Table of Content

No Title Page
1 Introduction 1
2 Summary 2
3 Procedure and Methodology 3-4
4 Result and Observation 5-7
5 Discussion 8-9
6 Conclusion and Recommendation 10
7 Tutorial 11
8 References 12
Introduction

Chemical equilibrium can be understood as when the forward reaction is equal to the
reverse reaction. The goal of the experiment was to visualize this equilibrium by observing
colour change, and determining what colour changes mean in terms of the reaction and
equilibrium of the reaction. Equilibrium is able to be understood through Le Chatelier’s
principle, which states that a system at equilibrium will stay at equilibrium. The concept can be
better understood by realizing that when a reaction at equilibrium is disturbed by applying a
stress, the reaction will respond by shifting its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect
of the applied stress. In other words, the concentrations of the reactants and products will shift
accordingly.

When the substances are added, the system is interrupted, so the equilibrium is shifted to
one side of the reaction, which depends on the substance that is added. The principle states that
when the system is changed, the chemicals within the system will work together to keep the
equilibrium constant and balance the system once again. Observing changes within the systems
is observing the system shift to one side of the reaction, then coming back to equilibrium once
again. This experiment studies about the effect of concentration on different chemical systems.

For the second part of the experiment, the value of K c for the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
according to the reaction below was needed to be determine.

CH3COOCH2CH3 (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ CH3CH2OH (aq) + CH3COOH

(aq)

The equilibrium expression for this reaction can be written as :

Kc= [EtOH] [HAc] / [EtAc] [H2O]

In this experiment, the concept of ICE table is used to determine the changes in the
concentrations of reactants and products and later on it will be used to find the equilibrium
concentrations. However, the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is a slow reaction and to overcome this
problem, a fix amount of hydrochloric acid is added to the mixture and it acts as a catalyst for
this reaction.

1
Summary

The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects of solubility and complex ion on the
equilibrium position and relate with the Le Chatelier’s Principle and to determine the equilibrium
constant, Kc for hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. Based on the experiment in part A, we have to
determine the effect of solubility and complex ion on the equilibrium position. The effect of
solubility can be determine by observing the changes happen when sodium chloride reacts with
hydrochloric acid. As a result, NaCl will re-crystallize in the solution. This is the example of Le
Chatelier Principle which stated that if the system that in equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift the
equilibrium to reduce the stress. The effect of complex ion can be determine by observing the
color changes when the reaction takes place in all of the four test tubes. Next, in part B, we have
to determine the equilibrium constant by carrying out the titration process between sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The titration process is consider successful because we obtain
the pale pink color. As a conclusion, the Le Chatelier’s Principle of equilibrium was proven right
based on the results obtained.
 Reagent Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Procedure and Methodology

3 M HCL
5 ml 5 ml 5 ml
solution
Part A: The Effect Of Solubility And
Distilled Part B: Determination Of Equilibrium Constant
Complex Ion On Equilibrium Position
- 1 ml 2 ml
water
Ethyl acetate 5 ml 4 ml 3 ml
Effect Of Solubility Preparation
1. Two dry test tube label as of sample
test tube 1 and test tube 2
2. Each of test tube pipette 5 1. After add the ethyl acetate close the bottle and
ml of saturated sodium swirl content slowly.
chloride solution.
3. For Test Tube 1 3 ml of 6
M was added and for Test
Tube 2 3 ml of 1 M HCL
was added.
4. The both test tube was
observe for 30 minutes.
Effect Of Complex Ion Standardization of 3 M Hydrochloric Acid
1. Four test tube label as A,B,C (HCL)
and D
2. Each test tube was add 5 ml 1. A dry 50 ml burette and clamp it on a
of complex ion solution of retort stand was obtained. The burette
(FeSCN)2+ using pipette. as fill 1 M NaOH solution.
3. For test tube A 1 ml of 0.1 M 2. A clean 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and
FeCl₃ was added using pipette exactly 5 ml of 3 M HCL was
pipette. obtain. 20 ml Of distilled water and 3
4. For test tube B 1ml of 0.1 M drops of phenolphthalein was added in
KSCN was added using indicator and swirl it.
pipette. 3. The titrate the HCL solution waith
5. For test tube C slowly added NaOH solution will appears as pale
0.1 M AgNO₃ by using a pink.
dropper until the solution no Titration of sample with 1 M sodium
further change. hydroxide ( NaOH)
6. For test tube D it act as a 1. A clean 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask was
control comparison of color from part B (i) with pipette 10 ml and
for the rest test tube. 20 ml of distilled water was added.
2. The 3 drops of phenolphthalein was
put into flask and swirl it.
3. The sample in the flask with 1 M
NaOH solution was titrate and until
appear as pale pink.
Result and observation

Part A: The effect of solubility and complex ion on equilibrium position.

1. Observation when 6M HCl and 1M HCl were added into the sodium chloride solution.
Explain how that happened according to the Le Chatelier’s Principle.

- When concentrated HCl added to a saturated NaCl solution, it will drive the equilibrium to
the left by increasing the concentration of Cl -. As a result, NaCl will re-crystallize in the
solution. This is the example of Le Chatelier Principle which stated that if the system that in
equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift the equilibrium to reduce the stress. X

2. Observation when complex ion was added with the solution.

i. Fe3+ : red to dark red solution
ii. SCN- : red to blood red solution
iii. Ag+ : red to cloudy solution

Part B: Determination of equilibrium constant.

a) Table 1: Standardization of 3M Hydrochloric Acid

Volume of NaOH used 15.5 ml

(1)(15.5)
¿
No of moles NaOH used 1000
=0.0155 mole
No of moles HCl used (a) 0.0150 mole
=0.0150*36.5
Mass of HCl in 5ml HCl
=0.5474 g
=5ml*1.036g/ml
Total mass of 5ml HCl
=5.18g
=5.18g – 0.5474g
Mass of H2O in 5ml HCl
=4.6325g
4.6325 g
=
No of moles of H2O in 5ml HCl (b) 18
=0.2574 mol
 b) Table 2: Titration of sample

Sample1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Volume of NaOH used 47.9 ml 44.9 ml 40.2 ml

No of moles of NaOH used ( 1 )( 47.9 ) ( 1 ) (44.9) ( 1 ) (40.2)

= = =
[nNaOH = nAcid (HAc + 1000 1000 1000

HCl)] =0.0479 mole =0.0449 mole =0.0402 mole

Table 2

c) Table 3: Equilibrium concentration of all reacting species.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Initial no of mole of Ethyl = 4.51/88.11 = 3.608/88.11 = 2.706/88.11

Acetate (EtAc) used =0.0511 mole =0.0409 mole =0.0307 mole
Initial no of mole of H2O … (b) 0.2574 mole 0.2574 mole 0.2574 mole
[ pure + H2O added to HCl]
Equilibrium no moles of acid =0.0479 mole =0.0449 mole =0.0402 mole
(HAc + HCl) …….(c)
Equilibrium no of moles of = 0.0479 - 0.0150 =0.0449 - 0.0150 = 0.0402 - 0.0150
Acetic Acid (HAc)….(c)-(a) =0.0329 mol =0.0299 mol =0.0252 mol
Equilibrium no of moles of =0.0329 mol =0.0299 mol =0.0252 mol
Ethanol (EtOH)
Equilibrium no of moles of Ethyl =0.0511 - 0.0329 =0.0409- 0.0299 =0.0307 - 0.0252
Acetate (EtAc) =0.0182 mol =0.011 mol =0.0055 mol

Table 3
d) Calculate equilibrium constant, Kc for Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3. Then find the
average of Kc for the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.

Sample 1
[ EtoH ] [ HAc ]
Kc=
[ EtAc ] [ H 2 O]
(0.0329)(0.0329)
=
( 0.0182 ) (0.2574)
=0.2311

Sample 2
[ EtoH ] [ HAc ]
Kc=
[ EtAc ] [ H 2 O]
( 0.0299 )( 0.0299 )
=
( 0.011 ) ( 0.2574 )
=0.3157

Sample 3
[ EtoH ] [ HAc ]
Kc=
[ EtAc ] [ H 2 O]
(0.0252)(0.0252)
=
(0.0055)(0.2474)
=0.4486

Average equilibrium constant

(0.2311+ 0.3157+0.4486)
=
3
Kc = 0.3318
 Discussion

This experiment is divided into 2 part which is part A and part B. The purpose of
experiment part A is to study the effect of solubility and complex ion on the equilibrium position
and related with Le Chatelier Principle. For part B, we have to determine the equilibrium
constant, Kc for hydrolysis of Ethyl Acetate.
In part A for effect of solubility, we observe 5 ml of saturated sodium chloride react with 2
different concentration of 3 ml hydrochloric acid which is 6M and 1M HCl. Both of reaction were
observed in 2 different test tubes at a time. When concentrated HCl added to a saturated NaCl
solution, it will drive the equilibrium to the left by increasing the concentration of Cl -. As a result,
NaCl will re-crystallize in the solution. This is the example of Le Chatelier Principle which stated
that if the system that in equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift the equilibrium to reduce the stress.
However, in our experiment we did not observe any crystal in the solution. We assumed that there
was an error occurred while conducting the experiment like the solution was contaminated.
For the next experiment in part A for effect of complex ion, 5 ml of complex ion [FeSCN] 2+
were pipette into 4 test tubes that were labelled as test tube A, B, C and D. The initial colour of
the solution is red. In test tube A, 1 ml of 0.1M FeCl 3 solution were added and the colour of the
solution turn to dark red. In test tube B, I ml of 0.1M KSCN solution were added and the solution
turn to blood red while in test tube C a few drop of AgNO 3 were added until there no changes in
the solution. We observed the colour of the solution turn milky and test tube D act as a solution to
compare with other solution. In test tube A, concentration of ion Fe3+ are added and caused stress
and the concentration will increase as the equilibrium is shift to the right. So, a darker solution
produced. In test tube B, SCN- was added and the solution turn to a blood red solution. While in
test tube C, when Ag+ was added in the solution the colour of the solution turn to milky solution.
This is because SCN- was removed by Ag+ and equilibrium shifted to the left to removed SCN - as
it was a direction to produce more SCN-(“Le Chatelier Notes,” 2007).
In part B for standardization of 3M hydrochloric acid, some volume of NaOH solution were
titrated into 5 ml of 3M HCl that mixed with 20 ml of distilled water and 3 drops of
phenolphthalein. Based on our experiment, the amount of NaOH used to turn the HCl into pale
pink is 22.75 ml. From this value, we calculated value of mole NaOH and the number of mole of
HCl is the same as NaOH. Then no of mole of water is calculated after calculated the mass of HCl
and H2O. Both value of mole HCl and H 2O are useful in finding the equilibrium constant and they
are tagged as (a) and (b) as shown in the table 1.
Next, 3 samples were pippete into a 3 different Erlenmeyer flask that filled with 20 ml of
distilled water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein. Each of the solution are titrated with some amount
of NaOH solution until pale pink colour appear. Based on our recorded data, for sample 1 the
volume of NaOH used is 44.3 ml while sample 2 is 41.3 ml and lastly sample 3 is 38.0 ml. From
this value we calculated the number of moles NaOH used for each sample. The calculations are
shown in table 2. This value also will be used in order to find the equilibrium constant it tagged as
(c).
Based on table 3, number of moles of EtAc, HAc and EtOH are calculated for each sample
using the data collected from part A and B. Their chemical equation for this reaction is
CH3COOCH2CH3 (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ CH3CH2OH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) and the equation for

[ EtoH ] [ HAc ]
equilibrium constant is Kc= . Based in this equation, we calculated the value of K c
[ EtAc ] [ H 2 O]
for each sample and find the average value of Kc. The average value of Kc is 0.3118.
From this experiment we can prove Le Chatelier’s Principle of equilibrium was right based
on the reaction occur.
CONCLUSION

The purpose of this lab is to study the effects of solubility and complex ion on the
equilibrium position and relate with Le Chatelier’s Principle and to determine the equilibrium
constant, Kc for hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, if a dynamic
equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to
counteract the change. There are three factors that affect a system of equilibrium which is change
in concentration, change in pressure and change in temperature. If a gaseous reactant or product is
added to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to the direction which consumes the added
energy. In part A, when concentrated HCl is added to a saturated NaCl solution, it will drive the
equilibrium to the left by increasing the concentration of Cl -. For the effect of complex ion, in test
tube A, concentration of ion Fe3+ are added and caused stress and the concentration will increase
as the equilibrium is shift to the right. So, a darker solution produced. In test tube B, SCN - was
added and the solution turn to a blood red solution. While in test tube C, when Ag + was added in
the solution the colour of the solution turn to milky solution. This is because SCN - was removed
by Ag+ and equilibrium shifted to the left to removed SCN- as it was a direction to produce more
SCN-(“Le Chatelier Notes,” 2007). In part B, standardization of 3M HCl, the amount of NaOH
used to turn the HCl into pale pink is 22.75 ml. when we titrate the sample with 1M NaOH, for
sample 1 the volume of NaOH used is 44.3 ml while sample 2 is 41.3 ml and lastly sample 3 is
38.0 ml. Then, we calculated the value of K c for each sample and find the average value of K c. The
average value of Kc is 0.06363. We can prove Le Chatelier’s Principle of equilibrium was right
based on the reaction occur.

RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended to extend the experiment further to discover more factors that are
capable of shifting the direction of reaction and to be able to determine what reagents should be
added in a solution to cause a particular shift of direction. Next, the exact amount and molarity of
each reagent much be carefully followed in order to avoid discrepancies of the experimental
results and the expected results.
Tutorial

1. Explain how a chemical system which is at equilibrium will react if additional of reactant
or product is added to the system.

According to the Le Chatelier’s Principle, if additional of reactant is added to a system, it will

shift the equilibrium to the right which is towards the product side. Meanwhile if additional
product is added to a system, equilibrium will shift to the left which is more to the reactant
side.This is according to the principle, known as reversible reaction where it can be said as self-
correcting when additional reactant or product are thrown to the system. It will naturally shift to
balance the reaction.

2. Explain the purpose of standardization of HCL solution in this experiment.

The purpose of standardization in this experiment is to determine the exact concentration of the
solution. Method used to standardize HCL is by titration where an exact volume of HCL is
reacted with known amount of NaOH solution.

3. Discuss the differences between reaction equilibrium constant K c and reaction quotient
Qc

Equilibrium constant is a ration of concentration of the product and reactant at equilibrium where
it is independent of initial concentration of reactants and has no units. Meanwhile Reaction
quotient is also a ratio of concentration of of products and reactants but it is in a particularly
given time and not necessarily at equilibrium.

4. Based on the average value of Kc from this experiment, does the equilibrium favour the
formation of the ethanol and acetic acid or favour the starting reagents (ethyl acetate and
water) Justify your answer.

Based on the average value of kc from this experiment, the equilibrium favour the the starting
reagent which is ethyl acetate and water. As the value of Kc is 0.3118 less than one, the
equilibrium concentration of reactant is more than product thus the reaction proceed to the left.
References

Le Chatelier Notes. (2007), 1–5. Retrieved from :

http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/benoitn/chem12/equilibrium/notes/notesLe_Chatelier_Principle.
pdf
The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant ( April 28, 2019) Retrieved from :
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map
%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.4
%3A_The_Magnitude_of_an_Equilibrium_Constant

Twinklesdreampoppies (April 16, 2010) Expt-9 Chemical Equilibrium ( Lab report) Retrieve
from : https://www.scribd.com/doc/30015115/Expt-9-Chemical-Equilibrium