicate that tobacco-

related neurobehavioral impacts are by no means negligible. From human studies,

various neuropsychiatric domains, including infant temperament, attention,

externalizing behaviors, and higher cortical functions, have been examined. Although

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most studies have come out against smoking during pregnancy, a few studies have

pointed to the fact that the epiphenomenon of smoking, rather than nicotine itself, is

actually responsible for the neurobehavioral deficits or problems. Different genotypes

among various candidate genes, including DAT1, DRD4, MAOA, COMT and GSTM-

1, have been reported to interact with smoking to cause an adverse behavioral profile.

Epigenetic approaches have also been initiated that carry us beyond the realm of

genotype associations. Finally, animal studies have identified various direct

neuroteratogenic effects in different regions of the developing animal brain, including

neuron loss, acetylcholine receptor upregulation, diminished acetylcholinergic tone,

dysregulated catecholaminergic tone, and altered intracellular signaling pathways.

Notwithstanding the fact that the toxic effect that prenatal cigarette smoking exposure

appears to have on neurodevelopment, there remains much to learn. Further and

improved studies across all fields are encouraged in order to form a complete picture

of nicotine as a teratogen, and it is hoped that this will emerge in the near future.

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Conceptual Framework
Input Proces Output
s
How many students are:
Smokers Construction of
Non-smokers
Does smoking has effects connected to the Questionnaire A Correlational
smoker’s mathematical abilities in terms of:
Reading Comprehension Validation of Study On Rate of
Activeness
Problem Solving Skills Questionnaire Smoking and
Unit Conversion Skills
Algebraic Skills Statistical treatment Mathematical Ability
Is there a significant difference between the
mathematical ability of smokers and non-smoker of data of Grade 12
respondents in terms of the following:
Reading Comprehension Data Collecting Students in
Activeness
Problem Solving Skills Analyzing and Pamantasan ng
Unit Conversion Skills
Algebraic Skills Interpreting of data Lungsod ng
Marikina A.Y. 2019-
2020

FEEDBACK

Basis for Students

Fig. 1.1 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 shows the traditional Input-Process-Output. The Input process

consists of the demographic profile about the mathematical skills. The process

contains the construction of questionnaires, gathering of data, up to the analysis and

interpretation of data.

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Statement of the Problem

1. How many students are:

a. Smokers

b. Non-smokers

2. Does smoking has effects connected to the smoker’s mathematical abilities in

terms of:

a. Comprehension

b. Activeness

c. Problem Solving Skills

d. Unit Conversion Skills

e. Algebraic Skills

3. Is there a significant difference between the mathematical ability of smokers

and non-smoker respondents in terms of :

a. Comprehension

b. Activeness

c. Problem Solving Skills

d. Unit Conversion Skills

e. Algebraic Skills

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HYPOTHESIS

The following are the hypotheses of the study :

Null:

There is no significant difference between the mathematical ability of smokers and

non-smokers.

Alternative:

There is significant difference between the mathematical ability of smokers and non-

smokers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of the study would be beneficial not only to the researchers but also to the

following:

To the students. The results of this research will raise awareness

to the students’ awareness about the negative effects of smoking cigarettes specifically

on their mathematical abilities that can bring huge impact on their studies and

achievements.

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To the parents and guardians. This research also aims to give

information about the negative effects of smoking, particularly the effects on the

mathematical ability of student smokers. This research will help them to inform and

guide their children properly.

To the health care practitioners. The result of this study will

bring further knowledge to the health- related professionals for them to widen their

knowledge about the effects of smoking to the mathematical ability of the user.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study limits its coverage on the Grade 12 Students of

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina. Its main purpose is to discern the effects of

smoking on the Mathematical Ability of students. This study considers every aspect of

the students’ personal information that has an impact on their mathematical ability.

Each of the respondents are given same questionnaires to answer. And this study is

only to be conducted during the first semester of A.Y. 2019-202

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Biosensor. A sensor made from protein that glows when activated.

Carbon Monoxide. A toxic substance released by cigarette smoke.

Carcinogen. A substance that can cause cancer.

Genotype. A part of a genetic constitution.

Intelligence Quotient. A number that represents an individual’s intellect.

Neurodevelopment. Development of brain cells.

Nicotine. An addictive substance from tobacco and cigarettes.

Nicotinic Acethylcholine Receptors. Brain receptors that is sensitive to nicotine.

Oxidative Stress. Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body

Secondhand Smoke. Smoke coming from Cigarettes inhaled by the people nearby.

Thirdhand Smoke. Smoke absorbed by clothes, Textiles, etc. that is later inhaled by

the people using it.

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CHAPTER II

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the population and the sample of this study and contains

the methods which the researchers used to determine the continuous improvement on

systems and procedures for future success. This chapter presents the research design,

sampling design, research respondents, research instruments, data gathering

procedure, data analysis and statistical treatment of data in order to measure the

variable of interest necessary for the analysis of data. In this particular study, a

quantitative method was used by the researchers.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study utilized correlational type of design to determine whether an

increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to the increase or decrease in another.

The two variables are the rate of smoking and the mathematical ability of the grade 12

students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.

SAMPLING DESIGN

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This study used Purposive Sampling Design to selected Grade 12 students and

will be used for the selection of the respondents only in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Marikina, a sample was taken from the population and was given survey

questionnaires in order to gather the needed data.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

For the respondents of this study, 300 students were taken from the population

of 1200 using the sloven's formula with a confidence level of 95 (alpha level of 0.05).

The slovin's formula is n = N / (1 + Ne2) where n = Number of samples, N = Total

population and e = Error tolerance (level). The respondents were composed of male

and female grade 12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The main instrument used in this study was a survey questionnaire. The survey

questionnaire is made up of three sections. The first part of the questionnaire aims to

get the background of the students also known as demographic profile. The second

part contains a likert scale for frequency with 7 questions. And lastly, the third section

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is composed of 7 questions in order to assess the mathematical ability of the

respondents.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

A modified multi section survey questionnaire was used to collect the needed

data from the respondents. The researchers asked permission from the selected Grade

12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina for them to answer the survey

questionnaires. The researchers also asked the students to present their school ID to

confirm that they are certified Grade 12 students of the said university for the

credibility of the study. The respondents were asked to provide true and honest

answers for the researchers to analyze the data properly with a maximum of 12

minutes given to answer the survey.

Always Often Seldom Sometimes Never

5 4 3 2 1

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

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To interpret the data effectively, the researchers employed the following

statistical treatments: the percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson Coefficient of

Correlation.

1. Percentage

Percentage was used to determine the frequency count and percentage

distribution of personal related variables of the respondents.

F
Formula: %= ×100
N

% is the percentage

F is the frequency

N is the total number of respondents

100 is a constant value

2. t- Test for Independence

T-test for Independence was utilized to determine if there is a significant

difference between the two correlated variables..

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Formula:

SS1  SS 2
( x1  x 2) Sp 2 
t df 1  df 2
Sp 2 Sp 2
 SS  sd (df )
n1 n2

CHAPTER III

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND ENTERPRETATION

The data collated by the researcher are summarized in terms of successive

tables. After some detailed methodological processes conducted by the researchers,

the following data are gathered, collected and arranged which can be seen with more

depth in successive tables below.

The data was gathered through conducting a survey questionnaire distributed

randomly to 300 grade 12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.

The first section of the questionnaire aims to determine the number of smokers

and non-smokers.

F %

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SMOKERS 75 25%

NON SMOKERS 225 75%

TOTAL 300 100%

Table 1.1 - Frequency Distribution of Respondents

The table above shows the frequency of grade 12 students who smoke and who

doesn't. The percentage of each category is also included.

Table 2.1- Weighed Mean of the Likert Scale

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Category Smokers Non-Smokers

Comprehension 2.16 3.03

Activeness 2.04 2.55
Problem Solving 2.17 2.99
Skills

Unit Conversion 2.11 2.79

Skills

Algebraic Skills 2.19 2.85

Mean 2.13 2.84

The table 2.1 shows the computed weighted mean for the two groups gathered

from the second part of the questionnaire that contains a likert scale. The values were

used as variables for t-test for independence to know if there is a significant difference

between the data gathered from the two groups.

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Table 2.2 - T-test set of values

df= 8
α= 0.05
Area of Acceptance= -2.305 to +2.305
t
Category n Mean df sd SS Sp2

Smokers 5 2.13 4 0.0245 0.0024 0.0011

Non- 5 2.84 4 0.0812 0.0066 0.0011

Smokers

score= 33.8095
The set of values above contains gathered and computed values from the

weighted mean collected from the likert scale. The weighted mean from each category

are used as variables including the mean/ average. For the t value, a 0.05 level of

confidence was used. The t score/value computed is equal to 33.8095 and outside the

area of acceptance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative

hypothesis for the second question is accepted.

Table 3.1 - Frequency of Scores above 70%

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n f %

Th
Smokers 75 3 4%
e Non-Smokers 225 83 36.89%

table shows the exact number and percentage of those students who scored greater

than or equal to 70% of the test. The least required score to obtain 70% or above is a

score of 5 out of 7. Only 4% were able to get a passing score from the smokers, while

37% of Non-Smokers were able to pass the test.

CHAPTER IX

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SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presented the summary of the study, provided the discussion and

conclusions, and offers recommendations for the study and other future studies that

can be related to this study.

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

For the first question, how many students are smokers and how many are not,

the researchers used frequency distribution table. Results show that 75% of the

students are not smoking and only 25% of the respondents are smoking.

For the second and third question, the weighted mean from the likert scale

served as data for the t-test for independence test with an alpha level of 0.05 that

covered the area of acceptance of negative 2.305 to positive 2.305. T- test was used to

determine if there is a significant difference between the mathematical abilities of

smokers and non- smokers. The t score computed was 33.81 and is outside the area of

acceptance which means that the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative

hypothesis must be accepted. The alternative hypothesis states that: There is

significant difference between the mathematical ability of smokers and non-smokers.

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Therefore, it can also be stated that smoking affects the mathematical abilities

of the grade 12 students of PLMar, in accordance with the computations from the

gathered data.

CONCLUSION

From the gathered data and various treatments, the following conclusions are

given:

For the first question, 225 grade 12 students or 75% of the respondents are

non-smokers while only 75 grade 12 students or 25% of the respondents are smokers.

It can be concluded that the number of non-smokers is relatively higher than the

number of smokers.

For the second and third question, it can be concluded that smoking truly affects

the mathematical abilities of an individual. The findings showed a significant

difference between the scores of smokers and non-smokers from the third section of

the questionnaire (7 item Quiz) in favor of non-smokers and also a significant

difference in terms of comprehension, activeness, problem solving skills, unit

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conversion skills, and algebraic skills. There was also a huge statistical difference

between the weighted mean from the likert scale allowing the researchers to conclude

that non-smokers have better mathematical skills based on their self assessment.

Overall, the researchers concluded that non-smokers are better at math than smokers.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on findings and results, the following recommendations are given:

 The future researchers may use another academic area that is not commonly

researched such as History etc.

 The future researchers may choose a more specific area of mathematics for a

more accurate data and therefore, a more precise conclusion.

 The future researchers may correlate the students based on their demographic

data such as sex, age, work etc.

 The next researchers who find the study interesting may study the effects of

other modern vices to the mathematical or other academic area such as

language or science.

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 The future researchers can also make the target population more specific to

make the results more focused.

 The future researchers may use a more accurate questionnaire that contains

more questions to heighten the data gathered.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Arasa, G., Cheruiyot, J., Kamau, S., Kiprono S. & Retuta, M. (2014). The Extent

of Influence of Factors on Cigarette Smoking Among Teenagers in Baguio City:

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A Cross-Sectional Study. [Abstract] Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 3(6),

132-134.

 American Chemical Society. (2019 February 28). Smoking and alcohol: Double

trouble for the brain? American Chemical Society. Retrieved from

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2019/acs-presspac-

february-27-2019/smoking-and-alcohol-double-trouble-for-the-brain.html

 Alexander, D. (2019, February 10). New Research Shows How Nicotine Affects

Brain Neurons. Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/new-research-

shows-how-nicotine-affects-brain-neurons

 Aro, S. (2017). Doc explains damaging effects of cigarette smoking to health,

environment. Retrieved from htpps://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1003095

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 Biton, C., Gonzaga, D., Moldes, V. & Moneva, J. (2019). Students, Peer Pressure

and their Academic Performance in School. International Journal of Scientific and

Research Publications, 1(9), 300-310. doi: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8541.

 Balsa, A., Guilano, L. & French M. (2012). The effects of alcohol use on

academic achievement in high school. [Abstract] Elsevier B.V., Science Direct,

30(1), 16-38.

 Bradberry, T. (2015, February 11). Study Shows Heavy Adolescent Pot Use

Permanently Lowers IQ. Retrieved from:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/travisbradberry/2015/02/10/new-study-shows-

smoking-pot-permanently-lowers-iq/

 Department of Health. (2015). 2015 Global Youth Tobacco Survey: Country

Report. [PDF File] Retrieved from https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/12500

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 Duque III, F. (2018). Filipino urged to choose health, stamp tobacco out.

Retrieved from https;//www.doh.gov.ph/node/14293

 Dresden, D. (2019, March 7). 10 effects of smoking cigarettes. Retrieved from

 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324644.php

 Florendo, H. (2019). Cigarette-Smoking Behavior Correlates with High Anxiety

among University Students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,

1. Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=2662

 Haukka, A., Pennanen, M., Vartianen E., Vires, H. (n.d.). Academic achievement

and smoking: Is self-efficacy an important factor in understanding social

inequalities in Finnish adolescents? Retrieved from:

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 Montemayor, M. (2019). DIH, FDA warn public anew on adverse effects of e-

cigarettes. Retrieved from https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1074952

 Rios, R. (2017, October 1). Why People Smoke. Philstar. Retrieved from

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people-smoke

 St. Lukes Medical Center. (n.d). The III Effects of Smoking. Retrieved from

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and-adolescent-learner-child-adolescent-development-educ-1-a

 University of California (2019, June 28). Scientist find Thirdhand Smoke Affects

Cells in Humans. Retrieved from

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https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2019/06/28/scientists-find-thirdhand-smoke-affects-

cells-humans

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APPENDICES

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