Drill String Design
Drill String Design
Drill String Design
CASING
Objectives
At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to:
Describe the functions of DPs, DCs and HWDPs
Define and explain the use of upsets, tool-joints, rotary shouldered
connections, BSR, SR, Stress Relief features, grades
Identify Buoyancy effect and Define neutral points
Calculate Margin Of Overpull, Slip Crushing Force
The Drill String includes all tubular equipment between the Swivel and the
bit: Kelly, Surface Safety Valves, DP, HWDP, DC, Jars, Shock Subs,
Bumper Subs, Junk Baskets, Accelerators etc…
Mechanical Properties of Steel
Stress & Strength: Stress = Load divided by Cross Section Area
Elastic Limit:
Limit of stress beyond which, when the stress is removed, the steel will
have acquired a permanent stretch.
80
Stress
σ (ksi) 60
Proportional
Limit
40
20
Strain
ε (in/in)
Yield Strength / Tensile Strength
Components
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded
Aluminum Tool joints attached to each end of the seamless
tube.
Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill string.
Separate pieces of metal welded to the seamless tube.
Thick enough to have pin or box cut into them.
Drill Pipe Classification
Size: 2 3/8” to 6 5/8” – refers to OD of pipe body
For example a drill pipe could be: 5”, Range 2, G-105, 19.5ppf, New
Drill Pipe
Drillpipe Upsets
Where the pipe joins the tooljoint, the pipe wall thickness is increased or
“upset”.
This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of pipe failure
at the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint.
Plain end Weight – refers to the weight per foot of the pipe body.
Adjusted Weight – refers to the weight per foot of pipe including the upset
but excluding the tool joint based on a length of 29.4 ft.
Approximate Weight – the average weight per foot of pipe and tool joints of
Range II pipe. This approximate weight is the number to use in Design
calculations.
DP Manufacturing Tolerances
The API has set manufacturing tolerances on DP tubes:
OD tolerance:
For OD<= 4”, the tolerance is +/- 0.031”
For OD>4”, the tolerance is +1% -0.5%
Reg - Regular
NC - Numbered Connections
IF - Internal Flush
H-90 - Hughes
FH - Full Hole
Drillstring Connections
The most common thread style in DP is NC
The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the pitch diameter,
measured at a point 5/8 of an inch from the shoulder
Connection Number is Pitch dia*10 truncated to two digits
5/8”
Shoulder is the
only seal Channel
Bo
x
Pin
Identifying a Thread Type
Use a Tool Joint ruler
NC Drillstring Connections
Typical sizes: NC 50 for tool joints with 6 1/2” OD for 5” pipe and
NC 38 for 4 3/4” tool joints and 3 1/2” pipe.
Seal is provided by shoulder not threads. A clearance exists
between the crest of one thread and the root of the mating
thread.
Use of Zinc based dope (used to be Lead) vs Copper based
dope for DCs. Not for sealing but for lubrication, to help make-up
and prevent galling.
Connection Interchangeability
NC NC 31 NC 38 NC 40 NC46 NC50
26
Int Flush IF 2-3/8 2-7/8 3-1/2 4 4-1/2
Full Hole FH 4
Functions
To put weight on bit (WOB)
To keep the drill string from buckling
Types
Comes in many OD and ID sizes
Typically 4 ¾” to 9 ½” OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Square collars where the holes tend to be crooked
Spiral collars where there is chance of getting stuck
Collars with elevator and slip recesses
More functions of Drill Collars
Protect the Drill string from Bending
Control direction and inclination of wells
Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
Provide Pendulum effect
Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges
Improve the probabilities of getting casing in the hole
Increase bit performance
Reduce rough drilling, sticking and bouncing
As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
Drill Collars Strapping
length
ID
OD
elevator slip
recess recess
fish neck connection
Well# TRG 1 Bit # 1
Date: 28-Jul-03 Sl # 1234
Rig: IDPT Type atm 234
BHA#: 1 Manuf Hughes
Hole Size 26" Jets 20-20-20
Stress
in Pin
Stress in
Cracking in last thread of Box Box
Stress Relief Features
Cold Rolling
Cold Rolling BHA thread roots
and stress relief surfaces
increases fatigue life by
placing a residual
compressive stress in the
thread roots.
Cold rolling is beneficial on
HWDP threads, though not on
normal drillpipe tool joints.
The stress relief groove is to mitigate the fatigue cracks where the
face and threads would have otherwise joined
The Bore Back serves the same purpose at the bottom of the box
Relief Groove
Stress Relief Pin & Box Features
Lo-Torq Feature
Function
Used in transition zones between DC and DP
This prevents the DP from buckling
Can be used in compression (?)
Used for directional drilling
Used in place of DC sometimes (?)
Not to be used for Weight on Bit in vertical
wells
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Characteristics
Tension
Torsional Strength
Burst
Collapse
Biaxial (Tension and Torsion)
Biaxial (Tension and Collapse)
Design Factor
Used for casing and tubing design and for Drill String Design
DF < 1.0 ⇒ Failure may or may not occur
π
TYield = * (OD − ID 2) * Yp
2
4
where Yp is Min Yield Strength and OD and ID are nominal diameters
Tool Joints are always stronger in tension than the pipe they are attached to.
Pipe Ratings - Torsion
DP tube Torsional Yield is given by:
0 . 096167 * J * Y p
Q =
OD
where J is the polar moment of inertia:
π
J = ( OD 4
− ID 4 )
32
The results can be found in API RP7G Table 2, 4 & 6
Tool joints are almost always weaker than the tubes they are attached to
2 * Yp * t
PBurst = 0.875 *
OD
where Yp is Min Yield Strength, OD and ID are nominal diameters
and t is the thickness
The ratings will depend on the D/t ratio and one the Grade of the
pipe
P Biaxial Collapse
= K < 1
P Nonimal Collapse
PBiaxial 4 − 3Z 2
− Z
=
Collapse
Grade YpAvg
E 85,000
X 110,000
G 120,000
S 145,000
Biaxial Torsion
Simultaneous torsion reduces DP tube tensile capacity and vice
versa.
When backreaming, pulling on stuck pipe or fishing, high magnitude
combined tension and torsion on the drill pipe may occur.
DP Torsional Yield Strength under tension is given by:
0 .096167 * J T2
Q= * Yp − 2
2
D A
where T is the total tension applied
∑ Fy = 0 = Fa + HP 13500 A DC ⇒ Fa = − P13500 A DC
∑F y = 0 = Fa − W DC + HP13500 A DC ⇒ Fa = − P13500 A DC + W DC
2000
4000
6000
TVD RT (ft)
7000
bottom of the DP, at the top of the DCs and at the 8000
13000
What happens if each ball is disturbed slightly from its equilibrium and
then released?
Ball A returns to its original position, Ball B remains in its new position,
and Ball C moves away from its original position until it reaches a new
equilibrium.
The equilibrium of the Ball A is stable, Ball B is neutral, and BaIl C is
unstable.
Lubinski’s Effective Force
The two factors that promote buckling in pipes are axial force and
pressure. In addition to the axial stress, the pressures (in and out)
induce a radial and a tangetial stress: the pipe is subject to triaxial
stresses
A convenient way of reducing a triaxial system to a pseudo-uniaxial
system, has been developed by Lubinski who describes a fictitious
force, relating pressure to buckling.
Ffict = A o P o − A iPi
Ai
Ao
Pi
Aw
Po
Ao
Ai
Aw
Buckling Criteria
If tension is a positive axial force, a positive Feff indicates no buckling.
Likewise, a negative Feff indicates that buckling may occur if the
magnitude of the critical force (Fcrit) required to initiate buckling is
exceeded.
Feff < 0 (at top and bottom of the pipe) -> totally buckled pipe
Feff > 0 (at top) and Feff < 0 (at bottom) -> partially buckled pipe
Feff = 0 -> neutral point (buckling stops)
Buckling - Neutral Point
Klinkenberg has described the neutral point as the transition between the region
of the tube where buckling may occur and the region where buckling is
impossible.
above the neutral point The tube is in a state of stable equilibrium
below the neutral point it is in a state of unstable equilibrium
at the neutral point it is in a state of neutral equilibrium.
Lubinski describes the neutral point as the point that divides the string into two
portions: the weight of the upper portion being that suspended from the elevators
and the weight of the lower portion being equal to the applied force at the lower
end.
Lubinski’s definition also can be stated as the point where the tube can be cut in
two without changing the weight suspended at the surface. If can be done, it
must be neutral at the point of the cut.
There are numerous synonymous definitions of the neutral point. It is called the
Neutral Point of Bending or Neutral Point of Buckling.
It must not be confused with the Neutral Point of
Tension & Compression
Buckling
Beyond this set of equations, it must be noted that:
Sinusoidal Buckling for a vertical well: Sinusoidal Buckling for inclined wells:
1
4EIweff sinφ
Fcrit = − 3.5 x (EIw )
2
Fcrit = −
1
2 3
eff
rc
Helical Buckling for a vertical well: Helical Buckling for inclined wells:
1
Fa = 0
Neutral Point of Bending:
The point within a tube where the buoyed weight of the tube
hanging below that point is equal to an applied force at its bottom
end
The point within a tube where the sum of moments = 0
The point where the VME triaxial stress =0
Feff = 0
Exercise 6bis – Effective Tension
0
1000
4000
TVD RT (ft)
7000
8000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
-600.0 -500.0 -400.0 -300.0 -200.0 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0
Load(kip)
BHA Selection
Drill Collar Selection Principles
Drill Collar selection is governed by two major factors:
Max Available Wt
= 1.15
Max Working Wt
BHA Design
Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars:
1. Determine the buoyancy factor for the mud weight in use using
the formula:
MW =Mud weight in use, ppg
BF = 1- (MW/65.5) 65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
Joint Flexing
Tension
Compression
Bending Strength Ratio
BSR is a ratio of the relative stiffness of the box to the pin for a given
connection.
Weak Weak
Box Pin
Where:
Zbox = box section modulus
Zpin = pin section modulus
D = Outside diameter of pin and box
b = thread root diameter of box threads at end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin threads ¾“ from
shoulder of pin.
. d= inside diameter or bore.
Finding BSR
• Fortunately for you API have
worked the problem!!!
• Pages 39-44 of RP 7G list the
BSR of Connections by OD and
ID of the collar
• TH-Hill DS1 gives tables
directly listing BSRs
Stiffness
The BHA must have sufficient Stiffness to stabilize the BHA,
optimize ROP and prevent the formation of Key Seats, ledges
and doglegs
Stiffness Coefficient :
= Moment of Inertia x Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
= л (OD4 – ID4) / 64 x 30.000.000
Stiffness Ratio
The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a transition
between 2 types of pipe
Based on field experience, in a transition
from one collar or pipe to another the SR
should not exceed
5.5 for routine drilling
3.5 for severe or rough drilling
SR =
Z lwr
=
(4
ODupr ODlwr − IDlwr
4
)
(
Z upr ODlwr ODupr − IDupr
4 4
)
Note: Stiffness ratios are calculated using tube
ODs & IDs, not connections.
Exercise 8 – Stiffness Coefficient
Torsion limits for DC
Torque is rarely limited by the DC connection because it is
usually higher in the DP at surface and lower in the DC.
2
HoopStress Sh DK DK
= 1+ +
TensileStress St 2Ls 2Ls
D = Pipe OD(in) ; Ls = Slip length (in )
ο
K = 1/ tan(y + z) ;y = Slip Taper (9 2745 ) ' ''
You can only drill as far as you can set pipe in the slips.
Different than overpull, this is based on working loads
T yield ×0 .9
Sh
ST W dc
Ldp = − ×Ldc
W dp ×BF W dp
Exercise 11
Tension Design with MOP & Slip Crushing Force
A drill string consists of 600 ft of 8 ¼ in x 2 13/16 in drill collars and
the rest is a 5 in, 19.5 lbm/ft Grade X95 drill pipe with NC50
connections. If the required MOP is 100,000 lb and mud weight is
10 ppg, calculate:
1) The maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when using
Premium Drill Pipe. (MOP only)
2) What is the maximum depth that can be drilled taking into
consideration slip crushing force with 16” slips? To what hook-
load does this correspond? What is the MOP in this case?
3) What if we use 12” slips
Mixed String Design
Step 1
If we use different drill pipe, the weaker pipe goes on bottom
and stronger on top
Apply equation to bottom drill pipe first:
DF = Collapse Rating / C
C = External Differential Pressure Load
C = (Po-Pi)+2Pi /(D/t)
For info: New 5” Gr E 5” OD, 4.276” ID, Avg Yp= 85,000 psi
Burst Design
The DP will Burst (yield by the action of internal pressure) if:
internal differential pressure load > burst pressure rating
DF = Burst Rating /B
B = Internal Differential Pressure Load
B = (Pi-Po)
Tool joints are normally weaker than the tubes to which they are
attached.
It is commonly assumed that the string tensile capacity is limited by the tube.
Which is true.
But make-up imparts stresses to the tool-joint pin neck, which can be additive
to the string tension. As make-up torque is increased, a point will be reached
when the pin neck and no longer the tube, is the weak member in tension.