AHAD1

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre was published in 1847 it is often labelled as the masterpiece of British women

literature. Charlotte Bronte through her book wants to convey the message of feminism to the

world in which women were belittled, looked down upon, oppressed and repressed by the society

in which they lived. During nineteen century little social legal education and economic

opportunities existed for women. They could either become house wife or governess. In

Victorian era governess was a little more than a servant who was paid to share her scarce amount

of knowledge.

In Jane Eyre, Bronte uses gothic elements for the construction of female language.

Through gothic she explores the oppressed female figure trapped in patriarchy. Jane, the

protagonist of the novel, is an orphaned girl living with her aunt Mrs. Reed. One day she is

punished for a fight she has had with her cousin John and is locked in a red room. This gothic

imagery of encloses spaces is used to explore the restrictions placed on female body. They are

incarcerated within domestic spaces. By using enclosure to explain female limitation; Bronte

gives space to the female body in literary text. The episode of the red room is a gothic symbol.

The dominant theme of this episode is the entrapment of women. The ‘square chamber’, ‘red

carpet’, ‘crimson cloth’ are suggestive of female incarceration either as the mad women in the

attic or the angel in the house.

As expected from a Gothic heroine, she faints as a result of this experience of terror. The

lunatic wife in the attic also contributes to the atmosphere of mystery. Thornfield, which is a

gloomy place, is filled with her ‘preternatural’ laugh. Bertha also causes some other events
 AHAD2

whose reasons cannot be explained to Jane. She is the reason for the fire in Rochester’s bedroom.

She also attacks her own brother. Gothic explores the repressed desires. Bertha appeared five

times in the novel not once did she speak. Charlotte uses madness as a mean to fight against

patriarchy for expression of feminism. Bertha represents a distorted and uglified image of a

victim. The readers are made to believe in the madness of Bertha. However there is not one

instance to prove it. Moreover, all the insane acts that bertha committed are directed towards

men or the institution of marriage; when she breaks into Jane’s room and rip the veil. It depicts

her frustration with the idea of marriage and patriarchy. Bertha throughout the novel attempts to

seek emancipation that has been snatched away from her by locking her in a room. She burns the

house down which is symbolic of a prison for women. She also jumps off the house to affirm her

identity. Through her suicide she rejects the confinement, she had been subjected to.

Additionally, St. John successfully plays the role of the villain-priest of the Gothic

romance. He is cold and hard, and the warmth of Moor House comes not from him but from the

female members of the family. The supernatural also appears through Jane’s prophetic dreams.

There is also another scene highlighting this aspect as Rochester communicates to Jane through

telepathy towards the end of the book: ‘Jane! Jane! Jane!’ nothing more…‘Oh God! What is it?’

I gasped. I might have said, ‘Where is it?’ for it did not seem in the room – or in the house – or in

the garden: it did not come out of the air …that of Edward Fairfax Rochester; and it spoke in

pain and woe wildly, eerily, urgently’ (Bronte 467)

On the other hand, the novelist also subverts Gothic romanticism. When Jane lives in Gateshead,

she is treated as an outcast, bullied. She is punished by her aunt. She is punished for putting up a

fight with her cousin but, in fact, her punishment is because of her rebellious nature. Her

powerlessness comes from her economic dependence, and there is an effort to repress her as with
 AHAD3

many Victorian women. However Jane portrayal is opposite to the Victorian ideal women, for

she is not the silent angel as she revolts in order to defend herself saying ‘I must speak’ (Bronte

4).

Her education at Lowood gives Jane the opportunity to achieve financial autonomy. She

becomes a governess and as expected from a Gothic heroine on the threshold, she has no choice

but to enter the Gothic interior, Thornfield. It is also interesting that inside Thornfield, women

are confined to domestic duties. To illustrate, we see Grace sewing or Mrs. Fairfax arranging the

cups and spoons. They are like the prisoners in a dungeon, but they are not aware of their

restlessness. However, Jane is against the inequality between men and women, and for her, it is

unfair to limit them to their duties at home: Women are supposed to be very calm generally:

but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts

as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation,

precisely as men would suffer: and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow creatures

to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to

playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them,

if they seek to do more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. (Bronte 125-126)

Although Rochester seems to offer her a new horizon, he actually tries to drag her into

confinement with his proposal. He also suggests her to go and live with him in France, but, after

his secret marriage to Bertha is revealed but Jane refuses his offer seeing it as just an illusion of

freedom. St. John Rivers is another form of oppression. Though he does not love Jane, he wants

to marry her believing she is suitable to be the wife of a missionary. Jane rejects St. John’s

loveless proposal as well, thus, she keeps a balance between passion and reason. In a Gothic
 AHAD4

romance, the heroine reunites with the man she loves and returns to the castle, which is a kind of

restoration of convention. However, Thornfield is burnt down in a fire so she only reunites with

Rochester, who is physically dependent on Jane now. She also gets her financial independence

before marriage, which makes her powerful. She chooses to marry him on her own terms rather

than conforming to conservative sexual politics

ADDENDUM

Jane Eyre is a famous work written by Charlotte Bronte on the basis of her own experiences. In

this novel, the author shapes a tough and independent woman who pursues true love and

equality. Jane Eyre is different from any other women at that time. She strives for her life and

defends her fate in hardships and difficult conditions. In Victorian period, the image of Jane

Eyre cast a sharp contrast to the man-dominated society. She stands for a new lady who has the

courage to fight for her own rights and love. By analyzing the contemporary social, historical

and cultural background of Victorian period and key points of feminism, and Jane’s experiences,

it can be pointed out that Jane gradually becomes a feminist in pursuing independence and

equality and true love.

Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855) is an English novelist, the eldest of the three Bronte

sisters whose novels have become enduring classics of English literature. Jane Eyre is widely

acclaimed as her masterpiece. Bronte sisters grew up in a poor priestly family. Their mother died

of lung cancer when the children were very young. As there was no sunlight in the depths of

winter, the children's childhood was desolate and without joy. Fortunately, their father, a poor

learned priest, he himself taught them reading, and guided them to read newspaper. This would
 AHAD5

be a relief in the midst of sadness. Because of the miserable life, Bronte sisters had spent a

childhood in charity school.

These experiences offered the available materials for the prospective creation. Our

heroine Jane Eyre is an orphan, and is ill-treated at a young age. She strives for her life, and

forms a tough character. She learns how to live from her childhood’s environment. Also just for

her growing experiences, it creates her strong personality, beautiful ideal and wisdom. Jane Eyre

is a special image out of ordinary. She makes a life by herself, and dares to show her own voice.

Under the pressure of life, she always maintains her self-respect by hard work, intelligence and

tough individualism. She never gives in on her way. Though she has little figure, Jane Eyre is

huge in soul. She pursues true love and is loyal and steadfast to her beloved man. Her kindness,

intelligence, and independence attract the hero. At last she gets a perfect love.

When the famous work Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte was first published in 1847, it had

a great influence upon the society at that time. For a long time, numerous readers favored the

image of Jane Eyre very much. Jane Eyre is the first, also the most powerful and popular novel

to represent the modern view of women’s position in society. Since its publication, many people

have reviewed it from different perspectives. Pat Macpherson points out in the book Reflecting

on Jane Eyre , “Jane Eyre is marked by strong romantic elements and the role of nature is

especially important”(1983, p.297-302).The work is infused with romantic spirit: the emphasis

on the sensitiveness of the mind and the intense sensibility to changing nature (as in

Wordsworth’s poetry); the longing for adventure and the insistence on liberty, independence, and

the right of the individual soul and self-fulfillment (as in Byron’s and Shelley’s poetry). After a

stranger destroyed Jane’s wedding, Jane left. Exhausted and penniless, she thinks of nature as the

“universal mother”.
 AHAD6

In Victorian times women did not have important status. Until the last decade of the 19th

century, almost the only occupation open to women was teaching as schoolmistress or more

likely serving as private governess in a family. So when Charlotte had her books published, she

had to use pseudonyms, pretending she was a male writer, Currer Bell for Charlotte. Jane Eyre

was a representative work reflecting women’s call for equality. Zheng Kelu’s Charlotte’s

Feminist Declaration discussed, “During the Victorian Age was men-centered and men-

controlled times. Women were discriminated against by men at that time. However, the ahead-

of-age female consciousness of Jane Eyre, the main character challenges men’s authority.”

(1999, p.167)

Jane Eyre was created in the Victorian period. Contrasting to time, the Victorian

literature period coincide with queen Victoria who were in power from 1836 to 1901, this period

is the most brilliant history of Britain. In Victorian period, the society is man-controlled and

man-dominated, and women are subject to the voice of men. It is impossible for a low-status

woman to have a decent life or a good marriage. The social structure determines the social

position of a person. Women are discriminated in the patriarch society. Also, in this period, the

female writers take the pens to speak for the oppressed women and Jane Eyre comes to be the

most influential novel.

At the beginning of Queen Victoria in power, the Great Britain faced speed-up

development of economy and serious social problems. After publishing The Reform Act, the

political power turned to a newly developed industrialized capitalism. Sooner, the Industrial

Revolution poured out, kinds of technology development brought new power to the economy of

England, such as trains, steamboats, textile machines, printing machines and so on. England
 AHAD7

became the world factory, and gained a lot of wealth through expanding markets worldwide and

grabbed resources in its colonies.

In the middle of nineteenth century, the Great Britain became the first powerful country

in the world in economy. But under this glory is the sharp conflict in society. Eventually, through

1836 to 1848, the famous Chartist Movement broke out. The working class published The

People’s Charter and asked the government to guarantee rights of human, improve living and

working environment. This movement swept almost every city. Though it was down in 1848, the

movement still got many achievements. Thanks to the movement, the working class awoke.

In the following twenty years, the Great Britain was stable. The middle class was

respected and people pursued a warm, self-respect, modest and patriotic spirit. Meanwhile, the

Queen Victoria is the example of these characters. With these new thoughts, literature became

diversified. At that time, for Jane, as a member of the lowest class, she is always looked down

upon by those potentates with money and power. For people like her, they have no dignity; the

rich can treat them at random and need not bother to give them any esteem. But Jane Eyre never

surrenders to those snobbish people who despise the poor and the weak parochially and

ruthlessly. In her whole life, she plunges herself into struggling for esteem which in her mind is

deserved by any human being rather than a privilege for the wealthy people. She puts all her

strength to get the respect and admiration from people around.

In those days of Britain, a female, like the noble Miss Ingram, is expected to seek a

decent life through marriage and a wealthy husband. However, undoubtedly, it is based on the

status and fortune of her family. For Jane, a plain and poor girl, how can she change her destiny

and gain happiness? “Feminist once been raised: women’s status in society is defined by some
 AHAD8

special society and culture power that can be challenged and changed” (Heather, 2003, p.146). In

every relationship, Jane rises from inferiority to superiority, and finally gains full independence

through continuous struggle.

Victorian literature as the part of Victoria period has many features. It is complicated and

multidimensional, which consists of huge changes among romance and reality. During this

period, many genius of literature grew up as world moving. No matter in the form of novels,

poems or essays, writers began to face the current situation and do advanced work.

In this situation, seeking for equality is another important theme through Jane Eyre’s

struggle for self-realization as a feminist. People in Victorian age have the idea that people are

not born equally, people in high rank despise people in low rank and men are superior to women.

Consequently, women like Jane are treated unequally in every field. When Jane realizes the

unfair situation, she rebels constantly for the basic right of equality. It well reflects Jane’s

resolution and persistence in struggle for self-realization as a feminist woman. Also the biggest

theme in the book is true love. In all Jane Eyre’s life, the pursuit of true love is an important

representation of her struggle for self-realization. Love in Jane Eyre’s understanding is pure,

divine and it cannot be measured by status, power or property and so on. Having experienced a

helpless childhood and a miserable adolescence, she expects more than a consolable true love.

She suffers a lot in her pursuit of true love. Meanwhile, she obtains it through her long and hard

pursuit. Literature in the Victorian period truly reflects the reality and spirit of that time. The

power, reality towards society, humor with kindness and boundless imagination are all beyond

any time. In any aspect of literature, works are ready to welcome the new century.
 AHAD9

Women’s liberation movement can be divided into two phases: The first stage early,

probably around the late 19th century, women’s liberation movement of the first wave, was

focused on contention in the requirement of gender equality among men and women, which is

gender equality. It was also asked in civil and political rights, against aristocratic privilege stress.

Men and women in intellectual ability have no difference. The most important objective is to

fight for political rights, which is often called the feminist movement.

The second women’s liberation movement, in general, is from the 60 years-70 years

during the 20th century. It is believed as the earliest origins in the United States. This campaign

continued until the 80’s. The tone is to eliminate gender differences. In fact the difference

between the sexes as in relations, women are subordinate to men based.

Requirements are open to the public in all areas, and so on. Beauvoir’s Second Sex is

produced in this period. The second feminist movement has brought about another result which

is for gender studies, feminism and the rise of academic research. Therefore, there are all kinds

of schools of feminism. For a long time, a sense of male-centered social ideology is the main

stream in the community. So people in this concept of ideology is that they formed from the male

point of view to describe the world, and to confuse the truth of this description, which is, this

description is true, it is unalterable. They have become accustomed to those people in some of

the concepts and challenges. Although there exists a lot of schools, the basic point is that the

struggle for gender equality, changing the status of women and being discriminated against

oppression.

Jane lost her parents when she was young, and thanks to her uncle Jane could live a good

life, but unfortunately her uncle died after a few years. Her aunt, Mrs. Sarah Reed, regarded Jane
 AHAD10

as a jinx and her three children (John, Eliza and Georgiana) neglect and abuse Jane. They dislike

Jane’s plain looks and quiet yet passionate character. These only relatives of Jane Eyre do not

show any sympathy or care to this pitiful little girl, instead they always criticize and bully her.

Cold and disparaging, Aunt Reed always treats Jane Eyre as an encumbrance inferior to a maid

and takes her as a doll to show her hypocritical generosity. Eventually one day, little Jane had an

argument with her cousin and was beaten.

After being locked in a room for a night, Jane was ill and at that time, her early feminism

came out. In the face of Mrs. Reed, Jane refuses to be treated as an inferior being and finally

speaks out against discriminations to her with sharp and cold exposure. When Mrs. Reed

reproaches Jane for telling a lie out of all reason, Jane defends herself perversely: “I’m not

deceitful. If I were, I should say I loved you, but I declare, I don’t love you. I dislike you the

worst of anybody in the world except John Reed, and this book about the liar, you may give to

your girl, Georgiana, for it is she who tells lies, and not I” (Bronte 63).

In other people’s opinion, Jane should be great thankful to her aunt rather than being

rude. When Jane is about to leave Gateshead to the charity school, Mrs. Reed thinks she can

make Jane frightened by her status and decides to give a hypocritical and sanctimonious talk to

guide Jane to express gratitude in front of Mr. Lloyd, the apothecary. But Jane refuses to be this

rich lady’s doll, being treated as unemotional and shameless. She retorts back straightly and

powerfully: “How dare I, Mrs. Reed? How dare I? Because it is the truth. You think I had no

feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness, but I can’t live so, and you have

no pity. I shall remember how you push me back-roughly and violently pushed me back into the

red room, and locked me up there-to my dying day. Though I was in pain, though I cried out,

have mercy! Have mercy, Aunt Reed!” (Bronte 64)

Jane’s rebellion against Mrs. Reed and John represents her feminist consciousness in

getting esteem from other people as a decent and respectable person. Then little Jane was sent to

Lowood boarding school where she learnt a lot and became much stronger and independence

.During Jane Eyre’s staying in the orphanage of Lowood, which is a benevolent institution in

name, but a hell in fact, her understanding of esteem becomes deeper. She is aware of a fact that,

even in the face of powerful and authoritative people like the chief inspector of this charity

school, Brocklehurst, as long as her esteem and dignity hurt ruthlessly, she will never submit but

rebel against it decidedly.

The whole time spending in Thornfield is the most splendid part of the whole book.

Meeting with Rochester and fell in love with him reflected the feminism in Jane and her new

thoughts. Jane loves Rochester with all her heart and Rochester’s status and wealth make him so

high above for Jane to approach, yet she never feels herself inferior to Rochester though she is a

humble family teacher. She believes they are fair and should respect each other. In fact, it is her

uprightness, loftiness and sincerity that touch Rochester. Rochester feels from the bottom of his

heart that Jane is the spiritual partner he always longs for. When the heroine is moved by his

whole-heartedness, they fall in love deeply. But at the time of their wedding, she finds the fact

that Rochester has had a legal wife. Jane feels heartbreaking on this news, and it makes her

trapped in a dilemma whether to stay or to leave. She says to Rochester: “I care for myself. The

more solitary, the more friendless, the more unstained I am, the more I will respect myself. I will

keep the law given by God, sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by men

when I was sane, and not mad as I am now, laws and principles are not for the times when there

is no temptation, they are for such moments as this when body and soul rise in mutiny against

their rigor, stringent are they, inviolate they shall be.” (Bronte 343)
 AHAD12

Although she had a deep affection for Rochester, she could not stand any compromise in

her marriage. She is the whole one and cannot be laughed or argued by others in this aspect. She

wouldn’t give up her independence and self-respect. So she chose to leave her beloved one and

wanted to make a new life. As the end is known to all, Jane returns to Ferndean Manor and

marries Rochester. Mr. Rochester then loses sight of both eyes and disabled. But in this

circumstance, Jane Eyre comes back to Mr. Rochester caring for nothing but this man. She says:

“I find you lonely, I will be your companion, to read to you, to walk with you, to sit with you, to

wait on you, to be eyes and hands to you. Cease to look so melancholy, my dear master; you

shall not be left desolate, so long as I live” (Bronte 310).

Jane Eyre does not think that she is making a sacrifice. She says: “I love the people I love

is that to make a sacrifice? If so, then certainly I delight in sacrifice” (Bronte 451). In most

people’s eyes, nobody would like to marry a man who loses his sight and most of his wealth. But

as to Jane, she is different. In her mind, pure love is the meeting of hearts and minds of two

people. Jane Eyre is unique in Victorian period. As a feminist woman, she represents the

insurgent women eager for esteem.

In all Jane Eyre’s life, the pursuit of true love is an important representation of her

struggle for self-realization. Love in Jane Eyre’s understanding is pure, divine and it cannot be

measured by status, power or property and so on. Having experienced a helpless childhood and a

miserable adolescence, she expects more than a consolable true love. She suffers a lot in her

pursuit of true love. Meanwhile, she obtains it through her long and hard pursuit. During this

period, Jane covered her name and wanted to make a new living. Being a teacher in a small

village, she made friends with John and his sisters. Though John is a handsome guy and he

proposed to Jane, she cannot accept him this is the reflection of her iron determination in
 AHAD13

pursuing true love . In a word, she does not want an affectionless love. A decent and handsome

man as John is, Jane Eyre cannot accept him because his love would be “one of duty, not of

passion” (Terry, 1987, p.29).

She knows clearly that humiliated marriage is not true love. He makes an offer of

marriage to Jane only because he thinks that Jane Eyre is a good choice for a missionary’s wife.

He finds Jane Eyre docile, firm and tenacious. Because he just needs this kind of assistant. Jane

says if she joins St. John, she is abandoning half herself and if she goes to India, she is going to

premature death. Jane Eyre insists that true love should be based on equality, mutual

understanding and respect. So she refuses John’s proposal.

Jane is in great unconformity with the social environment at that time. She dares to fight

against the conventional marriage ideas, which well reflects all feminists’ voice and wish for a

true love. Maybe Jane’s choices are considered something shocking, but it really gives a blow to

the Victorian society.

WORK CITED

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. England: Penguin Books, 1996.. Villette. Great Britain:

Wordsworth Classics, 1999.