International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 1105~1113

ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1105-1113  1105

Modeling and simulation of a 3-ф induction motor based on two

types of WFA

Ahmed J. Ali1, Laith A. Khalaf2, Ahmed H. Ahmed3

1,3Department of Power Technichal Engineering, Northern Technichal University, Iraq
2Private Sector, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper has been proposed to simulate the transient model of 3-Ф cage
rotor induction motor based on winding function approach (WFA).
Received Jan 28, 2020 According to this method the motor is assumed to be consist of an electrical
Revised Aug 8, 2020 circuits on both stator and rotor. The magneto motive forces (MMF) that
Accepted Sep 29, 2020 have been generated by these circuits play a role for coupling them together.
Then mutual and self-inductances will be easily computed using WFA. Two
types of WFA have been used to build and simulate the model of the
Keywords: induction motor. In the one part type, it’s assumed that the coupling MMF
between stator and rotor have a non-sinusoidal shapes according to the actual
Cage rotor windings distribution over the motor slots. While in second part type the
Induction motor generated MMF in are assumed to have sinusoidal waveform. The suggested
Matlab m.file models may be used to simulate the dynamic as well as steady state
Steady state response performance of a faulty and non-faulty motor. A simulation of the suggested
Winding function approach models that consists of m-rotor bars and n-stator phases multiple coupled
circuit-based has been performed using matlab m.file and the results of the
motor current have been proved in its nonlinear way by using WFA.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ahmed. J. Ali
Department of Power Technichal Engineering
Northern Technichal University, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to their robustness, reliability and low requirement for maintenance, three phase induction
motors have a many application in industrial processes. Different methods had been used to compute the self
and mutual inductances of electric machines. The winding function approach (WFA) had been extensively
used to calculate these parameters. The principle of this approach is depending on solving the differential
equations that explain the electromagnetic coupling between stator and rotor of the induction motor [1-3].
Calculation of coupled inductances are based on the basic laws of electrical circuit. Firstly, WFA had been
applied to compute the inductances of healthy induction motors, then the formulas of this method had been
modified to be suitable n-phase conventional induction motors. In the last decades of previous century it had
been applied for analysis of linear induction motor [2, 4, 5]. Classical methods that had been used to simulate
the electric machines have a limitation to add the effect of winding connection. Generally it assume that both
stator and rotor are consists of three phases only and ignore the effect of winding distribution. This drawback
had been removed by introducing the WFA where all types of winding can be introduced easily. Also the effects
of materials types and saturation can be taken into consideration [6-9]. Then the WFA had been modified in
order represents the actual distributions of magnetic flux which gives the correct simulation of electric
machine parameters. However, obtaining lower harmonics and simple manufacturing process is a challenge in

Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com

1106  ISSN: 2088-8708

the design and optimization of analyst [10, 11]. Due to ability of WFA to simulate any type of winding
distribution or a variable air-gap width around rotor, it has been effectively used for modeling and simulation
of any type of abnormality of electrical machine operation. Fay model. The ability of WFA makes it more
suitable to simulate the inter turn sort circuit between two windings or with other phases in addition to simulate
the broken bars of electric machines. Finally it has been successfully for simulation the static, dynamic and mixed
rotor eccentricity [10, 12]. Multiple coupled circuit is assumed that the stator of the induction motor consists of
n-circuits while the rotor bars of m-circuits. These electrical circuits are mutually coupling and used to
determine the inductances of the motor using simple mathematical formulas. WFA give an appropriate way to
simulate all machine parameters, stator winding turns, rotor bar and air-gap eccentricities. According to
principle of this theory, the mutual and self-inductances between stator winding and rotor bars (windings)
stator-rotor circuits can be considered. The relation between these winding is time varying because it depends
of the rotor position with respect each other and with stator winding. The leakage inductance of both stator
winding and rotor bars are considered as constants and can be computed using special design formulas. In
current work two procedure of WFA have been considered. The slot effect is not included in the first type
where the coupling mmfs have a sinusoidal shape. While in second approach a real winding distribution in the
slots is assumed and mmfs have a non-sinusoidal waveform. A complete model of 3-Ф cage induction motor
which has an m-stator electrical circuits and n-rotor bars is implemented using matlab software [13]. An epic
strategy to display electrical machines dependent on WFA is proposed. In traditional WFA, it is accepted that
transition lines in air-gap are in outspread heading. The primary downside of this supposition that is
incorrectness of the reproduction results. In this technique WFA is improved by limited component strategy in
which the definite permeance work is determined by finite element method. This new methodology has a decent
exactness adjacent to of low estimation preparing time. In this approach the simulation results are presented and
show the performance of the proposed method and these results are compared to experimental results [14-16].

2. CONSTRUCTION OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL USING WFA

As stated previously the model of 3-Ф induction motor using a winding function theory has been
constructed. It's considers that the model of stator and rotor to be formulated of several electric circuits which
are coupled together. Also it's assumed the currents flow through these circuits as an independent variable.
The analysis is based on the following assumptions:
- Non-sinusoidal distributed of MMF on the windings of stator where the actual distribution of windings
over the stator slots have been taken into consideration.
- Infinity iron permeability (μ iron=∞) to introduce the correct behavior of actual motor.
- Uniform air gap and neglected inter-bar currents have been assumed, where each adjacent bar form a
separate circuit.
- The rotor bars and the motor windings have been suggested to have a symmetric distribution.
- The effect of saturation at starting and heavy loading are neglected.
- Non-sinusoidal distributed of inductance due to slots effect also has been introduced.

2.1. Modeling of voltage equations

The stator of the induction motor model used in current work have a 3-Ф windings, therefore a three
voltage equations are needed to simulate the stator part. The rotor part contains an equally spaced and
symmetrical number of circuits formed by two bars that are connected together using the end rings segments
as shown in Figure 1 [17].

Figure 1. Rotor loops current distribution

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021 : 1105 - 1113
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  1107

where Figure 1 display the currents distribution of the rotor loops. Both loop shares two rotor bars with
the two national rings and two end ring sections with the two end-ring loops. Not the higher shape codes are
explained later and according to previous assumptions the complete model of the cage rotor induction motor
can be represented by:

[𝑉𝑠] = [𝑅𝑠][𝐼𝑠] + 𝑑[𝜑𝑠]/𝑑𝑡 (1)

[0] = [𝑅𝑟][𝐼𝑟] + 𝑑[𝜑𝑟]/𝑑𝑡 (2)

[𝜑𝑠] = [𝐿𝑠][𝐼𝑠] + [𝐿𝑠𝑟][𝐼𝑟] (3)

[𝜑𝑟] = [𝐿𝑟][𝐼𝑟] + [𝐿𝑟𝑠][𝐼𝑠] (4)

where, Vs is the vector of the stator voltages, Is is the vector of the stator currents, Ir is the vector of the rotor
loops currents, Rs is the matrix of the stator windings resistances, Rr is the matrix of the rotor resistances, Ls
is the matrix of the stator windings inductances, Lr is the matrix of the rotor inductances, Lsr and Lrs are the
matrix of the mutual inductances between stator and rotor respectively φs and φr are the stator and rotor
windings linkage flux respectively [12, 18, 19].
From (1) and (3), the voltage equations of the stator per phase may be written as:

𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑏 𝑑𝑖𝑐

Va= R s Ia + (La + L1s ) + Lab + Lac (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑏 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑐

Vb= R s Ib + (Lb + L1s ) + Lba + Lbc (6)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑏

Vc= R s Ic + (Lc + L1s ) + Lca + Lcb (7)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

where Va, Vb and Vc are the per phase stator voltages ia, ib and ic are the per phase stator currents La, Lb and
Lc are the per phase stator self-inductances, Lab , Lbc and Lca are the per phase stator mutual inductances Lls is
the leakage inductance of the stator per phase. These equations are rewritten in suitable way to suit the basic
m.file. For example refer to phase "a" the solve one phase current ia (t) rewritten of equation in the following from:

𝑑𝑖𝑎 1 𝑑
= ((va− R s ∗ 𝑖𝑎) − (Lab 𝑖𝑏 + Lac 𝑖𝑐 + L𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑟) ) (8)
𝑑𝑡 La 𝑑𝑡

where, Lab Lac , Lar are inductances and their value can be computed based on the position of rotor. Similarly
the above equations can be arranged for the other two phases (dib/dt and dic/dt) currents and two damper
windings currents. The complete m. file for three phase dynamic model of induction machine. The rotor
loops currents (ir1, ir2,…, irn) , (Lar1, Lar2,…, Larn) are mutual inductances of stator phase A to rotor loops,
(Lbr1, Lbr2,…, Lbrn) are mutual inductances of stator phase B to rotor loops, and (Lcr1, Lcr2,…, Lcrn) are
mutual inductances of stator phase C to rotor loops. All rotor circuits are mutually coupled with each other
and with stator phase’s windings. Based on 2 and 4 and with depend on Figure 1, the rotor loop voltage
equation k may be given as:

0 = 2(R b ) Irk − R b (Ir(k−1) + Ir(k+1) ) + 2(Lb + Le ) dIrk ⁄dt − Lb (dIr(k−1) ⁄dt + dIr(k+1) ⁄dt ) +
(Lk1 dIr1 ⁄dt + Lk2 dIr2 ⁄dt + ⋯ + Lkk dIrk ⁄dt + ⋯ + Lkn dIrn ⁄dt ) − d⁄dt (Lak Ia + Lbk Ib + Lck Ic (9)

where, Re, rb, Lb ,Le, are the resistance and inductance of each rotor bar. Lkk is the self inductance of each
rotor loop (Lk1, Lk2, …, Lk(k-1), Lk(k+1) ..., Lkn) are the mutual inductances loop k to the other rotor loops
(Lak, Lbk, and Lck) are the stator mutual inductances with rotor loop k.

2.2. Equation of electromagnetic torque

The equation of the electromagnetic torque can be determined based on the energy conversion theory,
the electromagnetic torque equation produced by a 3-phase induction motor can be computed using the
following equation [12]:

𝑑𝐿𝑆𝑟
Te = [𝑖𝑠 ]𝑇 [ ] [𝑖r ] (10)
𝑑𝐿𝜃𝑟

where, θr is the angular position of rotor , Te is the developed torque produced by the motor.
Modeling and simulation of a 3-ф induction motor based on two types of WFA (Ahmed J. Ali)
1108  ISSN: 2088-8708

2.3. Electromechanical equation

The mechanical equation of rotor may be written as [12, 18]:

Te = j dwr ⁄dt + 𝐵wr + TL (11)

1 𝑑Ѳr
𝑤𝑟 =
𝑃 𝑑𝑡

where,
J is moment of inertia of rotor,
wr is rotor angular speed,
B is the friction coefficient.
TL is the load torque,
Ѳr is the angular position of the rotor.

3. NON-SINUSOIDAL SHAPES SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE FORMULA USING WFA

The important key of WFA of the induction motor is to compute the values of inductances equations
accurately, in [2, 3] the winding function method had been applied in order calculate the inductances of the
motor in terms angular position of rotor θr. WFA is an analytical method used to calculate the self and
mutual inductances based on the distribution of MMF in the air-gap region due to a follow a current of "1" A
value pass through the winding under consideration. From the principles of WFA, it’s evident that it’s
required to calculate all the inductances of the machine using the inductance matrices. These inductances are
normally determined using WFA. The general formula that will be used to calculate the motor inductances
(self and mutual) is defined by (11). Using winding function approach, the mutual inductance between two
coupled electric circuits (stator phases or rotor bars) for any electrical machine may be determined using the
following equation [20-24]:
2𝜋
Lijθ) = µ𝑜𝐼𝑟 ⁄𝑔 ∫0 𝜆𝑖 (𝜃𝑟, 𝜗)𝜆𝑗 (𝜃𝑟, 𝜗)𝑑𝜗 (12)

where: µ𝑜 is the permeability of air and =4π.10-7 H, 𝑔 is the width of the air gap, 𝜃 is the angular position of
the rotor, 𝑟 is the average radius of the air gap, 𝑙 is the effect length of the motor stack, 𝜗 is a certain point
along the air gap, 𝜆(𝜃, 𝜗) is called the winding function and represents the distribution of the magneto
motive force along the air gap when a current of '1' A flow in the winding. In current paper a three phase
induction motor, 36 stator slots and symmetrical concentrate winding. While the cage rotor of the motor
compromise a 28-equally spaced bars. The geometric construction of the motor has been taken into
consideration, where the slots effect on the stator winding is considered. The self any two stator phases Laa ,
Lbb , Lcc have been calculated based on WFM as given in (14). Where the motor inductances formulas can be
written as [25-27]:

La = Lb = Lc = (NS /2p)2 (πµ0 Lr /g) = Lms (13)

Lab = Lbc = (NS /2p)2 (πµ0 Lr /2g) = −Lms /2 (14)

π0 Lr αr
Lkk = ( ) (1 − ) αr (15)
g 2π

π0 Lr
Lk1 = Lk2 = ⋯ = Lkn = Lki ( ) (αr )2 /2 π )61(
g

Lak = Lm cos(p(θr + (k − 1)αr + δ)) (17)

Lbk = Lm cos(p(θr + (k − 1)αr + δ) − 2π/3) (18)

Lck = Lm cos(p(θr + (k − 1)αr + δ) + 2π/3) (19)

where: Ns is the number of stator turns per phase, p is the number of pole pairs, αr is the angle between two
neighboring bars 𝐿𝑚 =(4/π𝑁𝑠 ) 𝐿𝑚𝑠 sin (pδ), where δ=𝛼𝑟 /2.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021 : 1105 - 1113
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  1109

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The flux equations have been used to simulate the proposed model. The simulated steps that have
been used to solve the differential equations of the induction motor are explained in the algorithm shown in
Figure 2. The integration of flux linkage derivatives with respect to time are calculated to obtain flux linkages,
as follows:

dφ
= vsource − RI (20)
dt

φ = ∫( vsource − RI ) = Lself Iself + ΣLmutual Ii (21)

Matlab m-file has been used to simulate the dynamic equations of a 3-Ф cage rotor induction motor.
The proposed mathematical model has been used to simulate the time response performance of a 4 kW
induction motor with the parameters given in Table 1.

Figure 2. Algorithm of simulation

Table 1. Parameters of induction motor model

Input Supply Phase Voltage 220 Volt
Input Supply Frequency 50 Hz
STATOR PARAMETERS
Effective Number of Stator winding turns: Ns 156 turn, 36stator slots
Stator windings Ohmic resistance: R s 1.5 ohm
Stator windings Leakage inductance: L1S 7 Mh
Number of pole pairs: p 4
ROTOR PARAMETERS
Number of rotor bars: n 28
Rotor bar resistance: R b 96.940036 μΩ
End ring segment resistance: R e 5 μΩ
Rotor bar self inductance: Lb 0.28 μH
End ring segment self inductance: Le 0.036 μH
AIR GAP PARAMETERS
Air gap average radius: r 70 mm
Air gap length: g 0.28 mm
Rotor effective length: L 120 mm
MECHANICAL PARAMETERS
Inertia: J 0.007 N.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
Friction coefficient: F 0.001 N.sec
Modeling and simulation of a 3-ф induction motor based on two types of WFA (Ahmed J. Ali)
1110  ISSN: 2088-8708

According to the two suggested approaches, the model of motor has been simulated under operation
conditions by applying a load torque of TL=3.5 Nm on the shaft, starting time from zero, applying of
220 volt and 50 Hz. The time response of the stator current are shown in Figure 3 at Non-sinusoidal shapes
self and mutual inductance. Also the dynamic characteristics (Mutual inductance, rotor speed and developed
torque) are shown in Figures 4-6. The WFA principle is based on the coupling between stator and rotor as
shown Figure 4. Then for the second approach, the model has been simulated under the same operating
conditions mentioned for first approach. It's clear from the simulation results of stator and rotor currents are
shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8 that waveform have a smooth shape compare with Figure 3. This unifomlly and
reular current is due to sinusoidal assumption of mutual inductance that couple between the stator and rotor.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. The time response of the stator current, (a and b) stator current at non-sinusoidal shapes self and
mutual inductance using WFA

Figure 4. Mutual inductance between stator and rotor

Figure 5. Rotor speed (rpm) Figure 6. Developed torque (N.m)

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021 : 1105 - 1113
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  1111

(a) (b)

Figure 7. The simulation results of stator, (a and b) stator currents due to sinusoidal shapes self and mutual
inductance using WFA

(a) (b)

Figure 8. The simulation results of rotor, (a and b) rotor currents due to sinusoidal shapes self and mutual
inductance using WFA

5. CONCLUSION
Two types of winding function approaches have been modeled and simulated in this paper. It's
obvious from the results that the first model has results different slightly from the second approach. For the
stator, rotor currents and torque they have a non-smooth and ripple shapes compared with the results obtained
from the second model. This non-linearity is due to the actual winding distribution on the motor slots. The
stator MMF have a non-sinusoidal waveform due to slots effect which make this model more suitable to
simulate the faulty motor compared with first type.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ahmed J. Ali is a lecture at department of Power Engineering Technology/Engineering

Technical College/Mosul. He has get B.Sc.and M.Sc. degree from Al-Thechnologia University/
Baghdad In 1995 and 2004 respectively in Electrical Engineering. He has finish his Ph.D. degree
in Electrical Machines from university of Mosul in 2013. His filed of work concentrate on
Adaptive and Intelligent control Systems, Electric machines Design and Drives. Now he is a
lecturer at Power Engineering Technology Department/Technical Engineering College/Mosul.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021 : 1105 - 1113
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  1113

Laith A. Khalaf is a lecture at department of Power Engineering Techniques/Engineering

Technical College/Mosul/Northern Technical University. He has get B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree
from Al-Thechnologia University/Baghdad In 1995 and 2001 respectively in Electrical
Engineering Department Power & Machines. His filed of work concentrate on Adaptive and
Intelligent pwer electronics Electric machines Design and Drives. Now he is a lecturer at Power
Engineering Techniques department/Technical Engineering College/Mosul

Ahmed Hashim Ahmed is a lecture at department of Computer Engineering Technology/

Engineering Technical College/Mosul. He has get B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree from mosul
University/Mosul. In 2006 and 2014 respectively in Electrical Engineering. His filed of work
concentrate on Adaptive and Intelligent control Systems, Electric machines Design and Drives.
Now he is a lecturer at Computer Engineering Technology Department/Technical Engineering
College/Mosul.

Modeling and simulation of a 3-ф induction motor based on two types of WFA (Ahmed J. Ali)