Pak Studies O Levels CAIE Past Paper Notes
Pak Studies O Levels CAIE Past Paper Notes
Pak Studies O Levels CAIE Past Paper Notes
Geography
Map questions concerning locations.
A Murree
B Quetta
Geography 1
Name locations A, B and C
A Islamabad
B Lahore
C Faisalabad
D River Indus
Geography 2
Geography 3
Geography 4
The Natural Topography, including drainage
Describe the characteristics of a floodplain
Geography 5
Two ways in which a floodplain can be used.
Flood plain can be used by farmers as fields to grow crops and carry out
agriculture as the soil is very fertile. Cattle grazing can also be done by rearing
buffalos, goats, animals, etc.
Monsoons ———— blow towards the heart of the ———— in ————. They
blow towards the sea in —————-.
Monsoon winds blow towards the heart of the continent in summer, they blow
towards the sea in winters
When it heavy rain occur, excessive water is produces which increases the
water level in dams and reservoirs leading to overflow of water. Markets and
roads have to be closed, there is loss of income and danger of lives. Flooding
also causes waterlogging and salinity which effects the quality of arable land
in an adverse way.
Which view do you agree with more? give reasons to support your answer and
refer to examples you have studied.
Geography 6
I agree with Statement A more than statement B. River floods occur at least
every 1 year and although they are not severe, severe flooding also occur
every 5 years. I think that the disadvantages of river flooding ridicule all the
benefits as at last human lives are of the most concern. Many houses, farms
and businesses are destroyed. There is a high cost of clear up and there is
loss on economy. Floods hinder progress and things have to be built again.
Loss of days of work also hinders the economy and put's the pressure on
citizens. There should be more flood management schemes which take natural
measures to stop the rivers from overflooding. overflowing of banks cam be
done by planting trees along the foothills which check the flow of running
water. This will also have a positive effect to the environment and contribute
to a more cooler, greener environment. We can also build embankments on
either side of the river to prevent water from overflowing. If still there is
flooding then, flood warnings should be addressed over radio and evacuations
shall be done in the affected areas. Whereas i think that there shall be artificial
flooding done to only the arable land so that the benefits can also be taken. In
conclusion, we should focus on flood management schemes and take
necessary actions towards preventing such disasters.
U shaped valleys
cirque
Geography 7
scree
snowfields
parallel ranges
State two reasons why deforestation has occurred in the northern mountains
to graze livestock
Climate
When are thunderstorms more likely to occur?
In the summer
Thunderstorms are one source of rainfall, state three other sources of rainfall
in Pakistan
Monsoon winds
Western depressions
Convectional currents
relief rainfall
Tropical cyclones.
Geography 8
other than flooding, describe two problems experiences by people as a result
of thunderstorms
Evacuation procedures
Severe flooding can be difficult to manage because the measures can only
be done in certain areas
Geography 9
Natural Resources - an Issue of
sustainability.[3]
Smokes from factories and industrial areas increase the carbon content of
the air and pollute it.
Burning of fossil fuels result in the emission of the greenhouse gases and
result in the pollution of air.
Explain how the use of chemical fertilizers on farms damages the natural
environment, you should develop your answer.4
After chemical fertilizers are used, and the fields are irrigated, the water
returns to the rivers with a huge amount of fertilizer in them, which are
harmful.
Eutrophication in rivers cause the algal blooms and aquatic animals to die,
killing fishes and other aquatic life.
It disrupts the food chain as the aquatic animals are killed and the animals
were supposed to be food for some other animal causing unbalance.
About 60% of irrigation water is lost before it reaches crops. Give three
reasons why irrigation water is lost this way.3
Seepage from the beds of the canals is responsible for most of the water
loss.
Evaporation from the surface of canals, is also responsible for water being
lost before it reaches the crop.
Geography 10
Agricultural development[7]
What is meant by each of the following terms?
It means that the farmer is growing crops for his own and families use.
When crops are in excess they are sold for profit, it is not an expectation
that they shall earn money from it. Animals
From the list below, choose one example of a crop that is mainly grown as a
subsistence crop and one that is mainly grown as cash crop.
Rice, sugar cane, oilseeds, vegetables, cotton, wheat
Subsistence crop: Rice/vegetables/wheat
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using High Yielding varieties of
crops?
Advantages:
It allows multi-cropping, which means that it can use smaller land so more
crops grow faster.
Disadvantages:
Seeds have to be bought every year, as we cannot sow seeds from the
crops produced themselves.
Geography 11
it is expensive and the poor farmers cannot afford it.
What kinds of crops are grown in cash crop farming especially in Sindh and
Punjab?
cotton
wheat
rice
sugar cane
High-yielding seeds
Why does the price increase of the crop and limits the profit to growers?
Commercial farmer grows the crop on the basis of demand, price and
favourable government policies. Growers are also given incentives by the
government.
Rabi crops
Geography 12
Sown at beginning of the winter season, Oct-Nov) and harvested on
April-May) are known as rabi crops.
Wheat
Barley
grams
oilseeds
pulses
Kharif crops
Rice
Sugar cane
millets
cotton
maize
Wheat - 40.38%
cotton - 21.72%
Rice - 12.38
Sugar cane - 14.33
Maize 11.19
Geography 13
Canal irrigated lands of Sindh and Punjab meet the requirements for
wheat, the temperature is favourable and the soil is rich, flat and
unandulating.
Waterlogged areas of Indus plain are not suitable for the cultivation of
wheat.
Sialkot
Gujranwala
2 secondary regions
Sukkur
Bannu
2 minor regions
Larkana
Khushab
Cultivation of wheat
Oct - Dec, after ploughing the field, wheat seeds are sown directly into the
ground.
It doesn't need much water so the farmers only water the crop twice.
The first irrigation is done one month after sowing the seed.
The second irrigation takes place one month before harvesting the crop.
The grain is then stored by the farmer for the use of the family or
transported to the market.
Geography 14
With the introduction of new wheat varieties, and improved farming
methods.
Sowing begins on the dry month and season of Oct to Dec, when the
average temperature is 15 degrees,
As the rainfall is 13 to 32mm the seeds get little moisture when the
growing period starts.
Geography 15
Moderate rainfall. A little rain just before the harvest swells the grain and
ensures a better yield.
Only Potwar Plateau and some parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are rain-fed
regions.
the rice fields are kept full of water until the rice is ripe.
After threshing, the rice is taken to the rice mills for polishing and packing,
Rice husks are used for making cardboard or covering roofs of houses
after mixing it with mud and water.
Geography 16
Improvement in irrigation facilities has led to increase in production of rice
as rice is grown exclusively on irrigated land.
The use of Irri - Pak variety has also doubled the production of rice.
Export, particularly of basmati rice, has increased over the years.
Sialkot
Gujranwala
Dadu
Gujrat
Requires plenty of rain during the 46 months growing period and a sunny
harvesting time.
What are the Human inputs required for the production of rice?
Irrigation.
Geography 17
How is cotton used and how much is it used?
King of fibre
used to make clothes, furnishing fabrics, bed linen and industrial fabrics.
After picking, the cotton bolls are loaded into the trucks immediately and
transported to ginning mills where the seeds are separated from the lint.
Cotton seeds are used as animal feed and for the extraction of oil.
If the soil is enriched in fertilizers and the locusts do not attack the crop,
yields up to 700kg per hectare can be expected.
Geography 18
For harvesting, the day temperatures of 25 to 35 degrees are best with
dry and sunny days.
Rain at picking spoils the boll from which the lint is extracted.
Automatic, cotton - picking machines are also useful but in Pakistan, most
picking is done by cheap labour, which mainly consists of women.
Irrigation
fertilizers.
Leaf-curl virus
Geography 19
Insects
locusts
Varieties of cotton
Old varieties:
Pak Upland,
Desi
Nayyab 78
B557
149F
Sugar
Brown sugar
Jaggery
If the land is well irrigated, then the plants rise up to the height of 6 - 7
feet and the crop can be ratooned and so harvested for 2 - 3 successive
years.
Geography 20
After the sugar cane is harvested, it sends new shoots called ratoons and
these are left if the transportation of the sugar cane is slightly delayed, the
sugar content is reduced and starts losing weight.
the cane is scrubbed with chalk to remove the smell and dirt.
After extracting the juice by crushing the cane through heavy rollers. the
juice is further processed to produce 'white sugar'.
In villages 'Gur' and 'brown sugar' are also prepared frim the sugar juice.
What are the major by-products left over during the processing of sugar-cane?
Bagasse and molasses are the two major by products.
Bagasse is a fibre left over after the sugar cane is crushed, it is used to make
paper, chipboard and animal feed.
Molasses is the liquid left over after the crystallization of sugar. It is a valuable
raw material for the production of citric acid, cattle feed, baker's yeast,
synthetic rubber, etc.
2535 degrees
loam and clay soils and silt are most useful as they retain water.
Geography 21
What type of crop is maize?
Kharif crop
Pulses
Rich in proteins
Pulses fix the nitrogen in the soil therefore helping to fix the and fertilize
the other crops that follows.
Generally pulses are considered as low value crops so the farmer pays
little attention to them other than scattering seeds into the field.
When crops are harvested, little care is taken because the cash returns are
low and consequently inputs are minimal.
Mung
Mash
grams
masoor
Millets
Geography 22
Jowar
Bajra
Used as fodder for animals poultry and also used as a food crop
Soil
can be grown on poorer sandy soils.
Area of cultivation
Tharparker(Sindh)
Kohat(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Atock
Rawalpindi
Jhelum
Sarghoda
Bahawalpur
Oilseeds are like sunflower seeds, castor seeds, rapeseeds, sesame seeds
unable to meet demand for growing population and needs to be imported around
68% while 32% is locally produced.
Tobacco mainly grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which accounts for the total 65%
of the production.
Mardan and Peshawar are the main tobacco growing regions.
Geography 23
nomadic livestock farming
Move from place to place along with their animals in search of food and
water
sheep and goats provide them with milk and the camels carry their loads.
if they find grazing food and water, then they settle down for weeks or
even days.
Transhumance
the system of livestock in which the animals are kept on pastures high up
in the mountains in summer and brought down to lower pastures in the
winters.
In area with severe winters, at lower levels, the animals are often kept in
sheds
Goats, sheep and cattle are the main animals farmed this way,
To use the highest pastures in the Karakorum and the Himalayas, yak and
dzu a cross, are reared,
Meat dairy products and wool are the main outputs all of which may be
sold of there is any excess over subsistence needs.
Settled
cows and hens are kept for milk and eggs to be consumed by the family.
Inputs are mainly derived from nature and the processes that are followed
are the traditional ones. The outputs are minimal
Geography 24
Occasionally the meat and wool is sold to buy more animals and other
necessities of life.
Urban supplies of milk come mainly from buffalo herds in the cities
themselves.
Fodder is brought from the nearest crop growing area, often by heavy
lorries.
Australian designed dairy farms in Islamabad and Karachi which make use
of the scientific methods and cross-breeding to increase the fertility rate.
Importance of livestock
Supply for nutritious food for the people(ghee, butter, milk, cheese, eggs,
meat)
How is the keeping of buffalo different from the type of farming in Photograph
A? i.e nomadic livestock farming/Transhumance.
Geography 25
The buffalos need to remain in water so areas which have water, like the
canal irrigated areas of Sindh and punjab
Buffalos are kept in one place while the settled livestock requires a
permanent settlement.
Development of the livestock sector is the best way to increase the amount of
food available in Pakistan. OR Increasing crop production and cultivatable area is
the best way of ensuring there is enough food in Pakistan.
Increasing the crop production and cultivatable area is the best way of
ensuring that there is enough food in Pakistan because, more food can be
grown for more people in the same amount of land than it would be using
that area for the farming of animals because of techniques like multi-
cropping and using high-yield varieties of crops, there is also well-
developed irrigation and access to fertilizers and pesticides are also
available. However Livestock farming is not as effective as agriculture because
there is insufficient land for fodder crops, and inadequate storage facilities.
Pakistan has a lack of grazing land and issues like overgrazing lead to soil
erosion and global warming. Also issues like Unhygienic husbandry, lack of
funds and the majority not using the scientific methods, make livestock
farming ineffective to meet the growing demands of he growing population.
Power Resources[8]
Gas producing regions in Pakistan
Potwar Plateau
Geography 26
The network of the natural gas pipelines is built from the gas producing
regions to the ones that the Gas needs to be supplied with. It runs from Lower
Sindh, and runs north and supplies gas towards central Sindh and northern
sindh. Then it joins Quetta which is a largely populated city and serves gad
there. THe Pipeline of gas throut the country is in the center meaning that
most places which are not on the central side have no access to gas
resources. There are only a few branch lines towards the east and west mainly
which are towards main city centres.
Explain one way of transporting natural gas to parts of Pakistan not served by
the pipelines and one limitation of this method. 4
Geography 27
Gas are filled in compressed tanks known as LPG's and then loaded into
trucks and railways, which then can be transported all over Pakistan.
Power
Domestic
Manufacturing
Commercial
Cement
Transport, CNG
More pipelines and gas fired thermal power stations could be set up;
Geography 28
Pipeline could be extended further to areas currently not served;
If more gas fired thermal power stations are built, Pakistan could reduce
imports of oil and coal;
Finding more gas reserves would increase the domestic supply and
increase the number of potential years use;
Difficulties:
Cost of exploration and building of power stations will not be value for
money or cost effective.
Industries would not be built in these areas as they are remote and not
ideal locations for an industry.
Explain why the amount of coal being extracted from Pakistan has changed
since it's peak? You should develop your answer.4
Geography 29
Lack of government funding which a developing country with high
population growth cannot control.
there is also a lack of transport links to and from the coal producing
regions, therefore discouraging further investment.
There is also a lack of highly skilled and trained labour which means that
Pakistan has to import it's workers which in turn have to be paid in dollars
and a country like Pakistan cannot afford this and goes into dept.
Industrial Development[9]
Yarn is semi-secondary
Geography 30
Define tertiary industry[1]
Tertiary industry is concerned with providing service and sometimes knows
as the service industry. It has many different groups such as public
administration, transport, defence and authority.(additional, not included in
answer as question is only of 1 mark)
Sales
Waiter
Driver
Teacher
Educarion
Doctor
Banker
Guide
Hairdresser
etc
Income for tourism is usually greater than the income from the export of a
few raw materials. It may help Pakistan's balance of payments and lessen
the burden of debt.
Geography 31
Pakistan is a rich country in terms of natural topography and also
experiences all 4 climatic conditions, in theory, Pakistan is the perfect
country to develop Tourism industry in. There are many impressive
attractions, which are natural background that could be further developed
for tourism, Pakistan's 1500km coastline can easily be developed into not
only one but many beaches, which will in turn create more jobs and
ultimately help and boost the economy of the country.
The tourists facilities must be improved, like all- weather roads, access to
clean water, access to electricity, gas.
Visa on arrival can be initiated for 24 countries so that gaining visa can be
hassle-free.
However these things can be acheived, it must be taken into note than
Pakistan is a less economically developed country which means that the
costs for developing tourism infrastructure will be very costly for a country
like Pakistan
Tourism often destroys local culture and traditions, New social problems of
crime. terrorism, drugs may emerge. sometimes tourists do not respect
local customs and religious beliefs.
Geography 32
Suggest three physical factors for the pattern of population distribution shown
in figure 5.1.3
What is an industry?
An industry is a group of manufacturers that produce a particular kind of
goods or services. Workers in the textile industry design fabricate and sell
cloth.
Primary industry
Geography 33
An industry involved in extraction and collectiono of natural resources,
such as copper and timber, as well as by activities such as farming and
fishing. A company on a primary industry can also be involved in turning
natural resources into products. Primary industry tends to make up a larger
portion of the economy of developing countries(LEDC) than they do for
developed countries.MEDC
The service sector consists of the "soft" parts of economy that is the
activities where people offer their knowledge and time to improve
productivity, performance, potential and sustainability, which is termed as
affective labours. Services (also known as "intangible goods:) include
attention, advice, access, experience and discussion.
Geography 34
Geography 35
How does an industry work as a system?
It also consist of input, processes and outputs.
The inputs include:
Raw materials
Human input
costs
Captial
Enterprises
Land
Power
Smelting
Weaving
Spinning
Dyeing
Moulding
Knitting
Tanning
Cement
Soft drinks
Manufactured goods
For a firm to be profitable and to remain in bussiness, the value of it's outputs
must be greater than the cost of it's input
Some of the profit should then be re-invested, e.g. in modernizing the factory
and introducing new technology.
Geography 36
Capital → Enterprises → Land → Raw material → Power → Labour → Capital.
Physical factors
Geography 37
Able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed
Geography 38
What are the advantages of establishing small scale industry?
employment potential
Geography 39
Where are principle factory industries present?
They are present in:
Karachi
Hyderabad
Faisalabad
Geography 40
What is cotton textile industry?
Geography 41
Problems faced by Textile industry:
Poor infrastructure
terrorist activities
water shortages
Geography 42
Sugar industry
Fertilizer industry
Geography 43
Main location of fertilizer industry
Faisalabad
cement industry
Geography 44
Location and importance of cement industry
Geography 45
Siting industry.
Industrial estates
textile
tanning
printing
Geography 46
Has assets less than Rs 10million(excluding loan, land and building). Up to
10hired labor can be employed in addition to family labor.
Use of telecommunications:
Restrictions on exports
Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to
reduce unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in you
answer[6].
It may reduce unemployment because more entrepreneurs are generated,
which in turn make jobs for more number of people. It will reduce the number
of managers to be brought in from businesses abroad and new businesses will
open. Many people own smart phones and have basic skills to set up a
Geography 47
business from, their own homes. Equipment and training can be expensive for
a country like Pakistan, and not all student's and families can afford to go to
universities and develop IT expertise. Also many IT graduates emigrate so
Pakistan does not always benefit from the, Pakistan faces issues of power
outages and constant load shedding and not all areas have a reliable
electricity supply. In conclusion IT does have a potential to reduce
unemployment as more entrepreneur's are generated which reduces their
chances to be unemployed.
Trade[10]
What is meant by the term 'Balance of trade?'1
The difference between the value of goods imported and exported by a
country, or the value of imports subtracted from the exports.
Rise in taxation
Geography 48
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.6
Yes development of telecommunications has improved the employment
opportunities in Pakistan as some international companies manage their
branches in other parts of the world from their head offices. The development
of fast and and efficient telecommunications in Pakistan encouraged such
companies in Pakistan to open their branches which in turn creates many jobs
for the public. The working conditions on offices has also increased, call
centres have become the a source of employment for the generation for
computer skilled workers in developing countries like Pakistan where labour
rates are comparatively low. It also has better paid jobs in the tertiary sector
as giving services is made easy using telecommunication. However it creates
relatively low and few employment opportunities as computers and other IT
devices are far more efficient than workers. Telecommunications depend
largely on a steady supply of electricity, Load shedding and frequent power
breakdowns are common in Pakistan. However despite the problems,
telecommunications play an important role in the economic development of
Pakistan and has given great improvement in Pakistan's position economically.
Geography 49
Jinnah barrage on river Indus.
Barrages are also important as they are responsible for flood control, and
control the flow of water.
Faster supply of finished goods, which means that trade will be much
quicker and efficient.
Explain the difficulties of building roads in the desert area of Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.4
Geography 50
The rugged, undulating and sandy terrain of the desert areas of Pakistan,
increases the construction costs due to extra bridges and cuttings, there has
to be extra length to be built to cover and curve around the features of the
desert. The extreme heat of the climate, high temperatures make the working
condition very difficult for the workers as they might dehydrate and have an
illness.
What was the annual growth rate between 1971 and 2017?
People prefer to have more offspring as they will help them in the farm,
parents work, which will help them earn more money.
Early marriages:
Religious aspects:
Muslims have belief that Allah gives 'Rizk' to everyone then why should
they have only a few children?
Geography 51
Parents want a son as they believe only sons can support them financially,
but females can support their parents financially.
Refugee issue:
Afghan refugees started entering Pakistan in 1979 and their number reached
3.7 million in 1990. Pakistan is still hosting 1.818 million Afghan refugees.
Inconsistent government policies:
Low literacy-rate:
In Pakistan, majority of the people are illiterate. They are not aware of the
economic distress caused by high birth-rate.
more programs for educational institutions for females, this will delay age
of marriage and reduce birth rate.
Geography 52
Unevenly spread;
• Most people in North / North East Punjab / KPK;
• Densely populated in Punjab / Sindh;
• Most population in East Pakistan (compared with west);
• Most / more population centred around cities or named example from
map, e.g. Islamabad / Lahore / Hyderabad / Karachi / Quetta;
• South West / West / North / North East Pakistan has few people /
sparsely populated;
• Balochistan / FATA / Northern KPK / NWFP/ Gilgit-Baltistan / Northern
Areas / Jammu and Kashmir are sparsely populated;
Geography 53
There are Social factors of population growth in Pakistan. Early marriages
increases the span of productivity. There is lack of family planning and birth
control. People believe that Allah is the one that will give them 'rizk' so they
end up have more children. Large families are seen as a matter of pride, and
there is desire for large families. The literacy rate is also low which makes the
people unable to know about the economic effect having more children has.
Another factor is the economic factor, children are an important part of the
working force and they are needed for the work on land, mainly agriculture.
There is a huge desire for sons as daughters are seen as disrespect.
Photograph B
Geography 54
Photograph C
Using Photograph B and your own knowledge, describe how bricks are made
in rural
areas.3
Then the mixture is placed into rectangular moulds that make the brick
shape.
After they are dried, they are put into brock kilns, and heated to bake them
and make them ready for use.
The cheap labour is doing the work which are mostly women, the work is
manual and done by hand.
Geography 55
Why is employment in urban areas considered to be more attractive than
employment in rural areas? 2
Because the salaries are high with more working benefits like health
insurance.
State three pull factors that attract migrants to urban areas for work.3
Higher and better education is available in the urban areas with more
schools and collages which ensure a better future for their children.
evaluate
Building an iron and steel mill will make more employment opportunities to
the people of Rawalpindi and the surrounding areas. There will be
improvements around the area such as new roads and infrastructure. More
people will be attracted to the area meaning there will be new settlements.
There will be more trade in local shops and more work for local steel and
iron related industries, However with these advantages there will also be
Geography 56
significant disadvantages of building an iron and steel mill. There will be air
pollution from the carbon emissions from the factory and also land and
water pollution as factories do not throw their toxic waste responsibly.
Roads and railways might become congested due to the amount of people
coming here, and also by the transport of raw materials to bring in this
factory as most transport is done by road and rail. It will use large amounts
of water and electricity which may be a problem for the people of
Rawalpindi as it will reduce their amount of water and electricity.
From either imports or exports, suggest reasons why the countries listed are
important trading partners for Pakistan?
Imports
China and India are the source of capital and manufactured goods, the
technological goods and machinery are imported from China.
UAE, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are the major countries from which Pakistan
imports palm oil in huge quantities.
Geography 57
Geography 58