Jestr Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (4) (2014) 34-39

JOURNAL OF
Engineering Science and
Technology Review

www.jestr.org

Solar PV Powered Energy Efficient LED Lighting System for a Class Room
P. Sathya1,* and R. Natarajan2
1
School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore – 632 014, Tamil nadu, India.
2
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Center, VIT University, Vellore – 632 014, Tamil nadu, India

Received 6 September 2014; Accepted 1 October 2014

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

This paper presents the design of Solar PV based LED lighting system suitable for a class room. The model of class room
is created using DIALux 4.11and LED lighting system is provided inside the room for illumination. The design
calculations of the lighting are done as per the IESNA (Illumination Engineering Society of North America) standards.
Based on the lighting load requirement, the number of solar panels and batteries required to generate and store the power
is determined. To assess the performance of the lighting system, simulation is done and the photometric parameters are
calculated from the observed values. In addition to the photometric parameters, the annual lighting energy required for
illuminating the room is also estimated. The computed result has proved that the LED lighting system is suitable for
residential indoor applications providing good visual clarity and comfort.

Keywords: Luminous efficacy, Uniformity of illuminance, Glare index, Luminance, color rendering index (CRI).
___________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction each other at average standard illuminance. This has proved

that LED lighting consumes less power producing high
Lighting plays a vital role in regular human activities which efficiency [2]. Performance of the different light sources was
is naturally available from the sun in day time. To carry out tested based on power quality measurements. The result has
the human activities throughout artificial lighting is required. proved that LED lights have poor factor and correction has
Such an artificial lighting should be as close as possible in to be done. Lighting design for an indoor task environment
replicating the natural lighting. It should be environmentally should result in good visual comfort, visual performance and
and functionally suitable for people working inside the task energy efficiency [4]. An experimental setup of PV based
area. On the other hand, lighting is the major consumer of WLED lighting system for indoor application has been
electrical energy accounting for around 21% of the world’s verified which resulted in 96% driver efficiency and light
total electricity production. Reducing the electrical energy output of 329-370 lx inside the room [5]. Several lighting
consumption by using energy efficient lamps is an important control algorithms and software techniques are available,
solution for this problem. Additionally, the power can also which enables us to model and pre-visualize the lighting
be generated from renewable energy such as solar, wind and condition [6]. This would be helpful for the lighting
biomass. Power generation from such renewable sources designers and researchers to decide on the illumination
especially solar, offers better energy management for current condition for a specified task area.
situation. Many research works has been carried out in the The objective of this paper is to design a solar PV
past few years to generate power from solar and also to powered lighting system for a class room that should be
maximize its energy conversion efficiency. Meeting the functionally suitable for the group of people working inside.
energy demand and using the available power in a judicious It should be aesthetically pleasant, visually comfortable and
way is the solution for energy crisis prevailing now. consume less power. It should have a good energy balance
The invention of LED lights is greatly helpful in between power generation and power consumption. Here a
reducing the power consumption. Many research studies class room model is created along with LED lighting system
have been done on LED to implement in indoor and outdoor in Dialux and simulated to pre-visualize the illumination
lighting applications. An intelligent LED lighting system condition [7]. LED lamp is used here because the rated
that automatically adjust the minimum light intensity value lifetime of this lamp ranges from 35000 – 50000 hours, with
to enhance both energy efficiency and user satisfaction has an average luminous efficacy of 64lm/W [8]. The CRI is
been developed resulting in 21.9% reduction in power around 93 and CCT is around (2700-3000) K. The LED
consumption [1]. The power consumptions and efficiency of lamp used in this project is obtained from the Philips plug in
traditional lights sources and LED lights in illuminating the module [9]. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
household environment were analyzed and compared with Section 2 describes the design of class room model with
lighting system. Section 3 explains the methodology for
______________ implementing solar PV modules for power generation.
* E-mail address: [email protected] Section 4 presents the simulation results of the lighting
ISSN: 1791-2377 © 2014 Kavala Institute of Technology. All rights reserved.
 P. Sathya and R. Natarajan/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (4) (2014) 34 - 39

system. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of 1. Intensity should be ample for clear and distinct
lighting are determined and analyzed. Energy required for vision
lighting the room throughout a year is also estimated in this 2. Uniform distribution of brightness within the space
section based on European standard [10]. 3. Appropriate horizontal and vertical lighting value
4. Suitable color of the light source
5. Reduction of glare
2. Design of Class Room and Lighting System 6. Location of light source well above the range of
vision.
A model of class room is designed using the lighting
software DIALux 4.11 version. The specifications of the As per the IESNA standard, the required illuminance
room are length (l) = 8 m, width (b) = 6 m and height (h) = level for the class room should be 300 lx measured at 0.8m
3m. This is a rectangular room with a wooden door of from the floor. The range of glare limiting index should be
reflectivity, ρdoor = 0.55 on one side. Two long sides of the 19 and the color rendering index should be more than 80.
room is embedded with a pair of windows having Initially the task at functional level is to determine
reflectivity ρwindow = 0.5. The reflectivity of room elements number of luminaries required and suitable way to place
are ρwall = 0.51, ρceiling = 0.8 and ρwall = 0.20. The them for correct level of illumination for a given activity.
measurements are taken from a work-plane at a height of Total flux method is used here to compute the number of
0.8m from the floor. Inside the room 25 chairs and a marker luminaries required for illumination and placement of
board are placed. The 3D view of class room model and the luminaries are done according to field pattern arrangement.
floor plan made using CAD is shown in figure 1 and 2. The step wise procedure is listed below.

1. Selection of illumination level inside the room as

prescribed by the IESNA standard. For a nominal
class room required illumination level (E) is 300
lx.
2. Selection of luminaire type: Philips BN130C L584
1x LED6S/830, Φlamp = 683 lumen, P = 10W.
3. Computation of Room index:

l ×b (1)
RI =
(l + b) × hm
Fig. 1. Design of Class room model in DIALux 4.11 8× 6
=
(8 + 6) × 2.2
= 1.558

4. Determination of reflectance of wall, ceiling and

floor.

ρwall = 0.51, ρceiling = 0.8 and ρfloor = 0.2

5. Calculation of Φinstalled.

E× A (2)
φinstalled =
MF × UF
300 × 48
=
0.9 × 0.48
= 33,333lumen

Where MF is Maintenance factor and UF is

Fig. 2. Floor plan view of Class room model in DIALux 4.11 Utilization factor.

6. Calculation of number of luminaries required

2.1 Lighting system design
Lighting systems are effectively designed based on the φinstalled
N= (3)
IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North φlamp
America) standard to perform task inside the class room. It
has published lighting hand book that contains
33333 = 48.8
=
recommended data sheet for lighting. Lighting depends on 683
various factors such as purpose intended service, class of
interiors, luminaire best suited, color effect and reflection For a particular value of room index, the utilization
from floor, ceiling and walls. The basic requirements of factor can be selected from the room index chart specified
lighting system to be furnished in class room are listed by the lamp manufacturer. Nominal value of maintenance
below. factor lies between 0.8-0.9, here it is chosen as 0.9. From the
design calculation, it is found that approximately 49

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 P. Sathya and R. Natarajan/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (4) (2014) 34 - 39

luminaries are required to illuminate the room for producing

300 lx. To maintain symmetrical lighting arrangement, 48 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚  𝑎𝑐  𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑   𝐴ℎ
luminaries are used in 8 x 6 field arrangement pattern as 𝐴𝐶  𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑  (𝑊ℎ)
shown in figure 1. =
(𝐷𝐶  𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒  ×𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
(4)
2.2 Luminance Emittance of LED Lamp 3920  𝑊ℎ
The lamp used here is Pentura Mini LED lamp specified as 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚  𝑎𝑐  𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑   𝐴ℎ =   = 204.16𝐴ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦
(24𝑉×0.8)
Philips BN130C L584 1x LED6S/830. It is an extremely
slim battern that offers the energy saving benefits of LED 3.3 Battery Sizing
technology, coupled with excellent lighting performance. It Number of days Autonomy = 3 days
is a bright white light with color rendering index of more System voltage = 24V
than 80 % and correlated color temperature of 3000 K. It Maximum battery usage (deep cycle) = 80%
works on ac voltage of 220-240V, 50-60 Hz frequency Temperature derate factor (TDF) = 0.97
resulting in an efficacy of 66 lm/W. The driver circuit is Rate factor = 1.3
embedded inside the luminaire setup. The luminous (3×24)
emittance of the lamp is shown in figure 3. It shows that the 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒  𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =   = 90  ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
0.8
light output ratio (LOR) which is a measure of downward Selecting C/120 rate.
light from luminary to light from lamp is 100%. The
intensity of light in the C0-C180 plane and C90-C270 plane 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦×𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦  𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
is shown in the figure 3. 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦  𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =                        (5)
𝑀𝑎𝑥. %  𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒  ×𝑇𝐷𝐹×𝑅𝐹

3×204.16
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦  𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 607.13  𝐴ℎ
0.8×0.97×1.3

Battery selection: 12V, 180 Ah 3EL180 Exide make

battery is selected for this work. Capacity of 180 Ah battery
is @ C/10 rate.

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  𝑖𝑛  𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑  𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
=                          (6)
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦  𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

24  
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  𝑖𝑛  𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =   =2
12
!"##$%&  !"#"!$%&
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  𝑖𝑛  𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 =   (7)
!"#$%$#&'(  !"##$%&  !"#"!$%&

607.13  𝐴ℎ
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  𝑖𝑛  𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 =   = 3.37   ≅ 4
180  𝐴ℎ

Fig. 3. Luminance emittance of Philips BN130C L584 1x LED6S/830. Battery configuration: 2 series x 4 parallel

3.4 PVArray Sizing

3. Design Method of Solar PV and Battery Sizing Maximum daily load = 204.16 Ah
Module selected: Sundance Solar panel- 60W, Imp = 3A
From the design of lighting system, the amount of power Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) = 22.1V
required for lighting the class room is known. To determine Short Circuit current (ISC) = 3.23 A
the number of solar photovoltaic modules, batteries and to Number of hours of radiation at 1000 W/m2 = 6 hours
implement them along with an inverter, the following design Module output = 6h x 3A = 18 Ah
procedure is adopted here.
!"#$%  !"#$  !"#$%!  (!!)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙  𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (8)
3.1 Load estimation !"#$%&  !"#$"#  (!!)×!"#×!"

Total number of lighting load = 49

Power rating of the lamp = 10 W 204.16  𝐴ℎ
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙  𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = = 14
Total power rating = 490 W 18  𝐴ℎ×0.9×0.9
Number of working hours = 8 hours/day
Daily ac load demand = 3930 Wh 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙  𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒  (𝑉)
=            (9)
3.2 Inverter Selection 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙  𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒  (𝑉)
The inverter should meet all continuous loads and surge
demands at any instant. So an inverter with higher dc 24  𝑉
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = =2
voltage is preferred which also reduces the size of wires to 12  𝑉
be used. The selected inverter for this work has 24V dc input
and 80% efficiency. Array Configuration: 2 series x 14 parallel

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 P. Sathya and R. Natarajan/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (4) (2014) 34 - 39

3.5 Battery sizing recheck lx. The light intensity at different locations inside the room
The maximum rate of charge for the deep cycle battery measured at the work plane is shown in figure 7. This isoline
should be at C/5 whereas the depth of discharge should be diagram shows that illuminance at the inner area is around
less than 80% for maintaining long life time of the battery. 420 lx whereas 300 lx near the inner periphery. Another
measurement of light is luminance (cd/m2), known as
!"#$%  !"#$  (!!) brightness that measures the light leaving a surface in a
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ  𝑜𝑓  𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 =   (10)
!".!!  !"#"$$%$  !"##$%&$'  ×!"(!!)
particular direction. The average luminance inside the room
on various surfaces is listed in table 1.
204.16  𝐴ℎ
𝐷𝑂𝐷 =    ×100 = 28  %
4×180  𝐴ℎ

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙  𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠  ×𝐵𝐶

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒  𝑜𝑓  𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 =  
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓  𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙  𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠  ×𝐼!"
(11)
4×180  𝐴ℎ
𝑀𝑎𝑥.    𝑅𝑂𝐶 =   =  17.14  ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
14×3𝐴

The above sizing procedure resulted in depth of

discharge of 28% satisfying the discharge criteria (˂ 80%)
and the maximum rate of charge is 17 hours which is more Fig. 6. 3D View of light distribution
than 5 hours as decided by C/5. The layout of battery
connections and solar PV arrays are shown in figure 4 and 5
respectively. Table 1. Photometric parameters obtained from simulation
________________________________________________
Surface ρ [%] Eav[lx] Emin[lx] Emax[lx] Lav[cd/m2]
U0
Work plane / 369 155 448 /
0.421
Floor 20 281 187 341 18
0.665
Ceiling 80 205 98 587 52
0.476
Walls (4) 51 279 112 533 45

Fig. 4. Layout of battery connections (4s x 4p)

Fig. 5. Layout of Solar PV module (2s x 14p) Fig. 7. Illuminance- isoline diagram

4. Simulation Results 4.2 Qualitative parameters

There are three parameters characterizing the quality of
The class room model along with the LED lighting system is lighting such as uniformity of illuminance, glare and color
simulated and 3D distribution view of light is shown in rendition. The uniformity of illuminance (U0) is a quality
figure 6. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of issue that addresses how evenly the light spreads over a task
lighting are measured to assess the performance of installed area. It can be calculated using equation (12) shown below.
LED lighting system.

4.1 Quantitative parameters Emin

The quantity of illumination is characterized by three Uo = (12)
parameters such as luminous flux, illuminance and Eavg
luminance. The light output from the lamp is the luminous
flux measured in lumen. Luminous flux of the LED lamp The photometric parameters obtained from the
used here is 683 lm. Light intensity measured on a plane at a simulation are presented in table 1. From the observed
specific location is called illuminance measured in lm/m2 or illuminance values, uniformity of illuminance is calculated

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 P. Sathya and R. Natarajan/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (4) (2014) 34 - 39

at different room surfaces. As per the IESNA standard, the

recommended value of uniformity of illuminance (U0) at the
workplane should be 0.4 for normal application. Lighting
system installed in the class room produces U0 of 0.421,
0.665 and 0.476 at the workplane, floor and ceiling
respectively. This confirms uniform distribution of light
inside the room.
The second important quality parameter of lighting is the
glare caused by luminances in the visual field that are too
bright. This results in discomfort, annoyance, interference
and fatigue. This glare can be reduced by not exceeding
suggested light levels and by using lighting equipment
designed to reduce glare. It can be quantified by the Unified
Glare Rating (UGR) as shown by the following equation
Fig. 10. False color rendering
(13).

The ability to see colors properly is another aspect of

0.25 ω LS 2 (13)
UGR = 8log10 ∑ p2 lighting quality. Light sources vary in their ability to
Lb accurately reflect the true colors of people and objects. The
color rendering index (CRI) scale is used to compare the
Where, effect of a light source on the color appearance of its
surroundings. A scale of 0 to 100 defines the CRI. A higher
Lb is background luminance (cd/m2) CRI means better color rendering, or less color shift. CRIs in
LS is luminance of the luminaire (cd/m2) the range of 75-100 are considered excellent, while 65-75
ω is the solid angle subtended at the observer’s eye by the are good. The range of 55-65 is fair, and 0-55 is poor. Under
luminaire (steradians) higher CRI sources, surface colors appear brighter,
p is the position index. improving the aesthetics of the space. The CRI of this lamp
is 93 offering high quality rendering. The false color
To determine the glare inside the room an UGR plane is rendering of luminance values in the scale of 0-100 is shown
fixed at a height of 0.8m as shown in figure 8. Simulation is in figure 10.
done and the glare index at various points on the work plane
is measured as shown in figure 9. The recommended value 4. 3 Evaluation of lighting energy
of glare index for the class room application is 19 specified The energy performance of the class room concerning the
by IESNA standard. From the grey scale UGR chart it is lighting requirement is calculated as per the standard
clear that value of glare index is less than 20 and is suitable EN15193. This standard uses an integral approach for the
for good vision. calculation of the energy balance. An energy evaluation
project is created and included into the main project. It
transfers the class room model along with the room elements
of same properties. The surface area at the work plane of the
room is divided into 2 sets of day light assessment zones
(Yellow) and 3 sets of non- day light assessment zones
(Violet) as shown in the figure 11. For the specific
connected lighting load, energy evaluation is carried out for
a complete year.

Fig. 8. UGR measurement plane inside the room

Fig. 11. Energy Assessment zones of class room

The total annual energy used for lighting and lighting energy
numeric indicator (LENI) for the room can be calculated
using the following equations.

W = WL + WP (kWh / year ) (14)

Fig. 9. UGR value in grey scale Where WL is the illumination energy

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 P. Sathya and R. Natarajan/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (4) (2014) 34 - 39

WP is the parasitic energy view of lighting condition obtained using radiosity based
W (15) simulation is shown in figure 12.
LENI = (kWh / m 2 − year )
A

Where A is the area of the room.

The total annual energy required for lighting the class room
is 1001.84 kWh/year and LENI is 20.87 kWh/m2 – year.

Table 2. Annual Lighting Energy consumption

________________________________________________
Month Lighting [kWh] Visual task
[kWh/m2]
January 87.53 1.82
February 85.57 1.78
Fig. 12. Ray tracing view of real time lighting condition
March 83.35 1.74
April 81.15 1.69
May 79.85 1.66
5. Conclusion
June 79.45 1.66
July 80.05 1.67
A class room model illuminated with LED lighting system
August 80.95 1.69
powered by solar PV module has been presented in this
September 82.65 1.72
paper. Measured photometric parameter from the LED
October 84.99 1.77
lighting system has proved that uniform illumination, visual
November 88.19 1.84
comfortability and color rendering are within the specified
December 88.19 1.84
level as mentioned by the IESNA standards. The power
generation from Solar panel and power consumption by
4.4 Ray trace view LED lighting results in better energy management when
In this experiment, radiosity method based on thermal compared to conventional power generation and lighting
exchange between the surfaces is used to generate real time system. Hence the solar PV powered LED lighting system is
visualization of lighting environment. The surfaces are the best suited energy saving technique for indoor
assumed to be perfect diffusers that reflect equal amount of applications.
light in all directions as per Lamberts law. The real time

______________________________
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ux_and_other_downloads.wpd

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