Eeeviews: Unit Iv Synchronous Motor Drives

UNIT IV
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES
V/f control and self-control of synchronous motor: Margin angle

control and power factor control-Three phase voltage/current
source fed synchronous motor- Applications.
eeeviews
Synchronous motor can be used for ________________ applications
a) Low power
b) Medium Power
c) High Power
d) None of the above
e) All the above
Types of synchronous motors –
Commonly used synchronous motors are

1. Wound field synchronous motor (Cylindrical & salient
pole)
2. Permanent magnet synchronous motor
3. Synchronous reluctance motor
4. Hysteresis motor
- All these motors have a stator with 3 phase winding

which is connected to an AC source
- Fractional horse power synchronous reluctance &
hysteresis motors employ a 1 phase stator
Due to unavailability of economical variable frequency sources,
this method of speed control was not used in past & they were
mainly used for constant speed applications.
The development of semiconductor variable frequency sources

such as inverter & cycloconverter allowed the use of
synchronous motor in variable speed applications
- Synchronous speed α frequency
- So by varying frequency, speed can be controlled
- Like in induction motor, upto base speed, the V/f ratio is
kept constant & for speed above base speed, the terminal
voltage is maintained at rated value & frequency is varied
- In variable frequency control, synchronous motor may
operate in two modes
a) True synchronous mode /open loop mode

b) Self controlled mode
SEPARATE CONTROLLED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
What are the disadvantages of separate control of
synchronous motor drive?
Self controlled mode
- A machine is said to be in self controlled mode if it gets its variable
frequency from an inverter whose thyristors are fired in a sequence,
using the information of rotor position or stator voltages
- i) Rotor position sensor - here a rotor position sensor is used, which
measures the rotor position w.r.to stator & sends pulses to thyristor
- Hence the frequency of inverter output is decided by rotor speed
- Here the supply frequency is changed so that the synchronous speed
is same as rotor speed & hence rotor cannot pull out of slip & hunting
oscillations are eliminated
- A self controlled motor has properties of a DC machine both under
steady state & dynamic conditions
- There fore it is called a commutator less motor
SELF CONTROLLED MODE

SELF CONTROLLED MODE
• Stator frequency is
Separate controlled
independently
control • Open loop
• Stator frequency is
Self controlled by the rotor
position feedback
Control • Closed loop
• A self-controlled synchronous machine can be considered analogues to a dc
motor except for the following differences.
• Unlike a dc machine, the field is rotating and the armature is stationary
(often called an inside-out dc machine).
• Unlike a mechanical position – sensitive inverter, an electronic inverter that is
controlled by an absolute position encoder
• This DC machine analogy gives the self-controlled synchronous machine
various names such as electronically commutated motor (ECM), brushless dc
motor (BLDM) or commutator less – brushless motor.
• However, the commercial name of BLDM is restricted to the trapezoidal PM
machine drive
Features:
• An electronic commutator replaced the mechanical commutators and
brushes, thus eliminating the disadvantages of the dc machine, such as
maintenance and reliability problems, sparking limitations in speed and
power rating, difficulty to operate in corrosive and explosive
environments, EMI problem etc.
• Because of self-control, the machine does not show any stability or
hunting problem of the traditional synchronous Machine.
• The transient response can be similar to a dc machine
Here the output frequency is controlled by the inverter &
voltage is controlled by the controlled rectifier.
If the inverter is PWM inverter, both frequency & voltage can be
controlled within the inverter.
Self controlled SM employing VSI

In a converter, if the commutation is done by line voltages, then
it is called line commutation. But if the voltage induced in the
load are responsible for the commutation, it is defined as load
commutation.
Self controlled SM employing Load Commutated Thyristor

• For 0≤ǂs≤90º, 90º≤ǂl≤180º and with Vds >Vdl,the source
side converter works as a line commutated rectifier and load
side converter, causing power flow from ac source to the
motor, thus giving motoring operation.
• Delivering positive V d & I d
• When firing angles are changed such that 90º≤ǂs≤180º and

0º≤ǂl≤90º,the load side converter operates as a rectifier and
source side converter operates as an inverter. In this
condition ,the power flow reverses and machine operates in
regenerative braking.
• Delivering negative V d & I d
We Know,
the commutation lead angle β is given by,
β = 180˚ - α __________(1)
The marginal angle γ is given by, γ = β – μ ___________(2) and
for safe commutation of thyristors of load commutated CSI,
γ > ωtq ________(3)
where tq is the turn off time of thyristors.
The P.F. angle of the synchronous motor is given by,
Ф = β – 0.5 μ (leading) __________(4)
• A high power factor decreases the copper loss in transformers, distribution
cables, transmissions line and other equipment's, thus allowing considerable
saving in energy consumptions.
• It helps in stabilizing the system voltage.
• It reduces the load on transmission and distribution equipment and

transformer. Thus, it allows transmission of larger power and full utilization of
substation and generating unit capabilities.
• It avoids large penalty often imposed on low power factor consumers by the
utilities.
Benefits of improving PF
Power factor control
• Constant margin-angle control is a triggering scheme that can eliminate the
commutation failure and increase the power factor and efficiency of
commutatorless motors.
• The commutation Margin Angle Control of Synchronous Motors is
defined as the angle measured from the end of commutation to
the crossing of the phase voltage which was under commutation
(natural firing instant).
• There are two ways to implement constant margin-angle control.
✔ The margin angle is detected and is directly controlled.
✔ The dc link current Id is detected and margin angle is indirectly controlled by
using a function generator or a correction table in terms of Id.
• For satisfactory operation, without commutation failure, this margin
angle must be greater than the turn off angle (ωtq) of the thyristors. In
the constant Margin Angle Control of Synchronous Motors it is always
observed that the margin angle does not go below a minimum value.
Power factor control

Eeeviews: Unit Iv Synchronous Motor Drives

Uploaded by

Eeeviews: Unit Iv Synchronous Motor Drives

Uploaded by

UNIT IV

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES

V/f control and self-control of synchronous motor: Margin angle

Commonly used synchronous motors are

- All these motors have a stator with 3 phase winding

The development of semiconductor variable frequency sources

a) True synchronous mode /open loop mode

SELF CONTROLLED MODE

Self controlled SM employing VSI

Self controlled SM employing Load Commutated Thyristor

• When firing angles are changed such that 90º≤ǂs≤180º and

• It helps in stabilizing the system voltage.

• It reduces the load on transmission and distribution equipment and

Power factor control

You might also like