REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

MODULE 1.3: SINGLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR BEAMS
(USD METHOD BASED ON NSCP2015)

BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ

CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
DESIGN PRINCIPLE

DESIGN CRITERIA: Re q ui re d St re ng t h ≤ De si g n St reng t h

u≤∅Sn
Calculated internal forces at Nominal Strength (100%
critical section due to ultimate capacity produced by
(NSCP 2015 Section 405) concrete and steel)

Reduction Factor
SECTION 409 : BEAMS
409.5 Design Strength a) FLEXURE, Mu ≤ ∅ M n
Nominal Moment Strength
Reduction Factor

Maximum Ultimate Required Moment

b) SHEAR, Vu ≤ ∅ V n
c) TORSION, Tu ≤ ∅ T n
d) AXIAL, Pu ≤ ∅ P n

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
SECTION 405 : LOADS

LOAD DESIGNATION EQUATION PRIMARY LOAD

U =1.4D 405.31a D

U =1.2D +1.6L +0.5 (L or R) 405.31b L

U =1.2D +1.6 (L or R) +(1.0L or 0.5W) 405.31c Lr or R

U =1.2D +1.0W +1.0L +0.5 (Lr or R) 405.31d W

U =1.2D +1.0E+1.0L 405.31e E

U =0.9D +1.0W 405.31f W

U =0.9D+1.0E 405.31g E

Table 405.3.1 Load Combinations

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
422.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR MOMENT AND AXIALSTRENGTH

Where:
fc’ - Concrete Compressive Strength εc– Strain of concrete
fs - Steel Tensile Stress c- depth of the neutral axis from eccf
d - Effective depth a- depth of uniform stress block from eccf
eccf - Extreme concrete compression fiber (d-a/2) - distance between C and T (lever arm/moment arm)
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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
422.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR MOMENT AND AXIALSTRENGTH
equivalent
rectangular stress
block Ac eccf 0.85fc'
fc'

a/2 a/2
a c C a C

d
Neutral Axis
d – a/2
a
T T

SRRB Stress Equivalent Rectangular

fs Section Distribution Stress Block

Where:
fc’ - Concrete Compressive Strength Ac – area of concrete under uniform compressive stress of 0.85 fc’
fs - Steel Tensile Stress c- depth of the neutral axis from eccf
d - effective depth a- depth of uniform stress block from eccf
eccf - extreme concrete compression fiber (d-a/2) - distance between C and T (lever arm)
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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH

For reference: TRIANGULAR SECTION

eccf
Ac 0.85fc'
fc'

2 2
a C a
a 3 c a 3
C
d
Neutral Axis
2
d− a
3

T T

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
equivalent
rectangular stress
block Ac eccf 0.85fc'
f c'

a/2 a/2
a C a C
c
d
Neutral Axis
d – a/2
a
T T

SRRB Stress Equivalent Rectangular

fs Section Distribution Stress Block

422.2.2.4.1 𝜷𝟏
0.85
a= 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 *take note of the
typographical error on NSCP
2015

Table 422.2.2.4.3
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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH

DERIVATION

By Equilibrium :

ΣF x= 0; ΣM = 0 C = 0.85 𝒇’c ab - Axial Compressive Force

T=As 𝒇s - Axial Tensile Force (Non-yielding)

T=As 𝒇y - Axial Tensile Force (Yielding)

𝒂
Mn =0.85 𝒇’c ab(d- )
𝟐
- Design Moment
𝒂
Mn =As 𝒇s (d- )
𝟐

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH

STEEL TENSILE STRESS

CASE I. NON-YIELDING CONDITION
εc=0.003
*Concrete crushes at strain =0.003

𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 ; 𝒇𝒔 =Es ε𝒚 c
By strain Compatibility :
N.A. STRAIN
d DIAGRAM
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑(𝒅−𝒄)
ε s= 𝒄
T
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅−𝒄 εs
𝒇𝒔 =
𝒄
*Theoretical tensile stress when concrete crushes

CASE II.YIELDINGCONDITION
*Use fs =fy
𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 ; T=As 𝒇𝒚 *fs is independent to strain

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
CONDITIONS OF FAILURE
This depends on strain conditions of concrete andsteel.

1.COMPRESSION CONTROLLED FAILURE

Concrete crushes before steel yields. Abrupt Collapse of member
εs <εy For rectangular For spiral
𝒇𝒚 stirrups, use stirrups, use
εy = ∅=0.65 ∅=0.75
*εy – yield strain 𝑬𝒔

*Use εty =0.002 for G420steel

2. TENSION CONTROLLED FAILURE

Steel is way beyond yielding before concrete
εs ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∅=0.90
crushes. Gradual Collapse due to yielding phase.

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
CONDITIONS OF FAILURE

3. TRANSITION FAILURE
Steel just yielded
εy <εs <0.005
*Use εy =0.002 for G420steel

409.3.3 Reinforcement Strain

εy or εs ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 Note. Always maintain a tension controlled design

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
REDUCTION FACTOR CALCULATION

Use ∅ ranging from 0.65 to 0.90,

through interpolation. (Table 421.2.2)

𝟎.𝟗−𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝒇𝒚
∅other=0.65+ 𝒇𝒚 (𝜺𝒕- 𝑬𝒔)
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓−
𝑬𝒔

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
MODES OF DESIGN

1.Under-Reinforced Design – Tension steel reinforcement

strength reached while the concrete strength has not yet
reached
2.Balanced Design – tension steel reinforcement and concrete
strength simultaneously
3.Over-Reinforced Design – concrete strength reached while the
tension steel reinforcement strength has not yet reached

Note: The code requires the design to be under-reinforced

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax)

When concrete crushes at εc = 0.003, depending on the amount of

steel (As ) present as tension reinforcement, following conditions are
possible for steel strain (εs )

1. εs = εy Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure

2. εs < εy Over reinforced condition, Brittle failure
3. εs > εy Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure

• For relative high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may

occur under conditions 1 & 2, causing brittle failure. It is for this
reason that NSCP restricts maximum amount of reinforcement in
member subjected to flexural load only.

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
TENSION CONTROLLED CONDITION
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003

c5
cb

d
d

TENSION
CONTROLLED

εs= fy/Es

0.005
T
*c5 is the distance from from
eccf to Neutral Axis at Tension
Controlled

Steel Ratio at Tension

Controlled

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ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003

c5
cb

d
d

TENSION
CONTROLLED

εs= fy/Es
0.005
T
*c b is the distance from
from eccf to Neutral Axis
at Balanced Strain
Condition

Steel Ratio at Balanced Strain

Condition

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example: b =250 mm

Determine the following for the given beam section.

Use fc’ =21 MPa, fy =280 MPa

1. Depth of stress block, a

2. Tensile steel strain, εt, when concrete εc=0.003
3. Type of Failure
d=400 mm
4. Reduction Factor
5. Nominal Moment Capacity
6. Ultimate Moment Capacity
3 - ∅16mm

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
Determine the following for the given beam section:
Use fc’ =21 MPa, fy =420 Mpa. Concrete
cover=40mm, Stirrups diameter=10mm

1. Depth of stress block, a

2. Tensile steel strain, εt, when concrete εc=0.003

3. Type of Failure
h=460mm
4. Reduction Factor
5. Nominal Moment Capacity
6. Ultimate Moment Capacity

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
Determine the following for the given beam section:
Use fc’ =21 MPa, fy =420 MPa

1. Depth of stress block, a

2. Tensile steel strain, εt, when concrete εc=0.003
3. Type of Failure
4. Reduction Factor
5. Nominal Moment Capacity 400 mm
6. Ultimate Moment Capacity

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example: b =250 mm

Determine the following for the given beam section:

Use fc’ =21 Mpa, fy =420 MPa

1. Depth of stress block, a, at ultimate stage

2. Tensile steel strain,εt, when concrete εc=0.003
d=400 mm
3. Type of Failure
4. Reduction Factor
5 - ∅20mm
5. Nominal Strength
6. Design Strength

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example: b =250 mm

Determine the following for the given beam section:

fc’ =21 Mpa, fy =420 MPa

1. Depth of stress block, a, at ultimate stage

2. Tensile steel strain,εt, when concrete εc=0.003 d=400 mm
3. Type of Failure
4. Reduction Factor 5 - ∅25mm
5. Nominal Strength
6. Design Strength

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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
-ALTERNATE EQUATION FOR SRRB
-SUGGESTED FOR DESIGN PROBLEMS
- Derived combined equation of C =T and couple formula.

ΣF x= 0 from stress diagram

C = T ρ𝒇y The Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu is given by
0.85 𝒇’c ab = As 𝒇y Let ω=
𝒇’c
Mu=∅ Mn (where ∅ =0.9 for tension controlled section)
Solving for a, ω𝒅 Eq.4
a=
0.85 Mu =∅𝒇’c ω b 𝒅2(1-0.59 ω) Eq.6
A 𝒇
a = 0.85s 𝒇y’ b Eq.1
c From stress diagram, the nominal moment capacity, Mn is Let the coefficient of Resistance, R
Multiplying by d/d, 𝒂 𝒂
Mn =C(d- )= 0.85 𝒇’c ab(d- ) Eq.7
As 𝒇y 𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 R= 𝒇’c ω (1-0.59 ω)
a=
0.85 𝒇’c b d Mu =∅𝑹b 𝒅2 Eq.8
Substituting the value of Eq. 4 to above,
A Solving ω in Eq. 7 and replacing it with ρ𝒇y yields
Let ρ= s Eq.2 Mn =0.85 𝒇’c ω 𝒅 b(d- ω 𝒅 ) 𝒇’c
bd 0.85 0.85(2) the following formula for steel ratio

ρ 𝒇y 𝒅 Eq.3 Mn =𝒇’c ω b 𝒅2(1-0.59 ω) Eq.5

a= 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝑹
0.85 𝒇’c ρ= 𝟏− 𝟏− Eq.9
𝒇𝒚 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
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 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
DESIGN LIMITATIONS
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝒇’𝒄
Minimum Tensile Steel Ratio 𝟏.𝟒
ρmin = 𝒐𝒓
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

Limiting Strain: εty or εs ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒

εs = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax = ( ) For Analysis
𝒇𝒚 𝟕

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax = ( ) For Design
𝒇𝒚 𝟖

Note:
If ρ<ρmin , use ρmin

If ρ > ρmax , Design/Analyze as Doubly Reinforced Beam

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
1. Supposed you need to design a concrete beam located at the 2nd floor of a factory
whose properties are as follows: f’c=34.6 MPa, fy=414.7 MPa. From load analysis, it is
determined that the dead load acting on the beam is 10.5 kN/m and the Live Load is 16
kN/m. Assume the beam to be simply supported with a span of 6.4m, and that steel
cover is 62.5mm. Beam dimensions rounded off by 50’s. By client standard, b=0.75h. Use
db=25mm

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ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:

Determine the following for the given bf =700 mm

beam section:

fc’ =21Mpa; fy=420MPa 100 mm

1. Depth of stress block, a, at
ultimate stage
2 . Tensile steel strain,εt, when
d=500 mm
concrete εc=0.003
3 . Type of Failure 5 - ∅20mm

4. Reduction Factor
5 . Nominal Strength
300 mm
6. Design Strength

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