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    Exvretion: Removal of Waste Materials

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    Qazi Qazi
    The document discusses excretion and the urinary system. It defines excretion as the removal of metabolic waste from the body through organs like the lungs, kidneys, and skin. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is then expelled through the urethra. Kidney failure prevents the removal of waste and requires dialysis to filter the blood until a transplant can be performed.

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    Exvretion: Removal of Waste Materials

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    Qazi Qazi
    38 views20 pages
    The document discusses excretion and the urinary system. It defines excretion as the removal of metabolic waste from the body through organs like the lungs, kidneys, and skin. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is then expelled through the urethra. Kidney failure prevents the removal of waste and requires dialysis to filter the blood until a transplant can be performed.

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    Excretion

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    The document discusses excretion and the urinary system. It defines excretion as the removal of metabolic waste from the body through organs like the lungs, kidneys, and skin. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is then expelled through the urethra. Kidney failure prevents the removal of waste and requires dialysis to filter the blood until a transplant can be performed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views20 pages

    Exvretion: Removal of Waste Materials

    Uploaded by

    Qazi Qazi
    The document discusses excretion and the urinary system. It defines excretion as the removal of metabolic waste from the body through organs like the lungs, kidneys, and skin. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is then expelled through the urethra. Kidney failure prevents the removal of waste and requires dialysis to filter the blood until a transplant can be performed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Exvretion

    Removal of waste Materials


    Metabolic reactions:

     Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions, anabolic or catabolic,


    that go on in living cells in order to keep an organism alive. Some
    metabolic processes produce waste products which are toxic if they
    accumulate in the organism. Such toxic materials or substances are
    called excretory products. For example, urea, uric acid, carbon-
    dioxide etc
    Excretion:

     Excretion is a process by which metabolic wastes & other non-


    useful toxic materials are removed out from the body of an organism.
     In vertebrates this is carried out by the lungs (CO2), kidneys (urine) &
    skin (sweat).
     For example, as a result of catabolic reaction in the liver, extra proteins
    are broken down to urea and uric acid which are toxic substances and
    are removed through urination and sweating.
     Similarly when respiration occurs in cells, glucose molecule is
    catabolically broken down to produce carbon-dioxide (a product of
    metabolic toxic waste) which is removed out of body during exhalation.
    How excretion is diferentiated
    from egetsion?
     Excretion is the removal of waste products from the body produced after
    several metabolic processes e.g. proteins in food are catabolically
    broken down to urea in the liver which is a waste material.
     However, Egestion or defecation is the removal of the undigested
    semi-solid waste (Faeces) from the anus (last part of the alimentary
    canal). This undigested material is not formed from substances within
    the cells but has never been absorbed into the cells. Hence, egested
    material is not the product of metabolic processes.
     It is mostly fiber as body does not have enzymes to digest them
    so it is removed as it is.
    Metabolic wastes produced during
    Biochemical Reaction:-
    Sr #. Waste Process Part Excretion Organ

    1. CO2 Respiration All body cells Lungs  

    2. Urea Deamination of proteins Liver Kidneys Skin

    3. Ammonia Deamination of amino acids Liver Kidneys Skin

    4. Excess salts & water     Kidneys, Lungs Skin

    5. Uric Acid Breakdown of DNA Liver Kidneys  

    6. Excess water Urination, sweating, expired   Kidneys, Skin, Lungs  


    air as vapors
    Mammalian Urinary System:-

    Pair of Kidneys
     They are bean shaped organs located on both the sides of backbone.
     In humans, the kidneys lie just above the waistline.
     The left kidney is slightly higher than the right one.
     The outer darker region of kidney is cortex & inner pale red region of
    kidney is medulla.
     In both these regions there are millions of nephrons which are
    specifcally involved in the purifcation of blood.
     Renal pelvis in kidneys is the portion of the ureters in kidneys where
    waste material is frst collected.
    Diagram
    Function:

     Kidneys remove extra water & mineral salts, nitrogenous waste mainly
    urea & uric acid from blood as urine.
     By selective re-absorption in nephrons, kidneys maintain pH of blood
    plasma.
     Kidneys regulate salt & water balance of body fuids (Osmoregulation).
    Hilus:

     Hilus is that depression region of kidney where renal artery, renal vein
    and the nerves meet the kidney.
    Pair of Ureters:-
     Ureter is a narrow tube that carries urine from the hilus to the urinary
    bladder by process of peristalsis.
     There are two ureters, one attached to each kidney.
     The upper end of the ureter is inside the kidney & the lower end is
    attached to urinary bladder.
    Urinary Bladder:

     The urinary bladder is a muscular sac attached to ureters. Urine is made


    in the kidneys & travels down through ureters & is stored in bladder.
     Sphincter Muscles:
     At the bottom of the bladder is a sphincter muscle. When the bladder is
    full, sensory neurons send impulses to the brain. Subsequently, nervous
    impulses from the brain cause the sphincter muscles to relax and allow
    the urine to fow out of the body. Thus, sphincter muscles in bladder
    control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through urethra.
     Urethra:-
     Urethra is a duct through which urine passes from the bladder to the
    outside of the body.
    How urine is formed or working of urinary
    system:-

     Blood enters the kidney through renal artery.


     Nephrons in the kidney cause ultrafltration of blood. Important
    substances needed by the body are re-absorbed & is sent back to body
    through renal vein while the remaining left over is now urine which is
    combination of many waste substances like urea, water, salts, uric acid
    etc.
     These waste substances are harmful if they are accumulated in the body
    so they are removed out of the body through urine.
     Urine moves through ureters & is stored in bladder until it is expelled
    out of body through urethra.
    Diagram
    What is urine?

     A watery solution of waste materials including salts, urea, uric acid


    etc produced as a result of several metabolic reactions in the body.
    These substances are harmful if accumulated in the body and should be
    removed from the body.
     Urine= urea + ions + toxins + water
    Kidney Failure:

     Kidney failure occurs because of high blood pressure, diabetes,


    consumption of alcohol, a major surgery or an injury.
     If one kidney fails to function, a person can still lead a normal life with
    the other kidney. But if both the kidneys fail to work, patient with
    kidney failure needs a kidney transplant. A donor with two healthy
    kidneys can donate one kidney and survive with the remaining kidney.
     If a donor kidney is not available, the patient can be treated with
    dialysis through a dialysis machine.
    Kidney Dialysis:
    Exchange of substances between
    Dialysis fuid and Blood:
     Dialysis fuid contains the same concentration of essential substances such as
    glucose, amino acids and essential salts as the blood. This ensures that these
    substances do not difuse out of the blood into the dialysis fuid. Furthermore, if the
    patient’s blood lacks essential salts, these salts will difuse from the dialysis fuid
    into the blood through the partially permeable tubing.
     Dialysis fuid does not contain metabolic waste product like urea, uric acid,
    creatinine, excess water and mineral salts which allows the waste products to
    be difused from blood into the dialysis fuid. This maintains the water potential of
    the blood.
     The tubing is narrow, long and coiled to increase the surface area to volume ratio.
    This speeds up the exchange of substances between the blood and the dialysis fuid.
     The direction of blood fow is opposite to the fow of dialysis fuid. This maintains the
    concentration gradient for the removal of waste products.
    Diagram:
    Disadvantages of Dialysis:

     Kidney machine restricts the movement of an individuals.


     It is very expensive.
     Risk of infectious diseases.
     A trained person is needed.
    During dialysis it should be kept in
    mind:
     Blood pressure & temperature is maintained.
     There is continuous fow of blood.
     Steeper concentration gradient of waste material is maintained.
     Blood does not clot & contaminate.
     During dialysis, due to same ratio proteins, glucose etc. they stay in
    the blood & only extra water, salts & urea difuse into dialysis fuid
    which is removed.

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