Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Chapter 2
Review of Information Network
and Technology

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Objectives
• Network components and technologies to be managed
• Network Topologies: LAN and WAN
• Wired LAN topology: Bus, Ring, Star, and Hybrid Hub
• Wireless LAN
• WAN topology: Mesh and Tree
• Fixed and mobile wireless networks
• Fiber networks
• Ethernet LAN:
• Physical media and MAC protocol
• 10 and 100 Mbps; 1 and 10 Gbps Ethernet LAN
• Switched and Duplex Ethernet LANs
• Virtual LAN
• Token-ring LAN
• FDDI
• Network components
• Bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Circuit switching and packet switching
• Transmission technology
• Transmission media: Wired and Wireless
• Transmission modes
• Multiplexing: TDM and WDM
• SONET and SDH
• Multimedia networks and services

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Technology and Management

• What are the technologies that need to managed?
• Challenges of technological progress on
network management

Notes

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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 Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Information Network Technology

• Network components
• Links
• Nodes
• Topology: How they’re configured
• LANs
• Wireless LAN
• WANs
• Bridges
• Routers and Gateways
• Switches
• Transmission Media
• Transmission Modes
• ISDN
• Broadband networks and services

Notes

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Basic LAN Topologies

DTE DTE DTE

Ethernet

DTE DTE

Figure 2.1(a) Bus Topology

DTE

DTE DTE

DTE
Figure 2.1(b) Ring Topology

Notes
• Bus Topology
• Used in Ethernet LAN family
• Common shared medium
• Randomized access (CSMA/CD)
• Easy to implement
• Lower utilization under heavy traffic 30%-40%
• Single culprit could effect the entire LAN

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Basic LAN Topologies (cont.)

DTE DTE DTE

Ethernet

DTE DTE

Figure 2.1(a) Bus Topology

DTE

DTE DTE

DTE
Figure 2.1(b) Ring Topology

Notes
• Ring Topology
• Used in token ring and FDDI
• Shared medium
• Deterministic access
• Master DTE has control
• High utilization >90%
• Also used in MAN

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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 Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Star & Hybrid LAN Topologies

DTE DTE

DTE DTE

DTE DTE

Figure 2.1(c) Star Topology

DTE DTE

DTE DTE DTE DTE

DTE DTE

Ethernet Hub Token Ring Hub

Figure 2.1(d) Hub Configurations

Notes
• Star topology used with bus and ring topology
• Hub is “LAN in a box”
• What does the electronic LAN inside the box
look like?
• Why has hub become so popular?

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Wireless LAN

Access Point IEEE 802.3 Router / Switch

IEEE 802.11

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

Figure 2.14 Wireless LAN: Hierarchical Topology

Notes
• Hierarchical
• Ad Hoc

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

IEEE 802.11
Standards and Amendments
802.11a 54 Mbps data rate 5.15 MHz to 5.35 and 5.4
MHz to 5.825 MHz
802.11b 11 Mbps data rate at 2.4 GHz
802.11e Addresses QoS issues

802.11f Addresses multivendor AP interoperability

802.11g Higher data rate extension to 54 Mbps in the 2.4

GHz
802.11h Dynamic frequency selection and transmit power
control for operation of 5 GHz products

802.11i Addresses security issues

802.11j Addresses channelization in Japan’s 4.9 GHz

band
802.11k Enables medium and network resources more
efficiently
802.11n Addition of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO);
WiFi certification

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Campus Network

10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3 10.1.1.4 10.1.1.5

Ethernet 10.1.1.0

10.1.1.1

Bridge
10.1.2.6
Ethernet 10.1.2.0

10.1.2.2 10.1.2.3 10.1.2.4 10.1.2.5

10.1.2.1
External
Router Router Network
Ethernet 10.3.1.0

Half-Router
Half-Router

Fiber
Router

Token-ring
Network
10.2.1.0
10.10.0.0

Router

ATM ELAN 10.4.1.0

Figure 2.3 Campus Network of LANs

Notes
• Fiber Network could be Gigabit LAN or MAN
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

WAN Topologies
N1
N2

N5 N6 N2 N3
N1 N3

N4
N4 N5 N6
Figure 2.2(a) Mesh Topology

Figure 2.2(b) Tree Topology

Notes
• Mesh topology
• Implemented in network layer level
• Multiple paths between nodes
• Flat topology
• Redundancy
• Load balancing
• Shortest path
• Tree topology
• Used with Ethernet bridges
• Hierarchical
• Efficient for small networks and special purpose
networks
• Ring Topology
• SONET / SDH
• MAN
• Broadband feeder network
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Ethernet
Table 2.1 Ethernet LAN Topology Limits

TYPE DESCRIPTION SEGMENT LENGTH DROP CABLE

10Base2 Thin coax (0.25”) 200 meters Not allowed

10Base5 Thick Coax (0.5”) 500 meters Twisted pair: 50 meters
10Base-T Hub topology N/A Twisted pair: 100
meters
10Base-F Hub topology N/A 2 km

Notes
• IEEE 802.3 standard
• 10 Mbps data rate
• Collision - analogy of hollow pipe
• Principle of operation; CSMA/CD
• Segment length and drop cable length
• Minimum size of packet 64 bytes
• Maximum size of packet 1500 bytes
• Hub configuration
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Fast Ethernet

Network

LLC
Data Link
MAC Sublayer

Convergence Layer
Physical
PMD Sublayer
LLC Logical Link control
MAC Medium Access Control
PMD Physical Medium Dependent

Figure 2.4 100Base-T Fast Ethernet Protocol Architecture

Notes
• Rationale
• Max drop length 100m => Max round-trip
time 1/10 of Ethernet; hence 10 times data rate
• Standard 100Base-T4
• Compatibility with 10BaseT
• Cat 5e (Max 100 m, 100 MHz)
• Cat 6 (Max 100 m, 250 MHz)
• 100Base FX optical fiber (Max 10 km single and
400 m multimode)

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Gigbit Ethernet
Table 2.2 Gigabit Ethernet Topology Limits

9 50 50 micron 62.5 Balance UTP

micron micron Multimode micron Shielded
Single- Single Multimode Cable
Mode Mode
1000BASE-LX 10 km 3 km 550 m 440 m - -
1000BASE-SX - 550 m 260 m - -
1000BASE-CX - - - 25 m -
1000BASE-T - - - - 100 m

Notes
• Packet size 512 bytes, slot size 4.096 microseconds
• Minimum frame size 64 bytes for backward
compatibility; Slot filled with carrier extension
• Packet bursts with no idle time between frames
increases efficiency

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Switched Ethernet
DTE DTE

DTE DTE
Switched
hub
DTE DTE

DTE DTE

Figure 2.8 Switched Ethernet Hub

Notes
• Maximum throughput increased ~N/2 in N-port hub
• Snooping capability lost for management

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Client-Server Configuration using

Switched Hub

Server

100 Mbps

10 Mbps 10 Mbps

Switched hub

10 Mbps

Workstation Workstation Workstation

Figure 2.9 Switched Hub in Client-Server Configuration

Notes

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Virtual LAN

DTE 1

DTE 2

Router
Switched Hub DTE 3

Port for Subnets

200.100.150.1 DTE 4
&
200.100.160.1 DTE 5
VLAN VLAN
200.100.150.1 200.100.160.1

Figure 2.10 Virtual LANs

Notes
• Switched hub enables establishing virtual LANs
• Permits switching stations between LANs without
physical moving of equipment
• Remote VLAN via switch offered by service providers

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Token Ring
DTE 4
3 to 1 ACK

Token
DTE 1 DTE 3
Ring
DTE 1 has
token control

1 to 3 MSG
DTE 2

Figure 2.11 Token Ring LAN

Notes
• Adopted by IBM
• IEEE 802.5 standard
• Data rates of 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps
• Single- and dual-ring LANs

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Dual Ring Token Ring LAN

DTE 4 Primary
Ring

Redundant
DTE 1 DTE 3
Ring

DTE 2

Figure 2.12(a) Token Ring Dual Ring Management

Notes

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Failure Recovery in TR LAN

DTE 4

DTE 1 DTE 3

Failed Station

DTE 2

Figure 2.12(b) Token Ring DTE Isolation

DTE 4

DTE 1 DTE 3

DTE 2

Figure 2.12(c) Token Ring Segment Isolation

Notes
• Station failure recovery
• Link failure recovery

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

FDDI
DAS

SAS SAS

DAS

SAS Single Attached Station

DAS Dual Attached Station

Figure 2.13(a) Dual Ring FDDI Network Configuration

Notes
• Uses fiber optics medium
• Modified token-ring protocol
• Data rate 100 Mbps
• Segment length 100 km
• 500 stations in the ring with max separation of 2 km
• Single- and dual-attached stations
• Dual-attached stations load share the two rings

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Basic Network Nodes

ATM ATM

ATM Switch
Figure 2.14(a) Switch

Local LAN External LAN

Ethernet Filter Routing Ethernet
Packets Packets
Bridge

Figure 2.14(b) Bridge

Local Network External Network

Filter Routing
IP Packets IP Packets
Router

Figure 2.14(c) Router

IP X.25
Network Format Network
Packets change Packets
Gateway

Figure 2.14(d) Router

Figure 2.14 Basic Network Node Components

Notes

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Network Node Components

Dial-up Half External

Router Gateway
Network Router Network

Switched ATM
Hub
Hub Switch
Bridge

External Remote
Workstation Hub Router Hub
Network Bridge

Figure 2.15 Networked Components

Notes
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Remote bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Half bridge / half router
• Switches
• Transport devices (ADM, SDH)
• Broadband access components
• Residential distribution devices
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Hubs
DTE DTE DTE DTE

Patch Panel

Hub

Wiring Closet

Figure 2.16(a) Hub Configuration

Notes
• Hub is a platform
• Function dependent on what is housed
• LAN
• Switched LAN
• Bridge

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Stacked Hubs

To DTEs
Hub 1

Backplane
Interconnection

Hub 2

Figure 2.16(b) Stacked Hub

Notes
• Hub ports can be scaled up using stacked hubs
• Stacked hub
• Extend back plane
• Connected as daisy chain

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Bridges

Bridge

Local Bridge Remote Bridge

Simple

Multiport
Multiport
Multi-protocol

Notes
• Bridges two nodes at data link control layer
• Ethernet: tree topology, transparent bridge
• Token ring:mesh topology, source routing bridge
• Remote bridge uses WAN interface cards;
same protocol used at both ends
• Ethernet bridge is a learning bridge
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Routers
Network A Network B
Router
Protocol P Protocol P

Router

TP Protocol interface TP

NP NP NP NP

DP DP DP' DP'

Phy Phy Phy' Phy'

Physical medium A Physical medium B

Figure 2.21 Router Configuration

Notes
• Routers operate at network layer
• Routes packets between nodes of similar
network protocols
• Routing table used to route packets
• DLC and Physical layers could be different
under the same common network layer protocol

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Gateway
Network A Network B
Gateway
Protocol P Protocol Q

Gateway

TP Protocol interface TP

NP NP NP' NP'

DP DP DP' DP'

Phy Phy Phy' Phy'

Physical medium

Figure 2.22 Gateway Configuration

Notes
• Gateway is router connecting two networks with
dissimilar network protocols.
• Gateway does the protocol conversion at the
network layer.
• Protocol converter does the conversion at the
application layer.

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Tunneling
X.25
Ethernet

Ethernet
IP Tunnel IP
Multiprotocol Multiprotocol
Router Router

Figure 2.24 Tunneling Using Multiprotocol Routers

Joe’s Mobile
Loc: Seattle
Home LAN
Tunneling Foreign NY
Agent
Sally
L.A

Notes
• Tunneling is transmission of packets (via
multiprotocol routers) by encapsulation.
• In Figure 2.24, packets are encapsulated and
transmitted through X.25 network in a serial
mode.
• In the mobile environment, Joe and his home agent
in NY communicate Joe’s Seattle location to the
foreign agent. His communication with Sally in
LA is tunneled.
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Half-Bridge

Serial
Output

Ethernet
Router PPP/MP Bridge

Figure 2.25 Half-Bridge Configuration

Notes
• Half-bridge (also referred to as half-router) is
point-to-point communication
• Uses PPP protocol
• Helps low-end users to communicate with ISP
on dial-up link saving the expense of dedicated link
• Router encapsulates packets in PPP frames and
puts serial outputs to the bridge, and vice-versa

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Switched Networks
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt1
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1 Pkt1 B

Pkt2
Pkt2
DTE A A D DTE Z

Pkt2

Figure 2.26(a) Datagram Configuration

Pkt1
Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1 B
Pkt3

DTE A A D DTE Z

Figure 2.26(b) Virtual Circuit Configuration

Notes
• Switches are embedded in bridges and routers
• Switched network used in WAN
• Two types of switched networks
• Circuit-switched
• Packet-switched
• Datagram service
• Virtual circuit
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Transmission Technology
Transmission Technology

Medium Mode

Wired Wireless Digital Analog

LAN WAN LAN Mobile Satellite

Notes
• Physical transport media
• UTP
• Coax
• Fiber
• Terrestrial wireless
• Satellite transmission

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Transmission Modes
channel 1
channel 2

Channel channel 24
Time
Division Time
Multiplexing
Bandwidth

(TDM)

User 24 User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4

Time

Figure 2.27(a) T1 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Transmission

Bandwidth

Packet
Multiplexing
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5

Time
Figure 2.27(b) Packet Transmission ( X.25)
Bandwidth

Cell
Multiplexing
5

5
r1

r3

r4

r2

r3

r1

r4

r1
r1

r1
se

se

se

se

se

se

se

se
se

se
U

U
U

Time

Figure 2.27(c) Cell Transmission (ATM)

Notes
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

MPLS Transmission Mode

40 bits

ATM Cell Header GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP HEC Data

Bits: 4 8 16 3 1 8

Label Header

IP Header MAC Header Label Header IP Header

GFC = 4-bit Generic Flow Header VPI = Virtual Path Identifier

VCI = Virtual Circuit Identifier PTI = 3-bit Payload Type
CLP = Congestion Priority HEC = Header Error Control

Figure 2.29 MPLS Transmission Mode

Notes
• Multiprotocol Label Switching
• Combines
• Richness of IP
• Performance of ATM
• Label inserted between 2nd and 3rd layers
• Compatible with IP and ATM

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

SONET Transmission
DS1
VT1.5 (4)
1.544 Mbps
E1
VT2 (3)
2.048 Mbps
VT Group (7)
DS1C
VT3 (2)
3.152 Mbps

DS2
VT6 (1)
6.312 Mbps

DS3 44.736 Mbps

STS-1 (N)
ATM 48.384
STS-N
E4 139.264 Mbps

ATM 149.760 Mbps STS-3c (N/3)

Figure 2.30 SONET Transmission

Notes
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) based on
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
• Incompatible T1 and E1 made into universally
compatible digital network
• Uses fiber optics carrying large bandwidth
• Basic digital bandwidth STS-1 of 51.84 Mbps
• Hierarchy based on STM-N (Synchronous
Transmission Mode): STM-1, STM-4, etc.
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SONET Signal SDH Bit Rate (Mbps)
Signal
STS-1 51.84

STS-3 STM-1 155.52

STS-12 STM-4 622.08
STS-24 1244.16

STS-48 STM-16 2488.32

STS-192 STM-64 9953.28
STS-768 STM-256 39,814.32

Notes

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

DWDM
channel 1

Channels
channel 2
T1
W3

channel 24

Time
Bandwidth
Wavelength

W2
IP

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5

Bandwidth
ATM

W1
5

5
r1

r3

r4

r2

r3

r1

r4

r1
r1

r1
se

se

se

se

se

se

se

se
se

se
U

U
U

Time

Figure 2.31 Multi-Wavelenth Fiber: WDM

Notes
• (Dense) Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Similar to FDM at lower frequecies
• Multiple wavelength carrier can be configured for
multiple protocol transmision.

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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology

Broadband Services
Residential Residential
Broadband Broadband
Customer Customer
Access Access
Network Network

Service SDH / SONET

Gateway
Providers WAN

Campus OC-n / OC-n / Campus

ATM / LAN STS-n STS-n ATM / LAN
Network Link Link Network

Figure 2.28 Broadband Services Network

Notes
• Integrated services: Voice, video, and data
• Narrow band ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Net.)
• Basic rate:2B + D (B channel 64 kbps and
D channel 16 kbps
• Primary rate: 23B + D channels
• Broadband (ISDN) Services uses ATM technology
• SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) or SDH
(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
• Data rate OC-n
• OC-1 51.84 Mbps
• OC-3 155.52 Mbps
• Access technologies:
• Cable
• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
• Fixed Wireless
• Mobile cellular wireless
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
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