General Chemistry1

Chapter 1

Introduction
Chapter 1

Introduction
1.3: Classifications of matter
1.4: Physical and chemical properties of matter
1.5: Measurements
1.6: Handling numbers
1.7: Dimensional analysis in solving problems

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 Classification of Matter
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it
undergoes.
• The matter can be classified in two different ways;
(a) according to its state
(b) according to its composition.
• All substances, in principle, can exist in three states:
solid, liquid, and gas. The interconversion between
these states can be effected by a change in temperature.

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 Three states of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas

The particles are The particles are The particles have

packed close closely packed, but complete freedom
together in a fixed they have some from each other
position. ability to move (No fixed volume
(Fixed volume & around. (Fixed & shape.
shape) volume & indefinite Compressible)
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shape)
Classifying Matter by Composition

Copper
Tea Oil and Table salt (Cu)
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water (NaCl)
Classification of Matter by Composition

A substance can be either an element or a compound.

➢ An element is a substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical means.
(Examples: hydrogen, oxygen, iron, etc.…)
➢ Compounds are pure substances that contain two
or more elements combined in a definite fixed
proportion.
(Examples: water, glucose, etc.…)

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 Classification of Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which
the substances retain their distinct identities.
• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition
is uniform throughout the mixture
Example: sugar dissolved in water
A homogeneous mixture called solution

• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition

is not uniform throughout the mixture.
✓ contains regions within the sample with different
characteristics
✓ atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly
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Example: sand mixed with iron
 Properties of Matter
• A physical property can be measured and
observed without changing the composition or
identity of a substance.
Examples:
▪ Color
▪ melting point
▪ boiling point
▪ density

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 Properties of Matter
• Chemical properties: Properties that a substance
displays only by changing its composition via a
chemical change.

Examples:
▪ The ability to react with acids.
▪ The ability to catch fire (flammability)

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 1.4. Changes in Matter

Physical Change Chemical Change

Changes that alter the state Changes that alter the
or appearance of the matter composition of the matter. It
without altering the change the substance into
composition. different substance.
➢Example: Boiling of water ➢ Example: Burning of gasoline

CO2(g)
H2O(g)

C3H8(g)

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 Changes in Matter
Physical changes
▪ boiling / condensing
▪ melting / freezing
▪ sublimation
▪ Dissolving of sugar in water

Chemical changes
• Rusting of iron
• Burning of wood
• Food digesting
• Cake baking
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Extensive Properties and Intensive Properties

Extensive Properties
The measured value of an extensive property depends on how
much matter is being considered.
Examples: Mass, length, and volume are extensive properties.

Intensive Properties
The measured value of an intensive property does not depend on
the amount of matter being considered.
Examples: Temperature, melting point, boiling point, and density

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 1.5 Measurement
➢ Measurement has a number and a unit
• Scientists have agreed on a set of international standard units for
comparing all our measurements called the SI units
✓ Système International = International System

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 Mass and Weight
Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object
Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an object.
The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

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Table 1.3 Prefixes Used with SI Units

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science
Volume
▪ Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.
▪ The SI-derived unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3)

▪ Non-SI unit of volume is Liters (L)

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 Density
• Density is the mass of an object divided by its volume:
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
𝒎
𝒅 =
𝑽
• Solids = g/cm3
✓1 cm3 = 1 mL
• Liquids = g/mL
• Gases = g/L
• Density : solids > liquids >>> gases
✓except ice is less dense than liquid water! 17
Example 1.1: A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 257 g
has a volume of 13.3 cm3 . Calculate the density of gold.

Solution:
m
d=
V
d = 257 g /13.3 cm3
= 19.3 g/cm3

Practice Exercise: A piece of platinum metal with a density of

21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?

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 Temperature Scales
Three temperature scales are currently in use.
°F (degrees Fahrenheit), °C (degrees Celsius), and K (kelvin).

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Example 1.2
(a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in electronic
circuits. A certain solder has a melting point of 224°C. What is its
melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?

[(9/5)ᵒC x 224°C] + 32 = 435 °F

(b) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at - 452°F.
Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.

(-452ᵒF - 32) x (5/9) = -269 °C

(c) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature,
melts at - 38.9°C. Convert its melting point to kelvins.

-38.9 ᵒC + 273.15 = 234.3 K

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 1.6 Handling Numbers
Scientific Notation N X 10n
(1) Express 568.762 in scientific notation:
568.762 = 5.68762 X 102
(The decimal point is moved to the left by two places and n = 2)
(2) Express 0.00000772 in scientific notation:
0.00000772 = 7.72 X 10-6
The decimal point is moved to the right by six places and n = - 6.
Addition and Subtraction

Multiplication and Division

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 Significant Figures
May be:
5.212
5.213
5.214
Written as:
5.213 ± 0.001

In scientific measurements:
Last digit: Estimated (uncertain) All other digits: Certain
Uncertainty is assumed ±1 of last digit
Significant figures are the meaningful digits in a measured
or calculated quantity.

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 Counting Significant Figures
1. Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.5 has 2 sig. figs.
2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
1.05 has 3 sig. figs.
3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant.
0.001050 has 4 sig. figs.
0.001050 =1.050 x 10-3
4. If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to the
right of the decimal point count as significant figures.
153.0 has four sig. figs.
2.0 mg has two significant figs.

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 Counting Significant Figures
5. For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the trailing
zeros (that is, zeros after the last nonzero digit) may or may not
be significant.
400 cm (1 or 2 or 3 sig. fig)
• By using scientific notation, however, we avoid this
ambiguity
4 X 102 (1 sig. fig)
4.0 X 102 (2 sig. fig)
4.00 X 102 (1 sig. fig)
6. Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant
figures.
I inch is defined as exactly 2.54 centimeters (1 in. = 2.54 cm)
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EXAMPLE 1.3
Determine the number of significant figures in the following
measurements:
(a) 394 cm
(b) 5.03 g
(c) 0.714 m
(d) 0.052 kg
(e) 2.7203 1022 atoms
(f ) 3000 mL

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Addition and Subtraction with Significant
Figures
• When adding or subtracting measurements with
significant figures, the result has the same number
of decimal places as the measurement with the
fewest number of decimal places

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 Multiplication and Division with
Significant Figures
• When multiplying or dividing measurements with
significant figures, the result has the same number of
significant figures as the measurement with the
fewest number of significant figures

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 Rounding
• When rounding to the correct number of significant figures, if
the number after the place of the last significant figure is
1. 0 to 4, round down
✓ drop all digits after the last sig. fig. and leave the last sig.
fig. alone

2. 5 to 9, round up
✓ drop all digits after the last sig. fig. and increase the last sig.
fig. by one

Example: rounding to 2 significant figures

2.34 rounds to 2.3
2.37 rounds to 2.4
2.349865 rounds to 2.3
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 Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy tells us how close a measurement is to the true value
of the quantity that was measured.

Precision refers to how closely two or more measurements of

the same quantity agree with one another.

Good accuracy Poor accuracy Poor accuracy

and and and
Good precision Good precision. poor precision.
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 1.7: Dimensional Analysis in Solving
Problems
• The procedure we use to convert between units in solving
chemistry problems is called dimensional analysis
• Conversion factors are relationships between two units

given quantity X conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit  = desired unit
given unit 31
 1.7: Dimensional Analysis in Solving
Problems
Example: convert 57.8 m to cm

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Example: 1.5
A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form of sugar) is
0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in milligrams (mg)?
(1 lb= 453.6 g.)
Solution
The sequence of conversion is
Pounds → grams → milligrams
Using the following conversion factors:

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Example: 1.6A liquid helium storage tank has a volume of 275 L.
What is the volume in m3 ?
Solution:

Example 1.7: The density of the liquid nitrogen at its boiling point
(2196°C or 77 K) is 0.808 g/cm3 . Convert the density to units of
kg/m3.
Solution:

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