Chapter VII_ The Frame/Cable Element
Bottom left
Bottom center
Bottom right
Middle left
Middle center
Middle right
Top left
Top center
Top right,
40. Centroid
11. Shear center,
Note: For doubly symmetric members such as
this one, cardinal points 5, 10, and 11 are
the same,
Figure 21
Frame Cardinal Points
End Offsets
Frame elements are modeled as line elements connected at points (joints). How-
ever, actual structural members have finite cross-sectional dimensions. When two
elements, such as a beam and column, are connected at a joint there is some overlap
of the cross sections. In many structures the dimensions of the members are large
and the length of the overlap can be a significant fraction of the total length of a
connecting element.
You may specify two end offsets for each element using parameters ioff and joff
corresponding to ends | and J, respectively. End offset ioff is the length of overlap
for a given element with other connecting elements at joint I. Itis the distance from
the joint to the face of the connection for the given element. A similar definition ap-
plies to end offset joff at joint j. See Figure 23 (page 101).
End offsets are automatically calculated by the SAP2000 graphical interface for
cach element based on the maximum Section dimensions of all other elements that
connect to that element at a common joint.
End Offsets 99