Abstract

Thermometer is used to measure temperature. This project is used to measure temperature and

display digitally so, this project is known as digital thermometer. Digital thermometers are

temperature-sensing instruments that are easily portable, have permanent probes, and a

convenient digital display. LM35, The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature

sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature, is

used. ATMEGA16L is used in this project for calculation of temperature and 16 X 2 LCD is used

for displaying temperature. This project is just a prototype, we have designed it for industrial

purpose. There are many places in industries where machine works at very high temperature and

mankind is unable to measure the temperature of those places, and this is the main cause of

failure of such machines. So this project aims to measure the temperature of such kind of

machines which are operating on extreme temperature.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. We have used

relay in our project to indicate that if the temperature of machine or other equipments used in

industries or factories has gone beyond the limit then relay will indicate it by glowing a bulb or

through a buzzer.
 Introduction

A thermometer is a device that measures the temperature of things. The name is made up of two

smaller words: "Thermo" means heat and "meter" means to measure. A thermometer is used to

tell the temperature outside or inside the house, inside oven. A thermometer has two important

elements: the temperature sensor in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus

some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value.

The properties for thermometer are as follows:-

 It must be reproducible. This means that whatever the measured property of the device,

that property should have the same value (or very nearly so) whenever the temperature is the

same. 

 It must be insensitive to things other than temperature. This means that whatever the

measured property of the device, that property should not depend on factors such as the

humidity or pressure, or on the materials of which it is made, or on special properties of the

thing being measured such as its colour or size. 

 It must be calibrated. This means that we must know how to convert the measured

property (length, resistance, etc) to temperature. To do this, the device must be exposed to

some environments where the temperature is known, and the value of its measured property

must be recorded in those environments. In some cases, for example in a mercury

thermometer, the scale reads directly in temperature, and in this case calibration serves to

show how accurate the thermometer scale is.

immunity to electrical interference, etc, will be important to varying degrees in different

applications.

Types Of Industrial Thermometers

There are four main types of industrial thermometers.

 Liquid or gas-filled thermometers use a gas or liquid as the temperature-sensing

element. The liquid expands as the temperature rises in the tube and indicates the

temperature. The basic design for this type of thermometer is a small-bore glass tube with a

thin-walled glass bulb at the lower end. Typically, the liquid that fills is mercury or alcohol.

As heat is transferred into the substance, it expands and pushes the column of liquid or gas

higher up the capillary, which indicates the temperature.

 Bimetal or bi-metallic thermometers use a bimetal spring as the temperature-sensing

element. This coil spring is made of two different types of metals that are welded or fastened

together. Whenever the welded strip is heated, the two metals change length based on their

individual rates of thermal expansion. Since the two metals expand to different lengths, the

bimetallic strip is forced to bend or curl towards the side with a lower coefficient of thermal

expansion. The movement of the strip is used to deflect a pointer over a calibrated scale,

which then indicates temperature to the user.

Advantages of bimetal thermometers include their low cost,

durability, ease of installation and use,, and accuracy over a wide range of temperatures.

Disadvantages include that only indicating types are available. There's also the possibility of
 calibration change because of use or environment. Bi-metallic thermometers are not as

accurate as glass stem thermometers.

 Electronic devices such as thermistors measure changes in electrical resistance and

convert them to changes in temperature.

E.g. Digital Thermometers.

 Infrared thermometers are non-contact devices that convert infrared (IR) energy to

an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature.

E.g. .Noncontact Infrared Temperature Sensors.

What is Digital Thermometer?

Digital thermometers are temperature-sensing instruments that are easily portable, have

permanent probes, and a convenient digital display. Digital thermometers are instruments that

sense temperature and have a digital display and permanent probes. They are portable. They can

display temperatures in Fahrenheit, Centigrade or Celsius. The range displays the lowest and the

highest values that can be detected by the thermometer. It is also considered the resolution of a

thermometer or any digital instrument.

Digital Thermometers  are slowly replacing the conventional mercury

thermometer due to the ease of taking reading. People often have the misconception that it

contains mercury. Digital Thermometers are mercury free. These thermometers are easy to read

with LCD display on them.

There are three common types of digital thermometers.

Wireless Digital Thermometer Wireless digital thermometers have more technology, simply

because they transmit data from one location to another, usually over a relatively short distance

of 100 feet (35 meters) or less. In some cases, these may have two readouts, one at the sensor and

one on a receiver inside the home. This makes it convenient for those to see the temperature

wherever they are.

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are wire windings or other thin film serpentines

that exhibit changes in resistance with changes in temperature. They measure temperature

using the positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of metals. The hotter they

become, the higher the value of their electrical resistance. Platinum is the most commonly

used material because it is nearly linear over a wide range of temperatures, is very accurate,

and has a fast response time. RTDs can also be made of copper or nickel, but these materials

have restricted ranges and problems with oxidation. RTD elements are usually long, spring-

like wires surrounded by an insulator and enclosed in a sheath of metal.

Thermocouples are accurate, highly sensitive to small temperature changes, and quickly

respond to changes to the environment. They consist of a pair of dissimilar metal wires joined

at one end. The metal pair generates a net thermoelectric voltage between their opening and

according to the size of the temperature difference between the ends. A temperature reading is

made by calibrating the device with known temperatures, then placing one of the metal

junctions on ice (or something else of a known temperature) and the other on the object

whose temperature needs to be identified. The voltage displayed is read using the calibration

formula and the temperature of the object can be calculated.

semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to temperature. There

are two types of products.

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) devices are used in temperature sensing and are the

most common type of thermistor. NTCs have temperatures that vary inversely with their

resistance, so that when the temperature increases, the resistance decreases, and vice versa.

NTCs are constructed from oxides of materials such as nickel, copper, and iron.

Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) devices are used in electric current control. They

function in an opposite manner than NTC in that the resistance increases as temperature

increases. PTCs are constructed from thermally sensitive silicons or polycrystalline ceramic

materials.
Literature Review
 Objective and Scope

Block Diagram:-

Transmitter Section:-

Receiver Section:-
Flow Chart:-
Components Used:-

Atmega16L:-

Overview :-The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR

enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to

optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

Pin Diagram:-
Block Diagram:-
Features:-

 High-performance, Low-power Atmel® AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture

 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers

 Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

 512 Bytes EEPROM

 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM

 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

 Programmable Serial USART

 Operating Voltages

2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega16L

4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega16

 Speed Grades

0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L

0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16

 Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L

Active: 1.1 mA

Idle Mode: 0.35 mA

Power-down Mode: < 1 μA