Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 87 views

    Process Control 2

    Uploaded by

    jeed
    There are three main types of control systems: manual, mechanical automatic, and electronic automatic. Control systems can also be classified as open loop, closed loop, or feedforward systems. Open loop systems operate independently of feedback, while closed loop systems compare output to desired input and use error signals. Feedforward systems measure and compensate for disturbances before errors occur. Key elements of feedback control include sensors to measure process variables, controllers to determine necessary actions, and final elements like valves and motors to physically impact the process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Process Control 2

    Uploaded by

    jeed
    87 views23 pages
    There are three main types of control systems: manual, mechanical automatic, and electronic automatic. Control systems can also be classified as open loop, closed loop, or feedforward systems. Open loop systems operate independently of feedback, while closed loop systems compare output to desired input and use error signals. Feedforward systems measure and compensate for disturbances before errors occur. Key elements of feedback control include sensors to measure process variables, controllers to determine necessary actions, and final elements like valves and motors to physically impact the process.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    There are three main types of control systems: manual, mechanical automatic, and electronic automatic. Control systems can also be classified as open loop, closed loop, or feedforward systems. Open loop systems operate independently of feedback, while closed loop systems compare output to desired input and use error signals. Feedforward systems measure and compensate for disturbances before errors occur. Key elements of feedback control include sensors to measure process variables, controllers to determine necessary actions, and final elements like valves and motors to physically impact the process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    87 views23 pages

    Process Control 2

    Uploaded by

    jeed
    There are three main types of control systems: manual, mechanical automatic, and electronic automatic. Control systems can also be classified as open loop, closed loop, or feedforward systems. Open loop systems operate independently of feedback, while closed loop systems compare output to desired input and use error signals. Feedforward systems measure and compensate for disturbances before errors occur. Key elements of feedback control include sensors to measure process variables, controllers to determine necessary actions, and final elements like valves and motors to physically impact the process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    Prepared by: Mr Ali Abbas

    1
    Fundamentals & Concepts of Processes
    Control Systems

    2
     There are three stages of control systems
    • Manual control system [human control]
    • Automatic control system

    Mechanical Control Electronic Control


    • Hydraulic Control
    • Pneumatic Control

    3
    Human Control
    [Manual]

    4
    Mechanical Control [Automatic]

    5
    Electronic Control [Automatic]

    6
    Classification of Control Strategies

    The control system can be classified as open


    loop control system, closed loop control
    systems and feed forward control

    7
    Open Loop Control System

     The open loop control system is also known as control


    system without feedback.

     In open loop systems the control action is independent


    of desired output .

    8
    Examples open Loop Control Systems

    1-Heat exchanger

    9
    Examples open Loop Control Systems

    2- Automatic washing machine:


    In the machine the operating time is
    set manually after completion of set
    time the machine will stops.

    3- Automatic control traffic.

    10
     Advantages:

     Open loop control systems are simple, economical,


    Less maintenance is required and not difficult.

    Disadvantages:
     Open loop control systems are inaccurate, not
    reliable, slow and optimization is not possible.

    11
    Closed Loop Control System
     Closed loop control systems are also know as
    feedback control systems.

     In closed loop control systems the control


    action is dependent on the desired output.

     In closed loop control systems the output is


    compared with reference input and error signal
    is produced, the error signal is fed to the
    controller to reduce the error and desired
    output obtained .
    12
    Example of closed Loop Control Systems

    1- Heat exchanger

    2- In room we need to regulate the temperature. Air


    conditioners are provided with thermostat.

    13
     Advantages:

    These system are more reliable, faster, a


    number of variables can be handled
    simultaneously and optimization is
    possible.
     Disadvantages:

     Closed loop systems are expensive,


    maintenance difficult and complicated
    installation.
    14
     Feed-forward
    The objective of feed-forward control is to measure
    disturbances and compensate for them before the
    controlled variable deviates from set point. When feed-
    forward control is applied correctly, deviation of the
    controlled variable is minimized.

    -A feed-forward controller measures the disturbance


    variable and sends this value to a controller, which
    adjusts the manipulated variable.

    15
    Heat exchanger feed-forward control system

    16
     Advantages
     If all sources of the disturbances are known and these
    values can be measured accurately.
    Perfect Control !

     Disadvantages
     No corrective action for unmeasured disturbances.
    In industrial applications, feedforward control should
    be used in combination with feedback control.

    17
    Heat exchanger feed-forward control
    system with feedback compensation

    18
    Feedback Control
     There are several important elements in a feedback
    control system.
    • Sensor / Measurement
    • Controller
    • Final Element (Actuator)

    19
    Feedback Control

    20
    Sensor / Measurement
     To effect control of a variable, we need to have information

    on the variable itself.

     Measurement also includes transducers, devices that

    converts signal from one form to another.

    What are the common variables


    measured in a process plant ?

    21
    Controller
     Part of the system that examine the error and determine
    the amount of action needs to be taken.

     In modern control systems, control operations are


    performed by computers or PLCs.

    22
    Final Element (Actuator)
     Device that exert direct influence on the process and bring
    the controlled variable to its desired value.

     Accepts input from the controller which is then converted


    into proportional operation on the process.
     Examples:
    - control valves.
    - pumps, motors.

    23

    You might also like