Van Dijk G. Introduction To Harmonic Analysis and Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Van Dijk G. Introduction To Harmonic Analysis and Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Van Dijk G. Introduction To Harmonic Analysis and Generalized Gelfand Pairs
≥ Walter de Gruyter
Berlin · New York
Author
Gerrit van Dijk
Mathematical Institute
Leiden University
2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
E-Mail: [email protected]
Series Editors
Carsten Carstensen Niels Jacob
Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
Humboldt University of Berlin Swansea University
Unter den Linden 6 Singleton Park
10099 Berlin, Germany Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]
Nicola Fusco Karl-Hermann Neeb
Dipartimento di Matematica Department of Mathematics
Università di Napoli Frederico II Technische Universität Darmstadt
Via Cintia Schloßgartenstraße 7
80126 Napoli, Italy 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]
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Preface
technique they developed works as well for Gelfand pairs .G; K/, where G is a
not necessarily abelian locally compact group, and K is a compact subgroup of
G. This approach is based on my thesis [51]. Finally I develop part of the theory
of generalized Gelfand pairs .G; H / where H is a closed, possibly noncompact,
subgroup of G. The basic ideas are due to E. G. F. Thomas, see for example [49],
and several applications are from my own work [52]. I also draw on papers by
J. Faraut and V. F. Molchanov to deal with examples related to the generalized
Lorentz group.
There is relatively little expository literature on generalized Gelfand pairs, and
there is no standard reference. For further reading, I recommend my Kyushu Lec-
ture Note [53].
The main prerequisites for the book are elementary real, complex and func-
tional analysis. In the later chapters we shall assume familiarity with some more
advanced functional analysis, in particular with the spectral theory of (unbounded)
self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. Some knowledge of distribution theory
and Lie theory is also assumed. References to these topics are given in the text.
For terminology and notations we generally follow N. Bourbaki. Proofs follow-
ing theorems, propositions and lemmas are written in small print. The index will
be helpful to trace important notions defined in the text.
Thanks are due to my colleagues and students in several countries for their re-
marks and suggestions. Especial thanks are due to Dr. J. D. Stegeman (Utrecht)
whose help in developing the final version of the manuscript has greatly improved
the presentation.
The picture shows Snellius’ quadrant. Snellius (1580–1626), best known for Snell’s law on the
breaking of light, used this quadrant to measure the earth. It is now on display in the Museum
Boerhaave at Leiden. The building of the Leiden Mathematical Institute is named after Snellius.
A replica of the quadrant was offered to me on the occasion of my retirement and placed in the hall
of the Snellius building.
Contents
Preface v
1 Fourier Series 1
1.1 Definition and elementary properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Uniform convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Some facts about convergence of Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Parseval’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Fourier Integrals 7
2.1 The convolution product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Elementary properties of the Fourier integral . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 The inversion theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Plancherel’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 The Poisson summation formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 The Riemann–Stieltjes integral and functions of bounded variation 13
2.7 Bochner’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.8 Extension to Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 Haar Measures 32
4.1 Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2 Invariant measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3 Weil’s formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4 Haar measures for specific groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 Quasi-invariant measures on quotient spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.6 The convolution product on G. Properties of L1 .G/ . . . . . . . . 45
viii Contents
Notice that L2 .T / L1 .T /.
Let f 2 L1 .T /. The nth Fourier coefficient an of f is defined by
Z 1
an D f .x/ e2 i nx dx
0
P1 n 2 Z,
where
2 i
the set of integers. We also write an D an .f /. The series
nx is called the Fourier series of f . The series does not need
nD1 an e
to converge for all x, and, moreover, if convergence takes place, the sum is not
necessarily equal to f .x/.
Here are some elementary properties:
If f is any function, integrable on the interval Œa; b, then one has
Z b
lim f .x/ e2 i nx dx D 0:
jnj!1 a
tions on Œa; b and then applying partial integration. In particular we thus obtain
lim an .f / D 0 for all f 2 L1 .T /: (1.1.3)
jnj!1
Furthermore we have:
P
If f 2 L2 .T /; then 1nD1 jan j is convergent
2
P (1.1.4)
and one has 1 nD1 jan j kf k2 :
2 2
The latter result is nothing but the Bessel inequality in the Hilbert space L2 .T /
with respect to the orthonormal system ¹e2 i nx ºn2Z . In fact, as we will see later
in Section 1.5, we have equality.
1.2 Convergence
In this section we start finding criteria for the convergence of the Fourier series
of f . P
Let f 2 L1 .T / and define SN .f; x/ D N nDN an .f / e
2 i nx . We may write
X
N Z 1
SN .f; x/ D f .t/ e2 i n.t x/ dt (1.2.1)
nDN 0
Z xC 12
sin.2N C 1/.t x/
D f .t/ dt
x 12 sin .t x/
Z 1=2
sin.2N C 1/y
D ¹f .x C y/ C f .x y/º dy:
0 sin y
sin.2N C1/y
The function y 7! sin y is called the Dirichlet kernel of SN . If we take
R 1=2 sin.2N C1/y
f .x/ D 1, then we get 0 sin y dy D 12 . Fourier already posed the
following question. Does SN .f; x/ converge to f .x/ at each point x? In almost
all points x? In at least one point x?
We shall say that a function f on R has a discontinuity of the first kind at x if it
is discontinuous at x and both one-sided limits f .x C 0/ D limh#0 f .x C h/ and
f .x 0/ D limh"0 f .x C h/ exist and are finite.
We have the following result:
where
¹f .x C y/ f .x C 0/º C ¹f .x y/ f .x 0/º
.y/ D :
sin y
For every x for which f 0 .x C 0/ and f 0 .x 0/ exist and are finite, the function (as a
function of y) is continuous on Œ0; 12 , except for at most finitely many discontinuities of
the first kind. Hence is bounded on Œ0; 12 and integrable. The theorem now follows from
the remarks just preceding (1.1.3).
Examples
1. f .x/ D x 12 .0 < x < 1/, f .0/ D f .1/ D 0 and f is periodic with
period 1. We obtain a0 D 0, an D 21i n .n 6D 0/. Applying Theorem 1.2.1
P
gives x 12 D 1 1nD1
sin 2 nx
n for 0 < x < 1. Taking x D 14 , we get
1 1 1 1
D 1 C C :
4 3 5 7 9
nDp
2 i n nDp nDp
4 2 n2
.0 < p q or q p < 0) it follows, taking into account that f 2 L2 .T / and (1.1.4), that
the Fourier series of F convergesP1absolutely2and uniformly on R. From Theorem 1.2.1
now
P it follows that F .x/ D nD1P A n e i nx
for all x. Hence, in particular, A0 C
an
n6D0 A n D F .0/ D 0, so A0 D n6D0 2 i n For every x with 0 x 1 we thus
.
have Z x X an
f .t/dt D F .x/ C a0 x D a0 x C .e2 i nx 1/:
0 2 i n
n6D0
Theorem 1.3.2. Let f be periodic with period 1 and smooth. Then the Fourier
series of f converges uniformly to f .x/.
Rx
We shall apply Theorem 1.3.1. One clearly has f .x/ D 0 f 0 .t /dt C f .0/. Notice that
f 0 fulfills the requirements of Theorem 1.3.1. So applying this theorem we get for all x
with 0 x 1,
X an
f .x/ f .0/ D a0 x C .e2 i nx 1/:
2 i n
n6D0
R1
Here an is the n Fourier coefficient of f . In particular we have a0 D 0 f 0 .t /dt D 0. So
th 0
X an
f .x/ D f .0/ C .e2 i nx 1/
2 i n
n6D0
X an X an
D f .0/ C e2 i nx :
2 i n 2 i n
n6D0 n6D0
1.4 Some facts about convergence of Fourier series 5
This series, with sum f .x/, converges absolutely and uniformly (see proof of Theo-
rem 1.3.1) and is the Fourier series of f .
Remark 1.3.3. Alternatively, Theorem 1.3.2 can be proved without using The-
orem 1.3.1 (which is of P independent interest). Indeed, by Theorem P11.2.1 we
N
have f .x/ D limN !1 nDN an e 2 i nx for all x. The series nD1 jan j
0
convergent, since for n 6D 0, an D a2
is clearlyP n .f /
i n (see above). Hence we have
f .x/ D 1 nD1 an e
2 i nx , the series being absolutely and uniformly convergent.
gives:
Example. Let f .x/ D x 12 .0 < x < 1/, f .0/ D f .1/ D 0 and f periodic with
P 2
period 1. Relation (1.5.1) then yields 1 1
nD1 n2 D 6 . Similarly, taking f .x/ ,
2
P 4
we obtain 1 1
nD1 n4 D 90 , etc.
1.6 Generalization
The previous sections can be generalized to functions on T n , or, in other words, to
functions f D f .x1 ; : : : ; xn / on Rn with the property f .x1 Ck1 ; : : : ; xn Ckn / D
f .x1 ; : : : ; xn / for all k1 ; : : : ; kn 2 Z. Writing for f 2 L1 .T n /
Z Z 1 Z 1
f .x/dx D f .x1 ; : : : ; xn / dx1 : : : dxn
Tn 0 0
P
and using the notation .x; y/ D niD1 xi yi if x D .x1 ; : : : ; xn /, y D .y1 ; : : : ; yn /,
the Fourier coefficients of f 2 L1 .T n / are given by
Z
ak D f .x/ e2 i .x;k/ dx
Tn
where k D .k1 ; : : : ; kn / 2 Zn .
2 2
Let D @ 2 C C @ 2 be the Laplace operator and assume that m f exists
@x1 @xn
and
P is a continuous function for some f 2 L1 .T n /. Then the Fourier series
k2Zn ak e
2 i .x;k/ of f converges uniformly to f .x/ as soon as m Œ n2 . We
leave this as an exercise.
Chapter 2
Fourier Integrals
kf gk1 kf k1 kgk1 :
From the well-known Hölder inequalities we conclude that the convolution product
f g, defined by the same formula (2.1.1), exists everywhere if f 2 Lp and
g 2 Lq where p1 C q1 D 1; p 1. Furthermore we have, in summary,
Remark 2.1.2. In the same way, by applying Minkowski’s inequality, one shows:
if f 2 L1 and g 2 Lp (p 1), then f g 2 Lp and kf gkp kf k1 kgkp .
.L t f /b.y/ D e2 i ty f
b.y/;
h ib
e2 i tx f .x/ .y/ D .L t fb/.y/;
1 b y
.M f /b.y/ D f
for all f 2 L1 .R/.
2.3 The inversion theorem 9
Examples
1. Let A > 0 and ˆA the characteristic function of the closed interval ŒA; A.
Then b̂A .y/ D sin y
2Ay
.y 6D 0/, b̂A .0/ D 2A.
2. Set ´
1 jxj for jxj 1,
.x/ D
0 for jxj > 1,
2
(triangle function). Then D ˆ1=2 ˆ1=2 , so .y/ b D sinyy .y 6D 0/,
.0/ D 1.
3. Let T be the trapezoidal function:
8
ˆ
<1 if jxj 1,
T .x/ D 2 jxj if 1 < jxj 2,
:̂
0 if jxj > 2:
b.y/ D
Then T D ˆ1=2 ˆ3=2 , hence T sin 3y sin y b.0/ D 3.
.y 6D 0/ and T
.y/2
b.y/
4. Let f .x/ D eajxj ; a > 0. Then f D a2 C42a
2y2 .
2
b.y/ D
eax ; a > 0. Then we get by complex integration f
q f .x/2 D
5. Let
2 2 2
y =a
a e . In particular F .ex / D ey .
For a proof we might refer to [41].
Hence lim˛#0 I2 D 0, so jI2 j < "=2 as soon as ˛ is small, say 0 < ˛ < .
Step 5. Summarizing: if 0 < ˛ < , then
ˇZ ˇ
ˇ 1
f .x C 0/ C f .x 0/ ˇˇ
ˇ b
f .y/ e 2 ixy 4 2 ˛y 2
dy
ˇ e
2 ˇ < ":
1
Remark 2.3.2. (a) Under the conditions of Theorem 2.3.1 one shows in a similar
way
Z 1
lim b.t/ e2 ixt e˛jt j dt D f .x C 0/ C f .x 0/ ;
f
˛#0 1 2
and also
Z
˛
jt j b.t/ e2 ixt dt D f .x C 0/ C f .x 0/ :
lim 1 f
˛!1 ˛ ˛ 2
2.3 The inversion theorem 11
(b) One can show, by careful reconsidering our proof, that for every f 2 L1 the
three above limits converge almost everywhere to f .x/. One uses the so-called
Lebesgue set of f . See [19], [44].
Z 1
f .0/ D b.t / dt:
f
1
.1/
Applying this to ' 2 Cc .R/, we easily get b
' 2 L1 and, using Corollary 2.3.3
for ',
Z 1 Z 1
f .x/ '.x/dx D b.x/ b
f ' .x/dx
1 1
Z 1 Z 1
f e
f .0/ D jf .x/j2 dx D jb
f .y/j2 dy:
1 1
So kf k2 D kb
f k2 .
We then have:
So we get X X
b
f .n/ e2 i nx D .x/ D f .x C n/:
n2Z n2Z
The theorem now follows by taking x D 0.
2
Example. Take f .x/ D eax with a > 0. We get
r
X X 2 n2 =a
an2
e D e :
a
n2Z n2Z
This gives a well-known identity for theta functions in algebraic number theory.
Define
X
n
SV D .supi f / .g.xi / g.xi 1 //;
i D1
X
n
sV D .infi f / .g.xi / g.xi 1 //:
i D1
Here
supi f D sup¹f .x/ W xi 1 x xi º
and
infi f D inf¹f .x/ W xi 1 x xi º:
Set S D infV SV , s D supV sV . The function f is called Riemann–Stieltjes (R-S)
integrable with respect to g if S D s. The common value is denoted by
Z b Z b
f .x/ dg.x/ or f dg:
a a
Theorem 2.6.1. (i) The function f is R-S integrable with respect to g if and only
if for any " > 0 there is a partition V of Œa; b such that SV sV < ".
(ii) If f1 and f2 are R-S integrable with respect to g, then so is ˛1 f1 C ˛2 f2 for
all ˛1 ; ˛2 2 R. Moreover
Z b Z b Z b
.˛1 f1 C ˛2 f2 / dg D ˛1 f1 dg C ˛2 f2 dg:
a a a
Rb
(iii) If f1 , f2 are R-S integrable with respect to g and f1 f2 then f1 dg
Rb a
a f2 dg:
(iv) If f is R-S integrable with respect to g, then so is jf j and
ˇZ b ˇ Z b
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f dg ˇ jf j dg:
a a
(ii) Let g1 and g2 be two weight functions on Œa; b and ˛1 , ˛2 positive real
numbers. Then ˛1 g1 C ˛2 g2 is a weight function on Œa; b and
Z b Z b Z b
f d.˛1 g1 C ˛2 g2 / D ˛1 f dg1 C ˛2 f dg2 ;
a a a
Clearly, (i) is easily shown applying the mean value theorem. For (iii) one considers the
union of the sets Vn D ¹x W g.x C 0/ g.x 0/ 1=nº. The proof of the remaining
properties is easy and is left to the reader.
Clearly, one may assume that weight functions g are normalized by g.a/ D 0
and g left continuous, applying the above properties (iv) and (v). For such weight
functions g1 ; g2 one has
Z b Z b
f dg1 D f dg2 for all continuous f if and only if g1 D g2 : (2.6.1)
a a
A linear form on C Œa; b, the space of real-valued continuous functions on Œa; b,
is called positive if .f / 0 when f 0.
16 2 Fourier Integrals
(ii) The function g is said to be of bounded variation (b.v.) if Vab .g/ < 1.
Lemma 2.6.5. A function g W Œa; b ! R is of b.v. if and only if there are weight
functions g1 and g2 on Œa; b such that g D g1 g2 .
By property (a) above, weight functions are of b.v. So if g1 and g2 are weight functions,
g D g1 g2 is of b.v. Conversely, let g be of b.v. Then choosing g1 .x/ D Vax .g/ and
g2 D g1 g, g1 and g2 are weight functions.
Let now g be of b.v. and select weight functions g1 and g2 such that g D g1 g2 .
For continuous functions f W Œa; b ! R one defines
Z b Z b Z b
f dg D f dg1 f dg2 : (2.6.2)
a a a
This definition is clearly independent of the selected splitting g D g1 g2 of g.
2.6 The Riemann–Stieltjes integral and functions of bounded variation 17
Theorem 2.6.6. (i) Let be a real continuous linear form on C Œa; b, provided
with the supremum norm. There exists a function g of b.v. on C Œa; b such
Rb
that .f / D a f dg for all f 2 C Œa; b. Furthermore, k k D Vab .g/.
(ii) Let be a continuous linear form on Cc .R/, provided with theR 1supremum
norm. There exists a function g of b.v. on R such that .f / D 1 f dg for
all f 2 Cc .R/. Furthermore, k k D V .g/.
Remark 2.6.7. The above theory has motivated Bourbaki to give the following
definition, see [5, Chapter IV] and also Chapter 4.
Let X be a locally compact topological space and C .X / the linear space of
c
the real-valued continuous functions on X with compact support.
A measure on X is a real linear form on C .X / such that for any compact
c
subset K X,
j .f /j CK kf k1
for all f with Supp f K. Here CK is a constant, only depending on the
choice of K.
The measure is said to be bounded if CK can be chosen independently of K,
hence if is a continuous linear form on Cc .X / with respect to the supremum
norm.
X
n
i j '.xi xj / 0:
i;j D1
is a continuous function in P.
20 2 Fourier Integrals
Theorem 2.7.3. Let ' 2 P be measurable (so ' 2 L1 ). Then there exists a
bounded weight function g on R such that
Z 1
'.x/ D e2 ixt dg.t / .a:e:/:
1
Bochner himself assumed ' continuous and showed that the equality holds
everywhere. F. Riesz weakened the condition on ' in the form as stated in the
theorem.
Corollary 2.7.4. Any p.d. function ' 2 L1 \ P coincides a.e. with a continuous
p.d. function.
We shall show Theorem 2.7.3. We begin with a few lemmas.
Lemma 2.7.5. Let ' 2 P. For any " > 0 the function given by .x/ D
2
e"x '.x/ .x 2 R/ is in P.
It is well known that r Z 1
"x 2 2 t 2 ="
e D e e2 ixt dt:
" 1
Hence
r
" X
j k .xj xk /
j;k
X Z 1
2 t 2 ="
D j k '.xj xk / e e2 i.xj xk /t dt
1
j;k
Z ²X ³
1
2 t 2 ="
D e j e2 ixj t k e2 ixk t '.xj xk / dt 0:
1
j;k
2.7 Bochner’s theorem 21
X
n X
n
j k '.xj xk / 0 and hence e2 i t .xj xk / '.xj xk / 0:
j;kD1 j;kD1
where N .x/ D . xn / (for the definition of the triangle function , see Section 2.2).
Therefore Z 1
e2 i tx '.x/N .x/ dx 0 for all N > 0:
1
Now limN !1 N .x/ D 1 for all x. By Lebesgue’s theorem on dominated convergence
one obtains, since ' 2 L1 ,
Z 1
e2 i tx '.x/ dx 0 for all t 2 R:
1
Furthermore we have
ˇZ ˇ Z
ˇ ˇ 1 j'.t /
ˇ ı .x t/ '.t/ dt ˇ dt
ˇ N ˇ N 2 .x t /2
jtjs jt js
Z
1 dt
k'k 1 for jxj < s:
jt js .x t /
N 2 2
R
So for jxj < s we obtain limN !1 jt js ıN .x t / '.t / dt D 0. Hence
Z 1
lim ıN .x t/ '.t / dt D '.x/ a.e.
N !1 1
2.7 Bochner’s theorem 23
for all x 2 R.
For x D 0 this gives
Z 1 Z 1
ıN .t/'n .t / dt D N .t / n .t / dt:
1 1
Therefore
Z 1 Z 1
N .t / n .t / dt j'n .t /j ıN .t / dt 'n .0/kıN k1 D '.0/:
1 1
R1
By Fatou’s lemma (N ! 1), 1 n .t / dt converges, so n 2 L1 and k n k1 '.0/
for all n. Ru
Now define gn .u/ D 1 n .t / dt .u 2 R/. Observe that we may assume n to be
continuous. The functions gn are bounded weight functions satisfying 0 gn .u/ '.0/
for all n D 1; 2; : : : .
Furthermore, by (2.7.1),
Z 1 Z 1
ıN .x t/ 'n .t / dt D e2 ixt N .t / dgn .t /:
1 1
Since jgn .t /j '.0/ for all t 2 R, by Theorem 2.6.8 there exists a sequence n1 < n2 <
and a weight function g such that
Z 1 Z 1
lim N .t / e2 ixt dgnk .t / D N .t / e2 ixt dg.t /:
nk !1 1 1
Hence Z 1 Z 1
ıN .x t/ '.t/ dt D N .t / e2 ixt dg.t /:
1 1
Let now N tend to infinity and apply Lemma 2.7.7 and Theorem 2.6.9. We obtain
Z 1
'.x/ D e2 ixt dg.t / a.e.
1
24 2 Fourier Integrals
2.8 Extension to Rn
b to functions f 2
One easily can extend the definition of the Fourier transform f
1 n
L .R / by Z
fb.x/ D f .y/ e2 i.x;y/ dy .x 2 Rn /
Rn
where .x; y/ D x1 y1 C C xn yn if x D .x1 ; : : : ; xn /, y D .y1 ; : : : ; yn /.
Similar theorems hold as in the case n D 1, but the proofs might be more in-
volved. In particular the proof of Bochner’s theorem seems difficult to generalize.
It is done by Bochner in [1, Author’s Supplement], and by F. Riesz and E. Hopf,
see [58, pp. 122–123] for precise references. In Chapter 5, Section 5.4, we shall
prove this theorem by putting the theory of the Fourier transform in a new context.
Chapter 3
Locally Compact Groups
3.1 Groups
We recall a few simple facts from elementary algebra. Let G be a group with unit
element e. We denote the inverse of x by x 1 . The group G is said to be abelian
or commutative if xy D yx for all x; y 2 G. We assume that the reader is familiar
with the notions of homomorphism, isomorphism, kernel of a homomorphism,
denoted by ker f , isomorphic groups, subgroup H of G, coset spaces G=H and
H nG, canonical projection, normal subgroup. The coset space G=H is a group as
soon as H is normal, and then called the quotient group or factor group. If f is a
homomorphism of G onto G 0 , then G 0 ' G= ker f . Q
Let G˛ .˛ 2 I / be an indexed family of groups. The set G D ˛ G˛ is a group
if the product is defined by .x˛ /:.y˛ / D .x˛ y˛ /. G is called the direct product of
the G˛ . The product of two groups G1 and G2 is commonly denoted by G1 G2 .
The product of finitely many locally compact spaces is again locally compact.
A topological space is said to be countable at infinity if X is the union of count-
ably many compact subsets.
A mapping f W X ! X 0 is called continuous if the inverse image of any open
(closed) subset of X 0 is open (closed) in X . The mapping f is said to be an open
mapping if the image of any open set in X is open in X 0 .
The spaces X and X 0 are said to be homeomorphic if there exists a bijection
f W X ! X 0 such that f and f 1 are continuous.
We conclude this section with a technical result without proof.
Examples. R, R , GLn .R/, GLn .C/, T , Z, C, H, SU.2/, any Lie group, the field
of p-adic numbers Qp , the ring of adèles Ak , the ring of idèles Ik (k an algebraic
number field), any finite group; every (abstract) group is a topological group with
the discrete topology.
Some properties
(i) Every neighbourhood U of e contains a symmetric neighbourhood V , i.e. a
neighbourhood satisfying V D V 1 .
Take V D U \ U 1 .
28 3 Locally Compact Groups
Similarly we have
(ii0 ) For every n there is a neighbourhood V of e with V n U .
(iii) Let K G be compact, U open and K U . There exists a neighbourhood
W of e with W K U .
[
n [
n
WK W Wi ki Wi2 ki U:
iD1 i D1
(v) The product of two open subsets of G is open. The product of two closed subsets
of G (even of two closed subgroups) need not be closed. p Take for example in R
(the additive group of real numbers) F1 D Z, F2 D Z 2. But if F is closed and
K compact, then FK is closed.
According to Section 3.3, property (vii), G and G 0 are metrizable. Choose a dense se-
quence .xn / in G and let U be a compact neighbourhood of e and V a symmetric com-
pact neighbourhood with V 2 U . The compact sets xn V cover G. Hence the com-
pacts sets f .xn / f .V / cover G 0 . Now G 0 is a complete metric space. According to
Baire’s theorem at least one of the sets f .xn / f .V / is a neighbourhood of, let us say,
f .xn / f .v0 / D f .xn v0 /. Therefore f .v01 xn1 / f .xn /f .V / D f .v01 /f .V / is a neigh-
bourhood of f .e/, and also f .v01 /f .V / f .V 2 / f .U /. It is now clear that the image
of any open subset of G is open in G 0 . So f is an open mapping.
30 3 Locally Compact Groups
(ii) The product of arbitrary many topological groups is again a topological group.
Q
Observe that ˛2I G˛ , G˛ discrete, is not necessarily discrete as soon as
Card.I / D 1 and Card.G˛ / 2 for all ˛ 2 I (it is compact if all G˛ are
finite).
(iii) The mapping .x; y/ 7! xy from G G to G is open as is .x; y/ 7! xy 1 and
.x; y/ 7! x.
This follows from the definition of the product topology.
(iv) Any locally compact group is the union of open (and hence closed) subgroups
which are compactly generated.
S
Indeed, take GV D n1 V n with V an open symmetric neighbourhood of e with com-
SG is the
pact closure. Clearly
n
union of all such GV , which are compactly generated, since
clearly also GV D n1 V , where V is the closure of V .
(v) A locally compact group or quotient space, which has countably many ele-
ments, is discrete.
This follows from Baire’s theorem and Section 3.3, property (vii).
3.6 Functions on locally compact groups 31
y 2 W \ U we now have
The same result holds for the functions in C0 .G/, the space of continuous
complex-valued functions f on G which vanish at infinity, i.e. the functions f
satisfying: for any " > 0 there is a compact subset K" G such that jf .x/j < "
for all x … K" .
(ii) Let H be a closed subgroup of G. A complex-valued function F on G is of the
form F 0 ı H , where F 0 is a function on G=H if and only if F is left H -invariant,
i.e. F .xh/ D F .x/ for all x 2 G, h 2 H . The function F is continuous if and only
if F 0 is continuous. This follows immediately from the definition of the topology
of G=H .
Chapter 4
Haar Measures
4.1 Measures
We follow the approach to measure theory of A. Weil and N. Bourbaki.
(i) Let X be a locally compact space and set as before Cc .X / for the space of
complex-valued continuous functions on X with compact support, and denote by
C0 .X/ the space of complex-valued continuous functions on X which vanish at
infinity.
Observe that C0 .X / is the completion of Cc .X / with respect to the supremum
norm kf k1 D sup jf .x/j.
Let Cc .XI R/ be the subspace of real-valued functions in Cc .X /.
A real (complex) measure on X is a real (complex) linear functional on
Cc .XIR/ (Cc .X /) such that for any compact set K X there exists a constant
MK > 0 satisfying
j .f /j MK kf k1
for all f 2 Cc .X I R/ .Cc .X // with Supp f K.
The measure is called positive if .f / 0 as soon as f 0, for all f 2
Cc .X/. Clearly is a real measure in this case. We shall also write
Z Z
.f / D f .x/d .x/ D f d :
X X
Sometimes we shall delete the suffix “X ” if the space is clear from the context.
The connection between our approach and the set-theoretic one is as follows
(see, e.g., [22, §9]):
(iv) Every positive linear form on Cc .X / (i.e. every complex linear form on
Cc .X/ with .f / 0 if f 0) is a positive measure.
One has, similar to (iii), with the same proof, j .f /j .jf j/ for all f 2 Cc .X /. Let
K X be a compact set and gK 2 Cc .X / such that gK .x/ D 1 on K, gK 0. Then one
has for all f 2 Cc .X / with Supp f K: f D fgK and
i D i .1 1 / .1 i 1 / for i D 2; : : : ; m:
X
m
i D 1 .1 1 /.1 2 / .1 m /:
iD1
j .f /j D j .'" f /j MK "
is a right-invariant measure.
Theorem 4.2.1 (Haar 1933, existence; von Neumann 1934, uniqueness). Every lo-
cally compact group admits a left-invariant positive measure, which is non-trivial
and unique up to a positive constant.
Notation and terminology. We call such a measure from now on a left Haar
measure and denote it also by dx. So for a left Haar measure we have
Z Z
f .a1 x/dx D f .x/dx .f 2 Cc .X //:
G G
R
Now fix f 2 Cc .X /, f 0 with 1 .f / 6D 0. Define F .x/ D f .yx 1 / d 2 .y/. Then
we have Z Z
1 .f / g.x/ d 2 .x/ D g.x/F .x/ d 1 .x 1 /
F .e/ 2 .f /
.e/ D D
1 .f / 1 .f /
(iii) For many locally compact groups a left Haar measure is also a right Haar
measure. A group with this property is said to be unimodular. This is certainly the
4.2 Invariant measures 37
case for abelian groups. In other situations there is a modulus, which we are now
going to introduce.
Let dx be a left Haar measure on G. For any a 2 G,
Z
f 7! f .xa1 / dx .f 2 Cc .G//
is again a left-invariant and positive measure. Hence there is a constant .a/ > 0
such that Z Z
f .xa1 / dx D .a/ f .x/ dx (4.2.1)
G G
for all f 2 Cc .G/ and a 2 G.
The mapping is a continuous homomorphism from G into RC and is inde-
pendent of the choice of dx. It is called
the Haar modulus of G.
If G is the group of matrices 0 1 with > 0, 2 R, then its Haar modulus
is equal to W 0 1 7! 1 .
Furthermore, Z
f 7! f .x/ .x 1 / dx
G
R 1 /.x 1 / dx is again a left Haar
is a right Haar measure. Hence f ! 7 G f .x
measure, so
Z Z
f .x 1 /.x 1 / dx D c f .x/ dx .f 2 Cc .G//
G G
It also follows Z Z
1
f .x / dx D f .x/.x 1 / dx; (4.2.3)
G G
or dx 1 D .x 1 /dx.
Remark 4.2.3. The null sets, the local null sets and the measurable sets for the left
and right Haar measure coincide. In any non-unimodular group there are open sets
which are integrable for the left Haar measure, but not for the right Haar measure.
Compact groups are unimodular: .G/ is compact in RC , hence equal to ¹1º.
(iv) The group G has finite Haar measure if and only if G is compact.
38 4 Haar Measures
P
and 1nN f .an1 x/ 1 for all x and all N . This would imply that the Haar measure
is unbounded, leading to a contradiction.
(v) Define for any function f on G and any element a 2 G the function La f by
La f .x/ D f .a1 x/ .x 2 G/. In practice the following situation often occurs.
In some open neighbourhood V of e in G a positive measure dV .x/ 6D 0 is given
which is locally left-invariant: for all f 2 Cc .G/ with Supp f V one has
Z Z
f .a1 x/ dV .x/ D f .x/ dV .x/
V V
Lemma 4.3.1. Let f 2 Cc .G/ and " > 0. There is a neighbourhood U" of e such
that for all x 2 G Z
jf .y 1 x/ f .x/j d < "
H
jf .y 1 x/ f .x/j "=Mx g.x/
(ii) Let now H be a closed normal subgroup of G. Then the quotient space GP D
G=H is a locally compact group, see 3.4. Denote its own Haar measure by d x.P
Consider Z
f 7! P d xP
TH f .x/ .f 2 Cc .G//:
G=H
This is a positive linear functional on Cc .G/, hence a measure. It is not identically
zero and left-invariant. Therefore there is a positive constant c such that
Z Z
P d xP D c
TH f .x/ f .x/ dx
G=H G
Conversely, let satisfy (4.5.2). Then there exists a unique measure P on G=H
such that (4.5.1) holds.
Fix f 2 Cc .G/. For all g 2 Cc .G/ we have
Z ²Z ³
f .x/ g.x/ d d .x/
G H
Z ²Z ³
D f .x/g.x/ d .x/ d
H G
Z ²Z ³
D H . 1 / f .x 1 /g.x/ d .x/ d (by (4.5.2))
H G
Z ²Z ³
D g.x/ f .x/ d d .x/:
G H
R R
We can choose g such that H g.x/ d D 1 for all x 2 Supp f . Hence, if H f .x/ d D
R R
0 for all x 2 G, then G f .x/ d .x/ D 0. Now set . P fP/ D G f .x/ d .x/ for fP 2
Cc .G=H /, where f is such that f 2 Cc .G/, TH f D fP. The functional P is well-defined
and is a measure on G=H . Indeed, if KP G=H is compact, take then f1 2 Cc .G/
such that TH f1 D 1 on K.P For all fP 2 Cc .G=H / with Supp fP KP one can now take
f D .fP ı H / f1 and therefore
ˇZ ˇ
ˇ ˇ
j . P ˇ
P f /j D ˇ f .x/ d .x/ˇˇ CKP kfPk1 ;
G
R
where CKP D G jf1 .x/j d j .x/j, which is independent of fP. The measure P satisfies
formula (4.5.1).
Summarizing:
Let be a measure on G. Then condition (4.5.2) is necessary and sufficient for
the existence of a measure P on G=H which satisfies (4.5.1)
(ii) Now take a special kind of measure: d .x/ D q.x/ dx, q a continuous func-
tion on G, dx a left Haar measure. The relation (4.5.2) becomes
Z Z
1
f .x / q.x/ dx D H ./ f .x/ q.x/ dx . 2 H /:
G G
4.5 Quasi-invariant measures on quotient spaces 43
hence with
H ./
q.x/ D q.x/ .x 2 G; 2 H /: (4.5.3)
./
One can show that there always exists (i.e. for any H ) a continuous and strictly
positive function q on G that satisfies (4.5.3) (cf. [38, Chapter 8, §1.7–1.9]).
Take such a function q. Then there exists a positive measure dq xP on G=H such
that
Z ²Z ³ Z
f .x/ d dq xP D f .x/q.x/ dx .f 2 Cc .G//: (4.5.4)
G=H H G
ƒy .xH / D y 1 xH .y 2 G/:
These are homeomorphisms of G=H . The measure dq xP has the property: for all
fP 2 Cc .G=H / one has
Z Z
fP.ƒy x/
P dq xP D fP.x/ P dq xP
P y .x/ .y 2 G/: (4.5.6)
G=H G=H
If we then set q.x/ D r.x/, then (4.5.3) holds. Furthermore we obtain y .x/ P D
r.y/, so that dq xP is relatively invariant. Thus there exists a relatively invariant
measure dr xP on G=H such that for all fP 2 Cc .G=H / one has
Z Z
P P dr xP D r.y/
f .ƒy x/ fP.x/
P dr xP (4.5.8)
G=H G=H
H ./ D ./ . 2 H /; (4.5.9)
H .h/
Define q as follows. For h 2 H let q.h/ D .h/
and for general x 2 G set
We leave it to the reader to show that several of the formulae derived above also
hold for functions f 2 L1 .G/ etc. In most cases an exact formulation obvious.
The operators Ly and Ry are isometries in Lp .G/ for all p 1. Furthermore the
mappings y 7! Ly f and y 7! Ry f are continuous from G to Lp .G/ for each f
in Lp .G/. This follows immediately using Section 3.6 (i).
(iv) The Banach space Lp .G/ .1 p < 1/ is separable (i.e. has a countable
dense set of elements) if G satisfies the second axiom of countability.
(v) The convolution algebra L1 .G/ is commutative if and only if G is an abelian
group.
Since this holds for all f 2 Cc .G/, we get g.y 1 x/ D g.xy 1 /.y 1 / for all x; y 2 G
and all g 2 Cc .G/. Taking x D e we get D 1, so g.xy/ D g.yx/ for all x; y 2 G and
all g 2 Cc .G/. Since Cc .G/ separates the points of G, we obtain xy D yx for all x and
y. So G is an abelian group.
(vi) The algebra L1 .G/ has a unit element if and only if G is discrete.
Let G be discrete and let us assume that every point in G has mass equal to 1 with respect
to the Haar measure. Let ı be the function that is equal to 1 at e and zero elsewhere. Then
ı is the unit element of L1 .G/, i.e.
X
f ı.x/ D f .y/ ı.y 1 x/ D f .x/;
y2G
similarly ı f D f .
Conversely, let L1 .G/ have a unit element, called ı. We assert that there is a positive
lower bound for the masses of the non-empty open subsets. Indeed, otherwise there would
R for any " > 0 an open neighbourhood V of e with mass V < "2and therefore one with
be
V jı.x/jdx < ". Choose a symmetric neighbourhood U with U V and let be the
characteristic function of U . Then we have for x 2 U
Z Z Z
1 D .x/ D ı.x/ D ı.y/.y 1 x/dx D ı.y/dy jı.y/jdy < ":
G xU V
We get a contradiction. So there is ˛ > 0 such that the mass of all non-empty open sets
is greater than or equal to ˛. Select now an open subset V with compact closure. Then
mass V n˛ for n D 1; 2; : : : as soon as V contains at least n points. So any open set
with compact closure is finite, so any point is open, hence G is discrete.
(vii) The algebra L1 .G/ has an ‘approximate unit’; even more: given f 2 Lp .G/
.1 p < 1/ and " > 0, there exists a neighbourhood V of e such that kf u
Rf kp < " and ku f f kp < " for all u 2 Cc .G/ with u 0, Supp u V and
G u.x/ dx D 1.
R
by Hölder’s inequality. So ku f f kp G kLy f f kp u.y/dy. Now choose V such
that for all y 2 V one has kLy f f kp < " (see (iii)). Then ku f f kp < ".
For f u the proof is similar, but a little more complicated because the group G need
not be unimodular.
So h f 2 M .
As a corollary we have:
In L1 .G/ the closed left-(right-)ideals coincide with the closed left-(right-)invari-
ant subspaces.
(ix) One can extend the convolution product to M 1 .G/, the space of bounded
measures on G. For 1 ; 2 2 M 1 .G/ define
Z Z
1 2 .f / D f .xy/ d 1 .x/d 2 .y/ .f 2 Cc .G//:
G G
The product is well-defined (use Section 3.6), M 1 .G/ is thus a convolution algebra
and L1 .G/ can be regarded as a subalgebra of M 1 .G/, by associating to f 2
L1 .G/ the measure f .x/ dx.
Chapter 5
Harmonic Analysis on
Locally Compact Abelian Groups
Literature: [7].
In this chapter G will be a locally compact (later on, abelian) group, satisfying the
second axiom of countability, with left Haar measure dx.
Remark 5.1.2. Lemma 5.1.1 is also true without the assumption of unitarity of
.x/. However, the proof becomes more difficult, see [57, Prop. 4.2.2.1]. The
proof of Lemma 5.1.1 (for unitary ) is straightforward.
It is known that equivalence for unitary representations implies unitary equivalence. This
can be seen by applying polar decomposition of continuous linear operators, see for ex-
ample [8, 2.2.2].
Theorem 5.1.4. Let .; H / be a unitary representation. The following criteria are
equivalent:
(a) The only orthogonal projections commuting with all .x/ .x 2 G/ are the
zero operator and the identity operator I.
(b) HomG .; / D C I (Schur’s lemma).
(c) Every vector v 6D 0 in H is cyclic, i.e. the closure of span..G/v/ is H .
(d) .; H / is irreducible.
Criterion (a) implies (b). This is commonly proved with the spectral decomposition of
bounded self-adjoint operators. Let A be in HomG .; /. Then A R 1 2 HomG .; /.
So for the proof we may assume A to be self-adjoint. Write A D 1 dE (spectral
decomposition of A). Since .x/A.x 1 / D A for all x 2 G, the same holds for all E :
.x/E .x 1 / D E for all x 2 G. By (a) we get E D O or I . So A D c I for some
constant c. So (a) and (b) are equivalent. The criteria (a) and (c) are easily shown to imply
irreducibility and to be equivalent, applying Lemma 5.1.3 (b). Furthermore, (a) and (d)
are equivalent, again by this lemma.
5.1 Positive-definite functions and unitary representations 51
Let .; H / be unitary and f 2 L1 .G/. For any pair of vectors v; w 2 H the
integral Z
f .x/ h.x/v; wi dx
G
exists and one has
ˇZ ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f .x/ h.x/v; wi dx ˇ kf k1 kvk kwk:
G
Such a function ' defines in a natural way a Hilbert space H' as follows. For
f; g 2 Cc .G/ define
Z Z
.f; g/' D '.x 1 y/ f .x/ f .y/ dxdy: (5.1.1)
G G
This gives a positive sesqui-linear Hermitean form on Cc .G/. Let K' D ¹f W
.f; f /' D 0º. From the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (which holds for such forms)
it follows that K' is a linear subspace of Cc .G/. In a natural way we thus have on
Cc .G/=K' a genuine scalar product. Let H' be the Hilbert space completion of
this space.
For s 2 G let Ls be defined on Cc .G/ by Ls f .x/ D f .s 1 x/; x 2 G. It is
clear that .Ls f; Ls g/' D .f; g/' for f; g 2 Cc .G/. Thus Ls can be uniquely
extended to a unitary operator on H' . We even obtain a unitary representation of
G on H' : .L; H' /. To show the continuity of this representation, it suffices to
show that
s 7! .Ls f; g/'
is continuous for any pair f; g 2 Cc .G/. It even suffice to show the continuity at
s D e. One has
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
j.Ls f f; g/' j D ˇ '.x 1 y/ ¹Ls f .x/ f .x/º g.y/ dxdy ˇ
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
Dˇ '.y/ ¹Ls f .x/ f .x/º g.xy/ dxdy ˇ
Z
kLs f f k1 kgk1 j'.y/j dy;
K
5.1 Positive-definite functions and unitary representations 53
Theorem 5.1.6. Any bounded positive-definite function ' (i.e. ' 2 L1 ) coincides
almost everywhere with a continuous positive-definite function.
Let V be a neighbourhood of e and choose ¹uV º as in Section 4.6 (vii). For f 2 Cc .G/
one has Z
.f; uV /' ! f .x/ '.x/ dx as V ! ¹eº: (5.1.2)
G
Indeed,
Z Z
.f; uV /' D f .x/ uV .y/ '.x 1 y/ dxdy
G G
Z Z Z
D uV .x/ f .y/ '.x 1 y/ dxdy D uV .x/ f e
' .x/ dx
G G G
! f e
' .e/ as V ! ¹eº;
because f e
' is continuous. Furthermore we have for f 2 Cc .G/
ˇZ ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f .x/ '.x/ dx ˇ k'k1=2
1 kf k' : (5.1.3)
G
Indeed,
j.f; uV /' j2 .f; f /' .uV ; uV /' k'k1 kf k2'
R
for all V . So we can extend f 7! G f .x/ '.x/ dx to a bounded linear form on H' .
Consequently " 2 H' exists such that
Z
.f; "/' D f .x/ '.x/ dx for f 2 Cc .G/:
G
Then also Z
.Ls 1 f; "/' D f .s 1 x/ '.x/ dx
G
and Z
.f; Ls "/' D f .x/ '.s 1 x/ dx
G
Both sides of (5.1.4) are continuous in f , hence (5.1.4) holds for all f 2 H' and
g 2 Cc .G/. In particular
Z
."; g/' D ."; Ls "/' g.s/ ds D .g; "/'
ZG
D '.s/ g.s/ ds
G
for all g 2 Cc .G/. We may conclude that '.s/ D ."; Ls "/' almost everywhere. The
right-hand side is continuous (and positive-definite).
Theorem 5.2.2 (Alaoglu’s theorem). For any normed linear space X the unit ball
S D ¹x W kx k 1º in X is compact in the weak topology
.X ; X /.
56 5 Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
j x0 Cy0 x0 y0 j < 3"; jc x0 cx0 j < .jcj C 1/ " for all " > 0:
Consequently ¹ x º 2 T , so T D T .
j.T x; y /j ky k kT k kxk;
.T x; y / D .x; T y / .x 2 X; y 2 Y /:
D sup kT xk D kT k:
kxk1
Observe that there is a slight difference with the definition of the (Hilbert-)
adjoint of A 2 End.H /, when H is a Hilbert space.
5.2 Some functional analysis 57
Examples of locally convex linear spaces are: normed linear spaces, normed linear
spaces X provided with the topology
.X; X / and X provided with
.X ; X /.
The following lemma is interesting, but it is not used in this section. Neverthe-
less, we like to mention it.
Lemma 5.2.6. A locally convex linear space admits sufficiently many continuous
linear forms to separate its points.
Let x0 6D 0 in X . According to the above theory there is a symmetric convex functional
p with p.x0 / > 0. Set f .˛x0 / D ˛p.x0 /. The function f is a linear form on Cx0 , such
that jf .x/j p.x/ for all x 2 Cx0 and f .x0 / D p.x0 /. According to Hahn–Banach’s
theorem, f can be extended to a linear form on X such that jf .x/j p.x/ for all x 2 X .
Since p is continuous, f is continuous as well.
We shall now consider the complex case. So let Xc be a complex locally convex
linear space. Of course, Xc can also be seen as a real locally convex linear space,
which we call then Xr . If f 2 Xc , then Re f 2 Xr . Conversely, every g 2 Xr is
the real part of some f 2 Xc ; indeed take
Lemma 5.2.11. Let C be a closed, convex subset of Xc and let p … C . Then there
is u 2 Xc and " > 0 such that
Lemma 5.2.12. Any non-empty compact subset of a locally convex linear space
has extremal points.
60 5 Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
Theorem 5.4.1. (a) The set G 0 is closed in the topology
.L1 ; L1 /, hence G 0 is
b is locally compact.
weakly compact and thus G
(b) On Gb the topology
.L1 ; L1 / coincides with the topology of uniform con-
vergence on compact subsets of G.
Remark 5.4.2. (1) The topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets has
b K G com-
the following basis (and neighbourhood basis): fixing 0 2 G;
pact and " > 0, we consider
b .0 ; K; "/ D ¹ 2 G
U b W j.x/ 0 .x/j < " for all x 2 Kº:
(a) Let 'n 2 Gb converge weakly to '0 2 P0 ; '0 6D 0. (If G does not satisfy the second
axiom of countability, we have to consider filters instead of sequences.)
Take f1 ; f2 2 L1 .G/. From the relation
Z Z Z
.f1 f2 /.x/ 'n .x/ dx D f1 .x/ f2 .y/ 'n .x/ 'n .y/ dxdy
G G G
we obtain '0 .xy/ D '0 .x/'0 .y/ for all x; y 2 G. We know '0 .e/ 6D 0 and thus, in
particular, we have '0 .e/ D 1. Since '0 is bounded, we finally get j'0 .x/j D 1 for all
x 2 G, hence '0 2 G b. Therefore G 0 is weakly closed.
(b) Let ' 2 G b. A weak neighbourhood U.'I f1 ; : : : ; fn I "/ \ G b of ', (f1 ; : : : ; fn 2
b
L I " > 0) always contains a neighbourhood of the form U .'I K 0 I "0 /. Indeed, for suffi-
1
ciently large K 0 and sufficiently small "0 , the relation j'.x/ .x/j < "0 for all x 2 K 0
implies
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ fi .x/ '.x/ dx fi .x/ .x/ dx ˇ < "
G G
for i D 1; : : : ; n.
Conversely, let U b.'; K; "/ be given. We shall show that this set contains a set of the
b for some f1 ; : : : ; fn 2 L1 and "0 > 0. This is more difficult
form U.'I f1 ; : : : ; fn I "0 / \ G
to show. The proof is in two steps.
(1) Let f 2 L1 .G/ be given. For any K and " > 0 there is a weak neighbourhood V' of
' such that
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f .xy/ '.y/ dy f .xy/ .y/ dy ˇ < "
G G
b.
for all x 2 K and 2 U' \ G
It now easily follows from (2) that j'.x/ .x/j < " for all x 2 K and 2 U' \ G b,
hence U' \ G bU b.'; K; "/.
R
Let us first show (1). There exists a neighbourhood W of e in G such that G jf .xy/
f .y/j dy < "=3 for all x 2 W . The translates W z .z 2 K/ of W cover K. Hence there
are z1 ; : : : ; zN such that .W zn /1nN already cover K. Set fn .y/ D f .zn y/. Choose V'
such that
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ fn .y/ '.y/ dy fn .y/ .y/ dy ˇ < "=3
G G
b. This means
for 1 n N and 2 V' \ G
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f .z n y/ '.y/ dy f .zn y/ .y/ dy ˇ < "=3:
G G
64 5 Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
b, then
Choose z 2 K, say z 2 W zn . Then we have: if 2 V' \ G
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f .zy/ '.y/ dy f .zy/ .y/ dy ˇ
G G
ˇZ ˇ ˇZ ˇ
ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ
ˇ ¹f .zy/ f .zn y/º '.y/ dy ˇ C ˇ ¹f .zy/ f .zn y/º .y/ dy ˇ
G G
ˇZ ˇ
ˇ ˇ
Cˇ f .zn y/ ¹'.y/ .y/º dy ˇ
G
< ":
Statement (2) follows easily by choosing U' smaller than V' , namely such that for
sufficiently small "0 > 0 in addition holds
ˇZ Z ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ f .y/ '.y/ dy f .y/ .y/ dy ˇ < "0 :
G G
We conclude that the set of all fO with f 2 L1 .G/ is an algebra under the
pointwise multiplication, called F 1 .G 0 /, with the following additional properties:
(1) any F 2 F 1 .G 0 / is continuous on the compact space G 0 ;
(2) if F 2 F 1 .G 0 /, then F 2 F 1 .G 0 /;
(3) F .0/ D 0 for all F 2 F 1 .G 0 /. If xO 6D yO then there exists F 2 F 1 .G 0 / with
O 6D F .y/.
F .x/ O
By Stone–Weierstrass’ theorem, every complex-valued continuous function on
G0 which vanishes at xO D 0, can be uniformly approximated
R by functions from
b satisfying
F 1 .G 0 /. So if is a bounded measure on G fO.x/
O d .x/O D 0 for
R b
G
all f 2 L .G/, then D 0. This remains true if b
1
G
fO.x/
O d .x/
O D 0 for f in a
1
dense subset of L .G/.
b . Bochner’s theorem
(iii) Inverse Fourier transform of a measure on G
b Set
Let be a bounded measure on G.
Z
.T /.x/ D O d .x/:
.x; x/ O
b
G
b W 0; k k
Theorem 5.4.3 (Bochner’s theorem). Let M0 D ¹ 2 M 1 .G/
1º. Then P0 D T .M0 /:
b/; C0 .G
(1) M0 is closed in the topology
.M 1 .G b//, so by Alaoglu’s theorem compact.
b/ and L1 .G/.
(2) T is continuous with respect to the weak topologies on M 1 .G
(3) T .M0 / is compact in the topology
.L1 .G/; L1 .G//.
66 5 Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
(4) T .M0 / P0 .
(5) T .M0 / is convex and contains G 0 .
(6) By Krein–Milman’s theorem we now have T .M0 / D P0 .
Set V 1 .G/ D V .G/ \ L1 .G/; V 2 .G/ D V .G/ \ L2 .G/. For any f 2 V.G/
b such that
there is a unique measure f 2 M 1 .G/
Z
f .x/ D O d f .x/
.x; x/ O .x 2 G/:
b
G
O independent of f .
for a suitable normalization of d x,
Before we proceed with the proof, we give a few remarks. If f 2 Cc .G/ then
f f e 2 V 1 .G/. So f g 2 V 1 .G/
e 2 Cc .G/ is positive-definite, hence f f
for all f; g 2 Cc .G/. Consequently, V .G/ is dense in L1 .G/. In a similar way
1
(1) Given k 2 Cc .G b/, at least one function g 2 V 1 .G/ exists with the above property.
Indeed, for every xO 2 Supp k there is a u 2 Cc .G/ with u. O x/
O 6D 0. Hence also .u
e
u/O .x/
O D ju. O 2 > 0, the function u e
O x/j u being in V 1 .G/. There is a neighbourhood of xO
where .u e
u/O .y/
O > 0 for yO in that neighbourhood. Applying the compactness of Supp k,
we can take for g a function of the form g D u1 e u1 C C uN euN with functions
ui 2 Cc .G/.
(2) The definition of
.k/ does not depend on the special choice of g. Let f 2 V 1 .G/ and
fO be strictly positive on Supp k, then we have by (a)
Z Z Z
O
k.x/ O
k.x/ O
k.x/
d f .x/O D g.x/ O D
O d f .x/ fO.x/ O
O d g .x/
bG fO.x/
O G fO.x/
b O g.
O x/
O G fO.x/
b O g.
O x/
O
Z
O
k.x/
D O
d g .x/:
b O x/
G g. O
b hence
is a
(c) The functional
is a non-trivial positive linear form on Cc .G/,
b
non-trivial positive measure on G.
is linear:
.˛1 k1 C ˛2 k2 / D ˛1
.k1 / C ˛2
.k2 /. To see this, select therefore g 2
V 1 .G/ such that gO is strictly positive on Supp k1 [ Supp k2 .
is positive: take g of the form g D u e
1 u1 C C uN e
uN with ui 2 Cc .G/. Then
g is a positive measure, by Bochner’s theorem.
68 5 Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
is non-trivial: take f 2 V 1 .G/, f 6D 0. Then d f 6D 0. So there exists k 2 Cc .Gb/
R
with b O O b O
k d f 6D 0. Consider now
.k f /. Observe that k f 2 Cc .G /. We have
.k f / D
G
R k fO
b
G gO
d g for g 2 V 1 .G/, gO strictly positive on Supp k. Furthermore we have
Z Z Z
O k O k
.k f / D f d g D gO d f D k d f 6D 0:
b
G g O b
G gO bG
b
(d) The measure
is a Haar measure on G.
For yO0 2 G b let .LyO0 k/.x/
O D k.yO01 x/
O .k 2 Cc .G b//. We have to show that
.LyO0 k/ D
.k/ for all k 2 Cc .G b/. Observe first of all that if g 2 V 1 .G/ and yO0 2 G
b then g0 D
yO0 g 2 V .G/Rand gO 0 D LyO0 g,
1
O g0 D LyO0 g . The latter property follows from the
identity g.x/ D G .x; x/ O d g .x/,
O hence
Z Z Z
1
g0 .x/ D .x; yO0 x/ O d g .x/
O D .x; x/ O d g .yO0 x/ O D .x; x/ O d.LyO0 g /.x/
O
G G G
(by definition).
We now arrive at the invariance of
.
Let k 2 Cc .G b/ and yO0 2 G b. Take g 2 V 1 .G/ such that gO is strictly positive on
1
yO0 Supp k. Then we have
Z Z Z
O
k.y0 x/ O
k.x/ 1 k.x/ O
.LyO 1 k/ D O D
d g .x/ 1
d .
g 0O
y O
x/ D O
d g0 .x/
0
b O x/
G g. O b O yO0 x/
G g. O b O 0 .x/
G g O
D
.k/:
O As we already saw under (c), for every f 2 V 1 .G/
We shall write for
also d x.
one has Z
.k fO/ D k d f b
.k 2 Cc .G//:
bG
R R
So b G
k fO d xO D b G
b or fO.x/
k d f for all k 2 Cc .G/ O d xO D d f .x/ O for f 2
O b
V .G/. Since f is a bounded measure, this implies that f 2 L .G/. In addition
1 1
we have Z Z
f .x/ D O d f .x/
.x; x/ O D O fO.x/
.x; x/ O d xO
bG b
G
for all f 2 V 1 .G/ and all x 2 G. This completes the proof of the inversion
theorem.
Observe that f 2 V 1 .G/ since F .x/ b/. Hence by the inversion theorem,
O d xO 2 M 1 .G
R
f .x/ D b .x; x/ O
O f .x/
O d x. 0
O d xO D fO.x/
O Since T is one-to-one, we get F .x/ O d x,
O so
G
O
F D f almost everywhere.
b. Hence fOi 2 V 1 .G
on G b/.
Later on we shall see, applying Pontryagin’s duality theorem, see Section 5.7,
that the converse of Remark 5.5.4 is also true.
g.x/ D b G
O jfO.x/j
.x; x/ O d x, O in particular
Z Z
g.e/ D jfO.x/j
O 2 d xO D jf .x/j2 dx:
b
G G
The Fourier transform T is therefore an isometric linear mapping from the dense
b We can extend T isometri-
linear subspace L1 .G/ \ L2 .G/ of L2 .G/ to L2 .G/.
2
cally to L .G/.
b
Theorem 5.6.2 (Plancherel). T is an isometry from L2 .G/ onto L2 .G/.
b \ L2 .G/
We start with some preparations for the proof. Let F 2 L1 .G/ b and
set, as usual,
Z
0
.T F /.x/ D O F .x/
.x; x/ O d x:
O
b
G
70 5 Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
Pontryagin [35] has proved this theorem for compact and discrete groups, while Van Kam-
pen [54] gave a proof for locally compact abelian groups satisfying the second axiom of
countability. Compare this with Remark 5.4.2 (2).
Lemma 5.7.2. The functions of the form u v with u; v 2 Cc .G/ separate the
points of G.
Let a 2 G and let U be a neighbourhood of the unit element e. We shall show that there
exists a function f of the required type with f .a/ 6D 0, Supp f aU . Let V be a
symmetric neighbourhood of e with V 2 U and chooseRk 2 Cc .G/ with the properties:
k 0, k.x/ D k.x 1 / .x 2 G/, Supp k V and G k 2 .x/ dx D 1. Then f D
La .k k/ D La k k satisfies the above conditions.
(2) The following result from general topology is very useful here.
Let B be the complex linear space spanned by functions of the form u v with
u; v 2 Cc .G/. The space B is dense in L1 .G/. Notice that B V 1 .G/.
b
Lemma 5.7.4. T .B/ is dense in L1 .G/.
p
Let f 2 Cc .Gb/, f 0. Set g D b/. By Plancherel’s theorem
f , so f D g 2 , g 2 Cc .G
there is u 2 Cc .G/ with
kg uk
O 2<" ." > 0; given/:
kf .u u/bk1 D kg g uO uk
O 1
kg.g u/k
O 1 C ku.g
O u/k
O 1 kgk2 kg uk
O 2 C kuk
O 2 kg uk
O 2
kgj2 " C .kgk2 C "/ " D " .2kgk2 C "/:
U.xI f1 ; : : : ; fn I "/
° ˇZ Z ˇ ±
ˇ ˇ
D y2GWˇ fOi .x/
O .x; x/
O d xO fOi .x/
O .y; x/
O d xO ˇ < " for 1 i n ;
bG bG
U.˛.x/I f1 ; : : : ; fn I "/
° ˇZ Z ˇ ±
ˇ O ˇ
D ˛.y/ W ˇ O ˛.x/.x/
fi .x/ O d xO fOi .x/
O ˛.y/.x/
O d xO ˇ < " for 1 i n :
b
G bG
Since G satisfies the second axiom of countability, G is metrizable and complete by Sec-
tion 3.3 (vii). If H G is locally compact, the same holds. A complete subspace of a
complete space is certainly closed.
b
b Then there is a 2 G b
b and a neighbourhood
(4) Suppose ˛.G/ is not dense in G.
Ua of a such that Ua \ ˛.G/ D ;. There exists a function F of the form F D
b
b with F .a/ 6D 0 and Supp F Ua (see the proof of
F1 F2 .F1 ; F2 2 Cc .G//
Lemma 5.7.2). By Lemma 5.6.3 there is H 2 L1 .G/ b such that
Z
O OO H.x/ b
O D
F .x/ O x/
.x; O d xO .xOO 2 G/:
b
b
G
R
Hence b G
.x; x/ O d xO D 0 for all x 2 G. Since T 0 is one-to-one, H D 0 a.e.,
O H.x/
so F D 0, which gives a contradiction.
The theorem now follows from (1), (2), (3) and (4).
The first statement is easy: the natural isomorphism is clearly an algebraic isomorphism.
It is also a topological isomorphism since any compact set in G=H is the image under the
projection H of a compact set in G, see Section 3.5 (i). The second statement follows by
duality and Theorem 5.8.1.
b is discrete.
Theorem 5.9.2. If G is compact, then G
Indeed, let us take the Haar measure on G with total mass 1. Let now ".x/ D 1 for all
x 2 G. One clearly has b O D 1. One also has .y; x/
".e/ O b O Db
".x/ b, y 2 G.
O for all xO 2 G
".x/
So, if b O 6D 0, then .y; x/
".x/ O D 1 for all y 2 G, so xO D e. O Hence b O D 0 for all xO 6D e.
".x/ O
Hence G b is discrete and, by the inversion theorem, its dual Haar measure is clearly seen to
be the counting measure on G b.
Chapter 6
Classical Theory of Gelfand Pairs
The space Cc# .G/ is a subalgebra of the convolution algebra Cc .G/. Given f 2
Cc .G/, notice that the projection
Z Z
f .x/ D
#
f .kxk 0 / d kd k 0 (6.1.1)
K K
is in Cc# .G/.
Definition 6.1.1. The pair .G; K/ is said to be a Gelfand pair if the convolution
algebra Cc# .G/ is commutative.
The first example of a Gelfand pair is that of an abelian locally compact group
G with K reduced to the unit element, K D ¹eº. We shall meet other examples in
the next chapter.
Proposition 6.1.2 (C. Berg). Let .G; K/ be a Gelfand pair. Then G is unimodular.
for any function f 2 Cc .G/. So it is sufficient to show, applying the projection (6.1.1) to
f , that for any f 2 Cc# .G/ one has
Z Z
f .x/ dx D f .x 1 / dx;
G G
because is bi-K-invariant.
Let g be a function in Cc# .G/ equal to 1 on the compact set Supp f [ .Supp f /1 . We
get Z Z
f .x/ dx D f g.e/ D g f .e/ D f .x 1 / dx:
G G
.x/ 2 Kx 1 K
.f g/L D gL fL
The spherical functions play the role of the exponential functions for the Gelfand
pairs.
Let ' be a spherical function and f 2 Cc# .G/. Then by the previous proposition
Z
f '.x/ D f .y/ '.y 1 x/ dy
G
Z °Z ±
D f .y/ '.y 1 kx/ d k dy
G K
Z
D '.x/ f .y/ '.y 1 / dy;
G
We are interested in the Gelfand theory of this algebra; cf. [29, §23].
Hence, by Proposition 6.1.6, the function ' coincides a.e. with a spherical function.
We conclude that the spectrum of L1 .G/# (the space of its maximal ideals) can
be identified with the bounded spherical functions. Actually, the supremum-norm
of a bounded spherical function equals one. Among these spherical functions there
are some that correspond to symmetric maximal ideals, namely all ' that satisfy the
relation ' D e
' . Since we shall discuss harmonic analysis on L1 .G/# , the positive-
definite spherical functions take our attention. Let us recall that such functions are
automatically bounded and symmetric, see Lemma 5.1.8.
Let
be a measure on K;
may also be considered as a measure on G with
compact support, hence as a bounded measure, hence .
/ is defined. In particular
.h/ is defined for every function h 2 L1 .K; d k/.
Let us denote the space of bounded measures on G by M 1 .G/ (as before, see
Section 3.7). Clearly M 1 .G/ is a Banach algebra under convolution. An involu-
tion is given by D e , where e is defined by e .f / D .fe/ .f 2 Cc .G//. The
subspace of bi-K-invariant bounded measures will be denoted by M 1 .G/# ; it is a
-subalgebra under convolution and the above involution.
Let e denote the characteristic function of K. Consider again a unitary
R represen-
tation of G on a complex Hilbert space H . The operator .e/ D K .k/ d k,
defined on H , is an orthogonal projection, call its image He ; it is the space of
vectors in H fixed under the K-action. We have
. / .e/ D .e/ . / D . /
80 6 Classical Theory of Gelfand Pairs
Lemma 6.2.2. The cyclic vector " belongs to He if and only if ' is bi-K-invariant.
Suppose " 2 He . Then clearly ' is bi-K-invariant. Assume now that ' is bi-K-invariant.
Then we have for all x 2 G and k 2 K
h"; .x/ "i D '.x/ D '.k 1 x/ D h"; .k 1 i.x/ "/ D h.k/ "; .x/ "i:
Since " is a cyclic vector, we get .k/ " D " for all k 2 K, so " 2 He .
6.2 Positive-definite spherical functions and unitary representations 81
The proof is similar to that of Theorem 5.1.4 and is left to the reader. In other words:
Schur’s lemma holds in the context of -representations of -Banach algebras.
Let ' be elementary, whence the representation on H associated with ' is irreducible.
Set '.x/ D h"; .x/ "i .x 2 G/, " a cyclic vector in H . Since " 2 He by Lemma 6.2.2,
e is an irreducible -representation of M 1 .G/# on He , by Lemma 6.2.1. By assumption
Cc# .G/ is commutative and hence so is M 1 .G/# , because Cc# .G/ is dense in M 1 .G/# .
Therefore, by Lemma 6.2.3, dim He D 1. For all f 2 Cc# .G/ we now have
Z
f ' D f .y/ h"; .y 1 x/ "i dy
G
D he .f / "; .x/ "i D .f / h"; .x/ "i D .f / '.x/ .x 2 G/;
where .f / is a constant depending on f . From Proposition 6.1.6 it now follows that ' is
a spherical function.
Conversely, let ' be a spherical function. Then f ' D .f / ' for f 2 Cc# .G/, where
.f / is a constant depending on f . If we write this down more explicitly, we obtain
he .f / "; .x/ "i D f '.x/ D .f / '.x/ D h.f / "; .x/ "i .x 2 G/:
Hence e .f / " D .f / ", since " is a cyclic vector. Now " is also a cyclic vector for e in
He , so we have dim He D 1. By Lemma 6.2.3 is irreducible and hence ' is elementary.
This completes the proof.
82 6 Classical Theory of Gelfand Pairs
Corollary 6.2.6. Two positive-definite spherical functions are equal if and only if
the irreducible unitary representations associated with them are (unitarily) equi-
valent.
Let '1 ; '2 be two positive-definite spherical functions. After obvious identifications we
may restrict ourselves to the following situation: there exists an irreducible unitary repre-
sentation of G on some Hilbert space H admitting two cyclic vectors "1 and "2 such
that '1 .x/ D h"1 ; .x/ "1 i; '2 .x/ D h"2 ; .x/ "2 i, x 2 G. By Lemma 6.2.2 we have
"1 2 He , "2 2 He . Since dim He D 1, we have "1 D "2 for some complex with
jj D 1. Hence '1 .x/ D '2 .x/ for all x 2 G and the corollary follows.
Proposition 6.3.1. The algebra Cc# .G/ is commutative if and only if for every ir-
reducible unitary representation of G on a Hilbert space H the subspace He of
K-fixed vectors is at most one-dimensional.
First assume that Cc# .G/ is commutative. Let be an irreducible unitary representation of
G on H . Suppose He 6D ¹0º. By Lemma 6.2.1, e is an irreducible -representation of
M 1 .G/# on He . Hence dim He D 1 because M 1 .G/# is also commutative.
The converse is due to the fact that Cc# .G/ possesses sufficiently many one-dimensional
-representations (assuming that dim He 1 for any irreducible unitary representation of
G on a Hilbert space H ). Indeed, take a function f 2 Cc# .G/, f 6D 0. By well-known
results, due to Gelfand and Raikov (cf. [8, 13.5 and R13.8]), we can find a continuous ele-
mentary positive-definite function ' on G satisfying G f .x/ '.x/ dx 6D 0. Denote the ir-
reducible unitary representation of G associated with ' by . Let '.x/ D h"; .x/ "i .x 2
G/, " a cyclic vector in H . Then we have
Z Z
f .x/ '.x/ dx D f .x/ h"; .x/ "i dx D h.f / "; .e/ "i 6D 0:
G G
Since " was arbitrary, we conclude that we have embedded T .L2 .G/# / as a dense subspace
into L2 .Z;
/. The theorem now follows easily.
Remark 6.4.7. (1) If G is abelian and K D ¹eº, the set Z has a structure of an
b Furthermore,
is a Haar measure on G.
abelian group, it is the dual group G. b
(2) We clearly have the inclusion
Supp.
/ Z:
In certain cases this inclusion is strict, as we shall see later on from the exam-
ples.
(3) The measure
is commonly called the Plancherel measure for the Gelfand
pair .G; K/.
Then Z
'.x/ D .x 1 k/ d k
K
and Z
1
j'.x/j2 dx D ;
G d
where d is the dimension of H .
6.5 Compact Gelfand pairs 87
(a) Let .; H / be an irreducible unitary representation of G with a vector ", fixed under K
and with norm equal to 1. The function ' defined by
X
N
D ai ı x i .x1 ; : : : ; xN 2 G/:
iD1
Th f D f h .f 2 V' /:
Then Th leaves C.G/ invariant and is a compact operator. If f is a function in V' , then
Th f D ' h
D .h/' D .h/f
where Z
.h/ D '.x 1 / h.x/ dx:
G
So V' is an eigenspace of Th with eigenvalue .h/. We can obviously choose h such that
.h/ 6D 0, hence V' is finite-dimensional.
Consider V' as a subspace of L2 .G/ and define the unitary representation of G on
V' by
..x/f /.y/ D f .x 1 y/:
Let .e/ be the orthogonal projection on the subspace .V' /e of the K-invariant functions
in V' . We have
.e/. '/ D . / '
where Z
. / D '.x 1 / d .x/;
G
88 6 Classical Theory of Gelfand Pairs
hence dim.V' /e D 1 and .V' /e is spanned by '. Moreover, .; V' / is irreducible by
Lemma 6.2.3, since ' is also a cyclic vector in V' .
Observe that for each function f in V' one has
X
d
H.x; y/ D fi .x/ fi .y/:
iD1
The function H is called the reproducing kernel of the space V' : for all f 2 V' one has
Z
f .x/ D H.x; y/ f .y/ dy: .2/
G
.'/ d D '.e/ D 1;
hence
X
d
fi .x/fi .y/ D d '.y 1 x/;
iD1
@2 @2
D C C :
@x12 @xn2
This differential operator is invariant under the group G, which means that for any
g 2 G and any function f of class C 2 on Rn one has
.Lg f / D Lg .f /;
where
.Lg f /.x/ D f .g 1 x/:
If f1 and f2 are two functions of class C 2 on Rn , f1 with compact support, then
If we take f of class C 1 such that .f / 6D 0, we see from this relation that ' is C 1 and
moreover
f ' D .f / ' D .f / ';
hence
' D '
with
.f /
D :
.f /
(b) Let now ' be a C 1 function on Rn , radial and solution of the equation
' D '
7.1 Euclidean motion groups 91
q
for some 2 C. Considered as a function of r D kxk D x12 C C xn2 , ' is a regular
solution of the differential equation
d 2' n 1 d'
C D '
dr 2 r dr
and therefore (see [14]) it is proportional to the function J .r/ defined by
n X
1
k r 2k
J .r/ D (7.1.1)
2 kŠ .k C n2 / 2
kD0
p ! 2n
n r
2
p
D I n2 . r/;
2 2 2
hence
f ' D .f / ';
so ' is a spherical function, by Proposition 6.1.6.
For n D 3 we get
sinh.sr/
'.r; s/ D ;
sr
while for general n, using the power series expansion of the exponential function,
we obtain
n X
1
1 sr 2k
'.r; s/ D
2 kŠ .k C n2 / 2
kD0
n sr 2n
2
D I n2 .sr/:
2 2 2
If Re s D 0 then it follows from (7.1.2) that j's .x/j 1 for all x 2 G. If Re s > 0, we
shall show that
n3
. n2 / 2 2 esr
'.r; s/
p n1
.r ! 1/:
.sr/ 2
From (7.1.3) we get, by an elementary substitution,
Z
. n2 / 1
n3
's .r/ D '.r; s/ D p esrt .1 t 2 / 2 dt;
. n1
2
/ 1
X
N Z ˇXN ˇ2
ˇ ˇ
'i .xj xk / cj ck D ˇ cj ei .
;xj / ˇ d
./ 0:
S n1 j D1
j;kD1
Notice that for Euclidean motion groups the set of bounded spherical functions
coincides with the set of positive-definite spherical functions.
Hence the Plancherel measure for the Euclidean motion group, with respect to
SO.n; R/, is equal to
n
2 2 n1
d
.s/ D s ds;
. n2 /
where we have identified the dual space Z with Œ0; 1/ via the correspondence
s $ '2 i s . This identification is easily seen to be a homeomorphism. The proof
is left to the reader.
94 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
hence Z
O y/ f .k/ d kP D 0
h.k
K=Ky
Statement (a) follows from Lemma 6.2.3, (b) follows from Corollary 6.2.6, since for all
a 2 Rn
Z Z
.f0 ; y .a/f0 / D 1
f0 .a k/d k DP e2 i.a;ky/ d kP
K=Ky K=Ky
Z
D e2 i.a;
/kyk d
./ D '2 i kyk .a/:
S n1
Statement (c) is now an immediate consequence of this computation, Proposition 7.1.3 and
Corollary 6.3.3.
x ˛ D x1˛1 xm
˛m
for suitable c˛ 2 C.
Let Hn D ¹P 2 …n W P D 0º, the subspace of harmonic polynomials, and
set
Hn D ¹P jS W P 2 Hn º; (7.3.2)
the space of restrictions to S of polynomials in Hn , the space of spherical har-
monics of degree n.
Observe that H0 D …0 , H1 D …1 . We shall regard the spaces Hn as linear
subspaces of L2 .S /, the Hilbert space of L2 -functions on S with respect to the
normalized G-invariant measure ds on S and scalar product
Z
.f j g/ D f .s/ g.s/ ds .f; g 2 L2 .S //:
S
coefficients in Y Y X
.1 xj t/1 D xjk t k :
1j m 1j m k0
m
Then dim …n is the coefficient of t in .1 t/
n
. So
!
1 dn m .n C m 1/Š mCn1
dim …n D .1 t/ j tD0 D D :
nŠ dt n nŠ .m 1/Š n
hence @P
@r
D nr n1 P .s/. Similarly for Q. So we get from Green’s formula
Z Z
.kPQ nQP / ds D 0 or .k n/ PQ ds D 0:
S S
Lemma 7.3.4 then follows, since P is dense in C.S/ (in the topology of uniform
convergence) by Stone–Weierstrass’ theorem, and since C.S/ is dense in L2 .S /.
To show Proposition 7.3.5 we introduce some notions which are useful in their
own right.
For P 2 … we denote by P .@/ the differential operator
@ @
P .@/ D P ;:::; :
@x1 @xm
So, if P is in …k , i.e. X
P D a˛ x ˛ ;
j˛jDk
P @ ˛ @ ˛
then P .@/ D j˛jDk a˛ . @x / , where . @x / D . @x@1 /˛1 : : : . @x@m /˛m .
We introduce a Hermitean form on … by
hP; Qi D P .@/Q .0/:
Clearly, hP; Qi D 0 for P 2 …k , Q 2 …l with l 6D k. Furthermore
´
˛ ˇ ˛Š if ˛ D ˇ,
hx ; x i D
0 if ˛ 6D ˇ.
Here ˛Š D ˛1 Š ˛m Š. P P
So, if P; Q 2 …k , P .x/ D j˛jDk a˛ x ˛ , Q.x/ D jˇ jDk bˇ x ˇ , then
X
hP; Qi D a˛ b˛ ˛Š:
j˛jDk
P 7! jxk2 P
on …n . This operator is self-adjoint with kernel Hn and image kxk2 …n2 , which are
mutually orthogonal. So the lemma is proved.
f 7! f .t/
100 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
.f j Z t / D f .t/ .f 2 Hn /: (7.3.3)
The function of two variables Z is called the reproducing kernel of Hn , since any
function f 2 Hn is reproduced by means of (7.3.3).
It is easily checked that Z is G-invariant
Z.g s; g t/ D Z.s; t /
Zn .x1 ; : : : ; xm / D fn .x1 /
x1 D cos 1 ;
x2 D sin 1 cos 2 ;
x3 D sin 1 sin 2 cos 3 ;
::
:
xm1 D sin 1 sin m2 cos m1 ;
xm D sin 1 sin m2 sin m1
But the function s 7! Zn .s/Zk .s/ is a zonal function corresponding to fn .t /fk .t /. The
proposition now follows from Proposition 7.3.11.
102 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
Now select an orthonormal basis '1 ; : : : ; 'dn in Hn where dn D dim Hn . Then clearly
X
dn
Z.s; t / D 'i .s/'i .t /:
iD1
Hence
Z dn Z
X
Z.s; s/ ds D j'i .s/j2 ds D dn :
S iD1 S
Remark 7.3.16. For m D 3 the polynomials fn =fn .1/ are precisely the Legendre
polynomials.
Proposition 7.3.17. Let ' 2 Hn be a zonal function. Then ' is a scalar multiple
of Zn .
Since ' 2 Hn is zonal, we have '.s/ D f .s1 /. This function f satisfies, using Proposi-
tion 7.3.12, Z 1
m3
f .t/fk .t / .1 t 2 / 2 dt D 0
1
for all g 2 G. We have to show that ' D 0. Now, since Zn .g 1 s/ D Z.s; ge1 / D Z.s; t/
with t D g e1 , we get Z
'.t/ D Z.s; t / '.s/ ds D 0
S
for all t 2 S , because Z is the reproducing kernel of Hn .
Hn D span¹.˛1 s1 C C ˛m sm /n W ˛12 C C ˛m
2
D 0º
In the case of SO.2/ we have dim Hn D 2 for n 6D 0, and these spaces are
spanned by .s1 C i s2 /n and .s1 i s2 /n . Setting n cos sin D ei n we get
sin cos
Un D n ˚ n for n 6D 0. The space H0 is one-dimensional and U0 D 0 .
104 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
and
8 2 2
ˆ x x 2 x .r 2 3x 2 /
@2 x < ir 6 1 ddtf2 . xr1 / 1 r 5 i df dt r
. x1 / if i D
6 1,
1
f D 2 2 2
@xi2 r :̂ r x 1 d 2 f x1
. / 3
.r 2 x12 / x1 df x1
. / if i D 1.
r 3 dt 2 r r5 dt r
So
x r 2 x12 d 2 f x1 x1 df x1
1
f D .m 1/ :
r r4 dt 2 r r 4 dt r
Hence, taking r D 1,
d 2f df
.Lf /.t / D .1 t 2 /
.m 1/t :
dt 2 dt
So the polynomial fn defined in (iv) (cf. Lemma 7.3.10) satisfies the differential
equation
d 2u du
.1 t 2 / 2 .m 1/t C n.m C n 2/u D 0:
dt dt
It follows, see [56] for the notation, that this is the differential equation of the
Gegenbauer polynomials, hence
m2
fn =fn .1/ D Cn 2
:
Theorem 7.4.1. The spherical functions of the Gelfand pair .G; K/ are precisely
the functions 'n , n 2 N.
106 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
Let us first show that 'n is a spherical function. Let f be a bi-K-invariant, continuous
function on G and set D f 'n . This function is bi-K-invariant again and, considered
as a function on S , an element of Hn , and moreover a zonal function, so is a multiple
of 'n , i.e.
D f 'n D n .f /'n
with Z
n .f / D f .g/ '.g 1 / dg:
G
Hence, by Proposition 6.1.6, 'n is a spherical function. Since the functions 'n constitute
a complete orthonormal system in the space of zonal functions in L2 .S /, the functions 'n
are the only spherical functions.
Since the group G is compact, the functions 'n are positive-definite. Moreover,
the representations Un of G on Hn exhaust the set of class one representations, up
to equivalence. We leave this fact as an exercise.
Consider the function f on Rm given by
(i) Introduction
For n 2 N, n 2, let SO.1; n/ be the special orthogonal group of the quadratic
form
Œx; y D x0 y0 x1 y1 xn yn ;
7.5 Real hyperbolic spaces 107
JgJ D t g 1 :
G D KAK
Proposition 7.5.1 (Cartan decomposition). The group G D SO0 .1; n/ can be writ-
ten as
G D K ANC K
where ANC D ¹a t 2 A W t 0º.
Consider now the Cartan involution on G defined by
Clearly, leaves K fixed and .a/ D a1 for all a 2 A. Therefore, because
G D KAK, we have
.g/ 2 Kg 1 K
for all g 2 G. So we have by Proposition 6.1.3:
Proposition 7.5.2. The pair .SO0 .1; n/; SO.n// is a Gelfand pair.
By Proposition 6.1.2 we may conclude that G is unimodular: its left Haar mea-
sure dg is also right-invariant. Moreover X ' G=K admits a G-invariant measure
dx. Clearly, one can normalize dg such that, fixing dx and taking the normalized
Haar measure on K,
Z Z °Z ±
f .g/ dg D f .gk/ d k d gP
G X K
for all f 2 Cc .G/. Here d gP is the notation for the G-invariant measure on X '
G=K, so d gP ' dx. See Section 4.5.
To write down an explicit form for dx, we use “hyperbolic” coordinates (similar
to spherical coordinates). One gets
Z n Z Z 1Z
2
f .g/ dg D 2 n sinhn1 t f .ka t k 0 / d kdt d k 0 (7.5.1)
G . 2 / K 0 K
for f 2 Cc .G/. Observe that the factor in front of the integral is the measure of
the sphere S n . So for f 2 Cc# .G/ one has
Z Z 1
f .g/ dg D A.t / f .a t / dt; (7.5.2)
G 0
n
2
where A.t/ D 2 . n
/
sinhn1 t:
2
Œg 0 ; e0 > 0
7.5 Real hyperbolic spaces 109
According to Section 4.5 (special cases of (4.5.10)) we can normalize the in-
variant measure dg on G such that
.F ı q/ D .F / ı q
@2 @2 @2
where D 2.
@x02 @x12 @xn
The differential operator is G-invariant:
.Lg F / D Lg .F /
This follows from the G-invariance of and the commutativity of Cc# .G/.
Similar to Section 7.3 (vi) (2) we define the radial part L of . So let Q W X !
Œ1; 1/ be defined by
Q.x0 ; x1 ; : : : ; xn / D x0 :
Then for any C 1 function f on Œ1; 1/ we have
In a similar way as in Section 7.3 (vi) (4) we can compute L and we obtain
d2 d
L D .u2 1/ C nu :
du2 du
Setting u D cosh t .t 0/, we get
d2 A0 .t / d
LD C
dt 2 A.t / dt
n
2
where, we recall, A.t / D 2 . n sinhn1 t.
2/
So if ' is a bi-K-invariant C 1 function on G satisfying ' D ', then
d 2 ˆ A0 .t / dˆ
C D ˆ
dt 2 A.t / dt
if ˆ.t/ D '.a t /, t 0.
Then 's is K-invariant, C 1 , 's .e0 / D 1 and it satisfies again the differential
equation 's D .s 2 2 / 's , by K-invariance of . So 's is a spherical function
and each spherical function is of this form. Notice that 's D 's .
One easily verifies that
Z
. n2 /
's .a t / D p .cosh t sinh t cos /s sinn2 d
. n12 / 0
for t 0.
Compare this expression with the form of a spherical function on the sphere in
Section 7.4.
Notice that 's , as a function on G, can also be written as
Z
1
's .g/ D e.s/t .g k/ d k .g 2 G/ (7.5.3)
K
Re s :
(a) We first show that j's .g/j 1 if Re s . From the integral representation
(7.5.3) for 's follows
j's .g/j ' .g/ .g 2 G/
if
D Re s. So it is sufficient to consider the case where s is real. From the same integral
representation it follows that the real-valued function s 7! 's .g/ is convex for any g 2 G.
Since ' .g/ D ' .g/ D 1, the result follows.
(b) If Re s > 0 we are going to show that
'.a t /
c.s/ e.s/t .t ! 1/
with
Z
2s . n2 /
c.s/ D p .1 cos /s sinn2 d
. n1
2
/ 0
. n / .s/
D 2n2 p 2 :
.s C /
Indeed, we have for t 0
Z
. n2 /
.cosh t/s
'.a t / D p .1 tanh t cos /s sinn2 d;
. n1
2
/ 0
7.5 Real hyperbolic spaces 113
and
if 0 < < =2 and Re s , then j.1 tanh t cos /s j 1,
if 0 < Re s , then j.1 tanh t cos /s j .1 cos /Re s .
Similar considerations hold for =2 < < . So applying Lebesgue’s dominated
convergence theorem we get the result.
Remark 7.5.7. From (b) we obtain that 's is bounded if 0 < Re s and un-
bounded if Re s > . Since 's D 's we could also get the complete result of
Proposition 7.5.6 if we knew that 's is bounded for imaginary s. This important
fact follows from Theorem 7.5.9, where we show that 'i .
2 R/ is positive-
definite.
X
N
ˆ.xi ; xj / ˛i ˛j 0:
i;j D1
If X is a group and ' a function on X , then ' is positive-definite if and only if the
kernel ˆ defined by
ˆ.x; y/ D '.x 1 y/
is positive-definite.
In case of a locally compact group this definition agrees with Definition 5.1.5 if
' is continuous (see Remarks 5.1.7).
Let G be a locally compact group and K a compact subgroup, and set X D
G=K. A kernel ˆ on X is said to be invariant if
Theorem 7.5.9. The spherical function 's is positive-definite in the following two
cases:
(1) s D i
,
2 R,
(2) s is real, s .
The proof of this theorem will be given in this and the next subsection.
(a) Suppose that 's is positive-definite. Since 's is bi-K-invariant we have
's .g 1 / D 's .g/;
and since 's is positive-definite we also have
's .g 1 / D 's .g/:
So 's is real-valued, and thus s 2 D 's .0/ C 2 is real, so s is imaginary or real. Because
's , being positive-definite, is also bounded, we get either s 2 R, s or s 2 i R.
7.5 Real hyperbolic spaces 115
By the invariance property (1) of the Poisson kernel, the homogeneity property (2) and
Proposition 7.5.8 we see that Hs is G-invariant. Moreover Hs .x; e0 / D 's .x/. So we get
Hs D ˆs : Z
ˆs .x; y/ D Ps .x; b/ Ps .y; b/ d
.b/:
B
From this integral representation we easily deduce that the kernel ˆi ,
real, is positive-
definite, because
XN Z ˇXN ˇ2
ˇ ˇ
ˆi .xi ; xj / ˛i ˛j D ˇ ˛i Pi .xi ; b/ˇ d
.b/ 0:
i;j D1 B iD1
Lemma 7.5.10. Let 0 < s < . For all f 2 C.B/ one has
Z Z
f .b/f .b 0 / Ws .b; b 0 / d
.b/ d
.b 0 / 0:
B B
X
N Z Z
1
ˆs .xi ; xj / ˛i ˛j D f .b/f .b 0 / Ws .b; b 0 / d
.b/ d
.b 0 /
.s/ B B
i;j D1
with
X
N
f .b/ D ˛i Ps .xi ; b/:
iD1
Let us prove the lemma. It is based on the following property of positive-definite kernels:
if H is a positive-definite kernel and kH k1 < 1, then for ˇ > 0, .1 H /ˇ is also a
positive-definite kernel, since
1
X
ˇ ˇ.ˇ C 1/ .ˇ C k 1/ k
.1 H / D1C H
kŠ
kD1
If 0 < s < we can take the limit for ˛ tending to 1, and we obtain
Z Z
f .b/f .b 0 / Ws .b; b 0 / d
.b/ d
.b 0 / 0:
B B
of .h/ for h 2 C.K/ are a little more involved, but it turns out that the same
conclusions hold as in the case of a Hilbert space representation. So, in particular,
.f / 2 End.H / and .h/ 2 End.H /, where End.H / is the space of continuous
endomorphisms of H .
A next step would be to consider representations on Fréchet spaces or even on complete
locally convex spaces. We postpone this to Chapter 8.
Spherical principal series representations are those representations that are ob-
tained by induction from one-dimensional representations of the group MAN .
Let s be a complex number and let Hs be the space of continuous functions f
on G satisfying
f .xma t n/ D e.s/t f .x/
with x 2 G, m 2 M , n 2 N , a t 2 A, D n1
2 . Let s be the representation of G
on Hs defined by
s .g/ f .x/ D f .g 1 x/:
We clearly may identify Hs with the space Hs .„/ from (v) since „ ' G=MN ,
and also with the space C.B/, by restricting the functions in Hs .„/ to B. Pro-
vided with the supremum norm (uniform topology), C.B/ is a Banach space and
s a Banach space representation.
Let ` be the G-invariant linear form on H defined in (v). Denote by h ; i the
bilinear form defined on Hs Hs by
Z
hf; gi D f .b/ g.b/ d
.b/:
B
us .ka t n/ D e.s/t .k 2 K; t 2 R; n 2 N /:
and i .x/ is then unitary for all x 2 G. Completing the space Hi and extending
i .x/ to this completion gives a unitary representation on a Hilbert space, which
we again denote by i . Observe that the unitary representation i is irreducible
as soon as the Banach space representation i on Hi is: if V is a non-trivial
closed invariant subspace of the Hilbert space, then V \ Hs is a non-trivial closed
invariant subspace of Hs .
The spherical function 'i is clearly positive-definite.
Now we want to make a closer study of the representations s on Hs with
s 2 i R, and s 2 R satisfying < s < .
(1) Irreducibility
Because of the duality between s and s it is obvious that s and s are
irreducible if us and us are cyclic vectors in Hs and Hs respectively.
From (7.5.7) we obtain a pre-unitary structure on Hs . Completing Hs and ex-
tending s .x/ continuously to this completion for all x 2 G, s becomes a
unitary representation. Moreover, s remains irreducible as a unitary represen-
tation. Indeed, if V is a non-trivial closed invariant subspace, then V \ C.B/ is
non-trivial and closed in the uniform topology, by (7.5.8).
The irreducible unitary representations s with 0 < s < , thus obtained, are
called representations of the complementary series.
1
Clearly, 's .x/ D .s/ hus j As s .x/us i .x 2 G/, see (vi). Notice that
As us D .s/ us , which gives an alternative proof of this expression for 's .
.A g j f / D .g j f / .g 2 D.A//
Rz Rz 0 D .z z 0 /Rz Rz 0
such that
(a) 7! E is increasing: E1 E2 D E1 if 1 2 ,
(b) lim!1 E f D f , lim!1 E f D 0 for all f 2 H .
Observe that 7! .E f j g/ is a function of bounded variation on R, so it yields
a Riemann–Stieltjes integral or measure, called the spectral measure associated to
the spectral function. For all bounded continuous functions on R one defines
Z 1
E./ D ./ dE ;
1
which means Z 1
.E./f j g/ D ./ d.E f j g/
1
for all f; g 2 H .
This is a bounded operator on H , and
E./ D E./ :
So we get
Z 1 Z 1
lim Im.RCi " f j f / ./ d D ./ d.E f j f / (7.5.9)
"#0 1 1
for all f 2 H and 2 Cc .R/. The latter formula is important, for it helps in many
cases to determine the spectral measure associated with a self-adjoint operator.
@n ˇ
ˇ
.Y1 : : : Yn /f .x/ D f .x et1 Y1 : : : etn Yn /ˇ :
@t1 : : : @tn t1 DDtn D0
Moreover,
X
Zi D uij Yj with uij D B.Zi ; Yj0 / D tj i ;
j
X
Zl0 D vlk Yk0 with vlk D B.Zl0 ; Yk / D skl :
k
P
Now B.Zi ; Zl0 / D j uij vlj P. This expression is equal to 1 if i D l, and equal to 0 if
i 6D l. So the same holds for j tj i sj l . We finally have
X
m X X
m
Yi Yi0 D sij tik Zj Zk0 D Zj Zj0 :
iD1 i;j;k j D1
Because the Killing form is Ad.G/-invariant, the Casimir operator is too, so ! is left- and
right-invariant under G.
124 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
In the proof of the proposition we shall use the following properties: if f 2 Cc1 .X /
and h 2 Cc1 .G/, then
.h f / D h f D ! 0 h f
where ! 0 D !=c, and if in addition u 2 L2 .X /, then
.h u j f / D .u j e
hf/
.h u/ D .h u/ D ! 0 h u:
Then
lim h fm D h u
m!1
and
lim .h fm / D lim ! 0 h fm
m!1 m!1
D ! 0 h u D .h u/:
(b) Let now u 2 L2 .X / belong to D. /: for all f 2 Cc1 .X / one has
.u j f / D . u j f /:
lim .hm u/ D u:
m!1
We are now going to determine the resolvent of and then its spectral measure.
We need some preparation.
of the Laplace–Beltrami operator (see (iii)). For two functions F and G of class C 1 on
.0; 1/ we set
ŒF; G.t / D A.t / ŒF 0 .t /G.t / F .t /G 0 .t /:
By partial integration we get, if F and G are C 2 on .0; 1/ and 0 < ˛ < ˇ,
Z ˇ
.LF G F LG/.t / A.t /dt D ŒF; G.ˇ/ ŒF; G.˛/:
˛
So if F and G are two eigenfunctions of L with the same eigenvalue, then ŒF; G is
constant. Consider in particular the functions '.s; t / and ˆ.s; t/, introduced in (3). From
the asymptotic behaviour of these functions for t ! 1 we obtain
and if F .0/ 6D 0,
ŒF; ˆ.s; :/ D ŒF F .0/'.s; :/; ˆ.s; :/ C ŒF .0/ Œ'.s; :/; ˆ.s; :/;
hence
lim ŒF; ˆ.s; :/.t / D 2 s c.s/ F .0/:
t!0
7.5 Real hyperbolic spaces 129
with z D s 2 2 .
(b) The resolvent of the closure of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. Let Ks be the
function on G defined on the complement of K by
1
Ks .ka t k 0 / D ˆ.s; t/ .t 6D 0/;
2 s c.s/
where k and k 0 are elements of the group K. If Re s > , the function Ks is integrable.
This follows easily from the asymptotic behaviour of ˆ.s; t/ near t D 0 and for t ! 1.
If Re s > 0, then the function Ks is in L2 .G/# at infinity, i.e.
Z
jKs .x/j2 dx < 1 (7.5.14)
Cı
u D f Ks :
zu u D f .z D s 2 2 ; Re s > 0/:
This follows from (7.5.13). We may conclude that the resolvent Rz of is given by
Rz f D f Ks .z D s 2 2 /
if Re s > . Since s is an analytic function of z for Re s > 0, provided z … .1; 2 , and
since for the above operator Rz the function .Rz f j f / is still analytic for these values of z,
we conclude that the support of the spectral measure (see (2)) is contained in .1; 2 ,
and our Rz is indeed the resolvent everywhere.
(c) The spectral measure of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. Let f 2 Cc1 .G/# . If
D 2
2 ,
0, then
Z
lim .RCi" f j f / D Ki .x/ .e
f f /.x/ dx;
"#0 G
130 7 Examples of Gelfand Pairs
where the limit is uniform for in compact subsets of .1; 2 . Therefore we obtain
for any h 2 Cc .R/
Z 1
lim Im.RCi" f j f / h./ d
"#0 1
Z 1 Z
D Im.Ki .x// .e
f f /.x/ h.2
2 / 2
dxd
:
0 G
h./ d.E f j f / D jb
f .i
/j2 h.2
2 /
1 2 0 jc.i
/j2
jf .x/j dx D
2
jb
f .i
/j2 :
G 2 0 jc.i
/j2
Chapter 8
Theory of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
x 7! .x/v .x 2 G/
The definition of the operator .f / is more involved than in the case of a Hilbert
space, but in principle it goes along the same route.
For all f 2 Cc1 .G/ and all v 2 H we have .f /v 2 H1 . The space of all
linear combinations of such C 1 vectors is called the Gårding subspace of ; it
is a dense subspace of H . Indeed, let ¹fn ºn1 be an approximate unit, that is a
sequence of elements of Cc1 .G/ satisfying
R
(a) fn 0; G fn .x/ dx D 1,
(b) there exists a decreasing sequence .On /n1 of compactTneighbourhoods of
the unit element e such that Supp fn On for all n and n1 On D ¹eº.
Then for each v 2 H , .fn /v ! v as n ! 1. In particular, H1 is dense in H .
Given v 2 H1 , set e v .x/ D .x/v .x 2 G/. So e v 2 C 1 .G; H /. For D 2
U.gc / and v 2 H1 we define
.D/v D De
v .e/:
In particular, if X 2 g,
d ˇˇ
.X /v D ˇ .exp tX /v;
dt t D0
where “exp” denotes the exponential mapping from g to G. Obviously, we have
.D/H1 H1 , since .x/.D/v D De v .x/ .v 2 H1 ; x 2 G/. In addition,
Examples
1. Let G be a Lie group with finitely many connected components. Then C 1 .G/
is in a natural way a Fréchet space. The group acts from the left and for this action
every function in C 1 .G/ is a C 1 vector.
2. Let G D SO0 .1; n/ and let s .s 2 C/ be a spherical principal series representa-
tion on C.B/, see Section 7.5 (vii). Then clearly C 1 .B/ consists of C 1 vectors.
On the other hand, if f 2 C.B/ is a C 1 vector for s , then k 7! f .k 1 b/ is a
C 1 function on K for all b 2 B, so f 2 C 1 .B/.
3. Let again G D SO0 .1; n/ and consider i .
2 R/, the unitary spherical
principal series on L2 .B/. Then again C 1 .B/ consists of C 1 vectors since the
injection of C 1 .B/ into the Hilbert space L2 .B/ is continuous. The converse is
also true: each C 1 vector for i belongs to C 1 .B/. For the proof, see Exam-
ple 4. It follows also and easily from the following useful and remarkable lemma,
due to Dixmier and Malliavin [9]:
The scalar product on Hl , inherited from Hs , is proportional to the standard one.
To find the positive factor, it is sufficient to compute, for each l, the integral
Z
o
As 'l . / D Ws . 0 ; b/ 'l .b/ db;
B
P
We may conclude that 1 lD0 .Dfl /.b/ converges uniformly to a continuous func-
tion on B, and hence f 2 C 1 .B/.
Observe that a similar reasoning may be used for the unitary spherical principal
series.
A vector a 2 H1 is called cyclic if the space of all vectors of the form
1 .'0 / a .'0 2 D.G//, is dense in H .
An equivalent definition requires that span.1 .G/a/ is dense in H . In the present con-
text we prefer the definition given above.
8.2 Invariant Hilbert subspaces 137
Define now
H
H1 D ¹a 2 H1 W 1 .h/ a D a for all h 2 H º:
j .g/ D Lg j
for all g 2 G (Lg denotes left-translation by g). The space j.H / is called an
(invariant) Hilbert subspace of D 0 .G=H /. We have the following theorem.
to-one correspondence between the cyclic vectors of H1 H and the continuous
0
linear injections j W H ! D .G=H / satisfying j .g/ D Lg j .g 2 G/. To a
H corresponds the injection j for which j W D.G=H / ! H
cyclic vector a in H1
is given by j .'/ D 1 .'0 / a.
The proof is based on the decomposition lemma. Let ¹fn º be an approximate unit as
in Section 8.1. Let j be the dual mapping of j , so j W D.G=H / ! H , and define
j0 W D.G/ ! H by j0 .'0 / D j .'/, where ' and '0 correspond as in (8.2.1). Then
clearly j0 is continuous and j0 Lg D .g/ j0 for all g 2 G. Let v 2 H1 be of the form
v D . 0 / w for some 0 2 D.G/, w 2 H . Then we have
This latter expression tends to hj0 .e0 /; wi when n ! 1. So limn!1 hj0 .fn /; vi exists
and defines, by the special properties of the topology of H1 , an element a of H1 :
ha; vi D limn!1 hj0 .fn /; vi; v 2 H1 (weak convergence of a sequence of elements in
H1 defines an element of H1 , by the closed graph theorem). Furthermore
D ha; . e
' 0 /vi .'0 2 D.G/; v 2 H1 /:
Hence j0 .'0 / D 1 .'0 / a, and thus j .'/ D 1 .'0 / a. Clearly, the vector a is cyclic
since j is injective. Given j , the vector a 2 H1 is unique, and clearly H -fixed. Indeed,
just replace '0 by Rh '0 , where for h 2 H , Rh ' is defined by Rh '.g/ D '0 .gh/ .g 2 G/.
The other statements of the theorem are obvious.
138 8 Theory of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
kj 'k2 D hT; e
' 0 '0 i (8.2.2)
.' j / D hT; e
'0 0 i:
Let V0 be the subspace of V consisting of the elements of length zero and define
H to be the completion of V =V0 and j the natural projection D.G=H / ! H .
Then clearly
kj 'k2 D hT; e' 0 '0 i
for all '0 2 D.G/.
An easy calculation shows that j v is a C 1 function for all v 2 H1 . Actually
Summarizing we have
or hT1 ; e
' 0 '0 i hT; e
' 0 '0 i for all '0 2 D.G/. Here T1 is the reproducing distribution
of H1 . Because T is extremal, we get T1 D T for some 0, hence kP j 'k2 D
kj k2 , so P D 0 or P D I . So H1 D ¹0º or H1 D H . Hence is irreducible.
Proposition 8.2.4 ([49, Proposition 9]). For any T 2 G there exists a (not neces-
sarily unique) Radon measure m on S such that
Z
hT; '0 i D hTs ; '0 i d m.s/
S
e
1 .D/ w D 1 .D/w .w 2 H1 /
Let now T 2 ext.G / and let H D 0 .G=H / be the associated minimal in-
variant Hilbert subspace. Then T 2 H1 H and thus
1 .ez / T D T for z as in
Lemma 8.2.5 and a complex scalar. So e z T D T , since the representation is
just left-translation. Hence T is an eigendistribution for all bi-G-invariant differ-
ential operators on G, since with z also e
z is bi-G-invariant. So we have shown:
Definition 8.3.1. The pair .G; H / is called a generalized Gelfand pair if for each
irreducible unitary representation on a Hilbert space H one has dim H1H 1.
We now give a criterion, which will turn out to be very useful, to ensure condi-
tion (ii) of Proposition 8.3.2. It is due to Thomas.
then kj J 'k2 D kj 'k2 for all ' 2 D.G=H /, hence j ' 7! j J ' is a well-
defined mapping, which can be extended to an anti-unitary mapping U W H !
H , so U j D j J and therefore j U D Jj and J.H / D H .
See [49, Theorem E] for the proof. We reproduce it here. If the minimal invariant spaces
are invariant under J , then so are the others, for instance by Proposition 8.2.4. Let H be
a G-invariant Hilbert subspace and let A be the commutant of .G/. Denote by j the
inclusion of H into D 0 .G=H /. Let A 2 A be a positive operator, H1 D .ker A/? H
and A1=2 the continuous injection H1 ! H . The space H1 is a .G/-invariant Hilbert
subspace, j ı A1=2 the inclusion mapping. By hypothesis Jj ı A ı j J D jAj , so
j U ı A ı U 1 j D jAj for an anti-unitary mapping U W H ! H , so UAU 1 D A
on H . Thus for any A 2 A we have A D UAU 1 , since U is anti-unitary. Thus for
A; B 2 A we have .AB/ D A B , hence A is abelian.
we get
'0
hT; e 0i
e; e
D hT '0 0i
for all '0 ; 0 2 D.G/, and thus
h'0 T; 0i
e;
D h'0 T 0i
and hence '0 T D '0 T e for all '0 2 D.G/. These expressions are C 1
e.
functions, and evaluating them at the unit element we get T D T
(2) The pair .G; H / where G is the semi-direct product G D H Ë N , N a closed
abelian normal subgroup, e.g. G D O.1; n/ Ë RnC1 . Take .hn/ D hn1 .
(3) Let G and H be as usual, but now with H compact. Choose as in Proposition
6.1.3 (so D ). We know already that .G; H / is a (generalized) Gelfand pair. It
can also be checked that the criterion (Corollary 8.3.4) applies.
Let .G; H / be a generalized Gelfand pair and H an invariant Hilbert subspace
of D 0 .G=H /, with reproducing distribution T given by
hT; 'i D h ; 1 .'0 / i:
For any Ad.H /-invariant D 2 U.gc / one clearly gets 1 .D/ D for
some complex scalar . Then one easily get that T is an eigendistribution for all
left G- and right H -invariant differential operators D on G.
Here is a result of a practical nature. Compare it with Lemma 6.2.3.
Let A 2 End.H / commute with .G/. Clearly, A and A leave H1 invariant and are also
continuous linear operators with respect to the topology of H1 . So A acts on H1 as a
continuous operator, commuting with 1 .G/. Hence A leaves H1 H
invariant, and thus
acts as a scalar there. We now have
A1 .'0 / a D 1 .'0 /A a D 1 .'0 / a
for all '0 2 D.G/, a 2 H1
H
. hence A D I , because all a 2 H1
H
, a 6D 0 are cyclic.
Schur’s lemma now implies that is irreducible.
(2) A similar statement for Fourier series is easily shown, since any distribution on
T (or T n ) is compactly supported. If T is positive-definite and an D hT; e2 i nx i,
then ¹an º is a tempered sequence and an 0 for all n. The converse is clear.
(3) The Bochner–Schwartz–Godement theorem for the Euclidean motion group
G D SO.n/ Ë Rn reads as follows.
Let T be an SO.n/-invariant, radial, positive-definite distribution on Rn , then
we have Z 1
hT; 'i D b' .s/ s n1 d .s/
0
with an even, positive, tempered measure on R, and conversely. This follows
easily from Section 7.1.
(4) For the case .SO0 .1; n/; SO.n// we have to introduce complicated spaces like
S.G/, the Schwartz space of G D SO0 .1; n/, which is outside the scope of this
book.
Remark 8.4.3. It also follows that there is a constant c > 0 such that kj vk2 D
c kvk for all v 2 H .
is not equivalent to 0 .
(ii) There exists a constant d > 0, only depending on T , such that
Z
h.x 1 /v; i h.x 1 /v 0 ; i dx D d1 hv; v 0 i
G=H
for all v; v 0 2 H1 .
0
Consider the invariant sesqui-linear form on H1 H1 given by
Z
.v; v 0 / D h.x 1 /v; i h 0 .x 1 /v 0 ; 0 i dx:
G=H
1=2
Remark 8.4.5. Observe that kj vk2 D d kvk for all v 2 H1 . So the constant
1=2
c in Remark 8.4.3 is equal to d .
Special cases
1. The group case: G G= diag.G G/
We begin with some elementary functional analysis on Hilbert–Schmidt and trace-
class operators on a Hilbert space (see [36, p. 99]).
Let H be a separable Hilbert space and let End.H /, as usual, denote the set of
continuous linear operators on H .
Lemma 8.4.6. Let ¹ej º and ¹fk º be complete orthonormal sets in H . Given A 2
End.H /, set
1
X 1
X
Te .A/ D kAej k2 ; Tf .A/ D kAfk k2
j D1 kD1
j D1 j D1 kD1
1 1
!
X X
D j.A fk j ej /j 2
D Tf .A /:
kD1 j D1
Definition
P 8.4.7. The operator A 2 End.H / is called a Hilbert–Schmidt operator
if j1D1 kAej k2 < 1 for some complete orthonormal set ¹ej º in H . We set
1
X
kAk2HS D kAej k2 ;
j D1
By Lemma 8.4.6, the definition of the Hilbert–Schmidt norm does not depend
on the particular choice of the set ¹ej º. We list here a few properties of Hilbert–
Schmidt operators.
148 8 Theory of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Theorem 8.4.13 (J. Mercer, [36, p. 117] or [60, p. 536, Theorem 4]). Assume that
Supp D X. Let A be a positive operator in End.H / with a continuous kernel
A.x; y/. Then A is of trace-class if and only if A.x; x/ 2 L1 .X; /. This being
the case, one has Z
tr A D A.x; x/ d .x/:
X
‚ W '0 7! tr .'0 /
In this case Propositions 8.4.2 and 8.4.4 yield the well-known properties of square-
integrable representations of G1 . In fact, if is square-integrable mod diag.G/,
then D 1 b̋ 2 1 (G of type I) with 1 a square-integrable representation of
G1 (mod H , with H D ¹eº), see [2]. The converse is also true. Recall that any
square-integrable representation of G1 has a character ([2, Section 5.2.3], applying
the decomposition lemma).
a closed subspace of H1 which is G-invariant, and hence, since 1 is irre-
ducible, either zero or the whole space. In the latter case the restriction of to
H is the identity representation on H , hence can be regarded as an irreducible
unitary representation of the group G=H . Let us call this representation e . We
may conclude: there is a one-to-one correspondence between irreducible unitary
representations e
of the group G=H and irreducible unitary representations of G
which can be realized on D 0 .G=H / by left translations. If e
is square-integrable,
then is square-integrable mod H and conversely.
We now continue the general theory. Let us assume that .G; H / is a generalized
Gelfand pair. Denote by E2 .G=H / the set of equivalence classes of (irreducible)
square-integrable representations mod H . Fix a representation in each class,
together with its realization j on a Hilbert subspace of L2 .G=H /, and call this
set of representations S . Denote by T the reproducing distribution and by d
L formal degree of . Let H be the representation space
the of . Define Hd D
j .H / and let E be the orthogonal projection of L2 .G=H / onto Hd . Then
one has the following (partial) Plancherel formula for the relative discrete series.
Notice that E' 2 C 1 .G=H / for all ' 2 D.G=H / (apply, for instance, the
decomposition lemma). So the formula in Proposition 8.4.15 is equivalent to
X
.E'/.eH / D d hT ; '0 i .'0 2 D.G//:
2S
The above formulae do not depend on the particular choice of the set S. Indeed,
d T is independent of the particular choice of in its equivalence class and of
the choice of j . In fact, d hT ; e
' 0 '0 i D kE 'k22 , where E is the orthogonal
projection of L .G=H / onto j .H /. Choose therefore an orthonormal basis ¹ei º
2
1=2
in H . Then ¹d j.ei /º is an orthonormal basis for j .H / and
X X
kE 'k22 D d jhjei j 'ij2 D d jhei j j 'ij2
i i
D d kj 'k2 D d hT ; e
' 0 '0 i:
We shall now apply our theory, developed so far, to the two cases mentioned
at the beginning: G D O.1; n/ Ë RnC1 ; H D O.1; n/ and G D O.1; n/, H D
O.1; n 1/. Their Euclidean analogs were treated in Chapter 7. They gave rise to
classical Gelfand pairs and the decomposition of L2 .G=K/ had no discrete series.
There exist however classical Gelfand pairs .G; K/ admitting square-integrable
unitary representations mod K, or, equivalently, square-integrable positive-definite
spherical functions, even if G=K is not compact; see [30]. We shall see in the next
chapter that in the non-Euclidean example G D O.1; n/, H D O.1; n 1/ square-
integrable representations mod H do occur in the decomposition of L2 .G=H /.
Chapter 9
Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Clearly, for t > 0 the orbit t is isomorphic to O.1; n/= O.n/, whereas for t < 0
it is isomorphic to O.1; n/= O.1; n 1/. In all these cases t carries an O.1; n/-
invariant measure, since O.1; n/, O.1; n 1/ and O.n/ are unimodular. Let us fix,
for the time being, such a measure for each t 6D 0 and call it t . Since t is a
closed subset of RnC1 , we may consider t as a positive measure on RnC1 with
support t . Indeed, define
t .'0 / D t .'/;
154 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
where ' is the restriction of '0 2 Cc .RnC1 / to t . We shall denote the extension
of t to a measure on all of RnC1 again by t ; it is still H -invariant.
With a slight variation on Proposition 7.5.4, one obtains the following invariant
measure on 0 , which we call 0 :
Z Z 1
0 . / D . k 0 / n2 d d k . 2 Cc .0 //; (9.1.2)
K 0
where K D O.1/ O.n/ and 0 D .1; 0; : : : ; 0; 1/. Let now 2 S.RnC1 / and
set for any natural number N ,
N . / D supx2RnC1 .1 C kxk2 /N j .x/j. Then
clearly Z 1
j 0 . /j
N . / .1 C 22 /N n2 d :
0
Choosing N large enough we see that for n 2 the measure 0 can be extended
to a (tempered) positive H -invariant measure on RnC1 and that, moreover, the
support of 0 is equal to the set ¹x W Q.x/ D 0º. Let us call this extension 0
again. If n D 1 then 0 obviously has no extension to RnC1 . So we will assume
from now on that n 2.
Finally, the H -invariant measure with support in ¹0º is clearly the delta-function
ı at x D 0. We have the following lemma:
e
.'/ D .'0 /;
where ' is a continuous function with compact support on the orbit and '0 2 Cc .RnC1 /
is any extension of ' to RnC1 . This is well-defined by Proposition 4.1.3. Then e D c t
for some t 6D 0, or e
D c 0 or e D c ı for some positive scalar c. But then D c t for
some t 6D 0, or D c ı, or D c 0 Cc 0 ı where c 0 is another scalar. This scalar c 0 must be
positive again. Indeed, setting for ' 2 Cc .RnC1 /, ' .x/ D '.x=/ .x 2 RnC1 ; 2 R ),
we get by (9.1.2)
0 .' / D jjn1 0 .'/
and also ı.' / D ı.'/ D '.0/. Hence .' / D c jjn1 0 .'/Cc 0 '.0/. Let now ! 0.
Then we find c 0 0. Since is extremal, we then get that is proportional to 0 or to ı.
for ' 2 Cc .RnC1 /. Using the same method as for 0 we see that we have to show
that for t > 0 the following integral is finite for N sufficiently large:
Z 1
Œ1 C t.2 sinh2 u C 1/N sinhn1 u du:
0
Indeed, any H -invariant positive tempered measure that is extremal in the cone of all such
measures, is also extremal in the cone of H -invariant positive measures.
Then b t D 4 2 t b
t for all t. Any H -invariant differential operator on RnC1 is
a polynomial in .
Then one easily verifies that j has a dense image, is continuous and commutes
with the G-actions. So j D j W V ey ! S 0 .RnC1 / gives the required G-
0
equivariant embedding of Vy into D .RnC1 /. Moreover, if y 6D 0,
Z Z
kj 'k2 D ' .h y/j2 d hP D
jb ' .x/j2 d t ;
jb
H=Hy RnC1
(vi) Exercise
We have excluded the case n D 1. Treat this case and examine also what becomes
different if we replace H by its connected component SO0 .1; n/.
Proposition 9.2.2. One can normalize the Haar measure dg of G in such a way
that, for all f 2 Cc .G/,
Z Z Z 1Z
f .g/ dg D f .ka t nz / e.n1/t dzdt d k:
G K 1 Rn1
Let now f 2 Cc .„/. Then this proposition implies that
Z Z 1
d
W f 7! f .k 0 / n1 dk
K 0
is a G-invariant measure on „. Here d k is again the normalized Haar measure on
K. Notice that the integral can actually be taken over K=M instead of K. Setting
160 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
.F ı q/ D .F / ı q
@2 @2 @2
where D C C C 2.
@x02 @x12 @xn
In a similar way we define the radial part L of . Let Q W X ! R be defined
by
Q.x0 ; x1 ; : : : ; xn / D xn :
Then for any C 1 function f on R we have
.Lf / ı Q D .f ı Q/:
d2 d
L D .1 u2 / 2
nu :
du du
Let now ! be the Casimir operator on G, see Section 7.5. Considering func-
tions on X as right-H -invariant functions on G, we easily see, similarly to Sec-
tion 7.5 (vii) (2), that ! acts on C 1 .X / as a real scalar times . Moreover it
follows that is a symmetric differential operator. Notice that L is symmetric
only if n D 2.
Actually we have ! D !q on C 1 .X / where !q is defined as follows. Let be
the involution on G (and so on its Lie algebra g) given by
.g/ D J0 gJ0
where J0 is the diagonal matrix with entries .1; 1; : : : ; 1; 1/. The ˙1 eigenspaces
of in g are called h and q. Clearly, h is the Lie algebra of H and q is given by
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 161
Theorem 9.2.4. (a) The mapping M from D.X / to H is linear, continuous and
surjective.
(b) The adjoint mapping M 0 from H0 to D 0 .X / is injective, continuous and has
as image the space of H -invariant distributions on X .
(c) The mapping M 0 intertwines the operators and L, that is
ı M 0 D M 0 ı L:
We now come to the main theorem of this subsection.
A main point is the computation of the action of the Casimir operator ! on Hs;" .
It turns out that ! acts as a scalar.
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 165
s 2 2
s;" .!/ D I;
2n 2
where I is the identity on Hs;" .
Pk 0
Recall the definition of !: ! D iD1 Xi Xi where X1 ; : : : ; Xk is a basis of g and
0 0
X1 ; : : : ; Xk the dual basis with respect to the Killing form B.X; Y / D .n 1/ tr XY .
We are going to select a special basis relative to the Lie algebras a of A, m of M , n of
N , n of N . Observe that g D m C a C n C n, m D k \ h; a D q \ p, a D RL with
0 1
0 0 1
L D @0 0n1 0A :
1 0 0
Notice that n h \ p C q \ k:
Select a basis N1 ; : : : ; Nn1 of n such that
´
0 if i 6D j;
B.Ni ; Nj / D
12 if i D j:
Take for example Ni D N.ei / up to a normalizing factor, where ei is the i -th unit vector
in Rn1 .
Then we have that
N1 C N1 ; : : : ; Nn1 C Nn1 is an orthonormal basis of h \ p:
´
0 if i 6D j;
B.Ni C Ni ; Nj C Nj / D
1 if i D j;
and
N1 C N1 ; : : : ; Nn1 C Nn1 is an anti-orthonormal basis of q \ k:
´
0 if i 6D j;
B.Ni C Ni ; Nj C Nj / D
1 if i D j:
Then
L2 Xn1 X m
!D C ¹.Nj C Nj /2 C .Nj C Nj /2 º Yj2
2.n 1/
j D1 j D1
L2 X
n1 X
m
D 2 ¹Nj Nj C Nj Nj º Yj2
2.n 1/
j D1 j D1
L2 X
n1 X
n1 X
m
D 4 Nj Nj 2 ŒNj ; Nj Yj2 :
2.n 1/
j D1 j D1 j D1
It is easily seen that the Lie algebra bracket ŒNj ; Nj equals 2.n1/
L
for all j . So we
finally get
1 X
n1 Xm
!D ¹L2 C 2Lº 4 Nj Nj Yj2 : (9.2.4)
2.n 1/
j D1 j D1
Now it follows, considering L, Nj , Nj , Yj as left-invariant differential operators, that for
f 2 Hs;" we have
1
.!f /.g/ D ¹L2 C 2Lº f .g/
2.n 1/
1 ° d2 d ±
D C 2 f .ga t /j t D0
2.n 1/ dt 2 dt
1 ° d2 d ± .s/t s 2 2
D C 2 e f .g/j t D0 D f .g/ .g 2 G/:
2.n 1/ dt 2 dt 2.n 1/
Remark 9.2.8. It is now easy to connect !q and as differential operators on
X . We know that D c !q for some constant c. To determine it, consider the
function f .x; / D Œx; on X „. This function is G-invariant: f .gx; g/ D
f .x; / for all g 2 G. As a function of x we know that x f .x; / D .2 C
1/ f .x; /, see Section 7.5. But
c
x f .x; / D c !x f .x; / D c !
f .x; / D .2 C 1/f .x; /
2.n 1/
since 7! f .x; / is in HC1;0 .
So c D 2.n 1/. Here we considered ! as a right-invariant differential operator
on X and „.
For any real number x we shall write from now on x s;" D jxjs sgn" x where
s 2 C and " D 0; 1.
0 .'/ u
which shows that s;" s;" is an element of Hs;" .„/ given by
Z
0 1
Œs;" .'/ us;" ./ D sC1C"
Œ; g en s;" '.g/ dg:
. 2 / G
We leave the proof to the reader (for Re s this is clear; for other s use analytic
continuation).
168 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Definition 9.2.10. The distribution s;" is the anti-linear form on D.G/ defined by
0
s;" .'/ D hs;" ..'/ us;" ; us;" i:
Theorem 9.2.12. The integral Ws;" .f / exists for Re s > 0 and is holomorphic in
this region. It can be meromorphically extended to the complex plane with at most
simple poles in N. The mapping f 7! Ws;" .f / is a continuous linear form on
D" .B/ for s … N.
In Section 7.5 (vi) we have computed Ws;0 .1/, which exists for Re s > 0. Hence Ws;" .f /
exists for Re s > 0, and is clearly holomorphic there. Identifying B D K 0 with S o
S n1 , where S 0 D ¹˙1º, the function FC .
/ D Œ 0 ;
D 1
n .
2 S n1 ) vanishes
at
n D 1, so at 0 . This point turns out to be a non-degenerate critical point of FC
with signature .0; n 1/. Similar observations hold for F .
/ D 1
n . Observe that
FC 0, F 0. Applying now Morse’s lemma and [17], the theorem follows.
. n / .s/
Ws;0 .1/ D 2sC1 p 2 :
.s C /
For f 2 Hs;" .„/ set
Z
1
.As;" f /./ D Œ; bs;" f .b/ db:
Ws;0 .1/ B
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 169
According to Theorem 9.2.12 the mapping s 7! Ws;" defined for Re s > 0 with values
in D 0 .B/ has a meromorphic extension and the operator As;" may be regarded as the
convolution with the linear form Ws;0 .1/1 Ws;" on the group K, so As;" f 2 Hs;" .„/ for
any f 2 Hs;" .„/ and As;" W Hs;" ! Hs;" is continuous. Property (c) is easily checked
for Re s > 0, and hence it is valid for all s … N by analytic continuation.
d ˇˇ
s;" .L/ D ˇ s;" .a t /:
dt t D0
This operator commutes with the action of the subgroup M ' O.n 1/. So if f is
a function on D" .B/ invariant under the action of O.n 1/, then the same is true
for s;" .L/f . A function in D.B/, invariant under the action of M , depends only
on the variables
0 and
n of S 0 and S n1 respectively. Notice that
0 D ˙1. We
shall write down the differential operator associated with s;" .L/ acting on such
functions.
170 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Lemma 9.2.14. For a function f in D.B/, invariant under O.n 1/, one has
@f
s;" .L/f D .s /
0
n f C
0 .1
n2 / :
@
n
Write at k D lau n according to the Iwasawa decomposition. Here k; l 2 K, n 2 N and
u; t 2 R. Set Œken ; en D
n , Œke0 ; e0 D
0 , Œlen ; en D
n0 , Œle0 ; e0 D
00 . We have to
determine
00 and
n0 in terms of t;
0 and
n .
Starting from at k 0 D eu l 0 we get
(1) Œat k 0 ; en D eu Œl 0 ; en ,
(2) Œat k 0 ; e0 D eu Œl 0 ; e0 ,
and hence
(1)0 sinh t
0 C cosh t
n D eu
n0 ,
(2)0 cosh t
0 C sinh t
n D eu
00 .
From (2)0 we may conclude that
0 D
00 , and then
eu D
0 .cosh t
0 C sinh t
n /:
So if f is M -invariant (only depending on
0 and
n ), we have to compute
d ˇˇ sinh t
0 C cosh t
n
ˇ Œ
0 .cosh t
0 C sinh t
n / s
f
0 ; :
dt tD0
0 .cosh t
0 C sinh t
n /
The result then follows easily.
The operator As;" acts on Yl;m as a scalar ˛l;m .s/ and one also has
As;" ı s;" .L/ D s;" .L/ ı As;" ;
which implies
.1/ .1/
al;m .s/ ˛lC1;mC1 .s/ D ˛l;m .s/ al;m .s/; (9.2.7)
.1/ .1/
al;m .s/ ˛l1;mC1 .s/ D ˛l;m .s/ al;m .s/: (9.2.8)
So, if s is not an integer, (9.2.7) determines the row ˛l;m .s/ (since ˛0;0 .s/ D
˛0;1 .s/ D 1) and hence determines As;" . The same holds for (9.2.8). This yields
the following theorem.
Theorem 9.2.15. The eigenvalues ˛l;m .s/ of the operator As;" are given by
Ql .s/
˛l;m .s/ D
Ql .s/
where Ql is the polynomial defined by
Y
l
Ql .s/ D . C s C j 1/ .l 1/:
j D1
We define:
Definition 9.2.16. Let ' be a function in D.X /. The Fourier transform of ' is the
function b
' defined on „ C ¹0; 1º by
Z
1
b
' .; s; "/ D sC1C"
Œ; xs;" '.x/ dx:
. 2 / X
Proposition 9.2.17. The Fourier transform b ' of ' 2 D.X/ has the following prop-
erties:
(a) b
' .; s; "/ is an entire function of s,
' .; s; "/ is a C 1 function of and belongs to Hs;" .„/,
(b) b
(c) the Fourier transform commutes with the G-action, that is
for all g 2 G,
(d) the Laplace–Beltrami operator satisfies
b
'.; s; "/ D .s 2 2 / b
' .; s; "/:
s;" .'/ D hb
'.:; s; "/; us;" i;
x D ka t en .k 2 K; t 0/:
This expression depends only on the class kM where M is, as before, the central-
izer of A in K, stabilizing en (for t D 0 we have to choose O.1/ M ).
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 173
with A.t/ D coshn1 t. We shall also need the Laplace–Beltrami operator in these
coordinates. Here we use again that B ' S 0 S n1 and invoke the Laplacian
on S n1 , see Section 7.3 (v). One has:
d 2 ˇˇ
.Zk2 f /.x/ D ˇ f .ka t exp sZ en /:
ds 2 sD0
Clearly, Zk20 D .Ad.m/Z/2k .
Write
X
n1
L2
!k D .Nj C Nj /2k C :
2.n 1/
j D1
This operator does not depend on the choice of k anymore, since it is M -invariant, and we
just write !k D !x . It is precisely the operator !q taken at the point x. Call
Observe that the Yj span q \ k, whereas the Yj0 span h \ p. One obviously has
Notice that
d2 d2
f .ka t exp sYj e n / D f .ka t exp sYj exp cj sYj0 en /
ds 2 ds 2
for every choice of cj 2 R. We shall make a special choice for the cj later on.
We have
d2
f .k a t exp sYj en /
ds 2
d2
D 2 f .k expŒcosh t sYj C sinh t sYj0 exp.cj Œsinh t sYj C cosh t sYj0 / a t en /:
ds
Taking cj D tanh t and using the first two terms in the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff
formula (see [55, Theorem 2.15.4]), we obtain
h sinh2 t i
expŒcosh t sYj C sinh tsYj0 exp sYj C sinh t sYj0
cosh t
D exp.cosh t sYj tanh t s 2 ŒYj ; Yj0 C o .s 2 //:
1
So,
d 2 ˇˇ
ˇ f .k a t exp sYj en /
ds 2 sD0
d 2 ˇˇ 1
D 2 ˇ f .k exp.cosh1 t sYj tanh t s 2 ŒYj ; Yj0 / a t en /:
ds sD0 2
d 2 ˇˇ
.Zk2 f /.x/ D ˇ f .k exp sZ en /:
ds 2 sD0
Pn1
As before, !S n1 D 2
j D1 .Yj /k is independent of the choice of k and we also have
X d 2 ˇˇ
n1
!S n1 f .k en / D ˇ f .exp sYj k en /:
ds 2 sD0
j D1
where, for the moment, h ; i denotes the usual scalar product in Rn . As said before,
b
' .b; s; "/ belongs to Yl;m again and, because of the invariance under K and the
irreducibility of Yl;m under K, we get
e .s; "/ Y .0 ; /
' .0 ; / D s;" F
b
e .s; "/ only depends on .l; m/ and F (and on s and ", of course).
where F
To compute F e .s; "/ we consider a special function Y , namely
n2 n2
Y .
0 ;
/ D
0m Cl 2
.
n /=Cl2
.1/:
This function was previously also called !l;m =!l;m . 0 /. We obtain
Z 1
e .s; "/ D
F ˆl;m .t; s; "/ F .t / A.t / dt;
0
176 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
where
n1
4 2 n2 1
ˆl;m .t; s; "/ D ŒCl 2
.1/1 (9.2.9)
. n1
2 / . sC1C"
2 /
Z Z 1 n2 n2
Œ sinh t
0 C cosh t
n s;"
0m Cl 2
.
n /.1
n2 / 2 d
0 d
n :
S0 1
Notice that this integral is absolutely convergent for Re s > and all t 2 R.
Moreover,
ˆl;m .t; s; "/ D .1/m ˆl;m .t; s; "/: (9.2.10)
b
The relation
' .; s; "/ D .s 2 2 / b
' .; s; "/
implies that the function ˆl;m .t; s; "/, for Re s large, is a solution of the differential
equation
1 d du l.l C n 2/
A.t / C 2
u D .s 2 2 / u: (9.2.11)
A.t / dt dt cosh t
The change of variable z D tanh2 t leads to the hypergeometric differential equa-
tion, and we get the following two, linearly independent, solutions of (9.2.11) on
R:
s F . sCCl ; slC1 I 1 I tanh2 t /,
‰
l;0 .t; s; "/ D .cosh t/ 2 1 2 2 2
‰l;1 .t; s; "/ D .tanh t/ .cosh t/s 2 F1 . sCClC1
2 ; slC2
2 I 32 I tanh2 t /.
Because of relation (9.2.10) we get
ˆl;m .t; s; "/ D ˇl;m .s; "/ ‰l;m .t; s; "/:
The numbers ˇl;m .s; "/ can be calculated and we obtain
n1 lCj"mj
ˇl;m .s; "/ D 4 2 2 2
.s "/.s " 2/ .s m l C 2/
.1/m ;
. sCClmC1
2 /
where for m C l < 2 the nominator of the fraction has to be taken equal to 1.
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 177
Clearly,
n1
4 2 n2 1
ˇl;m .s; "/ D n1
ŒCl 2 .1/1 sC1C"
(9.2.12)
. 2 / . 2
/
Z 1 n2 n3
.s /m .1/m j
n jsm sgn
n"Cm Cl 2 .
n / .1
n2 / 2 d
n :
1
This integral can be computed, using Rodrigues’ formula for Gegenbauer polynomials:
1
d l h 1
i
Cl .x/ .1 x 2 / 2 D Al .1 x 2 /lC 2
dx
with
.1/l .2/l
Al D ;
2l lŠ . C 12 /l
where, as usual,
.˛ C l/
.˛/l D D ˛.˛ C 1/ .˛ C l 1/:
.˛/
Performing l partial integrations we get the result.
We remark that
‰l;m .t; s; "/ D ‰l;m .t; s; "/: (9.2.13)
Summarizing we now have
Z 1
b
' .b; s; "/ D Y .b/ ˇl;m .s; "/ ‰l;m .t; s; "/ F .t / A.t / dt; (9.2.14)
0
where ˇl;m .s; "/ and ‰l;m .t; s; "/ are equal to, respectively,
and
s C C l C 1 s l C 2 3
.tanh t /m .cosh t/s 2 F1 ; I I tanh2 t :
2 2 2
Denote by Fs;" the (continuous) mapping from D.X / to Hs;" .„/ defined by
Fs;" W ' 7! b
' .:; s; "/:
E.s; "/ D ¹.l; m/ W l C m " .mod 2/; ˇl;m .s; "/ 6D 0º;
178 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
and set X
Is;" D Yl;m :
.l;m/2E.s;"/
If s is not equal to one of these values, we have I s;" D D" .B/, so the image of
Fs;" is dense for such s. On the other hand, if r 2 N, then
and if h 2 N, then
¹b
' .:; s; "/ W ' 2 D.X /º D Fs;" .D.X //:
This equality says that us;" is a cyclic vector of s;" in a generalized sense.
We end this section with a very useful corollary. Setting as in (vii),
n2
!l;m .b/ D !l;m .
0 ;
n / D
0m Cl 2
.
n /;
where the numbers cl are non-zero and the convergence is taken in the space
D 0 ..1; 1//.
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 179
where As;" is the intertwining operator defined in (vii) and .s; "/ is the following
meromorphic function:
. sCC1"
2 /
.s; "/ D sCC1"
:
. 2 /
Set
0
s;" .'/ D hAs;" Œb
' .:; s; "/; us;" i:
This distribution is again spherical with eigenvalue D s 2 2 , and one easily shows, as
0
in the previous section, that s;" is proportional to s;" :
0
s;" D .s; "/ s;" :
To determine the factor .s; "/, we consider special functions ' 2 D.X/ of the form
' .ka t en / D F .t/ Y" .b/, namely with Y0 D 1 (if " D 0) and Y1 D !10 (if " D 1). We
s
know by Theorem 9.2.15 that As;0 Y0 D Y0 and As;1 Y1 D Cs Y1 . So we obtain
Z 1
s;" .'/ D c0 ˇ";0 .s; "/ ˇ";0 .s; "/ ‰";0 .t; s; "/ F .t / A.t /dt;
0
Z 1 s "
0
s;" .'/ D c0 Œˇ";0 .s; "/2
‰";0 .t; s; "/ F .t / A.t /dt :
0 Cs
This yields the announced formula for .s; "/. We have shown that for all ' 2 D.X/
hAs;" Œb
' .:; s; "/; us;" i D .s; "/ h b
' .:; s; "/; us;" i:
As;" Œb
' .:; s; "/ D .s; "/ b
' .:; s; "/;
hence we have shown the announced relation between As;" , Fs;" and Fs;" .
a unitary structure. It is easily seen that j1 and j2 are both continuous for this
structure as well and hence, since .G; H / is a generalized Gelfand pair, j2 is
proportional to j1 :
As;" ı Fs;" D .s; "/ Fs;" ;
first for s 2 i R and hence for all s 2 C by analytic (meromorphic) continuation.
The computation of .s; "/ has to be done as before. Thus we obtain an alternative
proof of Theorem 9.2.22.
2s
c.s; "/ D Ws;0 .1/:
. sC1C"
2 /
Proposition 9.2.24. For ' 2 D.X / we set ' t .x/ D '.a t x/ .x 2 X /. Then we
have for Re s >
Indeed, Z
1
s;" .' t / D b
' .b; s; "/ Œat b; en s;" db:
. sC1C"
2
/ B
Since et Œat b; en D et Œb; sinh t e0 C cosh t en tends to 12 Œb; 0 when t ! 1, we
get, by (xii),
Z
.s/t 2s
lim e s;" .' t / D b' .b; s; "/ Œb; 0 s;" db
t!1 . sC1C"
2
/ B
2s
D Ws;0 .1/ .s; "/ b
' . 0 ; s; "/:
. sC1C"
2
/
.c/ .b a/ 1
2 F1 .a; bI cI z/ D .z/a 2 F 1 a; 1 c C aI 1 b C aI
.b/ .c a/ z
()
.c/ .a b/ 1
C .z/b 2 F 1 b; 1 c bI 1 a C bI
.a/ .c b/ z
p 1
.2z/ D 22z1 .z/ z C ; ()
2
.z/ .1 z/ D : ()
sin.z/
1
For Re s > and s … 2 Z we have
. n2 / .2s/
S
2s t s .t ! 1/;
.s C / .s C 12 /
T D 0 .t ! 1/;
. n2 / .2s/
S
1 .s/ 2s .t /s .t ! 1/;
.s C / .s C 12 /
1 1 .s/2 . n2 / .2s/
T
2s .t /s .t ! 1/:
2 .s/ .s C / .s C 12 /
. n2 / .1 n2 / n1
1 .s/ D 1 1
D .1/ 2 cos s;
.s C 2 / .s C 2/
n1
. n2 / .1 n2 / .1/ 2
2 .s/ D D :
.s C / .s C / .s C / .s C /
If ' 2 D.X/ and t 2 R, define ' t 2 D.X / again by ' t .x/ D '.a t x/ .x 2 X /.
If Supp ' ¹x 2 X W Œx; 0 > 0º then, because
4 .1/C"
a.s; "/ D : (9.2.18)
. sC1C"
2 / . sC1C"
2 /
(9.2.19)
Observe that this expression is well-defined and entire analytic in s.
We have obtained:
Though this holds primarily only for Re s > and s … 12 Z, by analytic contin-
uation it holds for all s 2 C.
(1) Spherical distributions associated with the unitary principal series and the
complementary series
(a) Unitary principal series. In this case where s D i
with
2 R one has
Z
i ;" .e0 '0 / D ' .b; i
; "/j2 db 0:
jb
B
To obtain this formula, apply (9.2.14) and (viii). In order that s;" (or s;" )
is positive-definite, it is necessary and sufficient that the sesqui-linear form on
Hs;" .„/ given by
.f; g/ 7! hAs;" f; gi
(or its negative) is positive-definite. Equivalently, since ˇl;m .s; "/ 6D 0 and
.s; "/ > 0 for < s < , if and only if the eigenvalues ˛l;m .s/ of As;"
all have the same sign when l C m " .mod 2/. Notice that the K-finite functions
in D" .B/ span a dense subspace, see Section 8.1. The expression for ˛l;m .s/ is
given by Theorem 9.2.15. We see:
s; " is positive-definite for < s < .
It follows that
0
˛l;m .sr / D ˛l;m .sr / .sr ; 0/;
0 0
˛l;m .sr / D 0 for l 2r C 1 and l 7! ˛l;m .sr / is non-zero and alternates in sign
for l < 2r C 1, hence:
Neither C2r;0 nor C2r;0 is positive-definite.
Furthermore,
0
˛l;m .sr / D lim .s; 0/ ˛l;m .s/
s!sr
We now turn to the two cases where " D 1 and obtain in a completely similar
way:
Neither C2rC1;1 nor C2rC1;1 is positive-definite.
.1/r C2r;1 is positive-definite (also for r D 0).
Since dim D0 .X /H D 2 and s;0 and s;1 form a basis of D0 .X /H for D s 2
2 , we now easily see that the positive-definite spherical distributions associated
with the discrete points s 2 C ZC are, up to a positive scalar, given by
and take the Hilbert space completion, so that .1/rC1 C2rC1;0 is now the re-
producing distribution of the unitary extension of .C2rC1/;0 to this completion.
In a similar way we proceed with the distributions .1/r C2r;1 . Each one
corresponds to the restriction of 2r;1 to the space I 2r;1 , being the closure
in D1 .B/ of I2r;1 . See again (x) for definition of this set. We provide I 2r;1
with the G-invariant scalar product
.f; g/ D .1/r lim .s; 1/ hAs;1 f j gi:
s!C2r
where 0 , 1 and m0 , m1 are positive (Radon) measures on Œ0; 1/ and Œ0; re-
spectively and ar , br are positive numbers for all r. Since .G; H / is a generalized
Gelfand pair, such an expansion must be unique, hence the data 0 , 1 , m0 , m1 ,
ar , br are uniquely determined by ı in the given parametrization of the extremal
positive-definite H -invariant distributions on X . We are going to determine 0 ,
1 , m0 , m1 , ar , br .
n ıD i ;"
2 2 0 jc.i
; "/j2
"D0
X
1
C C2rC1;0 RessDC2rC1
c.s; 0/c.s; 0/
C2rC1>0
X
1
C C2r;1 RessDC2r :
c.s; 1/c.s; 1/
C2r>0
This formula has been inspired by the Riemannian case, and the proof is also at
several points similar to the case SO0 .1; n/= SO.n/, see Section 7.5 (vii). We shall
show that the formula is correct, but refrain from long computations. Of course,
Res stands for residue.
(1) Method of proof. A first remark is that the Laplace–Beltrami operator is not only
symmetric on its domain D.X / L2 .X /, but in addition essentially self-adjoint. The
proof of Proposition 7.5.13 applies to this case as well, the reader may easily check it.
Denote by the closure of and by R the resolvent of . We are going to determine
R , because we can then derive the spectral function 7! E of by means of the
formula
Z 1 Z 1
1
' ./ d.E f j f / D lim Im.RCi " f j f / ' ./ d (9.2.21)
1 "#0 1
for all ' 2 Cc .R/ and f 2 L2 .X /. We shall use the following two properties of R :
(a) For all f; g 2 L2 .X / and all 2 C with Im 6D 0 one has
1
j.R f j g/j kf k2 kgk2 :
j Im j
(b) If f and g are in D.X /, then
.R f j g/ D .R f j g/:
(2) Computation of R . Let 2 D.X / and '0 2 D.G/ and let, as usual, ' 2 D.X/
be defined by Z
'.x/ D '.g en / D '0 .gh/ dh:
H
190 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
Set Z
e
' 0 .x/ D '0 .g/ .g x/ dg:
G
Clearly, e
' 0 2 D.X /. Consider now the function M. e ' 0 / in H . If we take a
right-translate of '0 over h 2 H , this function does not change, hence we get a continuous
mapping of D.X / D.X / into H which we denote by
.'; / 7! '# :
So '# D M. e ' 0 /. This mapping is anti-linear in ', linear in .
Applying Schwartz’ kernel theorem, see, e.g., Section 4.5 in [50] and Theorem B.3.2,
one has
We have
Œa x; y D y0 .cosh x0 sinh xn / C x1 y1 C C xn1 yn1
C yn . sinh x0 C cosh xn /;
and thus
1 1
lim e Œa x; y D .y0 C yn /.xn x0 / D Œx; 0 Œy; w 0 ;
!1 2 2
where w is the matrix w D diag.1; 1; : : : ; 1/ 2 G. Suppose
Supp ' ¹x W Œx; 0 > 0º;
Supp ¹x W Œx; w 0 > 0º:
We have for Re s >
. n2 / .2s/
ˆ.1/ .t /
2s t s .t ! 1/;
.s C / .s C 12 /
and therefore
. n2 / .2s/
ˆ.1/ .Œa x; y/
222s e.s/t Œx; 0 s Œx; w 0 s . ! 1/;
.s C / .s C 12 /
and thus, applying the dominated convergence theorem,
lim e.s/ hS ; '# i
!1
Z Z
. n2 / .2s/
D 222s Œx; 0 s '.x/ dx Œy; w 0 s .y/ dy:
.s C / .s C 12 / X X
192 9 Examples of Generalized Gelfand Pairs
and
lim e.s/ hTC.1/ ; ' # i
!1
Z Z
.2 n2 / .2s/
D 222s Œx; 0 s '.x/ dx Œy; w 0 s .y/ dy:
.s C / .s C 12 / X X
We also have
1
k'k2 k k2 ;
jhK ; ' # ij
j Im j
since k' k2 D k'k2 . This yields the condition
n3
.1/ 2 . n2 / .2 n2 / .2s/ . n2 / .2s/
n
2
CA D 0;
8 .s C 12 / .s C 1/
2 .s C / .s C 12 /
.sC/
hence A D n2
1
.sC1/
:
8 2 . n
2/
In a similar way, applying asymptotics at 1, we obtain in the notation of Section B.4,
² ³
. n2 / .2s/ 1 12 .s/
1 .s/ A C B D 0;
.s C / .s C 12 / 2 .s/
hence
1 .s/2 .s/
BD A
1 12 .s/
cos s
D 2 A
sin s .s C / .s C /
cos s 1
D n2
8 2 . / n sin2
s .s C 1/ .s C /
2
.1/C1
D n2
:
8 2 . n2 / tg s
So we have now
n3 ² ³
.1/ 2 . n2 / 1 .s C / .1/
K D n
2
TC.1/ S C T : (9.2.22)
. n2 / .s C 1/
n3
8 2 8 2 tg s
(4) The c-functions. The c-functions were introduced in (xiii). For the formulation of
the Plancherel measure, it is convenient to have a simple expression for c.s; "/ c.s; "/.
One has, using the formulae for -functions in (xiii)
. n2 /2 cos. sCC" / cos. sCC" /
c.s; "/ c.s; "/ D 2
sCC"
2
:
. sCC" 2
/ . 2 / s sin s
9.2 Pseudo-Riemannian real hyperbolic spaces 193
(5) The Plancherel measure. We are going to rewrite formula (9.2.21) in terms of the
variable s, D s 2 2 . We take Re s > 0 and Re s D 0, Im s > 0 as unique solutions
of the latter equation. So Im > 0 corresponds to Re s > 0, Im s > 0 and Im < 0 to
Re s > 0, Im s < 0.
We start, as said, with formula (9.2.21), written as
Z 1 Z 1
1
'./ d.E f jf / D lim Œ.RCi " f jf / .Ri " f jf / './ d
1 2 i "#0 1
with ' 2 Cc .R/ and f 2 L2 .X /, in particular f 2 D.X/. Changing to the new variables,
D s 2 2 gives two branches, namely 2 .1; 2 /, so s 2 i R and > 2 , so
s 2 R. Let Ks correspond to K (as usual). The line C i " . < 2 / transforms into
the curve " , the line C i " . > 2 / into e
" . Similarly we obtain for i " the curves
" and e
" (see Figure 9.1).
2 i "#0 1
Z 1
1
lim ŒhKe " .s/
; f #f i hKe
" .s/
; f #f i '.s 2 2 / 2s ds:
2 i "#0 0
Taking into account the expression for Ks , this gives
Z X
1 1
ImhKi ; f #f i '.
2 2 / 2
d
C RessDsr hKs ; f #f i '.sr2 2 / 2sr ;
0 r
s C 12 i" C O."2 / and similarly e " .s/ D s 12 i " C O."2 /. Finally, letting ' tend to
the function 1, this gives the Plancherel formula in a more or less concrete form. What
remains to show can be formulated as follows. In the first place we have to prove that
1 1 h 1 1 i
ImhKi ; f #f i 2
D hi;0 ; e
f 0 #f i C h i ;1 ; e
f 0 #f i :
2c jc.i
; o/j2 jc.i
; 1/j2
This can be seen in the following way. From formula (9.2.22) we derive for s D i
and
D s 2 2 ,
1 h ° .s C / ±
ImhKs ; f #f i D Im hS ; f #f i
n2
8 2 . n / .s C 1/
2
° .1/ ± i
C Im hT ; f #f i :
tg s
Making this formula explicit leads to a routine computation, where one applies Proposi-
tion 9.2.25. We leave this part to the reader.
In the second place, we have to show that the terms
RessDsr hKs ; f #f i 2sr
give the discrete terms with the right weights in the Plancherel formula. From the form of
Ks we see that poles in .0; 1/ occur if tg s has zeros there, so for sr D 1; 2; 3; : : : and
C1
RessDsr Ks D .1/ n2 Tsr .Tsr D T ; D sr2 2 /. By Proposition 9.2.25 we see
8 2 . n
2/
that M TC2r is a multiple of C2r;1 and M 0 TC2rC1 is a multiple of C2rC1;0 . This
0
multiple is easily computed, applying the transformation formulae for the -function from
(xiii), and we finally obtain the weights described in the Plancherel formula.
Remark 9.2.29. The relative discrete series of the group G is easily read off from
the Plancherel formula. The corresponding distributions are
.1/rC1 C2rC1;0 and .1/r C2r;1
with r D 0; 1; 2; : : : , and
C2rC1;0 and C2r;1
with 0 < C 2r C 1 < and 0 < C 2r < respectively, where r is an integer.
Notice that if is one of these distributions, then the Plancherel formula implies
jh; f #f ij const.kf k22 for all f 2 D.X /;
so belongs to a relative discrete series representation, by Proposition 8.4.1. For
all such one has: is a multiple of M 0 Tsr for some sr D 0; 1; 2; : : : .
It is known that the group G itself has no discrete series.
Remark 9.2.30. For more (recent) examples of generalized Gelfand pairs we refer
to [53, Chapter 8].
Appendix A
The Averaging Mapping on the Space RnC1
Obviously, MfV 2 D.A/, Supp MfV Q.Supp f / and f 7! MfV is linear and continu-
ous. Moreover, MfV is well-defined, i.e. the definition does not depend on the coordinate
system .y; t /, provided Q. 1 .y; t // D t. To define Mf for f 2 D.RnC1
/ we now use
partition of unity.
The proof of this lemma is similar to that of Lemma 4.1.2. The counterpart of Theo-
rem 3.2.1 is:
Lemma A.1.3. Let K Rm be a compact set and let K O with O open. There is
a function ' 2 D.Rm / such that 0 ' 1, ' D 1 on a neighbourhood of K and
Supp ' O.
Let us prove this lemma. Let 0 < a < b and consider the function f on R defined by
f .x/ D exp. xa
1
xb1
/ if a < x < b and f .x/ D 0 otherwise. Then f is a C 1 function
Rb Rb
and the same holds for F .x/ D x f .t/ dt= a f .t / dt. Notice that F .x/ D 1 if x a,
F .x/ D 0 if x b. The function ' on Rm given by '.x1 ; : : : ; xm / D F .x12 C C xm
2
/
1
is C , is equal to 1 for r a and equal to 0 for r b, where r D x1 C C xm . If
2 2 2 2 2
B 0 B are different concentric open balls in Rm , then we can easily construct a function
2 D.Rm / that is equal to 1 on B 0 and zero outside B. We can find open balls Bi
and Bi0 .i D 1; : : : ; k/ such that Bi and Bi0 are concentric, the radius of Bi is strictly
larger then that of Bi0 , and such that the Bi0 cover K while the Bi are contained in O. Let
0
i 2 D.R / be such that i D 1 on Bi and i D 0 outside Bi . Then the function
m
X
k
V
Mf D M'iif :
iD1
Let '1 ; : : : ; 'l be a partition of unity relative to this covering. Then u D '1 u C C
'l u, Supp 'i u B.ti /. The function f D .'1 ı Q/ f t1 C C .'l ı Q/ f tl satisfies the
conditions f 2 D.RnC1 / and Mf D u. Hence f 7! Mf is a surjective mapping.
Theorem A.2.1. Let M be the continuous linear mapping from D.RnC1 / onto
D.R/ defined in Theorem A.1.1 and let M 0 be the dual mapping from the space
D 0 .R/ into the space D 0 .RnC1
/. Then M 0 maps D 0 .R/ onto the space of G-
0 nC1
invariant distributions in D .R /.
The proof is rather involved, we follow the arguments in [37]. The structure of the proof
is as follows.
1. There is a well-defined continuous linear mapping from D.R/ into D.RnC1
/, ' 7!
˛' , such that M˛' D '.
Consequently, any distribution T on RnC1
gives rise to a distribution S on R by hS; 'i D
hT; ˛' i .' 2 D.R//.
2. Let T be a G-invariant distribution on RnC1
. The restriction T0 of T to ¹x W Q.x/ 6D
0º is of the form T0 D M 0 S0 for some S0 2 D 0 .R /.
Hence, if S is as in 1., then S D S0 on R , so S0 can be continued to R and the distribution
T M 0 S is G-invariant with support in ¹x W Q.x/ D 0º.
3. Any G-invariant distribution T on RnC1 with support in Q.x/ D 0 is of the form
d
p. dt /Mf .t /j tD0 , where p is a polynomial in one variable.
So T D M 0 S for S 2 D 0 .R/; S D p. dt
d
/ ı.
198 A The Averaging Mapping on the Space RnC1
n1
Set C .x/ D .x Q.x/1=2 / Q.x/ 2 for x 2 RnC1 C . Then C is C
1
on RnC1
C . If
1
K RC is compact, then Q .K/ \ Supp C is compact. Moreover M C .t / D 1 for
t 2 RC .
In a similar way we construct on RnC1 D ¹x 2 RnC1 W Q.x/ < 0º.
Let now v 2 D.R/ be such that v D 1 in a neighbourhood of t D 0. We know that
there is f 2 D.RnC1
/ with Mf D v. Define
8
ˆ
<f .x/ C Œ1 v Q.x/ C .x/ if x 2 RC ,
nC1
.t; y/ 7! t:y
hT; f i D hS0 ; Mf i
for f 2 D.RnC1
C [ RnC1
/. Therefore the restriction T0 of T to ¹x W Q.x/ 6D 0º is equal
0
to M S0 .
ad 3. Let T be an invariant distribution on RnC1
with support in 0 . For every x0 2 0
there is a neighbourhood V where we may use a coordinate system .t; y/ .t 2 R; y 2 Rn /
as before in (A.1), so with t D Q.x/. We can write T in V as
X
l
diı
T D ˝ Si (A.2.1)
dt i
iD0
X
l
@i f
hT; f i D hSi ; i .0; y/i .f 2 D.V //:
@t
iD0
with ˛.0/ D ˛ 0 .0/ D D ˛ .l1/ .0/ D 0 and ˛ .l/ .0/ D 1. Then hT; f i D hSl ; ˇi. Let
g 2 G be such that Supp Lg .ˇ/ V \ 0 . If x 2 V , x D .t; y/, we set g 1 x D
.t; .g; y:t //. We then have
The next step is to extend Theorems A.1.1 and A.2.1 from RnC1
to RnC1 . This
will be done in the next section.
Notice that (A.3.1) and (A.3.2) can be combined to one formula valid for all t
(even t D 0), namely
Z
1 1 n2
Mf .t/ D g.z ; z C / .z C / 2 .z /1=2 dz (A.3.3)
2 j j
2 n=2
where t D 2 (again up to the positive constant equal to .n=2/ ). Though Mf .t /
is a few times differentiable at t D 0, there is obviously a singularity at t D 0. The
next theorem gives a precise result. Recall the definition of the Heaviside function
Y : Y .t / D 1 for t 0, Y .t/ D 0 otherwise.
Theorem A.3.2 (Tengstrand). The image of D.RnC1 / under the mapping M is the
space H consisting of functions on R of the form
'1 C '2
where '1 ; '2 2 D.R/ and
´ n1
Y .t/ jt j 2 if n is even,
.t/ D n1 (A.3.4)
log jt j t 2 if n is odd.
We follow [47]. Let f 2 D.RnC1 /. Then clearly, Mf has compact support and is C 1 for
t 6D 0. We shall examine Mf .t / in O D ¹ W j j 12 º; 2 D t. It is easily seen that
Z 1
n1
g.z ; z C / .z C / 2 .z /1=2 dz
1
is C 1 in , so in C 1 .O/.
Let first n be even. By expanding g in a Taylor series we get
X Z 1
n2 1
2Mf . / D gˇ; .0; 0/ .z C / 2 Cˇ .z / 2 dz C w; (A.3.5)
jj
ˇ C v
ˇC
vC n2 @ g
where w 2 C 2 and gˇ; .0; 0/ D @x ˇ @y .0; 0/.
Integration by parts (to move the .z C /-term to the .z /-term, to get finally
n2
.z /1=2C 2 Cˇ C ) now gives
n1 X
2Mf . / D Y./ .2 / 2 aˇ; . /ˇ C gˇ; .0; 0/
ˇ Cv
X
C gˇ; .0; 0/ wˇ; C w;
ˇ C v
202 A The Averaging Mapping on the Space RnC1
n2
where w 2 C 2 Cv .O/ and wˇ; 2 C 1 .O/. The wˇ; are independent of g. Further-
n
more aˇ; D .1/ 2 Cˇ bˇ; with
!
n1
Cˇ C ˇ C
. n2 C ˇ/ . C 12 /
bˇ; D 2 2 :
ˇ . nC1
2
C ˇ C /
By a classical result, due to E. Borel, we can find a function ' in D.R/ with
dv X
v
'.0; 0/ D aˇ; gˇ; .0; 0/:
d
ˇ C Dv
Then we have
n1 n2
2Mf . / D Y./ .2 / 2 '. / 2 C 2 Cv .O/
for all v, so Mf . / D '1 . / C . / '2 . / with '1 ; '2 2 D.R/.
To see that M maps D.RnC1 / onto H , take ' 2 H of the form ' D '1 C '2 and
choose g in D.R2 / of the form
g.x; y/ D ˛.x/ ˇ.y/
n1
with ˇ D 1 near y D 0, ˇ 2 D.R/ and ˛ 2 D.R/ such that 2 2 .1/v ˛ .v/ .0/ D
'2.v/ .0/ .v D 0; 1; 2; : : :/.
Set f .x; y/ D g.x02 ; x12 C C xn2 /. Then f can be seen as a K-invariant C 1 function
on RnC1 with compact support. Moreover 2 Mf . / '. / is in C 1 .R/, so in D.R/, and
thus, applying Theorem A.1.1, M is surjective.
The case n odd is a little more difficult, but the proof goes along the same lines. To
handle the analog of (A.3.5), i.e. the integrals
Z 1
n2 1
.z C / 2 Cˇ .z / 2 dz;
jj
we consider separately > 0 and < 0. Let > 0. By partial integration we reduce it to
Z 1
n3 1
.z C / 2 Cˇ CC 2 .z /1=2 dz
A careful look at the proof of Theorem A.3.2 also reveals the following. Define
the functionals Ak and Bk .k D 0; 1; 2; : : :/ on H by
d k '1 d k '2
Ak .'1 C '2 / D .0/; Bk .'1 C '2 / D .0/:
dt k dt k
Observe that Ak and Bk are well-defined: if '1 D '2 2 D.R/, then all deriva-
tives of '1 and '2 vanish at t D 0. We see that for f 2 D.RnC1 /
X
0
Bk .Mf / D cˇ; gˇ; .0; 0/
ˇ C Dk
0
with cˇ; well-defined constants, independent of f . About the relation between
derivatives of f and g, observe the following.
For any .n C 1/-tuple ˛ D .˛0 ; ˛1 ; : : : ; ˛n / of non-negative integers we set
j˛j
j˛j D ˛0 C ˛1 C C ˛n and D ˛ D ˛1 @˛1 ˛ . Let us call ˛ even if all ˛i
@x0 @x1 @xn n
are even. R
For f 2 D.RnC1 / set F .x/ D K f .k x/ d k .x 2 RnC1 /. Notice that
F is in D.RnC1 / and is even in each variable x0 ; x1 ; : : : ; xn . So only for even
˛ D .˛0 ; ˛1 ; : : : ; ˛n /, D ˛ F .0/ does not vanish and one has
X
.D ˛ F /.0/ D eı .D ı f /.0/;
jıjDj˛j
where we have set F .x; 0; : : : ; 0; y/ D g.x 2 ; y 2 /. The result follows by using the
Taylor expansion of g at .0; 0/. So combining these results we have
X
Bk .Mf / D cı .D ı f /.0/ (A.3.6)
jıjD2k
for all f 2 D.RnC1 /, the cı being constants not depending on f and not all equal
to zero.
We shall now provide the vector space H with a topology, that makes it a
locally convex topological space in a natural way. Put on H the strongest locally
204 A The Averaging Mapping on the Space RnC1
convex topology such that the maps ' 7! ' and ' 7! ' from D.R/ to H
are continuous: the “topologie localement convexe finale” (see [4, Chapter II, §4,
no. 4]). The restriction of this topology on H to D.R/ and D.R/ coincides
with the original topologies on D.R/ and D.R/ respectively. So in particular, by
Hahn–Banach’s theorem, any distribution on D.R/ can be extended to an element
of H0 , the anti-dual of H . Let T 2 H0 . Then the restriction of T to D.R/ is
a distribution on R, that can be extended to an element S on H0 . Then T S
vanishes on D.R/. Now consider the functional
' 7! .T S /. '/;
which is a distribution on R with support in ¹0º, so a finite linear combination of
derivatives of the ı-function. Otherwise stated:
X
m
.T S /. '/ D ck Bk .'/
kD0
Theorem A.3.6. The adjoint M 0 of the mapping M from H0 into the space of
G-invariant distributions on RnC1 is a continuous surjective mapping, hence an
isomorphism.
The latter statement follows from the closed graph theorem. If T 2 H0 then clearly M 0 T
is a G-invariant distribution on RnC1 , since M is continuous. It remains to show that M 0
is surjective, since M 0 is clearly injective. So let T0 2 D 0 .RnC1 / be G-invariant. Then
the restriction S0 of T0 to RnC1 is of the form M 0 S for some S 2 D 0 .R/, by the results
0 0
of Méthée. Extend S to H and call it S again. Then Pm T M 0S is in D .R
nC1
/, is G-
invariant and has support in ¹0º. So it is of the form kD0 ck M Bk by Lemma A.3.5, for
some constants c0 ; : : : ; cm . This proves the surjectivity of M 0 .
These relations have been obtained earlier by De Rham. Notice that we also have:
M 0 Bk is proportional to k ı, so M 0 Bk D ˛k k ı. We leave it as an exercise to
compute ˛k (notice that ˛k 6D 0).
d 2u du
4t 2
C 2.n C 1/ u D 0
dt dt
is singular at t D 0.
For simplicity of the presentation we shall restrict from now on to the case n
even.
d2
Set D n1 d
2 , so that L D 4.t dt 2 C . C 1/ dt /. Since is not an inte-
ger, we have the following two fundamental classical solutions on R : ˆ.t; ; /
P1jt j ˆ.t; ; /. Here ˆ is an entire analytic function, namely ˆ.t; ; / D
and
a .; /t k with
kD0 k
. 4 /k
ak .; / D ;
kŠ .1 C /k
To proceed, let us recall the definition of the Partie finie Pf (see [43, p. 42]). One
defines
Z 1 hZ 1
"C1 "C2
Pf t '.t/ dt D lim t '.t / dt C '.0/ C ' 0 .0/
0 "!0 " C 1 C 2
.k/
' .0/ " CkC1 i
C C ;
kŠ C k C 1
where k is such that C k C 2 > 0, or, writing
Z 1 X
Œ
t '.t / dt D ck "Ck C c0 C o .1/;
"
kD1
one has Pf = c0 .
Now define the following distributions on R:
Z 1
C
hS ; 'i D ˆ.t; ; / '.t / dt; (A.4.3)
0
Z 0
hS ; 'i D ˆ.t; ; / '.t / dt; (A.4.4)
1
Z 1
hTC ; 'i D Pf t ˆ.t; ; / '.t / dt; (A.4.5)
0
Z 0
hT ; 'i D Pf jt j ˆ.t; ; / '.t / dt (A.4.6)
1
for constants a; b; c; d and T0 a distribution with support in ¹0º. For the following
relations we apply the property
Mb
f 4 2
D a./ .SC C S /.Mf / C b./ T .Mf /
for all f 2 D.RnC1 /. Here a./ and b./ are constants, depending on only. We
are going to determine a and b. The relation Mfu ./ D jujn1 Mf . u2 / for u 6D 0,
where fu .x/ D f . xu / .x 2 RnC1 /, easily implies the following form of a and b:
n1 n1
a./ D aC jj 2 . > 0/; a./ D a jj 2 . < 0/,
b./ D bC . > 0/; b./ D b . < 0/.
Here aC , a , bC , b are constants, independent of . Since Mb
f
is continuous at
D 0, we get bC D b D b. Moreover, from the general form of Mf it follows
that a D 0. Furthermore,
Z 1
.2/ n1
aC b.0/
Mf .t / dt D c0 f
1
n nC1
.1/ 2 2
with c0 D (see Section A.3), hence .2/n1 aC D c0 .
. nC1
2 /
A.5 Expression of Mb./ in terms of Bessel functions
f
209
for all f 2 S.RnC1 /. We are going to compute both sides of this equation with
2
f .x/ D f0 .x/ D ekxk . Observe that f D f b for this choice of f .
We apply the expression for Mf0 .t /, previously derived in Section A.3 for t < 0,
Z 1
n2
Mf0 .t / D e t e2w w 1=2 .w t / 2 dw;
0
n2 P n2
where p.t/ is a polynomial of degree 2 , p.t / D 2
lD0
al t l with
!
n2 nC1 nC1
al D 2 .2/ 2 Cl . l/:
l 2
nC1
So Mf0 .0/ D a0 D .2/ 2 . nC12 /.
Now we can easily compute the right-hand side at D 0:
Z 0 Z 1
T0 .Mf0 / D jt j
Mf0 .t / dt D t p.t / e t dt:
1 0
Theorem B.1.1. There exists a mapping f 7! Mf from D.X / onto D.R/ such
that for all continuous functions ˆ on R one has
Z Z
f .x/ ˆ.Q.x// dx D Mf .t / ˆ.t / dt:
X R
Moreover Supp Mf Q.Supp f / and f 7! Mf is continuous.
The proof is completely similar to that of Theorem A.1.1.
Theorem B.2.1. Let M be the continuous linear mapping from D.X / into D.R/,
defined in Theorem B.1.1, and let M 0 be the dual mapping from D 0 .R/ into D 0 .X /.
Then M 0 maps D 0 .R/ onto the space of H -invariant distributions in D 0 .X /.
B.2 Analog of Méthée’s results 211
The proof is along the same lines as the proof of Theorem A.2.1; only part 1. needs to be
reconsidered. It reads:
There is a well-defined continuous mapping from D.R/ to D.X /, ' 7! ˛' such that
M˛' D '.
By abuse of notation, let M be the subgroup of H isomorphic to O.n 1/, consisting
of the matrices of the form 0 1
1 0 0
@0 m 0A
0 0 1
with m 2 O.n 1/, and let A be the (Cartan) subgroup of the matrices
0 1
cosh u 0 sinh u
au D @ 0 In1 0 A
sinh u 0 cosh u
with u 2 R. Set X C D ¹x 2 X W Q.x/ > 1º. Then the mapping H=M RC ! XC
given by .h; u/ 7! h au en is a diffeomorphism and the Haar measure dx on X is given
P
by cC sinhn1 u d hdu, where d hP is an H -invariant measure on H=M and cC is a positive
constant. This follows easily by taking hyperbolic coordinates on X C .
Similar considerations hold for the space X D ¹x 2 X W Q.x/ < 1º: the mapping
H=M RC ! X given by .h; u/ 7! h au .en / is a diffeomorphism and we have
P
dx D c sinhn1 u d hdu.
For the remaining part X 0 D ¹x 2 X W 1 < Q.x/ < 1º we take another, compact,
Cartan subgroup B consisting of the matrices
0 1
In1 0 0
b D @ 0 cos sin A .0 < 2/;
0 sin cos
The definition of C is as follows. Take a function in the space Cc1 .H=M / such that
R
P d hP D 1. Using for x 2 X C the decomposition x D h au en , where u D u.t /
.h/
H=M
212 B The Averaging Mapping on the Space X
n2
1
D cC P .Q.x/2 1/
.h/ 2 :
Then C is C 1 on X C and M C .t / D 1 for t > 1. In a similar way we define
(on X ) and 0 (on X 0 ). Let now v˙ 2 D.R/ be such that v˙ D 1 in some small
neighbourhood of t D ˙1, and let f˙ 2 D.X / be such that Mf˙ D v˙ . Then, following
the proof of Theorem A.2.1, we construct a function ˛ with the required properties by
8
ˆ
ˆ fC .x/ C Œ1 vC .Q.x// C .x/ if x 2 X C ,
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ fC .x/ if Q.x/ D 1,
ˆ
ˆ
< fC .x/ C Œ1 vC .Q.x// 0 .x/ if 1=2 < Q.x/ < 1,
˛.x/ D
ˆ
ˆ f .x/ C Œ1 v .Q.x// 0 .x/ if 1 < Q.x/ < 1=2,
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ if Q.x/ D 1,
ˆf .x/
:̂
f .x/ C Œ1 v .Q.x// .x/ if x 2 X .
Let now ' 2 D.R/ and set ˛' .x/ D ˛.x/ '.Q.x//. Then ˛' has compact support in X
and M˛' D '. The mapping ' 7! ˛' is continuous.
For the other parts of the proof (2. and 3.), we can just copy the relevant parts of the
proof of Theorem A.2.1.
Morse’s lemma. There are local coordinates y1 ; : : : ; yn near y0 such that f can
be written as
f .y/ D f .y0 / C y12 C C yp2 ypC1
2
yn2 :
B.4 Solutions in H0 of a singular second order differential equation 213
For a proof, and ample explanation, we refer to [23]. Applying Morse’s lemma
with Y D X and f D Q, we find that dQ.x/ D 0 if and only if x D en or
x D en ; moreover, both points are non-degenerate critical points with signatures
.1; n 1/ and .n 1; 1/ respectively. Indeed, this is easily seen by taking near en
the coordinates x0 ; x1 ; : : : ; xn1 and setting
q
Q.x/ D 1 C x02 x12 xn1
2
:
Similarly for x D en . We thus obtain the following theorem, similar to Theo-
rem A.2.1.
Theorem B.3.1. The image of D.X / under the mapping M is the space H con-
sisting of functions on R of the form
'1 .t / C .t 1/ '2 .t / C .t 1/ '3 .t / .t 2 R/;
where '1 ; '2 ; '3 2 D.R/ and
´ n2
Y .t/ jtj 2 if n is odd,
.t/ D n2
log jt j t 2 if n is even.
Similar to Appendix A, this section can now be completed. Of course, we have
now, instead of the two functionals Ak and Bk , four functionals with obvious
.1/ .1/ .1/ .1/
notations Ak , Ak , Bk and Bk . All these considerations result in an analog
of Theorem A.3.6:
d 2u n du
z.z 1/ C nz C u D 0:
dz 2 2 dz
The same equation is obtained after substitution 1 C t D 2z. This hypergeometric
differential equation has two fundamental solutions on .1; 1/, namely
n n2
1 1 n
F
2 1 s C I s C I Iz and jzj 2 F
2 1 s C I s C I 2 Iz :
2 2 2 2
on .1; 1/:
n 1Ct
ˆ.1/ .t / D 2 F1 s C I s C I I ;
2 2
n2
.1/ j1 C t j 2 1 1 n 1Ct
‰ .t / D 2 F1 s C I s C I 2 I :
2 2 2 2 2
and
1 12 .s/ .1/
‰ .1/ .t / D ˆ .t / 1 .s/ ‰ .1/ .t /; (B.4.2)
2 .s/
. n n
2 / .1 2 / . n n
2 / .1 2 /
where 1 .s/ D and 2 .s/ D .
.sC 2 / .sC 12 /
1 .sC/ .sC/
B.4 Solutions in H0 of a singular second order differential equation 215
And herewith we finish Appendix B and the book. Further reading? We recom-
mend [53].
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Index
A F
Alaoglu’s theorem, 55 Fourier
approximate unit, 47 coefficient, 1
averaging mapping, 195, 210 integral, 7, 8
series, 1
B convergence of, 2–6
Baire’s theorem, 29 transform, 64, 83, 171
Bessel function, 91, 208 of a K-finite function, 172
Bochner’s theorem, 19, 65, 84
Bochner–Schwartz, 144 G
Bochner–Schwartz’s theorem, 142 Gårding subspace, 132
Borel E., 202 Gegenbauer polynomial, 102, 170
Bourbaki N., 18 Gelfand pair, 75
compact, 86
C
generalized, 141
Cartan decomposition, 107
group, 25
Casimir operator, 123, 160
abelian, 25
character, 86
compact, 86
of a representation, 149
dual, 64
unitary, 61
locally compact, 28
complementary series, 119
quotient, 25, 29
convolution
topological, 27
algebra, 46
unimodular, 36
product, 7, 45
countability H
first axiom of, 26 Haar A., 35
second axiom of, 26 Haar measure, 35
D Haar modulus, 37
decomposition Harish-Chandra, 195
with respect to K, 133 Harish-Chandra c-function, 181
decomposition lemma, 133 harmonic polynomial, 96
Hilbert subspace, 137
E equivalent, 138
eigendistribution, 141, 144 invariant, 137
extremal Hopf E., 24
point, 59 hyperbolic space, 107
subset, 59 pseudo-Riemannian, 158
222 Index
I self-adjoint, 120
Inversion theorem, 9, 66, 84 trace-class, 147
Iwasawa decomposition, 109, 159 orthogonality relations, 146
K P
Krein–Milman’s theorem, 58 parametrization
admissible, 139
L Parseval’s theorem, 6
Laplace–Beltrami operator, 110, 122 partition of unity, 33, 195
radial part, 104, 160 Plancherel formula, 120, 127, 156
Legendre polynomial, 102 partial, 150
Plancherel measure, 86, 93, 120
M Plancherel’s theorem, 12, 69, 85
Méthée, 197 Poisson summation formula, 13
measure, 18, 32 polar decomposition, 140
bounded, 18, 33 Pontryagin duality theorem, 70
extremal, 152 positive-definite
invariant, 34, 43 distribution, 138
left-invariant, 34 extremal, 139
positive, 32 function, 19, 52, 54
quasi-invariant, 43 elementary, 61
relatively invariant, 43 kernel, 113
right-invariant, 34 principal series
tempered, 155 spherical, 116
Mercer, 149
Morse’s lemma, 212 R
motion group radial function, 90
Euclidean, 89 relative discrete series, 145, 194
non-Euclidean, 152 representation
associated with a cone, 163
N equivalent, 50
neighbourhood, 26 induced, 94
basis, 26 irreducible, 50
symmetric, 27 of a -algebra, 80
of class one, 82, 94, 119, 156,
O 187
operator square-integrable, 150
adjoint, 56 formal degree of, 147
Hilbert–Schmidt, 147 mod H , 145
intertwining, 50, 118, 168 unitary, 49
Index 223
T
Tengstrand A., 200
trace of an operator, 148