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ANALYTICAL LABROTORY VIDEO 1
Glassware has long been a core component of the chemistry laboratory.
Glass’s longstanding popularity has remained high because it is relatively

inert, highly durable, easily customizable, and inexpensive.
Because of these desirable traits, glass has been used to create a wide
assortment of apparatuses. Being unfamiliar with this equipment could lead
to confusion, misuse and disaster. Therefore, a solid understanding of
glassware is necessary to ensure safety and success in the lab.
This video will explore many of the common pieces of glassware found in
the laboratory.
Laboratory glassware is manufactured with different compositions, each

possessing unique properties that are useful in different experimental
conditions.
Equipment made from consumer-grade, or "soda-lime", glass is the least

expensive, and is adequate for many applications. However, rapid
temperature changes can cause this glass to crack.
Borosilicate glass, which exhibits little thermal expansion, is preferred in

thermally stressful conditions. This glass is manufactured through the
addition of small amounts of boron, and is often used in bakeware, such as
Pyrex.
However, both borosilicate and standard glass contain impurities, resulting
in reduced optical quality. Therefore, a glass composed of purely silicon
and oxygen is utilized in situations that require the glass to be transparent
to UV light. This is known as fused silica or fused quartz.
Now that you understand the different types of glass used in the laboratory,
let’s look at common glassware, as well as related paraphernalia.
We will begin our survey with glassware used for qualitative analysis. Any
measurements, or graduations, on this equipment are approximate, and
they are best used for procedures that do not require high levels of
accuracy. First, the beaker, one of the most common pieces of glassware, is
available in a range of sizes. Beakers are often used to hold, mix, and heat
reagents. Most have a small lip for pouring liquids.
Test tubes, which are relatively small cylindrical vessels, are also used to
store, heat, and mix chemicals. Their design allows for multiple samples to
be easily manipulated, stored, and observed at once.
Watch glasses are used when a large surface area is needed for a small
volume of liquid. This is common for crystallizing and evaporating
procedures. Watch glasses can also be used as covers for beakers.
The crystallization dish is similar to the watch glass, proving a large surface
area for liquids. However, it is more commonly used as a container for bath
processes. Lastly, the flask. Each type of flask is shaped for its purpose, but
all are designed with wide bodies and narrow necks, allowing the contents
to be mixed without spilling. They are also easily fitted with stoppers. The
Erlenmeyer flask is the most common. The flat bottom allows it to be
directly heated and used in simple boiling and condensation procedures.
Next, we will review glassware used for accurately measuring liquids. The
graduated cylinder is used to measure semi-precise volumes, and deliver to
another container. The surface of most liquids forms a concave meniscus
in narrow glassware. Volume should be read at the bottom for accuracy.
While the graduated cylinder is versatile, volumetric glassware is used when

a higher level of accuracy is required. Volumetric glassware can be an order
of magnitude more precise than a graduated cylinder. Each piece is marked
with either "TD" or "TC". If the equipment is calibrated to transport the
measured volume, it is marked "TD" for "To deliver". Conversely, other
pieces of volumetric glassware are only calibrated to be accurate while
holding the measured volume, and are marked "TC" for "To Contain".
The volumetric flask is used to make and contain solutions of precise

volumes. This is done by first dissolving the solute, and then adding solvent
to the graduation to dilute to the intended volume.
Unlike the apparatuses that are accurate only to contain, the volumetric
pipette is used to deliver a specific volume with a high degree of accuracy.
A bulb is used to draw the liquid, never by mouth.
The burette is used to deliver variable, but precise, volumes of liquid,

controlled with the stopcock. It’s often used in titration experiments.
Next, our survey will cover glassware that has more specific procedural
uses.
First, the round-bottom, or boiling flask, is designed to allow for even
heating and stirring, to drive chemical reactions. To prevent spills, it should
never be filled to more than 50% of its total volume.
While traditional funnels have a familiar shape, there can be variations

depending on their intended use. For example, funnels used for gravity
filtration are fitted with folded filter paper. Powder funnels have wider stems
designed for dispensing solids and viscous liquids.
The separatory funnel is used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate

immiscible liquids of different densities. It has a specialized shape, with a
wide top for mixing, and a narrow bottom leading to a stopcock for the
separation. The Büchner flask and funnel are used for vacuum filtration.
The funnel is typically ceramic, with pin-sized holes in its flat bottom. It is
fitted into the flask with a rubber collar to provide an airtight seal. The flask
resembles an Erlenmeyer in shape, but has a barbed side arm for the
vacuum hose.
In some chemical processes, laboratory glassware may need to be sealed,

connected, or supported. Sealing glassware is typically done with a stopper.
Rubber and neoprene are used in pieces with standard necks. They can be
manufactured with holes to allow for the insertion of tubes, thermometers,
or stirrers, while still providing an airtight seal.
Glass stoppers are used to seal equipment with ground glass fittings.
These provide a strong seal, but the possibility of glass to glass seizing
necessitates the use of joint grease. Joint grease must also be used when
connecting two pieces of glassware together. However, because these
joints are not mechanically strong, plastic connector clips are used to
prevent them from separating.
When additional structural support is needed, glassware is often clamped in

place. Clamps provide this support by connecting to a piece’s neck on one
end, and a retort stand on the other. While some glassware should always
be secured, clamping can also be used to ensure that components stay
upright during a procedure.
Now that we've surveyed many of the pieces of glassware found in

professional laboratories, we'll discuss some of their many uses.
Observation of naturally occurring, spontaneous reactions can be

performed in the lab by replicating their original conditions. Glassware is
vital to these investigations because of its inert and durable nature.
In the Miller-Urey experiment, the environment of early earth was simulated

in a round-bottomed flask to investigate the abiotic synthesis of organic
compounds. A large manifold of interlocking glassware helped to provide
the necessary atmospheric gasses, which was then sparked, simulating
lighting. The product was pipetted out of the flask to avoid contamination,
and stored for further investigation.
When synthesizing organic molecules, it is often necessary to apply heat for

long periods of time. In this example, a carbon-carbon cross-coupling
reaction was performed using an apparatus made from three pieces of
glassware. The apparatus - made from a round-bottomed flask, a reflux
condenser, and an oil bubbler - allows for the solution to be boiled
indefinitely, without losing volume or changing pressure.
You've just watched JoVE's introduction to Common Glass Laboratory

Equipment and Their Uses. You should now be familiar with the glassware
used for qualitative, measuring, and procedural applications.
Thanks for watching!

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ANALYTICAL LABROTORY VIDEO 1

Glassware has long been a core component of the chemistry laboratory.

Glass’s longstanding popularity has remained high because it is relatively

Laboratory glassware is manufactured with different compositions, each

Equipment made from consumer-grade, or "soda-lime", glass is the least

Borosilicate glass, which exhibits little thermal expansion, is preferred in

While the graduated cylinder is versatile, volumetric glassware is used when

The volumetric flask is used to make and contain solutions of precise

The burette is used to deliver variable, but precise, volumes of liquid,

While traditional funnels have a familiar shape, there can be variations

The separatory funnel is used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate

In some chemical processes, laboratory glassware may need to be sealed,

When additional structural support is needed, glassware is often clamped in

Now that we've surveyed many of the pieces of glassware found in

Observation of naturally occurring, spontaneous reactions can be

In the Miller-Urey experiment, the environment of early earth was simulated

When synthesizing organic molecules, it is often necessary to apply heat for

You've just watched JoVE's introduction to Common Glass Laboratory

Thanks for watching!

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