Earthquake and Faults: Grade 8/Second Quarter

Name: ___________________ Section:_________________Date:_____________

Learning Activity Sheets #1

Competency: apply the principles of research design (SSP-RS8-RD-III-m-n-14)

make a valid experimental design (SSP-RS8-RD-III-n-15)

Reference : https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/
https://universalteacher.com/1/significance-of-research-design/

Specific Objectives: 1. definition 2. significance 3. content 4. principles 5. types  Complete Randomized Design 
Randomized Complete Block Design  Correlational
Material Needed: Sheet of paper/Folder for the compilation of the Learning Activity Sheets of every subjects/ Learning
Activity Sheets and pen
Lesson Concept:
Research design definition
Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. The design
allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up
for success. The design of a research topic explains the type of research (experimental, survey, correlational, semi-
experimental, review) and also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem, descriptive case-study). There are
three main types of research design: Data collection, measurement, and analysis. The type of research problem an
organization is facing will determine the research design and not vice-versa. The design phase of a study determines
which tools to use and how they are used.
An impactful research design usually creates a minimum bias in data and increases trust in the accuracy of
collected data. A design that produces the least margin of error in experimental research is generally considered the
desired outcome. The essential elements of the research design are:
1. Accurate purpose statement
2. Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing research
3. The method applied for analyzing collected details
4. Type of research methodology
5. Probable objections for research
6. Settings for the research study
7. Timeline
8. Measurement of analysis

Proper research design sets your study up for success. Successful research studies provide insights that are
accurate and unbiased. You’ll need to create a survey that meets all of the main characteristics of a design. There are
four key characteristics of research design:
Neutrality: When you set up your study, you may have to make assumptions about the data you expect to collect.
The results projected in the research design should be free from bias and neutral. Understand opinions about the final
evaluated scores and conclusion from multiple individuals and consider those who agree with the derived results.
Reliability: With regularly conducted research, the researcher involved expects similar results every time. Your
design should indicate how to form research questions to ensure the standard of results. You’ll only be able to reach
the expected results if your design is reliable.
Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only correct measuring tools are those which
help a researcher in gauging results according to the objective of the research. The questionnaire developed from this
design will then be valid.
Generalization: The outcome of your design should apply to a population and not just a restricted sample. A
generalized design implies that your survey can be conducted on any part of a population with similar accuracy.
The above factors affect the way respondents answer the research questions and so all the above characteristics
should be balanced in a good design.
A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of research design to select which model to
implement for a study. Like research itself, the design of your study can be broadly classified into quantitative and
qualitative.
Qualitative research design: Qualitative research determines relationships between collected data and
observations based on mathematical calculations. Theories related to a naturally existing phenomenon can be proved
or disproved using statistical methods. Researchers rely on qualitative research design methods that conclude “why” a
particular theory exists along with “what” respondents have to say about it.
Quantitative research design: Quantitative research is for cases where statistical conclusions to collect
actionable insights are essential. Numbers provide a better perspective to make critical business decisions.
Quantitative research design methods are necessary for the growth of any organization. Insights drawn from hard
numerical data and analysis prove to be highly effective when making decisions related to the future of the business.
Significance of Research Design in Research Methodology
Research design is significant simply because it allows for the smooth sailing of the various research
operations, thus making research as efficient as possible producing maximum information with nominal expenses of
effort, time and money. Preparation of the design must be carried out meticulously as any error in it may upset the
complete project. Research design, actually, has a great significance and impact on the reliability of the results
achieved and as such constitutes the firm base of the entire edifice of the research work. A research design isn’t just a
work plan. A work plan details what needs to be done to complete the project but the work plan will flow from the
project’s design. The function of a research design is to make certain that evidence obtained allows us to answer
the initial question as unambiguously as possible. Acquiring relevant evidence involves specifying the kind of evidence
required to answer the research question, to test a theory, to judge a program or to precisely describe some
phenomenon.

Contents of Research Design:

The most common aspects involved in research design include at least followings:
1. Statement of research objectives, i.e., why the research project is to be conducted
2. Type of data needed
3. Definition of population and sampling procedures to be followed
4. Time, costs, and responsibility specification
5. Methods, ways, and procedures used for collection of data
6. Data analysis – tools or methods used to analyze data
7. Probable output or research outcomes and possible actions to be taken based on those outcomes

Three Basic Principles of Research Experimental Design

The principle of Replication  The principle of randomization involves the allocation of treatment to experimental
units at random to avoid any bias in the experiment resulting from the influence of some extraneous unknown factor
that may affect the experiment. In the development of analysis of variance, we assume that the errors are random
and independent. In turn, the observations also become random.
The principle of randomization  In the replication principle, any treatment is repeated a number of times to obtain
a valid and more reliable estimate than which is possible with one observation only. Replication provides an efficient
way of increasing the precision of an experiment. The precision increases with the increase in the number of
observations. Replication provides more observations when the same treatment is used, so it increases precision.
The principle of local control  The replication is used with local control to reduce the experimental error. For
example, if the experimental units are divided into different groups such that they are homogeneous within the
blocks, then the variation among the blocks is eliminated and ideally, the error component will contain the variation
due to the treatments only. This will, in turn, increase the efficiency

Different types of experimental research design.

Completely randomized design (CRD)
The CRD is the simplest design. Suppose there are v treatments to be compared.  All experimental units are
considered the same and no division or grouping among them exist.
 In CRD, the v treatments are allocated randomly to the whole set of experimental units, without making any effort to
group the experimental units in any way for more homogeneity.
 Design is entirely flexible in the sense that any number of treatments or replications may be used.
 The number of replications for different treatments need not be equal and may vary from treatment to treatment
depending on the knowledge (if any) on the variability of the observations on individual treatments as well as on the
accuracy required for the estimate of individual treatment effect.

The randomized complete block design may be defined as the design in which the experimental material is divided into
blocks/groups of homogenous experimental units (experimental units have same characteristics) and each block/group
contains a complete set of treatments which are assigned at random to the experimental units. RCBD is a one
restriction design, used to control a variable which is influence the response variable. The main aim of the restriction is
to control the variable causing the variability in response. Efforts of blocking are done to create the situation of
homogeneity within the block. Blocking is a source of variability .

Correlational research is a type of research method that involves observing two variables in order to establish a
statistically corresponding relationship between them. The aim of correlational research is to identify variables that
have some sort of relationship do the extent that a change in one creates some change in the other.  This type of
research is descriptive, unlike experimental research that relies entirely on scientific methodology and hypothesis. For
example, correlational research may reveal the statistical relationship between high-income earners and relocation;
that is, the more people earn, the more likely they are to relocate or not.

Activity 1.1 Situational Activity

Makea research design for your chapter 3. Submit it on my messenger account (Prinsesang Pinagpala Jamero-
Econas)
 Guide questions
a. Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. How strong was the earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. What could be the reason for the occurrence of the earthquakes in Cotabato?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. What were the effects of the earthquake on the affected places?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Since Mindanao has many faults, what could we expect from this information?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2 YOU COMPLETE ME! (Adapted from Dantly Villanueva, HT III, Deped Gensan Division Write shop
2019)
Objectives: After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. Distinguish the three main types of faults;
2. Identify whether the motion of fault is vertical or horizontal; and
3. Familiarize with the types of forces (compression, tension, or shearing)that causes the
Earth’s crust to break and form crust
Direction: Complete the chart below to distinguish the three main types of faults.
Type of Force
Type of Fault (compression, Vertical or Types of Earthquakes
tension, or horizontal (shallow, intermediate,
shearing) motion deep, or all)
Strike-slip

Normal

Reverse
Assessment
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if it is incorrect. Write your answer
on the space provided.

1. Fault is a break or crack found in the Earth’s crust.

2. Fault is formed when the Earth’s crust breaks.
3. All fault movement can cause earthquakes.
4. Friction helps in the movement of the rock layers.
5. There should be enough energy needed to overcome the friction for the fault to generate
earthquakes.
6. Earthquake is the sudden movement of the ground due to fault movements.
7. A normal faulting occurs when one block of the broken Earth’s crust moves
upward with respect to the other.
8. When a block of broken crust moves downward, the type of fault present is reverse
fault.
9. The type of force present in reverse fault is compression.
10. In strike-slip fault, blocks of the Earth’s crust do not slide past each other.

Prepared By: ______________________ Checked by: ___________________________

Subject Teacher

Performance Rating: __________________