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BATMAN

Name:

Teacher:

Roorao
000
 Elements to Memorize
Pre-AP Chemistry

Each element has a symbol displayed on the periodic table. Some elements have a symbol that is a single
letter while others have a symbol made up of two letters. It is important when writing the two letter
symbols to ensure that you use a lower case letter for the second letter. This may sound trivial but it is very
important. For example, Co (cobalt), a metal elements, is not the same as CO (carbon monoxide), a
gaseous compound made from carbon (C) and oxygen (O).

Note that the periodic table you will be given to use on quizzes and tests in this class will look like the one
on the previous page. It does NOT names like the periodic table on the back of your
include the element
Course Description. The element symbols you should memorize are listed below. suggest you make flash
I

cards!

Sulfur s Strontium
Hydrogen

Helium Chlorine Cl Silver Ag

Lithium Li Argon Cadmium Cd

Be Potassium Tin Sn
Beryllium

Boron Calcium Ca Iodine

Carbon c Chromium Cr Xenon

Nitrogen Manganese Cesium

o Iron Barium Ba
Oxygen

Fluorine Cobalt co Platinum pt

Neon Ne Nickel Gold

Sodium Na Copper cu Mercury

Mg Zinc Zn Lead pb
Magnesium

Aluminum Bromine Bismuth

Silicon Si Krypton Radon

Phosphorus Rubidium Radium

Uranium

1
 Safety Data Sheet Project
A Physical and Chemical Analysis of "You"

Your job is to create a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for yourself. It must reflect your personality, habits, likes,
and dislikes. Yes, it can be funny, but it must be appropriate and tasteful. It will be up on the wall for all to
see, even your parents on Meet the Teacher night! Information should be presented using scientific

terminology. Include a The characteristics listed under each

picture of yourself, the "element" (10 points).
property below are only meant to be a guide; you may use some, all, or none (if you add your own). Your
SDS must be one-sided, at least x 11" but may be poster size. Be creative and colorful (10 points).

The following information should be included on your SDS:

Element Name: 10 points

Atomic Mass: 10 points (don't forget to include units!)
Symbol: 10 points (make sure you follow the correct format and use a symbol unique to yourself)
10 points
Discoverer(s):
Occurrence: 10 points (include both where you are likely to be found and not likely to be found, i.e. "Highly
concentrated deposits located in..." , "Extremely low quantities in..." )

Physical Properties: (15 points)

1. Surface properties:
2. Boils when...

3. Melts if...

4. Can cause
5. Specimens can be found in various states (emotions and what causes them...)
a. Sad when...
b. Happy when...
6. Becomes stubborn and unyielding when...

Chemical Properties (15 points)

1. Is repelled by...

2. Is attracted to...

3. May explode spontaneously when...

4. Requires copious amounts of...

5. Is inert if...

6. Will repel...
7. Is impervious to...

Total points: 100

See examples In class.

Remember, be creative! You can use a computer to create it, do a cut-and-paste collage, or draw it

yourself (as long as your picture is recognizably you!). Make sure you bring a hard copy to turn in. This

project counts as a major grade.

2
 Laboratory Safety

Laboratory Safety DOS and DON' Ts

DOs DON'Ts

What are four pieces of safety equipment and how do use them?
I

1.

2.

3.

4.

What does a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) tell me?

3
 Chemistry Lab Equipment

Name Picture Purpose Name Picture Purpose

Beaker Pick up a hot beaker

Holds small amounts Hold one test tube

of liquid

Erlenmeyer PiCk up a crucible or

Flask hold something in flame

Test Tube Holds Test Tubes Ring stand

Rack & ring

Heats with intensity Wire Gauze Put a hot beaker on wire

gauze instead of the lab
table to prevent the
beaker from shattering.

Hot Plate Balance

Plastic Transfer small, Glass Measures small

Pipette approximate amounts. Pipette amounts of liquid by
Not for measuring. suction.

Volumetric Graduated
Flask Cylinder

My top 3 safety rules.

4
What holds chemicals? What holds equipment?

Lab

Equipment

What is used to heat materials? What measures chemicals?

5
 Matter, Energy, and Change

Chemistry: the science that investigates the structures and properties of matter, and the changes that matter
undergoes.

Quantity Definition Example

Matter

Mass

Weight

Volume

Stop! Think!
What is the difference between mass and weight?

What instruments do we use to measure mass and weight?

Using Scientific Language: Two Types of Data

1. Qualitative: (senses, adjectives, qualities)

2. Quantitative: (numbers, measurements, quantities)

Graphing Data
Independent Variable — the one that is controlled; found on the x axis

Dependent Variable — the result; found on the y axis

6
Measurable Properties: Two Types

Extensive: property that depends on HOW MUCH matter you have

Intensive: property that is independent of the amount of matter

Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties

All matter exhibits physical and chemical properties by which it can be classified. Physical properties can be observed
without a chemical change occurring. Ex:

Chemical properties can only be observed when a chemical change occurs. Ex:

If some aspect of the physical state of matter is altered, but the chemical composition remains the same, then the

change is considered to be a physical change.

atoms are not rearranged into new substances
include all changes of state (evaporation, melting, boiling, sublimation, etc.)

changes in or

In a chemical change, which is often called a chemical reaction, the atoms are rearranged to form new substances. A
chemical change requires that the new substance or substances formed have a different chemical composition to the
original substance or substances.
• Bonds are broken between atoms and/or new bonds form

Not sure if a change is physical or chemical? Look for one of the Four Indicators of a Chemical Change:

1. Energy change: heat or light is produced, or a change in temperature occurs

a. Exothermic -
b. Endothermic -

2. Production of a gas:

3. Precipitate (ppt) formation: a is formed when two clear liquids are mixed together.

What is the indicator that a precipitate has formed? The liquid turns
How is a precipitate different than a regular solid?

4. Color change

Practice. Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change/property:

Tarnishing Breaking
Melting Dissolving

Evaporating Decaying
Filtering Digestion

Density Erosion

isco
7
 Classification of Matter

Matter

Pure
Mixtures
Substances

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Elements

Mixtures Mixtures
Compounds

e.ee.eoa.e 09

Mixtures: Have varying composition, made up of two or more pure substances that can be separated by physical
changes. Separation methods include: filtering, centrifuging, evaporating solvent, using tweezers.
Mixtures are either:

Homogeneous: uniform in composition throughout a given sample but with a composition and
properties that vary from one sample to another. When you look at it, you can't see separate parts.

(homo= same). Ex:

Heterogeneous: with separate, distinct regions within the sample with a composition and properties
that vary from one part of the mixture to another. (hetero = different). Ex:

Pure Substances: any single type of material that are made of only one type of atom or only one type of molecule

Element: one of the 118+ pure substances that cannot be separated by chemical change or physical
change. Any single element is composed of only one type of atom. Each element is represented by a

syrnböl

o Allotrope: same element with different bonding of atoms and therefore different properties
(different forms of the same element). Ex:

Compound: made from atoms bonded together. Can be separated by chemical

that are chemically
change, but not physical change (i.e. them apart, etc.) Compounds always have a fixed
can't filter
composition of atoms and so are represented by formulas using the symbols on the periodic table

Stop! Think!
1. How are mixtures different than compounds?

2. How is bonding different than mixing?

3. How do symbols differ from formulas?

8
Law of Definite Proportions (aka Law of Law of Multiple Proportions

Constant Composition):

Picture

Picture

Law of Conservation of Mass (or Matter). Law of Conservation of Energy:

Picture Picture

Parts of the Periodic Table of the Elements:

Metals — everything left of the zig zag line (exception:

Nonmetals — everything right of zig zag line

Metalloids — Elements touching the zig zag line (except aluminum, which is a metal)

0 7 metalloids/semimetals:

Families or Groups — vertical columns on the periodic table

o Group 1 elements are called

o Group 17 elements are called
Periods— horizontal rows on the periodic table
Ex: Period 1 includes

9
 Measurement

Accuracy and Precision

is how close a measurement is to the actual value of the quantity.

is how close a series of measurements of the same quantity are to each other

Think of an archery target. If you hit the bull's eye, you had an accurate shot. If you miss the bull's eye, but your
arrows all hit the exact same place, you had precise shots.

Example 1: Michael and Amy measured the length ofa pencil three times and got the following data. The
manufacturer says that the length of the pencil is 19.0 cm.

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3

Michael 19.0 cm 18.9 cm 19.0 cm
Amy 18.2 cm 18.2 cm 18.2 cm

Who has the most accurate measurements?

Who has the most precise measurements?

Percentage Error

The data that are derived in experiments will often differ from the accepted, published, actual value. When this

occurs, a common way of expressing accuracy is

% error accepted value — experimental value x 100

accepted value

Example 2: Juan calculated the density of aluminum three times.

% error

Trial 1: 2.75 g/cm3

Trial 2: 2.68 g/cm3
Trial 3: 2.84 g/cm3

Aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/cm3 Calculate the % error for each trial, then take the average.

Average % error:

Practice Problems.

1) Suppose you calculate your semester grade in chemistry as 90.1, but you receive a grade of 89.4 on your
report card. What is your percent error?

2) On a bathroom scale, a person always weighs 2.5 lbs less than on the scale at the doctor's office. What is the
percent error of the bathroom scale if the person's actual weight is 125 pounds?

10
Precision of an Instrument

Report what known with certainty. Then add

is digit of uncertainty (estimation). For example, record the
length of the nail shown below with correct precision.

In other words, whenever you are collecting data, first find the value of the smallest subdivision (between two
adjacent lines) of your measuring tool. The precision of the instrument is one digit beyond the smallest subdivisiom
This means the last digit in any data reading is always an estimate! However, all digits recorded (including the
estimated one) are considered significant figures!

Significant Figures (aka significant digits or sig figs)

It is important to be honest when reporting a measurement, so that it does not appear to be more accurate than the
equipment used to make the measurement. We can achieve this honest reporting by controlling the number of
digits, or significant digits, used to report the measurement.

The number of sig figs in a measurement, such as 2.535, is equal to the number ofdigits that are known with some
degree of confidence (2, 5, and 3) plus the last digit (5) which is an estimate or approximation. If we improve the
sensitivity of the equipment used to make a measurement, we can increase the number of sig figs.

Rules for Counting Sig Figs

1. Allnonzero digits are significant.

2. Sandwiched zeros are significant.
3. Zeros at the beginning are never significant.
4. Zeros at the end are significant only if you can see the decimal point.
5. Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant figures. These include
• Counting numbers: 12 students
• Defined conversions: 1 m 100 cm
6. In scientific notation, the IOX part of the number is never counted as significant.

Practice Problems — Count the number of significant figures in each number

1. 98 5. 0.0098000

2. 0.98 6. 98098

3. 980 7. 980.

4. 0.0098

11
Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is called that because in science, we are often dealing with very large or very small numbers. For
example, the masses of an electron and the Earth are shown below. Are there more digits using standard form or
scientific notation? Scientific notation makes really big and really small numbers easier to write.

Matter Standard Form Scientific Notation

Electron 0.00000000000000000000000000000091093826 kg 9.1093826 x 10-31 kg

Earth 5.9736 x 1024 kg

Converting Numbers in Standard Form into Scientific Notation

o Move decimal until there's 1 non-zero digit to its left. Places moved = exponent.
o If the number in standard form is greater than 1 — positive exponent
o If the number in standard form is less than 1 negative exponent
o Only include sig figs when writing a number in scientific notation

Examples. Write in scientific notation:

400,003 0.00007

19000 422000

422000.

Converting Numbers in Scientific Notation into Standard Form/Ordinary Notation

o If the exponent is positive, move the decimal that many places to the right
o If the exponent is negative, move the decimal that many places to the left

Examples. Write in standard notation (keep the same number of significant figures):

3.1 x 104 1.00 x 102

1.0 x 10-4 9.9 x 10-5

Entering Numbers in Scientific Notation in a Graphing Calculator

1. Input the mantissa (the mantissa of 2.6 x 103 is

2. Hit the 2nd key and EE (above 7). Do NOT use "x 10" on your calculator when using scientific notation!
3. Input the exponent / superscript (use the +/- button to make it negative)

Example: Try doing this calculation: (2.3 x 105) (7.4 x 108) -

Your screen should look like this:

However, you should report your answer like this:

1. 7Ø2E14 1.702 x 1014

(Do NOT write down E in your answers!)

Actually, if these numbers are measurements, you should

report your answer like this: 1.7 x 1014

Why? Turn the page...

12
Mathematical Operations with Sig Figs

When combining measurements with differing degrees of accuracy and precision, the accuracy of the final answer
can be no greater than the least accurate measurement. This principle can be translated into simple rules for
mathematical operations. Remember the order of operations (PEMDAS) and always include units in your answer if

units are given in the problem.

• Addition and Subtraction

When measurements are added or subtracted, limit the answer to the same number of decimal places that

appear in the original data with the fewest number of decimal places.

Example 1: 150.0 grams H20

+ 0.507 grams of NaCl

Example 2 • 0.015 meters

+ 0.08 meters

Example 3: 52.3 120

Multiplication and Division

When measurements are multiplied or divided, limit the answer to the same number of significant figures
that appear in the original data with the fewest number of significant figures.

Example 1: (13.91 g/cm3)(23.3 cm3) =

Example 2: 12.0 cm x 4.3 cm

Example 3: 98.0 grams / 2.33 liters =

Rounding
Calculators will often present answers to calculations with many more figures than the significant ones. As a result,
many of the figures shown are meaningless, and the answer, before it is presented, needs to be rounded. Use the
simple rule that if the digit directly to the right of the final significant figure is less than 5 then the preceding digit

stays the same, if it is equal to or greater than 5 then the preceding digit should be increased by one.

Note: When switching between the addition/subtraction and multiplication/division rules, you need to round your

answer before switching rules.

Your Turn! — Perform the calculations below and round the answer to the correct number of sig figs.

2.64 x 1000. + 3.27 x 100. cm

1. 2.8 mm x 4.5039 mm 4.

2.097 grams — 0.12 grams 5 (15.30 g) / (6.4 mL)

2.

(4.565 x 2.3) / 8.009 6 18.9 g - 0.84 g

3

13
 Density

Density is a property of matter that is determined by what the matter is, not how much you have of the material
(remember intensive and extensive properties?). In other words, the density of 1 gram of iron is the same as the
density of 10 grams of iron.

Density depends on 2 things: How tightly packed the atoms are

What kind of atoms they are

Explain how you could change the density of a marshmallow.

Density is calculated with the formula Density mass

Volume
or

Use algebra to rearrange the density formula to solve for mass:

Use algebra to rearrange the density formula to solve for volume:

When working density problems (or any problem with a mathematical formula to use), use the following steps:

1. Write the correct formula that you'll be using

2. Substitute in the correct values with units

3. Work the problem with your calculator and give the answer with the correct number of sig figs and correct
units.

Sample Problem 1: What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 35.99 g and a volume of 45.68 cm3?

Sample Problem 2: What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 85.4 g and dimensions of 5.67 cm by
2.23 cm by 10.4 cm?

Sample Problem 3: A metal cylinder is placed into a graduated cylinder with a 24.0 mL of water. After the cylinder is

added, the volume of water rises to 30.4 mL. The density of the cylinder is known to be 8.9 g/mL. What is the mass
of the cylinder?

Sample Problem 4: A metal cylinder has a diameter of 4.4 cm and a height of 10.5 cm. Ifthe cylinder is silver, which
has a density of 10.5 g/cm3, what is its mass? V= nr2h (Use 3.14 for pi)

14
 Dimensional Analysis (aka Factor Label Method)

In chemistry, we tend to stick to the International System of Units (S!) or metric units. Instead of pounds, inches, and
ounces, these are the measurement units we will use, along with their unit abbreviations:

Mass in grams, [g]

Length in meters, [m]

Volume in liters, [L]

Prefixes you must know• kilo = 1000

centi = 1/100
milli - 1/1000

Fill in the missing numbers:

1 kg — 1 km = m
cg 1m- cm
1m = mm IL- mL
mg
1 cm = mm

These two ideas are key to solving problems using dimensional analysis:

1. Any number can be multiplied by 1 without changing its value.

2. Multiplying by a conversion factor is like multiplying by 1 because the numerator is equal to the denominator.

Example: Convert 25.4 mL to L

25.4 mL x IL
1000 mL

One-Step Dimensional Analysis Practice Problems

1. Convert 23.9 km to m

2. Convert 4.7 L to mL

3. Convert 34.98 g to kg

4. Convert 22.8 cm to m

5. Convert 85 mL to L

6. Convert 34.6 mm to cm

7. Convert 16.0 m to mm

15
8. Convert 205.5 g to kg

9. Convert 16 x 105 g to kg

10. Convert 34.89 x 10-6 m to km

11. If 1 inch = 2.54 cm, convert 3.00 cm to inches

12. Convert 25 inches to cm

13. If 1 gallon = 4.1 L, convert 2.5 gal to L

14. Convert 12 L to gal

15. If 1 kg = 2.2 pounds, convert 48 pounds to kg

16. Convert 16.2 kg to pounds

Multi-Step Dimensional Analysis Practice Problems:

17. What is the length of a football field in cm if there are 2.54 cm in an inch and 36 inches in a yard?

18. Diamonds are measured in units called a carat. One carat equals 200 mg. If a diamond is 0.600 carat, what is the
mass of the diamond in ounces?

16
Name period Date:

Chemical Changes Activity — Kitchen Match & Alka-Seltzer

Pre-Lab Questions:

1 Describe what you know happens to a match when it burns. What visual changes do you see? Do you think
the mass will increase or decrease?

2. If you think the mass increases, where does this extra mass come from? If you think the mass decreases,
where do you think the mass went?

3 What do you know happens to Alka-Seltzer tablets when you drop them in water?

4. Do you think the mass of water + Alka-Seltzer will increase or decrease as the change occurs? Explain why
you chose your answer.

Purpose
To observe chemical changes and note the indicators of a chemical change.

Safety
Wear goggles and an apron at all times. Follow the procedure exactly. Wash hands before leaving the lab.

Procedure
Part 1

1. Place a weigh paper or plastic dish on the balance. Press the "tare" or "zero" button (depending on the
balance you're using). This re-calibrates the reading on the balance to show zero, regardless of what mass is

on the pan.
2. Place five unused matches on the weigh paper. The mass displayed is the mass of only the matches. Record
the results and draw a picture of the matches using colored pencils.

Mass Picture.

3. matches one at a time, allow them to burn halfway, and then blow them out.
Carefully strike the

4.
Allow the match to cool. Measure and record the mass of the burned match. Draw a picture of what the
matches looks like now.

Mass Picture:

5. Wet the matches and throw them in the garbage.

17
Part 2

1. Fill an empty film canister % full with water.

2. Put in a few drops of BTB until the water is blue
3. Put the Alka-Seltzer tablet into the water and very quickly put the cap tightly on the film canister.
4. Quickly place the canister upright in a sink well. Stand to the side a few feet and observe changes.
5. Discuss with your lab group what you observed that indicates a chemical change.

Observations — Write a few sentences describing what happened.

Post-Lab Questions (*answer in complete sentences for full credit!)

1. Compare the mass of the match before it burned and after it burned. Did it increase or decrease?

2 If the mass has increased, from where did the matter come? if the mass decreased, where did the matter go?

3. What indicators of a chemical change were observed in Part 1?

4. What indicators of a chemical change were observed in Part 2?

5. What indicators of a chemical change did you NOT observe today?

6. Give a scientific reason explaining why the top popped off of the film canister.

7. Was the law of conservation of mass obeyed? How do you know?

Conclusion — 5 to 7 sentences (30 points out of 100)

Write a conclusion on a separate piece of paper discussing both parts of the lab. A good conclusion includes the followin{
Purpose of the lab
Description of what you did and what you observed
• Connection between what you saw in lab and what you learned in class. In other words, explain the science!

18
 Date:
Name:

Lab: Chemical and Physical Changes

l.
Purpose: Identify changes as chemical or physical

II.
Safety: Read through the Procedure and list appropriate precautions.

Ill. Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Identify each of the following as either chemical (C) or physical (P) changes:

a. Striking a match d. Mowing the grass

b. Food spoiling e. Leaves decaying

c. Breaking a glass f. Boiling water

2. In your own words, state the Law of Conservation of Mass.

3. List the indicators of a chemical change.

4. Identify each of the following as an element (E), a compound (C), ora mixture (M).

a. Air e. Water

b. Sulfur f. Sodium bicarbonate

c. Hydrogen gas g. Fruit punch

d. Salad h. Sodium chloride (table salt)

IV. Procedure:

Experiment #1: Combine a small sample of iron filings and sulfur powder in a weighing boat. Avoid inhaling
the sulfur dust. Mix the samples thoroughly with a scoopula. Examine the mixture with a magnifying glass,
and record your observations. Move a magnet UNDER the weigh boat below the mixture and examine it

again with the magnifying glass. Record your observations. Throw away your sample in the garbage.

Experiment #2: Half-fill a small beaker with cold water. Obtain a test tube from the warm water bath located
in the fume hood and pour the contents into the cold water back at your lab station. Record all observations.

Clean up by removing any solid from the water and pl acing it in the provided receptacle. Pour only liquid

down the sink.

19
 Experiment #3: Place a small piece of magnesium in a clean, dry test tube. Add 10 drops of 6M HCI
(hydrochloric acid). Record observations. Touch the bottom of the test tube to check for a temperature
changes. Be careful not to inhale the fumes. Wash contents into the sink with plenty of water.

Experiment #4: Transfer a small amount of sodium bicarbonate to a clean dry test tube. Add 10 drops of 3M
HCI, one drop at a time. Touch the bottom of the tube. Record all observations and wash the leftovers down
the sink.

Experiment #5: In a test tube, mix 5 drops of sodium chloride solution with 10 drops of silver nitrate solution.
Record all observations and rinse down the sink.

Experiment #6: Mix a small scoop of sodium chloride with 2 mL of water in a test tube. Put your thumb over
the top of the test tube and shake well for one minute. Record all observations and rinse down the sink.

Data: Create a data table with three columns and 7 rows. One column is for Experiment #, one is for
recording mass and observations, and the last column is for labeling the experiment as chemical or physical
change. Create the data table before lab day; you will then have a place to record your data during the
experiments.

VI. Calculations: There are no calculations for this lab.

Vil. Post-Lab Questions. You may answer by simply listing the # of the experiment(s) that answers the question.

1. In which experiment(s) did you observe a precipitate form?

2. In which did you observe energy changes?

3. tn which did you observe a color change?

4. In which did you observe the formation of a gas?

5. In which was there a mass change?

6. Explain the mass change (Remember the Law of Conservation of Mass is always true)

Vill. Conclusion: Using your prior knowledge of physical and chemical changes, write a conclusion explaining how
you classified each experiment as exhibiting either a chemical or physical change.

IX. Sources of Error: This section includes any experimental sources of error that occurred in this lab. For
instance, did the contents of the test tube in Experiment #2 stay warm as you walked back to your lab station?
If not, how did that affect the outcome of the lab? You should describe specifically how each source of error
affected your results. This section should NOT include human sources of error (for instance, forgetting to add
a solution, massing something incorrectly, or spilling something). There are always sources of experimental
error, for any lab. Also keep in mind that valid sources of experimental error are not hypothetical (they must
have actually occurred) and must have changed your results (i.e. introduced error).

20
Name: Period Date:

Significant Figures/Scientific Notation Practice

Remember the rules:

1. Allnon zero digits are significant.

2. Sandwiched zeros are significant.

3. Zeros to the right ofa decimal and to the right ofa non zero digit are significant.
4. Zeros between a non zero digit and a decimal in numbers greater than 1 are significant.

How many significant figures are in the following numbers?

1. 9.07 6. 9.23 x 105 11. 1.00

2. 1450 7. 0.03 12. 1.020

3. 12 8. 0.003 13. 0.02

4. 1200 9. 1.003 14. 0.00300

5. 1200. 10. 3.00 x 10-8 15. 100

Write the following numbers in scientific notation, keeping the same number of significant figures:

16. 400,003 21. 0.00450 26. 100

17. 0.00007 22. 156,000 27. 100.

18. 19000 23. 123456 28. 1000

19. 420034 24. 0.00100 29. 1000.

20. 422000 25. 0.001 30. 100.1

21
Write the following numbers in floating decimal notation (standard notation), keeping the same number of

significant figures:

31. 3.1 x 104 36. 2.90 x 10-4

32. 5.506 x 109 37. 1.45 x 106

33. 2.48 x 103 38. 9.9 x 10-5

34. 1.0 x 10-4 39. 1.00 x 102

35. 1.000 x 103 40. 1.0000 x 104

Round each number below Round each number below

to 3 significant figures: to 4 significant figures:

41. 6080.4 43. 6080.4

42. 0.003008 44. 4.50049 x 10-4

22
Name: Period Date:

Significant Figures and Calculator Practice

Use your calculator. Round your answer to the correct number of significant figures. Include the correct units
if units appear. Write your answer on the line to the left of each problem number.

1.

2. 6.75 m + 5.003 m =

3. 45.0 cm 9.2 cm =

4. (2.25 x 109) (4.6) -

5. 22.2 g+ 750.00 g =

6. 4.794 g =
4.98 cm3

7. 65 x 28 x 1.22
5.5 x 47 x 13.9

8. 4.90 mm + 34.7 mm =

9. (8.85 x 104) ( 4229) =

10. (75cm) ( 1.23 x 105cm) =

23
11. 4100 g
55.5 mL

12. 400 x 600

13 (8.9 cm) ( 4.0 cm) (122 cm)

(56 cm) (0.0045 cm)

14. (400. m3)

3.07 x 10-5 m

15. (16.0) (1.48 x 1010) =

16. 1289.2 x 109

(346) (6.890 x 10-4)

17. 3.499 x 1013

349.00

18. 50.0 g- 25.59 g-

19. (1.298 x 10-5) ( 1.59 x 10-7)

(1.399 x 10-16) (135)

20 40.5 x 340 x 544

6044

24
Name period Date.

Dimensional Analysis (One Step) Practice

You must use the factor label method and show the correct units on every step to receive full credit on
these problems. Round your answer to the correct number of significant figures and record it on the line

provided.

1 How many minutes are there in 5 weeks if one week is equal to 10080 minutes?

2. Convert 44.6 g to milligrams.

3. Convert 33.4 milliliters to liters.

4. If 1 gallon is equal to 3785 ml, how many gallons equal 2300 mL?

5. How many grams is a person who weighs 134 pounds if one pound is equal to 454g?

6. If candy bars are 3 for one dollar, how much money will you need to buy 46 candy
bars?

7. Convert 44.56 kg to g.

8. How many drops of water will fit in a 50.0 mL flask if 1 mL is equal to 15.4 drops?

25
Multi-Step Dimensional Analysis Problems: You must use the factor label method and show the correct
units on every step to receive full credit on these problems. Round your answer to the correct number of
significant figures and record it on the line provided.

1. Convert 3.490 km to m and express in scientific notation.(l-step)

2. How many milligrams are in 34 kg?

3. How many seconds are there in 2 years?

4. What is the circumference of a ball in cm if it has a circumference of 2.1 feet?

5. Convert 3.45 cm to km and express in scientific notation.

6. If 4.003 g of helium contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms, how many atoms are in 6.95 g
of helium? (1 step)

7. If light travels at the speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s, how far does light travel in 2.05
minutes?

8 Convert 75 cm to feet.

9. What volume will be occupied by 7.0 kg of helium if 4.003 g of helium

occupies 22.4 L?

26
Name Period Date

Density Practice

Show your work for the following problems to receive full credit. Your answer should be recorded on the
line provided with correct significant figures and units.

1. Calculate the density ofa marble if 5 marbles displace the water in a

graduated cylinder from 15.5 mL to 19.8 mL and the mass of the five marbles is 8.97 g.

2. What is the mass ofa block that measures 6.7 cm by 6.8 cm by 4.3 cm and has
a density of 22.29 g/cm3?

3. What is the volume of a rock that has a mass of 22.48 g and a density of 7.11
g/mL?

4. Twenty five paperdropped into

clips are a graduated cylinder
and the water level rises from 10.8 mL to 12.2 mL. Ifthe density of the paper clips is 7.87 g/mL,
what is the mass of the 25 paper clips? What is the mass of one paper clip?

27
5. Twelve quarters displace the water in a graduated cylinder
from 15.0 mL to 21.2 mL. Ifthe mass of the quarters is 60.66 g, what is the density of the 12
quarters? What is the density of one quarter?

6. A tennis ball can is 18.5 cm tall and has a diameter of 9.8 cm. If you filled the
can with water, which has a density of1.00 g/cm3, how many grams oftvater would you have?

A block of wood with a density of 0.548 g/cm3 has a mass of 34.49 g. If two
dimensions of the block are 2.5 cm and 7.8 cm, what is the 3rd dimension?

8. Copper has a density of 8.96 g/cm3. If a thin sheet of copper measures 5.5 cm
by 5.5 cm and has a mass of 12.96 g, what is its thickness?

28
 Lab: Graphical Method for Calculating Density

Purpose: To graphically determine the density of two different substances. Class data will be used so as to
l.

include multiple trials.

Safetv: Whether it's spelled out for you in this section of the lab handout or you have to read the procedure
to determine the safety precautions required, you should complete this section for every pre-lab we do in this class!

Background: Density is a physical property of a substance that describes how much mass is in a certain volume. The
density of one object can quickly be calculated by dividing mass by volume, but it can be time consuming to calculate
the density of several objects and then average. A quicker approach involves graphs. When the volumes and masses
of several samples of a substance are graphed, the slope of the line is equal to the average density. Think about why
this works!
Slope of line = rise/run = Ay/Ax [g/mL] = density

Mass and Volume of Several Samples of a Substance

1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.5

Volume (mL)

Ill. Pre-Lab Questions

1.
Calculate the slope of the line in the graph above. Use the rise over run method. If you don't know how, ask
a friend, look it up, or come to tutoring. Clearly indicate which two points on the curve you are using, show
your work for the calculation, and include units throughout.
2. The slope of this line represents the of the substance.

Procedure
1.
Obtain samples of aluminum and The samples must be clean and dry (think about why).
steel.

2.
Obtain the mass of an empty beaker, and then carefully add your aluminum to the beaker. Record the new
mass of beaker + metal.
Use the water displacement method to find the volume of the aluminum. Fill a graduated cylinder about
3.
half-full with tap water. Record the initial volume. Very carefully add your metal sample to the graduated
der, trying not to lose any metal or splash water out of the cylinder. If this happens, you need to start
cylin
over at step 2 with a fresh dry sample. Ifthe water does not cover the metal at this point, you need to start

over with a fresh dry sample. Record the final volume.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the other metal.
5. Dry both samples by bringing t em to t efrontandptäCingfthemin theirrespectivestrainer .

29
 Data and Observation Tables (put these in your pre-lab)

MASS DATA
Aluminum Steel
Mass of empty beaker
Mass of beaker + metal
Mass of metal alone

VOLUME DATA
Aluminum Steel
Volume of water alone
Volume of water + metal
Volume of Metal alone

CLASS DATA
Group Number A1 Mass [g] A1 Volume [mL] Steel Mass [g] Steel Volume [mL]

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Analysis of Data (These graphs are a continuation of the Data and Observations Section.)

1. Using Google Sheets, create a graph of mass (y-axis) versus volume (x-axis). If you are not familiar with this
process, here are some hints:
a. Since Sheets will default the first column of your data table to be the x-axis values, put volume in the

column and mass in the column to the right of volume. Then click and drag to select the data
first

you want to include on your graph.

b. Go to the Insert tab at the top of the sheet and select Chart. Then in the window that pops up on the
right, choose Scatter Chart for the Chart Type.
c. Usually (as for this lab), you'll want to insert a best-fit line based on your data. To do this, go to the
Customize tab in the window to the right. Click on Series, then put a checkmark in the Trendline box.
Then scroll down a little further and in the Label dropdown box, select Use Equation. The equation
of the best-fit line now appears on your graph.
d. In the window on the right, you can do a lot more customization, such as adding Chart and Axis Titles
(which you should do). Don't be afraid to play around; you can always undo or start over.
e. When graphing data, you should always decide whether the point (0,0) should be included as a valid
data point. In the case of this lab, should zero mass of your metal occupy zero volume? If so, (0,0) is

a valid data point. and should be included in your graph.

2. Don't forget to graph both your aluminum data and your steel data. You can plot both metals on the same
chart or on separate charts, but either way, make sure you properly label them.

30
 3. Note that not all of the data points will lie directly on the best-fit line. However, approximately as many
points should lie above the line as lie above the line. (You will have 2 lines for this lab.)

Calculations

1 Calculate the density of your group's samples by using your mass and volume measurements. Clearly show
your work for each sample.
2.
Determine the slope of each line you created in the Analysis of Data section by calculating the rise over run
as you did for Pre-lab Question #1. Use points that lie on the line to do this calculation. The points
exactly
you use may not be original class data —that is okay. Show your area of rise over run on the graph, and then
show your calculations here. Include units in your answer. Alternatively, if your graph includes the best-fit

line equations, you can simply state, "According to the equations of the trendlines shown, the slope of the

aluminum line is and the slope of the steel line is , filling the blanks with the appropriate
quantities. Again, include units in your answer. Do not leave answers in fraction form in science (use sig figs).

3 Compare your group's densities (from #1) to the class averages (from #2). How do they compare?

Vil. Post-Lab Questions

1. What does this experiment demonstrate about the density of a substance?

2. Do you think density could help identify an unknown substance? Why?
3. Look up the accepted values for the densities of aluminum and steel. Calculate your percent errors by
comparing your densities (determined in Calculation #1) to the accepted values. Show all work.

4. Which of the approaches used in this experiment should be more reliable and accurate: calculating the
density from the mass and volume of a single sample, or calculating the density by determining the slope of
the graph of mass and volume data for a number of samples? Explain your answer.

Remember to include a Conclusion and Error analysis in your lab report.

31
Name: period: Date:

Lab: Thickness of Aluminum Foil

Purpose: To determine the thickness of aluminum foil.

The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3.

Cut a section of aluminum foil about the size of a note card, and determine its thickness!

Neatly show your data, calculations, and answer in this box. Make sure you label any measurements you take and
use correct precision for your measuring tools. Keep in mind units and significant figures.

Questions:
1) Which measurement limited the number of significant figures in your answer?

2) Obtain the accepted thickness from your teacher: cm. Then calculate your percent error.

3) Write a statement discussing the accuracy and precision of your calculations.

32
 Name
READING THERMOMETERS
What temperature is indicated on each of the thermometers below?

80 10 20

70 10

60 -10

a) b) c)

to 29 30

28 20

to

26

-10 25

d)

20 100

qq

-20 q6

g) h)

Olnstructional Fair, Inc.

Chemistry IF8766 33
MEASURING LIQUID VOLUME Name

What volume is indicated on each of the graduated cylinders below? The unit of volul
is mL.

60 30

20

a) b) c)

80

20 75

15 70

65

d) f)

40

30

20

10

g) h)

Olnstructlonal F
Chemistry IF8766