eBICOL COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Cor. J. P. Rizal & R.F. Tabuena St.
Daraga, Albay, Philippines 4501

S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Second Semester

Quarter III – Module 4:

The Emergence of Linguistics,
Political Science, Psychology,
Sociology and Demography
 This module will help you to understand the
emergence and historical developments on the
major events that happen in the different social
science disciplines.
It will cover the forming of language, governing political activities, studying
mental processes and behavior, and studying population. The activities
embedded in this module will help you gain knowledge on the events on the
emergence of the various social science disciplines.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the emergence of
the social science discipline.
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the differences in the various social science disciplines and their
fields (e.g., Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology,
Demography);
2. Identify carefully the relationship of the various social science disciplines
that led to the emergence of major events and their contribution to our
society; and
3. Give the purposes of the various social sciences disciplines in solving
issues and problems.
Since you already know our target for this module, are you ready to learn more?
I hope that you will enjoy all the activities and reading materials that we have prepared
for you. Good luck and happy learning to you.

1. LANGUAGE - is a structured system of communication. In a broader sense,

it is the method of communication that involves the use of – particularly
human – languages.
2. POLITICAL SCIENCE - is the systematic study of governance by
the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of
analysis.
3. SOCIOLOGY – is a social science that studies human societies, their
interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them.
4. DEMOGRAPHY - the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or
the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human
populations.

DIRECTIONS. Choose the best answer to the following questions/statements

below. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a subfield of Linguistics?

A. Syntax C. Semantics
B. Morphology D. Grammar

2. The oldest documentation and description of the language in history.

 A. Cuneiform writing C. Calligraphy
B. Sanskrit D. Cantonese

3. Which of the following discipline of social science deals with a system of

governance and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and
political behavior?
A. Politics C. Governance
B. Political Science D. Sociology

4. Political science comprises numerous subfields, EXCEPT:

A. comparative Politics C. Political Theory
B. Political Economy D. Institutionalism

5. If you were to apply knowledge to the various sphere of human activity,

including problems of individual daily lives and the treatment of mental illness,
which discipline would be applicable?
A. Linguistics C. Psychology
B. Economics D. Chemistry

6. Which of the following notable persons defined psychology as the science of

mental life, both of its phenomena and their condition?
A. William James C. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
B. John Watson D. Christian Wolff

7. Making a judgment about something based on the information you received

that your brain processed is an example of .
A. Biological Psychology C. Social Psychology
B. Behavioral Psychology D. Cognitive Psychology

8. It refers to the study of how humans think about each other and how they
relate to each other.
A. Cognitive Psychology C. Behavioral Psychology
B. Social Psychology D. Biological Psychology

9. Demography comes from the prefix ancient Greek word demos which means
.
A. Structure C. Study
B. Measurement D. Human

10. What is the primary political purpose of the census?

A. To figure out life expectancies. C. To provide a basis for taxation.
B. To project life insurance. D. All of the above.

LESSON 1 – LINGUISTICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

A. LINGUISTICS MEANING AND DEVELOPMENT
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of language
form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguistics also deals with
social, cultural, historical, and political factors that influence language through
which linguistic and language-based context is often determined.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

1. The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have

been attributed to the 6th century BC Indian grammarian Panini who wrote a
formal description of the Sanskrit language in his Astadhyayi. ASTADHYAYI - is
the oldest linguistic and grammar text of any language and of Sanskrit surviving
in its entirety, and Pāṇini refers to older texts and authors such as the
Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha some of which have only survived in
part.

2. Historical Linguistics is the study of

language change over time, particularly with
regards to a specific language or group of
languages. Historical linguistics was among
the first subdisciplines to emerge in
linguistics. It was the most widely practiced
form of linguistics in the late 19th century.

3. There was a shift of focus in the early 20th

century to the synchronic approach (the
systemic study of the current stage in
languages), but historical research remained
a field of linguistic inquiry.

Noam Chomsky is the founder of Linguistics.

BRANCHES DEFINITION
> are branches of linguistics
concerned with sounds (or the
equivalent aspects of sign languages)
> Phonetics is primarily concerned
with the physical aspects of sounds,
Phonetics and Phonology such as their acoustics, production,
and perception.

> Phonology is concerned with the

linguistic abstractions and
categorizations of sounds.
> branches of linguistics concerned
with order and structure of
meaningful linguistic units such as
words and morphemes.
> Syntacticians study the rules and
constraints that govern how speakers
Syntax and Morphology
of a language can organize words into
sentences.

> Morphologists study similar rules for

the order of morphemes sub-word
units such as prefixes and suffixes –
 and how they may be combined to
form words.
> are branches of linguistics
concerned with meaning. These
subfields have traditionally been
divided by the role of linguistic and
social context in the determination of
Semantics and Pragmatics meaning.

> Semantics in this conception is

concerned with core meanings and
pragmatics is concerned with
meaning
in context.

B. POLITICAL SCIENCE (MEANING AND ITS HISTORY)

POLITICAL SCIENCE – was derived from the Greek word POLIS which means
city-state and the Latin word SCIRE, which means science or to know.
Therefore, POLITICAL SCIENCE is the study of the city-state. It is a social
science discipline that deal with systems of government, and the analysis of
political activity and
political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics
which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and
resources. However, political scientists define it as a social science dealing with
a systematic study of the state in its essential nature, form, manifestation,
organization, and development.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

The antecedents of Western politics can be traced

back to the Socratic political philosophers, such as
Aristotle ("The Father of Political Science") (384–
322 BC). Aristotle was one of the first people to give
a working definition of political science. He believed
that it was a powerful branch of science and that it
held special authority over other branches, such as
military science. Political philosophers such as Plato
and Aristotle began to analyze political thought in a
way that placed more significance on the scientific
aspect of political science, which was contrary to
how it was portrayed by the Greek philosophers that
came before them. Before Plato, the main
commentary on politics came from poets,
historians,
and famous playwrights of the day.

BRANCHES DEFINITION
- the study of theories and doctrines on the origin,
POLITICAL THEORY form, behavior, and purposes of the state and
government. It is also called political philosophy.
- the field of political science focused on the study
of legal rules and principles governing states,
PUBLIC LAW
governments, and individuals as they are related
to one another.
- this field studies the structure and functions of
GOVERNMENT both national and local governments within the
context of one state or country.
- this field focuses on analyzing the similarities
COMPARATIVE
and differences among states relative to their
GOVERNMENT
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of
 government, as well as their fundamental laws,
functions, political cultures, and traditions.
- study of foreign policies of countries,
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
international organizations, and international
law.
- deals with the actual management of the
government in the realms of administrative
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
organization, personnel, and human resource
management, fiscal management, and
management of public relations.
- it is concerned with the assessment and
evaluation of the various policies pursued by the
PUBLIC POLICY
government in areas like education, defense, and
health.
- this field is a critical inquiry into the various
POLITICAL DYNAMICS societal forces that exert influence on political
decision and action.
- looks into the government’s exercise of corporate
GOVERNMENT AND or business function, as well as its regulatory
BUSINESS function that affects the economy of the state. It
is also called POLITICAL ECONOMY.
- focuses on the essential role played by the law-
LEGISLATURE making body in rulemaking, as well as the
politics behind the legislation.
- delves on critically analyzing the influences of
population, resources, and the physical
GEOPOLITICS
environment of a country on its local and
international politics.

VALUES AND USES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. Awareness of the importance and impact of government on people’s lives

2. Education for citizenship

3. Development of civic values

4. A preparation for various careers and profession

Lesson 2: Psychology, Sociology and Demography

A. PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is derived from the Greek roots meaning the study of the psyche
or soul (psyche – breath, spirit, soul, and logia – study or research).
Psychology is the science of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study
of conscious and unconscious phenomena as well as feeling and thought. It is
an academic discipline and an applied science which seeks to understand
individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching
specific cases. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a
psychologist and can be classified as social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist.
Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individuals
and social behavior, while also exploring the psychological and biological
processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

1. The ancient civilizations of

Egypt, Greece, China, India,
and Persia were all engaged in
the philosophical study of
psychology. In ancient Egypt,
the Ebers Papyrus mentioned
depression and thought
disorders. Historians note that
Greek philosophers, including
Thales, Plato, and Aristotle,
addressed the workings of the
mind. As early as the 4 century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that
th

mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes.

2. In China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of

Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of
Buddhism.

3. The founder of Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt.

BRANCHES DEFINITION
- integrates science, theory, and practice to
understand, predict, and relieve problems with
adjustment, disability, and discomfort. It
CLINICAL promotes adaption, adjustment, and personal
PSYCHOLOGY development.
- can help us to understand, prevent, and alleviate
psychologically-caused distress or dysfunction,
and promote an individual’s well-being and
personal development.
- investigates internal mental processes, such as
problem solving, memory, learning, and language.
It looks at how people think, perceive,
COGNITIVE communicate, remember, and learn. It is closely
PSYCHOLOGY related to neuroscience, philosophy, and
linguistics.
- look at how people acquire, process, and store
information.
- This is the scientific study of systematic
psychological changes that a person experiences
DEVELOPMENTAL over the life span, often referred to as human
PSYCHOLOGY development.
- It focuses not only on infants and young children
but also teenagers, adults, and older people.
- is (a) study of psychological and mental factors that
influence and are influenced by participation and
SPORTS
performance in sport, exercise, and physical
PSYCHOLOGY
activity, and (b) the application of the knowledge
gained through this study to everyday settings.
FORENSIC - involves applying psychology to criminal
PSYCHOLOGY investigation and the law.
 - It involves assessing the psychological factors that
might influence a case or behavior and presenting
the findings in court.
- looks at the structure and function of the brain
BIOLOGICAL about behaviors and psychological processes.
PSYCHOLOGY/ Neuropsychology may be involved if a condition
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY involves lesions in the brain, and assessments that
involve recording electrical activity in the brain.
- are involved in assessing and making
ORGANIZATIONAL or
recommendations about the performance of
OCCUPATIONAL
people at work and in training political decisions
PSYCHOLOGY
and
action.
- uses scientific methods to understand how social
influences impact human behavior. It seeks to
SOCIAL
explain how feelings, behavior, and thoughts are
PSYCHOLOGY
influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied
presence of other people.

B. SOCIOLOGY
The term sociology was coined by Auguste Comte in the nineteenth century
from the Latin word “socios” (companion with others) and the Greek word “logos”
(reason or study) to describe the new science of social life.

Sociology is the study of the social behavior of society. It includes its

origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. It is a social
science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis
to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change. Many
sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy
and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining theoretical understanding
of social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro level of individual
agency and interaction to the macro level systems and the social structure. The
traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social
mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality and deviance.

The French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–

1857)—often called the “father of sociology”—first
used the term “sociology” in 1838 to refer to the
scientific study of society. He believed that all
societies develop and progress through the
following stages: religious, metaphysical, and
scientific. Comte argued that society needs scientific
knowledge based on facts and evidence to solve its
problems—not speculation and superstition, which
characterize the religious and metaphysical stages
of social development. Comte viewed the science of
sociology as consisting of two branches:
dynamics, or the study of the processes by which
societies
change; and statics, or the study of the processes by which societies endure. He
also envisioned sociologists as eventually developing a base of scientific social
knowledge that would guide society into positive directions.

C. DEMOGRAPHY

Demography comes from prefix demo – from the Ancient Greek, demos
meaning “the people”, and –graphy from grapho, which implies “writing,
description or measurement”. Demography is the statistical study of
populations, especially human beings. Formal demography – limits its object of
study to the measurement of population processes, while broader field of social
demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between
economic, social, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.
Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the
study of the size, structure, and distribution of populations, and how
populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging.
Demographic analysis can relate to whole societies or smaller groups defined by
criteria such as education, religion, or ethnicity.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

The study of human populations has its roots, like

sociology generally, in the societal changes that
accompanied both the scientific and industrial
revolutions. Some early mathematicians developed
primitive forms of life tables, which are tables of life
expectancies, for life insurance and actuarial
purposes. Censuses, another demographic tool, were
instituted for primarily political purposes: -as a basis
for taxation -as a basis for political representation.
The development of demographic calculations started
in the 18th century. Census taking, on the other
hand, has a long history dating back close to 2,000
years among the Chinese and the Romans and even
further back in history among some groups in the
Middle East. Most modern censuses began in the late
18th century.

John Graunt is the founder of Demography.

METHODS DEFINITION
- Direct data comes from vital statistics
registries that track all births and deaths as
well as certain changes in legal status such as
marriage, divorce, and migration.
- A census is another common direct method of
collecting demographic data. Census
1. DIRECT METHODS
typically collect information about families
or household in addition to individual
characteristics such as age, sex, marital
status, literacy/education, employment
status and occupation, and geographical
location
- countries and periods where full data are not
available, such as is the case in much of the
2. INDIRECT METHODS
developing world, and most of the historical
demography.
TASK NO. 1. FILL ME UP.

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to discuss the differences in the various social

science disciplines and their fields (e.g., Linguistics, Political Science,
Psychology, Demography) by completing the table below. Use your notebook to
write your answer.
POLITICAL
CRITERIA LINGUISTICS
SCIENCE
PSYCHOLOGY SOCIOLOGY DEMOGRAPHY

ETYMOLOGICAL
NAME

FOCUS OF THE
STUDY

FOUNDER

TASK NO. 2. DISCIPLINE PURPOSES

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to give three purposes on why you need to study
the different social science disciplines and how it will help to address social
issues and problems.

SOCIAL SCIENCE
PURPOSES
DISCIPLINES
1.
1. LINGUISTICS 2.
3.
1.
2. POLITICAL SCIENCE 2.
3.
1.
3. PSYCHOLOGY 2.
3.
1.
4. SOCIOLOGY 2.
3.
1.
2.
5. DEMOGRAPHY
3.
TASK NO. 3: CONCEPT PAPER

DIRECTIONS. Write a concept paper consisting of 400-500 words that will

encapsulate your learning in this lesson. Be able to cite real-life application of
the various disciplines, and identify carefully the relationship of the various
social science disciplines that led to the emergence of major events and their
contribution to our society. Use the space below.
RUBRICS for CONCEPT PAPER

Excellent Good Fair Poor

CATEGORY Score
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Content and Content is - Content is - Content is - The content is
Development comprehensive, accurate and not incomplete. - Major
accurate, and persuasive. comprehensive points are not clear
persuasive. - Major points and /or and /or persuasive.
- Major points are stated. - persuasive. Questions were not
are stated Responses - Major points adequately answered.
clearly and are are adequate are addressed,
well supported. and address but not well
- Responses are assignment. supported. -
excellent, - The content Responses are
timely, and and purpose inadequate or
address of the writing do not address
assignments, are clear. assignment.
including - Content is
course inconsistent
concepts. concerning the
- Content and purpose and
purpose of the clarity of
writing are thought.
clear
Organization -The structure - The - The structure -Organization and
and Structure of the paper is structure is of the paper is structure detract
clear and easy mostly clear not easy to from the message of
to follow. and easy to follow. the writer.
- Paragraph follow. - Paragraph - Paragraphs are
transitions are - Paragraph transitions disjointed and lack
logical and transitions need transition of thoughts
maintain the are present. improvement. -
flow of thought - The The conclusion
throughout the conclusion is is missing, or if
paper. logical. provided, does
- The not flow from
conclusion is the body of the
logical and paper.
flows from the
body of the
paper
Format - Paper follows - Paper - Paper follows - Paper lacks many
all designated follows most elements of correct
guidelines. designated guidelines. formatting.
- Paper is the guidelines. - - Paper is over/ - Paper is
appropriate Paper is the under word inadequate/excessive
length as appropriate length. in length. -Paper is
described for length as not double spaced.
the described for
assignment. - the
The format assignment.
enhances the -The format is
readability of good.
the paper.
Grammar, - Rules of - Rules of - The paper - The paper contains
Punctuation grammar, grammar, contains a few numerous
and Spelling usage, and usage, and grammatical, grammatical,
punctuation punctuation punctuation, punctuation, and
are followed; are followed and spelling spelling errors. - The
spelling is with minor errors. - The language uses jargon
correct. errors. The language lacks or conversational
- Language is spelling is clarity or tone.
clear and correct. includes the
precise; use of some
sentences jargon or
display conversational
consistently tone.
strong, varied
structure.
DIRECTIONS. Choose the best answer to the following questions/statements
below. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is TRUE about Linguistics?

A. Noam Chomsky is the father of Modern Linguistics.
B. Linguistics began to be studied systematically by the Indian scholar
Panini in the 7th century.
C. A and B are true.
D. None of the above.

2. The following are subfields of Linguistics, EXCEPT:

A. Syntax B. Morphology
C. Semantics D. Grammar

3. It is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of
sentences in a given language, usually including word order.
A. Syntax B. Morphology
C. Semantics D. Grammar

4. He was one of the first people to give a working definition of political science,
and he believed that it was a powerful branch of science.
A. Plato B. Aristotle
C. Hippocrates D. Thales

5. Which of the following field studied the structure and function of both
national and local within the context of one state or country?
A. Public Law B. Government
C. Comparative Governance D. International Relations

6. Why is the history of Psychology is important?

A. It helps remove the confusion caused by the diversity of psychology by
helping us to understand the present diversity.
B. Theories are influenced by someone or something in the past.
C. A and B are true.
D. None of the above.

7. Which of the following is TRUE about demography?

A. Birth, deaths, and migration are the big three of demography.
B. Demography is the study of a population-based on factors such as age,
race, and sex.
C. Demography is widely used for various purposes and encompasses
small, targeted populations or mass populations.
D. All of the above.

8. He believed that the study of conscious thoughts would be the key to

understanding the mind.
A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky
C. Plato D. Aristotle
9. Demography: Population; Political Science: .
A. Behavior B. Government
C. Language D. Past events

10. It is the study of language over time particularly with regards to a specific
language or group of language.
A. Syntax B. Morphology
C. Historical Linguistics D. Pragmatics