Week 2-Insitu Stresses and Seepage
Week 2-Insitu Stresses and Seepage
Week 2-Insitu Stresses and Seepage
316
Soil Mechanics 2
I N STR U C TO R : D R . ZEYNEP ÖZ KUL B I RGÖ R E N
RESEARCH ASSISTANT: TUĞÇ E A K TAŞ
Y I L D I R I M B E YAZ I T ÜNIVERSITESI
Course Textbook
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering by Braja M. Das
Other References:
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Holtz, Kovacs and Sheahan, 2011
Soil Mechanics Fundamentals, Muni Budhu, Wiley Blackwell, 2015
Soil Mechanics, A One‐Dimensional Introduction, David Muir Wood, 2009,
Cambridge
Principle of Effective Stress
Learning Outcomes
◦Understand the principle of effective stress.
◦Be able to calculate total and effective stress and porewater
pressure.
◦Be able to calculate the effective stresses with and without
seepage stresses.
Strength and deformations of soils are functions of
effective stresses.
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of
Thomson Canada Limited
1‐3
Effective Stress Principle
States that: the effective stress is the total stress less the pore water
pressure.
The principle of effective stresses applies only to normal stresses and
not shear stresses.
Deformations of soils are functions of effective stresses and not total
stresses.
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of
Thomson Canada Limited
1‐4
Effective Stress Principle
Particle Contact Stress
The particle contact stress is not the
effective stress. Rather it is the
average stress on a plane through the
soil particles
In granular material:
̅ = gross X‐sectional area;
=X‐section occupied by solid‐to‐solid contacts
( = + + +…+ ) very small area
⋯
̅
̅
̅
1
In more general terms:
= intergranular stress
1
In sands =
In clays A‐R is large
Calculating the Effective Stresses
•At groundwater level, the porewater pressure is zero
•Below the groundwater level the porewater pressure is positive
and the effective stress decreases
•Capillary action causes water to rise above the groundwater
level and results in negative porewater pressure. The effective
stress increases.
•Groundwater above the ground surface does not increase the
effective stress at any point in the soil mass below.
7
Case: No Seepage
At Point A:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uA =
Effective stress: 0
At Point B:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uB =
Effective stress: =
At Point C:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uc =
Effective stress: =
Case: With Upward Seepage
At Point A:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uA =
Effective stress: 0
At Point B:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uB =
Effective stress: =
At Point C:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uc =
Effective stress: =
Critical Hydraulic Gradient and Liquefaction
Note that
=
If the hydraulic gradient is increased, and the rate of seepage increases then
there is a limiting condition where the effective stress = 0.
0
= critical hydraulic gradient
= ranges between 0.9 to 1.1 (average of 1
Case: With Downward Seepage
At Point C:
Total stress: :
Pore water pressure: uc =
Effective stress: =
=
Seepage Force
•The effect of seepage is to increase or
decrease the effective stress at a point
•Expressed often as seepage force per
unit volume of soil
•Seepage force per unit of soil =
•Seepage force acts in the same
direction as flow
•Flownets can be used to find the i at
any point and thus the seepage force
per unit volume of soil
Heaving around a
Sheet pile
W’= Submerged weight of soil in the heave
zone =
U = uplifting force caused by seepage
= . =
FS = factor of safety against heaving
Heaving around a
Sheet pile
FS = factor of safety against heaving
Example
15
Example
Determine the effective stress at point A which is 5 m below ground
surface. Saturated unit weight of soil is 20 kN/m3.
CASE 1: Groundwater is 2 m below surface
◦ =100 kPa; u = 9.8 x 3 = 29.4 kPa; = 100 – 29.4 = 70.6 kPa
CASE 2: Groundwater rises to surface
=100 kPa; u = 9.8 x 5 = 49.0 kPa; = 100 – 49.0 = 51.0 kPa
CASE 3: Groundwater rises above surface
=109.8 kPa; u = 9.8 x 6 = 58.8 kPa; = 109.8 – 58.8 = 51.0 kPa
Example
Determine the effective stress at point A which is 5 m below ground
surface. Saturated unit weight of soil is 20 kN/m3.
CASE 1: Groundwater is 2 m below surface
◦ =100 kPa; u = 9.8 x 3 = 29.4 kPa; = 100 – 29.4 = 70.6 kPa
GWT rises: Eff.
CASE 2: Groundwater rises to surface Stress decreases
=100 kPa; u = 9.8 x 5 = 49.0 kPa; = 100 – 49.0 = 51.0 kPa
Floods: Eff. Stress
CASE 3: Groundwater rises above surface remains the same
=109.8 kPa; u = 9.8 x 6 = 58.8 kPa; = 109.8 – 58.8 = 51.0 kPa
Example (cont.)
Determine the effective stress at point A which is 5 m below ground
surface. Saturated unit weight of soil is 20 kN/m3.
CASE 4: Groundwater drops 2 m below point A Capillary action
◦ =100 kPa; u = 9.8 x 0 = 0 kPa; = 100 – 0 = 100 kPa increases eff. Stress
CASE 5: Capillary forces saturate soil 1 m above groundwater table
=100 kPa; u = ‐ 9.8 x 1 = ‐ 9.8 kPa; = 100 – (‐9.8) = 109.8 kPa
Example: Seepage around Sheet Pile Wall
Determine the effective stress at point A which is 5 m below ground
surface. Saturated unit weight of soil is 20 kN/m3.
CASE 6: Sheetpile wall: Seepage forces downward (at point A)
◦ =100 kPa; u = 9.8 x 0 = 0 kPa; = 100 – 0 = 100 kPa
CASE 5: Sheetpile wall: Seepage forces upward (point B)
=100 kPa; u = ‐ 9.8 x 1 = ‐ 9.8 kPa; = 100 – (‐9.8) = 109.8 kPa
∆
Seepage force per unit volume: J= iw
Downward Upward
Flow at B can loose all of its shear strength if
effective stress becomes zero due to seepage
forces
Quiz 1
Effective stress is the average normal stress carried by
the
1. pore water
2. pore air
3. soil particles
21
Question 1
Effective stress is the average normal stress carried by
the
1. pore water
2. pore air
3. soil particles
22
Question 2
The shear stress acting on a soil is 100 kPa. The normal stress
is 120 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is 40 kPa. The
effective stress is
1. 100 kPa
2. 120 kPa
3. 80 kPa
4. 60 kPa
23
Question 2
The shear stress acting on a soil is 100 kPa. The normal stress
is 120 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is 40 kPa. The
effective stress is
1. 100 kPa
2. 120 kPa
3. 80 kPa
4. 60 kPa
24
Question 3
The shear stress acting on a soil is 100 kPa. The normal stress
is 120 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is 40 kPa. The
effective shear stress is
1. 100 kPa
2. 120 kPa
3. 80 kPa
4. 60 kPa
25
Question 3
The shear stress acting on a soil is 100 kPa. The normal stress
is 120 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is 40 kPa. The
effective shear stress is
1. 100 kPa
2. 120 kPa
3. 80 kPa
4. 60 kPa
26
Question 4
The shear stress acting on a soil is 100 kPa. The normal stress
is 120 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is ‐40 kPa. The
effective stress is
1. 140 kPa
2. 160 kPa
3. 80 kPa
4. 60 kPa
27
Question 4
The shear stress acting on a soil is 100 kPa. The normal stress
is 120 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is ‐40 kPa. The
effective stress is
1. 140 kPa
2. 160 kPa
3. 80 kPa
4. 60 kPa
28
On your own:
1. Practice problem solving from textbook