Photography-Discussion 2pdf

Police
Photography
Topic: Type of Cameras
Types of Cameras:
1. Box Camera- uses lens and spring-loading shutter and roll film.
Shutter speed and aperture usually not adjustable. Camera body
is a rigid box.
2. Folding Camera- lens and shutter mounted to camera body by

means of accordion-pleated bellows, which can be folded into
camera for ease of carrying.
3. 35 mm camera- any class of cameras designed to use 35-mm

film, the same film used in commercial motion picture
production.
4. Single-lens reflex (SLR) camera- uses same lens for picture-taking

and viewing. Characterized by focal-plane shutter (usually) and
an operable mirror that directs the image to eve for viewing
function.
5. Digital cameras- a type of camera that is electronic and does
not require light sensitive materials (film) for recording images, it
either uses a memory card, disc ( hard disc, floppy or compact
disc) as storage.
• Lens opening or apertures are indicated as f numbers
or f stops.
• F/ expresses the ratio of any aperture diameter to the
focal length of the given lens.
• The f/ are easily remembered by doubling them
alternately starting with 1 and 1.4 .
Example: 1 , 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22
1.4 admits 2x more light than 1. The amount of light at 4 is

½ less than of 5.6.
• The bigger the f/ the smaller the aperture or lens

opening is while smaller the f/ the bigger the aperture
or lens opening.
Basically, small apertures are used in low
light conditions while large apertures are
used in bright lighting conditions.
Lens speed- is the smallest f/ of any given lens.
The smaller the f/ the faster the lens is. It is also
indicates the capability of the lens to gather more
light in low light conditions.
Depth of Field- is defined as the amount of area in

focus. It is the distance from the nearest object in
good focus to the farthest object in good focus.
Shutter speed is expressed as whole numbers in

the shutter speed dial but it is actually fractions of
a second. The unit of measure used for controlling
the time light is allowed to enter the camera is
Seconds.
Terms to Ponder
 Emulsion – is a light sensitive materials which is a suspension of
silver salts, usually silver halides.
 Base- a sheet of paper or plastic coated with a light sensitive

emulsion.
 Negative- the resultant image
 Positive- the resultant print
 Photograph- referred to positive
 Cropping- a process by which an unwanted part of the

picture is cut or masked off during development.
 Sensitized Materials- refers to film and paper which are
composed of an emulsion containing silver halide
suspended in the layer of the gelatin which is coated
with acetate.
 Film- alike sensitive material which is placed in the
camera and momentarily exposed to light coming into
the lens and may later developed into photographic
negative.
Parts of the Film:
a. Emulsion- the parts where the image of the object is
formed.
b. Base- parts the support or holds the emulsion.
Emulsion Speed:
- It is the extent to which an emulsion is sensitive to light.
The general types of speed ratings are:
1. ASA- American Standard Association- it is expressed in
arithmetical value. Example ASA 400 ha four times as
fast as one with ASA 100.
2. DIN- Deutsche Industrae Normen- this is expressed in
logarithmic value system. In this system, increases of 3
degrees double the sensitivity of the film.
3. BSI- British Standard Institution- it is similar to the ASA
system. The difference is in ASA system, it uses
arithmetic exposure index characterized by the
reciprocal of the exposure E whereas BSI uses the
logarithmic index characterized by a degree sign.
Spectral Sensitivity- it is an important
character of a film which is the variation in
response to the different wavelength of light
source.
Classification of Film
1. Blue Sensitivity Film- a film that is sensitive to
ultra violet rays and blue colors only.
2. Orthochromatic Film- sensitive to ultra violet

rays to blue and green colors.
3. Panchromatic Film- sensitive to ultra-violet rays

and primary colors.
4. Infrared Film- sensitive to ultra violet rays and all

colors.
1. Development- it is the chemical process of
reproduction of the latent image in the
exposed film. Exposed silver halides are
reduced to metallic silver. There is a separate
developer for films (D-76) and another for
paper (Dextol). The concentration factors that
affect developing time are agitation,
temperature, concentration, chemicals and
exposure. (5 mins)
2. Stop Bath- an intermediate bath between the
developer and the fixer, it is usually a
combination of acetic acid or just plain water.
Primarily, its function is to prevent the
contamination of the two chemical solutions. ( 30
seconds).
3. Fixation- the process of removing unexposed
silver halides remaining in the emulsion after the
first stage of development of the latent image.
The usual composition of acid fixing solution are a
solvent silver halide known as HYPO, anti staining
agent like acetic acids, a preservative like
sodium sulfite and hardening agent like
potassium alum. (5 minutes)
Lens- a single shaped piece of optical
glass or molded plastic designed to
gather and focus light rays in a camera
to form an image of a subject on film.
Inherent Defects of Lenses
1. Spherical Aberration- photographic rays
passing thru the are refracted more sharply
than those passing thru the central part of the
lens, thus they come to focus than those of
the central rays.
2. Coma- sometimes known as Lateral
Spherical Aberration, it concerns with rays
entering the lens obliquely.
3.Curvature of Field- the image formed by a
lens causes to a sharper focus on curved
surface than on a flat surface.
4. Distortion- inability of the lens to focus all the
colors in the same place.
5. Astigmatism- inability of the lens to focus in different
directions like for example the cross.
6. Chromatic Difference of Magnification-
inability of the lens to produce images of
objects with different colors.
Lens Characteristics
1. Focal Length- is the distance measured from the optical
center of the lens to the film when the lens is set of focused
at infinity position as according to focal length which
lenses maybe classified.
2. Focal Distance- measured from the optical center of

the lens to the film plane.
3. Hyperfocal Distance- is the nearest distance which a

lens is focused with a given particular diaphragm opening
which will be the maximum depth of field.
4. Focus- sharpness of the image.
END OF PRESENTATION

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Police

2. Folding Camera- lens and shutter mounted to camera body by

3. 35 mm camera- any class of cameras designed to use 35-mm

4. Single-lens reflex (SLR) camera- uses same lens for picture-taking

Example: 1 , 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22

1.4 admits 2x more light than 1. The amount of light at 4 is

• The bigger the f/ the smaller the aperture or lens

Depth of Field- is defined as the amount of area in

Shutter speed is expressed as whole numbers in

 Base- a sheet of paper or plastic coated with a light sensitive

 Negative- the resultant image

 Positive- the resultant print

 Photograph- referred to positive

 Cropping- a process by which an unwanted part of the

2. Orthochromatic Film- sensitive to ultra violet

3. Panchromatic Film- sensitive to ultra-violet rays

4. Infrared Film- sensitive to ultra violet rays and all

2. Focal Distance- measured from the optical center of

3. Hyperfocal Distance- is the nearest distance which a

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