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    Cardinal Point

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    Donald Hamilton

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    Cardinal Point

    Uploaded by

    Donald Hamilton
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Cardinal Point

    Uploaded by

    Donald Hamilton

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    of 1
    Chapter VII_ The Frame/Cable Element Bottom left Bottom center Bottom right Middle left Middle center Middle right Top left Top center Top right, 40. Centroid 11. Shear center, Note: For doubly symmetric members such as this one, cardinal points 5, 10, and 11 are the same, Figure 21 Frame Cardinal Points End Offsets Frame elements are modeled as line elements connected at points (joints). How- ever, actual structural members have finite cross-sectional dimensions. When two elements, such as a beam and column, are connected at a joint there is some overlap of the cross sections. In many structures the dimensions of the members are large and the length of the overlap can be a significant fraction of the total length of a connecting element. You may specify two end offsets for each element using parameters ioff and joff corresponding to ends | and J, respectively. End offset ioff is the length of overlap for a given element with other connecting elements at joint I. Itis the distance from the joint to the face of the connection for the given element. A similar definition ap- plies to end offset joff at joint j. See Figure 23 (page 101). End offsets are automatically calculated by the SAP2000 graphical interface for cach element based on the maximum Section dimensions of all other elements that connect to that element at a common joint. End Offsets 99

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