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4
jftdj <4Edlrufry <;64 ge t`d Z`orj Jovosogb ge t`d Hgurt ge Zfx Fppdfas (HZF Z`orj Jovosogb) ob HZF Hfsd Bg.0:>4. Z`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb egubj pdtotogbdr [gwdr Xdhtgr Fssdts fbj Aofloaotods IfbfndidbtHgrpgrftogb ([XFAI) aoflad tg pfy t`d figubt ge ₶?,455,;5<,4>6.:: fs jdeohodbhy vfaud-fjjdj tfx (UFZ)egr t`d tfxflad ydfr <;;0, obhausovd ge t`d jdeohodbhy obtdrdst fbj jdaobqudbhy obtdrdst.
Z`d Efhts
[XFAI, f ngvdrbidbt-gwbdj fbj hgbtrgaadj hgrpgrftogb hrdftdj ubjdr \dpulaoh Fht Bg. (\F) ?685 gr t`d Dadhtroh [gwdr Objustry \degri Fht ge <;;6 (D[O\F),
5
os ifbjftdj tg ifbfnd t`d grjdray sfad,jospgsotogb, fbj provftozftogb ge t`d Bftogbfa [gwdr Hgrpgrftogb (B[H) ndbdrftogb fssdts, rdfa dstftd fbjgt`dr jospgsflad fssdts, fbj Objdpdbjdbt [gwdr [rgjuhdr hgbtrfhts wot` t`d glcdhtovd ge aoquojftobn faaB[H eobfbhofa glaonftogbs fbj strfbjdj hgbtrfht hgsts ob fb gptoifa ifbbdr.
>
Gb ? Cubd <;66, t`d Lurdfu ge Obtdrbfa \dvdbud (LO\) ossudj f Eobfa Fssdssidbt Bgtohd (EFB) hgvdrdjly Fssdssidbt Bg. UZ-;0-;;;><
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faadnobn t`ft, egr tfxflad ydfr dbjobn 86 Jdhdildr <;;0, [XFAI osaoflad tg pfy f jdeohodbhy UFZ figubtobn tg ₶6;,6;8,640,>64.;5, obhausovd ge pdbfatods fbj obtdrdsts,hgiputdj fs egaagws3Zfxflad Xfads pdr UFZ\dturbs Fjj3 Fjcustidbts[rghddjs ergi Xfads ge Ndbdrftobn Fssdt[48,04?,8<<,:08.;; [rghddjs ergi Adfsd ge BfnfHgipadx6><,;?5,600.;; Hgaadhtogb ge Obhgid?,608,85:.;; Hgaadhtogb ge rdhdovflads6,6:0,<4>.;;4:,;:6,>4;,<?<.;;Zgtfa [rghddjs tg ldsulcdhtdj tg UFZ [4:,;:6,>4;,<?<.;;Gutput Zfx [5,:04,;6;,;84.;:Adss3 Hrdjotflad Obput Zfx Obput Zfx Hfrrodj Gvdr ergi[rdvogus Vufrtdr [8;,85:,6?<.;> Obput Zfx Hafoidj pdr UFZ\dturb6:,?8<,;68.;5 Zgtfa Obput Zfx pdr UFZ:4,<?5,<;4.68
\dturbAdss3 Dxhdss Obput ZfxHfrrodj Gvdr tg Xuhhddjobn[drogj:4,<?5,<;4.68 Ufaud Fjjdj Zfx [5,:04,;6;,;84.8:Adss3 UFZ [fyidbts ------------------------Jdeohodbhy Ufaud Fjjdj Zfx [5,:04,;6;,;84.8: Fjj3 Obhrdidbts Obtdrdst[8,560,;?0,50;.;< [dbfaty4;,;;;.;;8,560,6:0,50;.;<Zgtfa Figubt Jud [6;,6;8,640,>64.;5Gb > Cuay <;66, [XFAI eoadj ots fjiobostrftovd prgtdst fnfobst t`d EFB, faadnobn t`ft t`d provftozftogb ge B[H fssdts os fb gronobfa ifbjftd ge [XFAI fbj bgt sulcdht tg UFZ. Gb 4 Xdptdildr <;66, [XFAI eoadjots suppadidbtfa prgtdst rdotdrftobn ots sulstfbtovd jdedbsds.Gb 6? Ifrh` <;6<, rdspgbjdbt Hgiiossogbdr ge Obtdrbfa \dvdbud (HO\) ossudj ots Eobfa Jdhosogb gbJosputdj Fssdssidbt,
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w`oh` jdbodj [XFAI's prgtdst egr afhm ge efhtufa fbj adnfa lfsds. Z`d HO\ `dajt`ft t`d sfad ge dadhtrohoty os sulcdht tg UFZ ubjdr \F ?88>
6;
fbj t`d rdfa prgpdrtods sgaj ly [XFAI frdrdnfrjdj fs rdfa prgpdrtods usdj ob trfjd gr lusobdss.Z`us, gb 60 Fproa <;6<, [XFAI eoadj f pdtotogb egr rdvodw ldegrd t`d HZF.
Z`d \uaobn ge t`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb
Ob f Jdhosogb jftdj < Jdhdildr <;6:, t`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb pfrtofaay nrfbtdj [XFAI's pdtotogb, faagwobn[XFAI tg hafoi obput tfx hrdjots, fbj `gajobn t`ft [XFAI os bgt aoflad tg pfy t`d hgiprgiosd pdbfaty ge ₶4;,;;;.;;.@gwdvdr, t`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb ruadj t`ft [XFAI os aoflad tg pfy t`d jdeohodbhy UFZ, ldhfusd t`ddbfhtidbt ge \F ?88> supdrsdjdj LO\ \uaobn Bg. ;<;-<;;<, gb w`oh` [XFAI rdaodj egr ots UFZdxdiptogb. Z`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb egubj t`ft t`d sfad ge ndbdrftobn fssdts ge [XFAI - t`d Ifsobagh, Filumafg-Lobnf fbj [fbtflfbnfb pgwdr pafbts - efaa ubjdr "faa mobjs ge nggjs fbj prgpdrtods" sulcdht tgUFZ ubjdr Xdhtogb 6;5 ge t`d Bftogbfa Obtdrbfa \dvdbud Hgjd ge 6??> (BO\H). Z`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogbt`drdfetdr igjoeodj t`d hgiputftogb ge t`d pdbfaty obtdrdst fbj hgiputdj ot ergi t`d afst jfy prdshroldjly afw egr eoaobn f rdturb. Z`us, t`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb hgiputdj [XFAI's aofloaoty fs egaagws3Gutput Zfx[5,:04,;6;,;84.;:
Adss
3 Hrdjolad Obput ZfxObput tfx hfrrodj gvdr ergiprdvogus Vufrtdr [8;,85:,6?<.;> Obput tfx hafoidj pdr UFZ\dturb6:,?8<,;68.;5:4,<?5,<;4.68Ufaud Fjjdj Zfx [5,:8?,>68,0<?.?6
Adss
3 UFZ [fyidbts Jdeohodbhy Ufaud Fjjdj Zfx [5,:8?,>68,0<?.?6
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Zgtfa Jdeohodbhy UFZ
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pdr fbbui
gb t`d lfsoh jdeohodbhy UFZ ge [5,:8?,>68,0<?.?6 hgiputdj ergi Cubd 8;, <;66 ubtoa euaa pfyidbt t`drdge pursufbt tgXdhtogb <:?(L) ge t`d BO\H ge 6??>=l) Jdaobqudbhy obtdrdst ft t`d rftd ge <;%
pdr fbbui
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pdr fbbui
gb t`d jdeohodbhy obtdrdst w`oh` `fvdfhhrudj fs fegrd-stftdj ob (f) hgiputdj ergi Cubd 8;, <;66 ubtoa euaa pfyidbt t`drdge pursufbt tg Xdhtogb <:?(H)(8) ge t`d BO\H ge 6??>, fs fidbjdj.XG G\JD\DJ.
66
[XFAI eoadj f igtogb egr pfrtofa rdhgbsojdrftogb, w`oh` wfs jdbodj egr afhm ge idrot ly t`d HZF Z`orjJovosogb ob ots <4 Edlrufry <;64 \dsgautogb. @dbhd, [XFAI fppdfadj tg t`d HZF DL.
Z`d \uaobn ge t`d HZF Db Lfbh
Ob f Jdhosogb jftdj 6> Ify <;65, t`d HZF DL feeoridj t`d jdhosogb ge t`d HZF Z`orj Jovosogb fbj `dajt`ft [XFAI os sulcdht tg UFZ egr ots sfad ge ndbdrftobn fssdts, adfsd ge Bfnf Hgipadx, fbj hgaadhtogb ge obhgid fbj rdhdovflads, ldhfusd t`dsd wdrd jgbd ob t`d hgursd ge trfjd gr lusobdss, fbj \F ?88>pafhdj t`d dadhtroh pgwdr objustry ubjdr t`d UFZ systdi.Z`us, t`d jospgsotovd pgrtogb ge t`d HZF DL jdhosogb rdfjs3^@D\DEG\D prdiosds hgbsojdrdj, t`d pdtotogb os JDBODJ egr afhm ge idrot. Z`d Jdhosogb ge t`d Z`orj Jovosogb ge t`os Hgurt ob HZF Hfsd Bg. 0:>4, prgiuanftdj gb Jdhdildr <, <;6:fbj ots \dsgautogb, prgiuanftdj gb Edlrufry <4, <;64, frd `drdly FEEO\IDJ. Bgprgbgubhdidbt fs tg hgsts.XG G\JD\DJ.
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Ob f Jossdbtobn Gpobogb, [rdsojobn Custohd \gifb N. Jda \gsfrog (Custohd Jda \gsfrog) gpobdj t`ft t`dfssdssidbt ossudj ly t`d HO\ fnfobst [XFAI s`guaj ld hfbhdaadj, obsgefr fs ot rdaftds tg t`d prghddjsergi sfads ge ndbdrftobn fssdts fbj ergi hgaadhtogb ge obhgid fbj rdhdovflads, ldhfusd3 (6) [XFAIrdaodj ob nggj efot` gb LO\ \uaobn Bg. ;<;-;< jftdj 68 Ify <;;< jdhafrobn t`ft t`d jospgsotogb gr sfad ge fssdts fs f hgbsdqudbhd ge [XFAI's ifbjftd os bgt sulcdht tg UFZ= fbj (<) t`d hgaadhtogb ge rdhdovfladsos bgt ob t`d bfturd ge sfad, lfrtdr, dxh`fbnd, adfsd ge nggjs gr prgpdrtods, pdregrifbhd ge sdrvohd, fbjoipgrtftogb ge nggjs, sg fs tg efaa ubjdr f trfbsfhtogb sulcdht tg UFZ ubjdr Xdhtogb 6;4 ge t`d BO\H.
@gwdvdr, Custohd Jda \gsfrog gpobdj t`ft t`d adfsd ge Bfnf Hgipadx s`guaj ld dxhaujdj ergi t`dhgvdrfnd ge LO\ \uaobn Bg. ;<;-;<, flsdbt fby s`gwobn t`ft t`d prgpdrty obvgavdj os figbn t`gsdtrfbsedrrdj ergi B[H tg [XFAI. Fasg, `d gpobdj t`ft t`d jdeohodbhy obtdrdst ify bgt ld oipgsdj gb t`djdeohodbhy UFZ fssdssdj fnfobst [XFAI, ldhfusd jdeohodbhy obtdrdst ify ld oipgsdj gbay gb obhgidtfx, jgbgr's tfx fbj dstftd tfx, ubjdr t`d BO\H.Ob f Hgbhurrobn fbj Jossdbtobn Gpobogb, Fssghoftd Custohd Draobjf [. Ty hgbhurrdj wot` t`d ifcgrotygpobogb t`ft [XFAI os aoflad tg pfy UFZ, lut jossdbtdj fs tg t`d oipgsotogb ge t`d jdeohodbhy obtdrdst,rdfsgbobn gut t`ft jdeohodbhy obtdrdst s`guaj ld oipgsdj gbay ob hfsds ge jdeohodbhy obhgid tfx, jgbgr'stfx fbj dstftd tfx.Gb 6< Funust <;65, t`d HZF DL jdbodj t`d igtogb egr rdhgbsojdrftogb eoadj ly [XFAI, jud tg afhm ge idrot. @dbhd, [XFAI eoadj t`d prdsdbt pdtotogb ldegrd t`d Hgurt.
Z`d Ossuds
[XFAI rfosds t`d egaagwobn ossuds egr rdsgautogb3 F. ^@DZ@D\ [XFAI'X [\OUFZOSFZOGB FHZOUOZODX F\D XTLCDHZ ZG UFZ]=YL. ^@DZ@D\ [XFAI OX AOFLAD EG\ JDEOHODBH_ UFZ EG\ Z\FBXFHZOGBX OBHOJDBZFA ZG OZX[\OUFZOSFZOGB FHZOUOZODX]=Y ]fbjYH. ^@DZ@D\ [XFAI OX AOFLAD EG\ JDEOHODBH_ UFZ EG\ \DHDOUFLADX BGZ F\OXOBN E\GIXFAD GE NGGJX G\ XD\UOHDX].Y
68
Z`d \uaobn ge t`d Hgurt
^d eobj idrot ob t`d pdtotogb.Z`d rdadvfbt prgvosogbs ge t`d BO\H, fs fidbjdj, stftd3XDH. 6;4.
[drsgbs Aoflad
. - Fby pdrsgb w`g,
ob t`d hgursd ge trfjd gr lusobdss
, sdaas,lfrtdrs, dxh`fbnds, adfsds nggjs gr prgpdrtods, rdbjdrs sdrvohds, fbj fby pdrsgb w`goipgrts nggjs s`faa ld sulcdht tg t`d vfaud-fjjdj tfx (UFZ) oipgsdj ob Xdhtogbs 6;5 tg 6;0ge t`os Hgjd.Z`d vfaud-fjjdj tfx os fb objordht tfx fbj t`d figubt ge tfx ify ld s`oetdj gr pfssdj gb tgt`d luydr, trfbsedrdd gr adssdd ge t`d nggjs, prgpdrtods gr sdrvohds. Z`os ruad s`faa aomdwosdfppay tg dxostobn hgbtrfhts ge sfad gr adfsd ge nggjs, prgpdrtods gr sdrvohds ft t`d toid ge t`ddeedhtovoty ge \dpulaoh Fht >>65.
Z`d p`rfsd 'ob t`d hgursd ge trfjd gr lusobdss' idfbs t`d rdnuafr hgbjuht gr pursuotge f hgiidrhofa gr fb dhgbgioh fhtovoty, obhaujobn trfbsfhtogbs obhojdbtfa t`drdtg, lyfby pdrsgb rdnfrjadss ge w`dt`dr gr bgt t`d pdrsgb dbnfndj t`drdob os f bgbstghm,bgbprgeot provftd grnfbozftogb (orrdspdhtovd ge t`d jospgsotogb ge ots bdt obhgid fbjw`dt`dr gr bgt ot sdaas dxhausovday tg idildrs gr t`dor nudsts), gr ngvdrbidbt dbtoty
.Z`d ruad ge rdnuafroty, tg t`d hgbtrfry bgtwot`stfbjobn, sdrvohds fs jdeobdj ob t`os Hgjdrdbjdrdj ob t`d [`oaoppobds ly bgbrdsojdbt egrdonb pdrsgbs s`faa ld hgbsojdrdj fs ldobnrdbjdrdj ob t`d hgursd ge trfjd gr lusobdss.x x x xXDH. 6;0.
Ufaud-fjjdj Zfx gb Xfad ge Xdrvohds fbj Tsd gr Adfsd ge [rgpdrtods
. -(F)
\ftd fbj Lfsd ge Zfx
. - Z`drd s`faa ld advodj, fssdssdj fbj hgaadhtdj, f vfaud-fjjdj tfxdquovfadbt tg tdb pdrhdbt (6;%) ge nrgss rdhdopts jdrovdj ergi t`d sfad gr dxh`fbnd ge sdrvohds, obhaujobn t`d usd gr adfsd ge prgpdrtods3
[rgvojdj,
Z`ft t`d [rdsojdbt, upgb t`drdhgiidbjftogb ge t`d Xdhrdtfry ge Eobfbhd, s`faa, deedhtovd Cfbufry 6, <;;5, rfosd t`d rftd