Republic of the Philippines

Sorsogon State College

ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Sorsogon City
2nd SEMESTER, SY 2021

PETROLOGY

Prepared by:
Esternon Jonathan
Estipona Florante IV
Fajardo Daryl Kenn
Feliciano Janone
Fermanes Kyna
Fornias Gellian
Galido Chalmer
Grajo Noli
Guan Eugine
Hagosojos Hemnz

Prepared to:
Ernie N. Bañares, C.E.
Instructor III
Objectives:
At the end of this module, the student would be able to:
 Differentiate the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
 Describe the occurrence, properties, and distribution of rocks.
 Find out how specific examples of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are
formed

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
(General Distinction)
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rock is any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and
solidification of molten earth material.

Occurrence
Igneous rock is any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and
solidification of molten earth material.
Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the
surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. All magma develops
underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat there. Igneous rocks
can have many different compositions, depending on the magma they cool from. They can also
look different based on their cooling conditions. For example, two rocks from identical magma
can become either rhyolite or granite, depending on whether they cool quickly or slowly.
The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive.
Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has
emerged from underground.
Extrusive igneous rocks can be in the form of:
 lava flows
 ash
Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet.
When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, also called
volcanic, the rock cools very quickly.
Properties
 Formation
Igneous rocks are classified by where they are formed. Those that are formed under the earth's
surface are known as intrusive rocks. Those formed above the earth's surface are extrusive rocks.
 Cooling and Grain
Some igneous rocks cool quickly, in days or weeks, while others cool slowly over thousands to
millions of years. Those that cool quickly tend to have a finer grain or a glassy texture. Examples
include obsidian, pumice, scoria, andesite and rhyolite. Those that cool slower have larger
crystals or a coarse grain. Examples include gabbro, diorite and granite.
 Color & Composition
Igneous rocks are classified by three types of colors and composition. Those with light colors are
known as feisic. Examples include granite, rhyolite, pumice and obsidian. Those with
intermediate colors are known as intermediate and include diorite, andesite and scoria. Dark-
colored rocks are known as mafic. These include gabbro, basalt and scoria.
 Texture
An igneous rock (fine-grained vs coarse-grained) is dependent on the rate of cooling of the melt:
slow cooling allows large crystals to form, fast cooling yields small crystals. Magmas and their
resultant plutonic rock bodies cool and crystallize slowly and are characterized by coarse-grained
texture, in which the mineral crystals are visible to the unaided eye. On the other hand, lavas cool
quickly at the earth's surface and are characterized by fine-grained texture, in which the crystals
are too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Generally formed by deposition, accumulation, cementing, and hardening of loose sediments into
rock. Sedimentary rocks are the only type of rocks that may contain fossils, or evidence of past
life. The reason being, the processes that involve the formation of igneous and metamorphic
rocks involve a lot of heat and/or pressure so these processes would destroy any fossils that
existed.
Sediments – fragments of rock that have been broken down as a result of weathering. (Wind, ice,
running water, etc.)
Occurrence and Properties
The formation of sedimentary rocks are sub classified into three types.
3 CLASSES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
This is a type of sedimentary rock in which formed from the fragments of a pre-
existing rock. The word “clast” is a technical term geologists used to describe
fragments. These fragments are weathered from pre-existing rock to form
sediments of various sizes.
3 Steps How a Clastic Sedimentary Rocks are formed:
i. Breakdown of any rock to form sediments
The breakdown of ant rock to form sediments can be through physical or
chemical weathering. Example of these rock and mineral fragments are gravel,
sand, and clay.
ii. Transportation of sediments away from its source
When the rocks are broken down into fragments of various sizes, the
sediments are then eroded or transported by streams, winds, or glaciers
away from the source of this sediment.
iii. Lithification
This is the last step of forming a clastic sedimentary rocks in which the
broken fragments transported as sediment to a particular area where it is
deposited, compacted, and cemented to form new rock.

2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

A type of sedimentary rocks which are formed through precipitation from a
solution as a result of changing condition. Example of this solution is sea water.
Most of the chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from the precipitation of sea
water. Just like the rock salt and gypsum which are formed as sea water
evaporates.
3. Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
A type of sedimentary rocks which form from precipitation also. But the
precipitation occurs through the action of living organisms, typically marine
organisms. For example, coal are formed from the compacted remains of dead
plants.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rock is any of a class of rocks that result from the alteration of preexisting rocks in
response to changing environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pressure, and
mechanical stress, and the addition or subtraction of chemical components. The preexisting rocks
may be igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.

2 Types metamorphic rocks

 Foliated Metamorphic rocks - have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
 Non-foliated Metamorphic rocks - do not have a layered or banded appearance.

Occurrence/How it formed

Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich
fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. Conditions like these are found
deep within the Earth or where tectonic plates meet.

Properties of Metamorphic rocks.

 Formed Underground
The layers of rock that constitute Earth's surface are continually added to by various
geological processes. Over time, the weight of the surface pushes down old layers,
closer to the planet's core. In this process, heat, pressure and gravity exert force on
these rock layers, gradually transforming the character of these rock formations.
 Sheets, Slabs and Slates
Depending on the composition of the rocks being metamorphosed, there are two major
types of metamorphic texture. Foliated metamorphic rocks are arranged in sheets or
planes, meaning that the composition of the rocks is relatively uniform and disperses
fairly evenly due to pressure. Undifferentiated or "non-foliated" metamorphic rocks,
like coal, often crystallize unevenly due to the impurities in these rocks.

 Formed from Other Types

Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks. In volcanic and
seismic activity, the cooling of magma creates igneous rocks, which are buried by
further igneous rock formation, soil and vegetation. Sedimentary rocks are largely
formed by erosion of other types of rocks, most dramatically seen in the form of beach
sand, which represents millennia of weathering and erosion.

Distribution of metamorphic rock in the Philippines

In the Philippines, marble deposits are wildly distributed in the province of Romblon, Mindoro,
Panay, Palawan, Marinduque, Cebu and other islands of Visayas.

Romblon is the most popular source, earning it the title “Marble Capital of the Philippines”.
Floor tiles, novelty items, and statues are only some of the marble stone products manufactured
in this province. These marbles are usually made from limestones mixed with other mineral
impurities.

In Southern Bohol, there is large rock unit which is metamorphic rock called Alicia Schist.
Schist are metamorphic rocks consists of layers of different minerals and can be split into thin
irregular plates, in Alicia Schist case it is made of chlorite schist, quartz-sericite schist and
amphibolite. It is one of the oldest rocks of Bohol, dating back to cretaceous period. Its range
is approximately 2000 meters.

Places with has schist rocks are; Northern Cordillera (Suyo Chist), Southwest Luzon (Gumaca
Schist – Bondoc), Southeast Luzon Basin (Baleno Schist – Masbate Island & Danao Schist –
Ticao Island), Southeast Luzon Arc (Siruma Schist – Caramoan Peninsula & Rapu-rapu Schist
– Rapu-rapu Island), Cebu (Tunlod Schist – Northern/Central Cebu), Dinagat Group of Islands
(Nueva Estrella Schist), Zamboanga (Tangauan Schist – Zamboanga Peninsula), Central
Mindanao (Tago Schist), Daguma Range (Salbuyan Schist).

The Mindoro block is a microcontinental block located in the Philippines Mobile. Belt and the
east side of North Palawan Block. Mindoro is in the verge of a trench; therefore, it has
comprised a metamorphic basement (Mindoro Metamorphic of Treves, 1953) of unknown but
probably pre-late cretaceous age, overlain locally by upper cretaceous basalts (Karig, 1983),
and more regionally succeeded by a probable upper Eocene sequence of basinal clastic rocks,
plus local basalt intercalations and carbonates.

Examples of Igneous Rocks

 Granite is a coarse-grained, light-colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains mainly

quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals. The specimen above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.

 Syenite rocks (an igneous rock composed chiefly of feldspar.)

 Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar,
pyroxene, hornblende, and sometimes quartz. The specimen shown above is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.

 Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark-colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains feldspar,

pyroxene, and sometimes olivine. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.

 Pegmatite is a light-colored, extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock. It forms

near the margins of a magma chamber during the final phases of magma chamber
crystallization. It often contains rare minerals that are not found in other parts of the
magma chamber. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.

 Peridotite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that is composed almost entirely of

olivine. It may contain small amounts of amphibole, feldspar, quartz, or pyroxene. The
specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
  Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of
plagioclase and pyroxene. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks

 Sandstone
Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric
times, and continues to be used. Sandstone was a popular building material from ancient
times. It is relatively soft, making it easy to carve. It has been widely used around the
world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings. It has also been used for
artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.

 Limestone
Limestone is widely used in architectural applications for walls, decorative trim and
veneer. It is less frequently used as a sculptural material, because of its porosity and
softness, however, it is a common base material. It may be found in both bearing
(structural) and veneer applications.

 Shale
Shale is a sedimentary rock composed of very fine clay particles. Clay forms from the
decomposition of the mineral feldspar. Other minerals present in shale are quartz, mica,
pyrite, and organic matter. Shale forms in very deep ocean water, lagoons, lakes and
swamps where the water is still enough to allow the extremely fine clay and silt particles
to settle to the floor. Geologists estimate that shale represents almost ¾ of the
sedimentary rock on the Earth’s crust. Shale has many commercial uses. It is a source
material in the ceramics industry to make brick, tile, and pottery. Shale used to make
pottery and building materials requires little processing besides crushing and mixing with
water. Shale is crushed and heated with limestone to make cement for the construction
industry. Heating drives off water and breaks limestone into calcium oxide and carbon
 dioxide. Carbon dioxide is lost as a gas, leaving calcium oxide and clay, which hardens
when mixed with water and allowed to dry.

 Conglomerate
Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock that looks like concrete. It consists of large, rounded
pebbles (clasts) cemented by a matrix made of calcite, iron oxide, or silica. Conglomerate
rock occurs where gravel can become rounded by traveling distances or being subjected
to tumbling. Beaches, riverbeds, and glaciers can produce conglomerate. Conglomerate
can be used as a fill material for roads and construction. Hard rock may be cut and
polished to make dimension stone. Conglomerate can have a variety of compositions. As
a clastic sedimentary rock, it can contain clasts of any rock material or weathering
product that is washed downstream or down current. The rounded clasts of conglomerate
can be mineral particles such as quartz or feldspar, or they can be sedimentary,
metamorphic, or igneous rock fragments. Clasts of quartzite, sandstone, limestone,
granite, basalt, and gneiss are especially common. The matrix that binds the clasts
together can be a mixture of sand, mud, and chemical cement. Common chemical
cements are calcite or quartz.

 Breccia
Breccia is a rock formed from angular gravel and boulder-sized clasts cemented together
in a matrix. The angular nature of the clasts indicates that they have not been transported
very far from their source. There are several modes of formation for breccia. Some
represent consolidated material accumulated on steep hill slopes or at the foot of cliffs.
The rock is mainly used to make sculptures, gems, and architectural elements.

Examples of Metamorphic Rocks

 QUARTZITE - is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed almost absolutely of

quartz. Its paperwork while a quartz-rich sandstone
is altered via the warmth, pressure, and chemical
interest of metamorphism. These situations
recrystallize the sand grains and the silica cement
that binds them collectively. The result is a network
of interlocking quartz grains of incredible power.

 MARBLE - Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is

subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. It
is composed primarily of the
 mineral calcite (CaCO3) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals,
micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxides, and graphite.

 SLATE - Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that is created by the

alteration of shale or mudstone by low-grade
regional metamorphism. It is popular for a wide
variety of uses such as roofing, flooring, and
flagging because of its durability and attractive
appearance.

 GNEISS - is a high-grade metamorphic rock. It displays distinct foliation, representing

alternating layers composed of different minerals.
However, unlike slate and schist, gneiss does not
preferentially break along planes of foliation because less
than 50% of the minerals formed during the
metamorphism are aligned in thin layers. Because of
the coarseness of the foliation, the layers are
often sub-parallel, i.e., they do not have a
constant thickness, and discontinuous.

 SCHIST - Schist is medium grade

metamorphic rock. It is a coarse-grained metamorphic rock which consists of
layers of different minerals and can be split into thin irregular plates.