2nd Ed Ch2 VA 090831rs
2nd Ed Ch2 VA 090831rs
2nd Ed Ch2 VA 090831rs
Chapter 2
Review of Information Network
and Technology
1
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Objectives
• Network components and technologies to be managed
• Network Topologies: LAN and WAN
• Wired LAN topology: Bus, Ring, Star, and Hybrid Hub
• Wireless LAN
• WAN topology: Mesh and Tree
• Fixed and mobile wireless networks
• Fiber networks
• Ethernet LAN:
• Physical media and MAC protocol
• 10 and 100 Mbps; 1 and 10 Gbps Ethernet LAN
• Switched and Duplex Ethernet LANs
• Virtual LAN
• Token-ring LAN
• FDDI
• Network components
• Bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Circuit switching and packet switching
• Transmission technology
• Transmission media: Wired and Wireless
• Transmission modes
• Multiplexing: TDM and WDM
• SONET and SDH
• Multimedia networks and services
2
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Notes
3
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Notes
4
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Ethernet
DTE DTE
DTE
DTE DTE
DTE
Figure 2.1(b) Ring Topology
Notes
• Bus Topology
• Used in Ethernet LAN family
• Common shared medium
• Randomized access (CSMA/CD)
• Easy to implement
• Lower utilization under heavy traffic 30%-40%
• Single culprit could effect the entire LAN
5
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Ethernet
DTE DTE
DTE
DTE DTE
DTE
Figure 2.1(b) Ring Topology
Notes
• Ring Topology
• Used in token ring and FDDI
• Shared medium
• Deterministic access
• Master DTE has control
• High utilization >90%
• Also used in MAN
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
DTE DTE
DTE DTE
DTE DTE
DTE DTE
Notes
• Star topology used with bus and ring topology
• Hub is “LAN in a box”
• What does the electronic LAN inside the box
look like?
• Why has hub become so popular?
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11
Notes
• Hierarchical
• Ad Hoc
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
IEEE 802.11
Standards and Amendments
802.11a 54 Mbps data rate 5.15 MHz to 5.35 and 5.4
MHz to 5.825 MHz
802.11b 11 Mbps data rate at 2.4 GHz
802.11e Addresses QoS issues
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Campus Network
Ethernet 10.1.1.0
10.1.1.1
Bridge
10.1.2.6
Ethernet 10.1.2.0
Half-Router
Half-Router
Fiber
Router
Token-ring
Network
10.2.1.0
10.10.0.0
Router
Notes
• Fiber Network could be Gigabit LAN or MAN
10
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
WAN Topologies
N1
N2
N5 N6 N2 N3
N1 N3
N4
N4 N5 N6
Figure 2.2(a) Mesh Topology
Notes
• Mesh topology
• Implemented in network layer level
• Multiple paths between nodes
• Flat topology
• Redundancy
• Load balancing
• Shortest path
• Tree topology
• Used with Ethernet bridges
• Hierarchical
• Efficient for small networks and special purpose
networks
• Ring Topology
• SONET / SDH
• MAN
• Broadband feeder network
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Ethernet
Table 2.1 Ethernet LAN Topology Limits
Notes
• IEEE 802.3 standard
• 10 Mbps data rate
• Collision - analogy of hollow pipe
• Principle of operation; CSMA/CD
• Segment length and drop cable length
• Minimum size of packet 64 bytes
• Maximum size of packet 1500 bytes
• Hub configuration
12
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Fast Ethernet
Network
LLC
Data Link
MAC Sublayer
Convergence Layer
Physical
PMD Sublayer
LLC Logical Link control
MAC Medium Access Control
PMD Physical Medium Dependent
Notes
• Rationale
• Max drop length 100m => Max round-trip
time 1/10 of Ethernet; hence 10 times data rate
• Standard 100Base-T4
• Compatibility with 10BaseT
• Cat 5e (Max 100 m, 100 MHz)
• Cat 6 (Max 100 m, 250 MHz)
• 100Base FX optical fiber (Max 10 km single and
400 m multimode)
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Gigbit Ethernet
Table 2.2 Gigabit Ethernet Topology Limits
Notes
• Packet size 512 bytes, slot size 4.096 microseconds
• Minimum frame size 64 bytes for backward
compatibility; Slot filled with carrier extension
• Packet bursts with no idle time between frames
increases efficiency
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Switched Ethernet
DTE DTE
DTE DTE
Switched
hub
DTE DTE
DTE DTE
Notes
• Maximum throughput increased ~N/2 in N-port hub
• Snooping capability lost for management
15
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Server
100 Mbps
10 Mbps 10 Mbps
Switched hub
10 Mbps
Notes
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Virtual LAN
DTE 1
DTE 2
Router
Switched Hub DTE 3
Notes
• Switched hub enables establishing virtual LANs
• Permits switching stations between LANs without
physical moving of equipment
• Remote VLAN via switch offered by service providers
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Token Ring
DTE 4
3 to 1 ACK
Token
DTE 1 DTE 3
Ring
DTE 1 has
token control
1 to 3 MSG
DTE 2
Notes
• Adopted by IBM
• IEEE 802.5 standard
• Data rates of 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps
• Single- and dual-ring LANs
18
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
DTE 4 Primary
Ring
Redundant
DTE 1 DTE 3
Ring
DTE 2
Notes
19
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
DTE 1 DTE 3
Failed Station
DTE 2
DTE 4
DTE 1 DTE 3
DTE 2
Notes
• Station failure recovery
• Link failure recovery
20
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
FDDI
DAS
SAS SAS
DAS
Notes
• Uses fiber optics medium
• Modified token-ring protocol
• Data rate 100 Mbps
• Segment length 100 km
• 500 stations in the ring with max separation of 2 km
• Single- and dual-attached stations
• Dual-attached stations load share the two rings
21
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
ATM Switch
Figure 2.14(a) Switch
IP X.25
Network Format Network
Packets change Packets
Gateway
Notes
22
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Switched ATM
Hub
Hub Switch
Bridge
External Remote
Workstation Hub Router Hub
Network Bridge
Notes
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Remote bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Half bridge / half router
• Switches
• Transport devices (ADM, SDH)
• Broadband access components
• Residential distribution devices
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Hubs
DTE DTE DTE DTE
Patch Panel
Hub
Wiring Closet
Notes
• Hub is a platform
• Function dependent on what is housed
• LAN
• Switched LAN
• Bridge
24
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Stacked Hubs
To DTEs
Hub 1
Backplane
Interconnection
Hub 2
Notes
• Hub ports can be scaled up using stacked hubs
• Stacked hub
• Extend back plane
• Connected as daisy chain
25
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Bridges
Bridge
Simple
Multiport
Multiport
Multi-protocol
Notes
• Bridges two nodes at data link control layer
• Ethernet: tree topology, transparent bridge
• Token ring:mesh topology, source routing bridge
• Remote bridge uses WAN interface cards;
same protocol used at both ends
• Ethernet bridge is a learning bridge
26
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Routers
Network A Network B
Router
Protocol P Protocol P
Router
TP Protocol interface TP
NP NP NP NP
DP DP DP' DP'
Notes
• Routers operate at network layer
• Routes packets between nodes of similar
network protocols
• Routing table used to route packets
• DLC and Physical layers could be different
under the same common network layer protocol
27
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Gateway
Network A Network B
Gateway
Protocol P Protocol Q
Gateway
TP Protocol interface TP
NP NP NP' NP'
DP DP DP' DP'
Physical medium
Notes
• Gateway is router connecting two networks with
dissimilar network protocols.
• Gateway does the protocol conversion at the
network layer.
• Protocol converter does the conversion at the
application layer.
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Tunneling
X.25
Ethernet
Ethernet
IP Tunnel IP
Multiprotocol Multiprotocol
Router Router
Joe’s Mobile
Loc: Seattle
Home LAN
Tunneling Foreign NY
Agent
Sally
L.A
Notes
• Tunneling is transmission of packets (via
multiprotocol routers) by encapsulation.
• In Figure 2.24, packets are encapsulated and
transmitted through X.25 network in a serial
mode.
• In the mobile environment, Joe and his home agent
in NY communicate Joe’s Seattle location to the
foreign agent. His communication with Sally in
LA is tunneled.
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Half-Bridge
Serial
Output
Ethernet
Router PPP/MP Bridge
Notes
• Half-bridge (also referred to as half-router) is
point-to-point communication
• Uses PPP protocol
• Helps low-end users to communicate with ISP
on dial-up link saving the expense of dedicated link
• Router encapsulates packets in PPP frames and
puts serial outputs to the bridge, and vice-versa
30
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Switched Networks
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt1
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1 Pkt1 B
Pkt2
Pkt2
DTE A A D DTE Z
Pkt2
Pkt1
Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1 B
Pkt3
DTE A A D DTE Z
Notes
• Switches are embedded in bridges and routers
• Switched network used in WAN
• Two types of switched networks
• Circuit-switched
• Packet-switched
• Datagram service
• Virtual circuit
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Transmission Technology
Transmission Technology
Medium Mode
Notes
• Physical transport media
• UTP
• Coax
• Fiber
• Terrestrial wireless
• Satellite transmission
32
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Transmission Modes
channel 1
channel 2
Channel channel 24
Time
Division Time
Multiplexing
Bandwidth
(TDM)
Time
Packet
Multiplexing
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5
Time
Figure 2.27(b) Packet Transmission ( X.25)
Bandwidth
Cell
Multiplexing
5
5
r1
r3
r4
r2
r3
r1
r4
r1
r1
r1
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
U
U
U
Time
Notes
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
ATM Cell Header GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP HEC Data
Bits: 4 8 16 3 1 8
Label Header
Notes
• Multiprotocol Label Switching
• Combines
• Richness of IP
• Performance of ATM
• Label inserted between 2nd and 3rd layers
• Compatible with IP and ATM
34
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
SONET Transmission
DS1
VT1.5 (4)
1.544 Mbps
E1
VT2 (3)
2.048 Mbps
VT Group (7)
DS1C
VT3 (2)
3.152 Mbps
DS2
VT6 (1)
6.312 Mbps
Notes
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) based on
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
• Incompatible T1 and E1 made into universally
compatible digital network
• Uses fiber optics carrying large bandwidth
• Basic digital bandwidth STS-1 of 51.84 Mbps
• Hierarchy based on STM-N (Synchronous
Transmission Mode): STM-1, STM-4, etc.
35
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Notes
36
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
DWDM
channel 1
Channels
channel 2
T1
W3
channel 24
Time
Bandwidth
Wavelength
W2
IP
W1
5
5
r1
r3
r4
r2
r3
r1
r4
r1
r1
r1
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
U
U
U
Time
Notes
• (Dense) Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Similar to FDM at lower frequecies
• Multiple wavelength carrier can be configured for
multiple protocol transmision.
37
Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Information Network and Technology
Broadband Services
Residential Residential
Broadband Broadband
Customer Customer
Access Access
Network Network
Notes
• Integrated services: Voice, video, and data
• Narrow band ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Net.)
• Basic rate:2B + D (B channel 64 kbps and
D channel 16 kbps
• Primary rate: 23B + D channels
• Broadband (ISDN) Services uses ATM technology
• SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) or SDH
(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
• Data rate OC-n
• OC-1 51.84 Mbps
• OC-3 155.52 Mbps
• Access technologies:
• Cable
• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
• Fixed Wireless
• Mobile cellular wireless
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Network Management: Principles and Practice
© Mani Subramanian 2010