Term Definition

What organism causes Aspergillosis? Aspergillus fumigatus

Term Definition

What can keratitis lead to? Blindness

Term Definition

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in Brooder Pneumonia

chicks?
Term Definition

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in cattle? Mycotic Abortion

Term Definition

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in Guttural Pouch Mycosis; Keratomycosis;

horses? Keratitis
Term Definition

What is keratitis? (Fungal keratitis) Inflammation of Cornea

Term Definition

What enables Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia Poor hygienic conditions

in chicks?
Term Definition

What is seen in guttural pouch mycosis?

Plaques on arteries (internal carotid); Aspergillus
hyphae in pouch wall
Term Definition

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in dogs?

Nasal Aspergillosis; Destruction of turbinate
Describe it. bones, profuse blood-tinged exudate from nose
Term Definition

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in Farmers Lung

humans?
Term Definition

What is a distinguishing morphological Fruiting Head (chains of pigmented conidia)

characteristic of Aspergillus?
Term Definition

What are some means of visualizing/diagnosing

Wet mount from culture (Lactophenol Cotton
Aspergillus fumigatus? Blue stain); Culture of Sabouraud Agar; KOH
Wet Mount of deep scrapings (tissue or lung
sample); Radiograph; Rhinoscopy; Serological
Test (AGID) for dogs
Term Definition
 Is there a membrane covering the conidia of A. No
fumigatus?
Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of brooder pneumonia.

Aspergillus produces elastases & proteases which
destroy structural barriers of lung
Term Definition

What is visualized in a wet mount of culture using

Typical Conidial heads; Fruiting head of
lactophenol cotton blue stain for Aspergillus? conidiophore
Term Definition

What birds are susceptible to Aspergillosis? Chicks, Pigeons, Pet birds

Term Definition

What is present on an aborted calf as a result

Raised
of cutaneous plaques resembling ring-worm
Aspergillosis? lesions
Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus Aspergillus spores --> Blood --> Placental
mycotic abortion. Invasion --> Impaired Circulation --> Fetal death
Term Definition

What organism can cause fungal keratitis? A. fumigatus

Term Definition

What is seen in a corneal section infected w/ A. Fungal hyphae

fumigatus?
Term Definition

What is the Tx for guttural pouch mycosisAntifungal

in Infusion; Surgical Occlusion of artery
horses? to prevent bleeding
Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of nasal aspergillosis in

Elastase, proteases, dermonecrotoxin -->
dogs. Destruction of turbinate bones --> Epistaxis
(bleeding from nose)
Term Definition

Can Gram stain be used to diagnose No

Aspergillosis?
Term Definition

AGID Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion

Term Definition

What is seen in necrotic material in the case of Mycelia

Aspergillosis?
Term Definition

How is Aspergillosis controlled in poultry? Litter change; Avoid bad hay & silage
Cattle?
Term Definition

What is the Tx for Aspergillosis in horses?

Ketoconazole locally + Itraconozole systemically;
Natamycin or Miconazole topical for keratitis
Term Definition

What is the preferred Tx for nasal aspergillosis

Clotrimazole
in nasal infusion; Fluconazole systemic
dogs? What is a 2nd option?
Term Definition

Can Gram Stain be used for yeasts? Yes

Term Definition

Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular? Unicellular

Term Definition

What is the shape of yeasts? What may occur in Round/Oval; Hyphae

yeast-infected tissues?
Term Definition

Where are yeasts commonly found? Skin, mucus membranes

Term Definition

Where is Malassezia a commensal in the body? Skin, Ears

Term Definition

What can cause yeast dz? Immunosuppression; Antibacterial therapy

Term Definition

Is Cryptococcus a commensal? No
Term Definition

Where is Candida a commensal in the body? Intestinal mucosa, Genital tract, Mouth
Term Definition

What are 3 important yeasts? Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia

Term Definition

What do Candida form in tissue? Pseudohyphae

Term Definition

What dz is caused by Candida? Candidiasis; Moniliasis; Thrush

Term Definition

What is a commensal of the alimentary tract that Candida albicans

causes endogenous infections?
Term Definition

What dz does Candida cause in dogs & cats? Mycotic stomatitis; Genital Candidiasis
Term Definition

What does Candida cause in young animals on Enteritis

prolonged antibacterial therapy?
Term Definition

What dz does Candida cause in poultry? Crop Mycosis/Thrush/Monoiliasis

Term Definition

What does Candida cause in horses? Metritis; Vaginitis

Term Definition

What is seen in the crop of a chicken w/ Whitish plaques

Monoiliasis/Thrush?
Term Definition

What is seen in the oral cavity & genital mucosa Whitish plaques
of dogs & cats w/ Candidiasis?
Term Definition

Candida often proliferates after _____. Prolonged antibacterial therapy

Term Definition

Describe the morphology of Candida albicans. Dark purple oval bodies

Term Definition

Can Gram stain be used for Candida? Yes

Term Definition

How is Candida diagnosed in a calf w/ enteritis? Gram stain of Fecal smear

Term Definition

What drug can be used to treat Candida-induced Nystatin

enteritis?
Term Definition

Is nystatin BS or NS? NS
Term Definition

Candida albicans switches from ____ to ____ Yeast; Filamentous

state in tissue.
Term Definition

How is Candida albicans diagnosed? Sabouraud agar culture; KOH wet mount; Gram
stain; Latex Agglutination
Term Definition
 What is the pathogenesis of Candidiasis? Candida adheres to mucus membrane;
Pseudohyphae invade epithelium;
Pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation
Term Definition

What is seen in a Gram stain of Candida? Budding yeasts

Term Definition

What do Latex agglutination kits detect w/ Ag in body fluids

Candida?
Term Definition

What is the Tx for Candida? For GI overgrowth?

Nystatin topical or Ketoconazole; Nystatin oral
Term Definition

What is nystatin specific against? Yeasts

Term Definition

What is the habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans? Soil & Pigeon droppings

Term Definition

In what animals does Cryptococcus neoformans Cats (more); Dogs

cause sporadic dz?
Term Definition

Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans isAirborne infection --> Nasal Granulomas -->
acquired. Paranasal Sinuses --> Hematogenous
Dissemination
Term Definition

What are some symptoms of Cryptococcus

Sneezing, Snuffing, Mucopurulent/Hemorrhagic
neoformans inf? Nasal Discharge
Term Definition

How is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed? Wet mounts, culture, agglutination test

Term Definition

Can Gram stain be used for Cryptococcus? No

Term Definition

What is used for Tx & Control of Cryptococcus

Itraconazole; Fluconazole (Both better than
neoformans? Ketoconazole); Decontaminate affected premises
Term Definition

In dogs, symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillosis

inf. are similar to those associated w/ ______.
Term Definition
 Name an antivirulence factor of Cryptococcus Anti-phagocytic capsule
Term Definition

What distinguishes Cryptococcus from Capsule

Malassezia & Candida in a wet mount?
Term Definition

Is Cryptococcus dimorphic? No
Term Definition

Cryptococcus remains in ____ form in both Yeast; 25; 37

environment (____C) & host (____C).
Term Definition

What areas are affected by Cryptococcus? Skin & Eyelids

are lesions located?
Term Definition

In cats, Cryptococcus spreads from ____ to ____. Sinuses; Skin & Eyes
Term Definition

What can be found in the brain of a cat infected Cryptococcal capsular mass; Enzymes
w/ Cryptococcus? Why? (phospholipases) disrupt host cell membranes &
cause granulomas
Term Definition

What condition is cause by Cryptococcus in cats?Encephalitis; Capsulated Cryptococcus

What can be seen in tissue sections?
Term Definition

What is another name for Malassezia Pityrosporum canis

pachydermatis?
Term Definition

Is Malassezia pachydermatis systemic? No

Term Definition

What is the shape of Malassezia pachydermatis?Bottle, peanut, or footprint-shaped yeast

Term Definition

What does Malassezia cause in dogs? Otitis externa

Term Definition

What condition is associated w/ Malassezia Chronic Dermatitis (Pruritis, Alopecia,

pachydermatis? Erythema)
Term Definition

Describe how Malassezia causes chronicLipids help attachment to cell wall components
 dermatitis. --> Pruritis --> Skin thickens (elephant-like skin)
Term Definition

How is Malassezia diagnosed? Gram stain; Wet Mounts; Culture on SAB

(fungus) & BA (bacteria)
Term Definition

Tx for Malassezia: Nystatin or Clotrimazole topical; Ketoconazole

oral for dermatitis
Term Definition

Among azole drugs, which has the best activity Ketoconazole

against Malassezia?
Term Definition

Malassezia in dogs can cause ____ in abdominal Alopecia & Crusts

area.
Term Definition

Malassezia infection can cause ____ on the paws. Interdigital Dermatitis

Term Definition

What yeasts is Nystatin used to treat? Candida; Malassezia

Term Definition

What is the main animal species affected by Dog

dimorphic fungi blastomycosis?
Term Definition

Where does dimorphic fungi blastomycosis USA

occur?
Term Definition

What is the primary target of dimorphic fungi Lungs

blastomycosis in humans?
Term Definition

What is the habitat of dimorphic fungi Soil-borne (mycelial phase w/ spores)

blastomyces?
Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of dimorphic fungi

Aerosol inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions in
blastomycosis. lungs --> Respiratory distress
Term Definition

Dimorphic fungi display ____ phase in the Mycelial; Yeast

environment, & ____ phase in the animal body.
Term Definition
 With dimorphic fungi blastomyces, ____ from Spores; Mycelia
____ may cause inf via respiratory tract.
Term Definition

Dimorphic blastomyces fungi cause canine _____;Pulmonary Blastomycosis; Granuloma

Fungal cells are seen in epitheliod ____.
Term Definition

Does blastomyces have a capsule? No

Term Definition

Is Blastomycosis common in USA? CAN? Yes; No

Term Definition

How is blastomycosis diagnosed? Wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin

lesion exudate; Culture
Term Definition

What form of blastomyces is seen w/ wet mount of Budding yeast cells

transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate?
Term Definition

What form of blastomyces is seen w/ culture @ Mycelial

25C?
Term Definition

Tx for Blastomycosis: Itraconazole (oral) for ~60 days

Term Definition

Describe the blastomyces fungus. Thick cell wall, no capsule; hematogenous spread
to skin & organs may occur
Term Definition

In pulmonary blastomycosis, what does the lung Liver

look like?
Term Definition

Is blastomycosis contagious? Only by biting

Term Definition

What animals are most affected by Dogs & Cats

Histoplasmosis?
Term Definition

What dimorphic fungus causes Histoplasmosis? Histoplasma capsulatum

Term Definition

What is the source of Histoplasma capsulatum? Soil enriched w/ bat or bird excreta
Term Definition

Where does Histoplasmosis occur? USA

Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. Infection via inhalation --> Granulomatous

lesions/nodules in lungs; Intestine may be affected
Term Definition

What are symptoms of histoplasmosis? Chronic cough, diarrhea, emaciation

Term Definition

How is histoplasmosis diagnosed? Histopath; Buffy coat smear; Serology

Term Definition

What is seen in a blood smear with Multiplication of yeast cells in macrophages;

histoplasmosis? What stain is used? Wright stain
Term Definition

What is seen in culture w/ Histoplasma Mycelia & typical tuberculate macroconidia

capsulatum?
Term Definition

Is Histoplasma infectious to humans? Highly

Term Definition

What is the Tx for Histoplasma capsulatum? Itraconazole or Fluconazole (oral)

Term Definition

Which dimorphic fungus is cartwheel-like? Histoplasma capsulatum

Term Definition

What dimorphic fungus causes "Valley disease"

Coccidiodomycosis; Arizona & California
in humans? Where?
Term Definition

What is the habitat of Coccidioides immitis? Soil or dust-borne; Southern USA; S Am

Term Definition

What animal is most affected by Dog

coccidioidomycosis?
Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of Coccidioidomycosis.

Infection by inhaling infective arthrospores; No
Is there horizontal transmission?
Term Definition

What is the shape of Coccidioides immitis? Barrel-shaped arthrospores

Term Definition
 What population of humans is especially Construction workers
susceptible to Coccidioidomycosis?
Term Definition

What organs are affected by Coccidioidomycosis? Lungs; Lymph nodes

Term Definition

What is seen in a lung section w/ Acute inflammation; Mature "spherule" w/

Coccidioidomycosis? endospores surrounded by eosinophilic layer
Term Definition

What are signs of Coccidioidomycosis in dogs?Dyspnea, Weight loss, Lymphadenopathy,

Seizures
Term Definition

How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed? Serology, DTH to coccidoidin, Skin Test,

Histopath
Term Definition

Atypical Mycobacteria is _____ & can cause ____ Saprophytic; Skin nodules; Lesions
in cattle; ____ in turtles.
Term Definition

What is Tx for Coccidioidomycosis? Ketoconazole or Itraconazole for up to 12 months

Term Definition

How is Coccidioidomycosis controlled? Reduce exposure to dust in endemic areas

Term Definition

How should suspect cases of Coccidioidomycosis Serologically

be tested?
Term Definition

Canine lnn. affected w/ Coccidioidomycosis: Wet Spherules

mount of pus/exudate may show ______
characteristic of Coccidoides immitis.
Term Definition

What is the habitat of the dimorphic fungus Soil; World-wide

Sporotrichosis?
Term Definition

What animals are infected with Sporotrichosis? Horses, Mules (rarely dogs, cats)
Term Definition

What organism causes Sporotrichosis? Sporothrix schenckii

Term Definition
 Describe the pathogenesis of Sporotrichosis.
Infection via skin wounds --> Lymphatic spread
Term Definition

Name some dimorphic fungi. Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Sporothrix,

Coccidioides
Term Definition

Is Sporotrichosis zoonotic? Yes

Term Definition

What does Sporotrichosis cause in cats? Head lesions

Term Definition

What is the Tx for Sporotrichosis for horses?

Potassium Iodide & Sodium Iodide; Itraconazole
Cats?
Term Definition

What organisms cause Zygomycosis? Rhizopus; Mucor; Absidia; Mortierella

Term Definition

Organisms that cause Zygomycosis are _____. saprophytes

Term Definition

Zygomycosis is caused after _____ or _____. Inhalation; Ingestion

Term Definition

Pathogenesis of Zygomycosis is similar to _____. Aspergillosis

Term Definition

Describe Rhizopus Closed sporangium (all spores enclosed); Aseptate

hyphae in tissue
Term Definition

What is the Tx for Rhizopus inf? What is the Amphotericin B; Poor

prognosis?
Term Definition

How is Rhizopus distinguished from Aspergillus? Wet mount

Term Definition

What condition is caused by Zygomycosis? Mycotic Abortion

Term Definition

What are Mycotoxins? Toxins produced by fungi

Term Definition

What are mycotoxicoses produced by? Mycotoxins formed by mold growing in feed
Term Definition
 Give some characteristics of mycotoxicoses.
Acute or chronic poisoning, immunosuppression,
carcinogenicity, teratogenicity; Non-contagious,
Sporadic
Term Definition

How is mycotoxicosis diagnosed? Demonstration of toxin (in liver)

Term Definition

What may indicate mycotoxicosis? Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal

Term Definition

Does boiling kill mycotoxins? Autoclaving? No; No

Term Definition

What are 4 examples of mycotoxicoses? Facial Eczema; Aflatoxicosis; Ochratoxicosis;

Ergotism
Term Definition

What is the Tx for mycotoxicoses? Antitoxin (neutralize toxin); Not Antibiotic; Not
Antifungal
Term Definition

What organism causes Aflatoxicosis? Aspergillus flavus (also Penicillium, Rhizopus,

Mucor)
Term Definition

What animals are affected by Aflatoxicosis? Mainly cattle; Poultry

Term Definition

What are the 3 forms of Aflatoxicosis? Acute; Subacute; Chronic

Term Definition

Describe Acute Aflatoxicosis. Bloody diarrhea; Death

Term Definition

Describe subacute Aflatoxicosis. Icterus; Abortion

Term Definition

Describe Chronic Aflatoxicosis. Decreased feed efficiency; Rough coat

Term Definition

How is aflatoxicosis diagnosed? PM tissues, feed sample - HPLC, ELISA, chick

embryo bioassay
Term Definition

Describe prevention & control of Aflatoxicosis.

Test Feed for toxins; Ammoniate Feed; Addition
of toxin binders
Term Definition
 What organisms cause Ochratoxicosis? Aspergillus; Penicillium
Term Definition

What organisms cause Ergotism? Claviceps purpurea

Term Definition

What animals are affected by Ochratoxicosis? Pigs, Poultry, Horses

Term Definition

What animals are affected by ergotism? Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Pigs, Poultry
Term Definition

What are symptoms of Ochratoxicosis? Wt. loss, Kidney & Liver damage, Abortion
Term Definition

What are symptoms of ergotism? Neurotoxicity; Convulsions; Gangrene of

extremities
Term Definition

How is Ochratoxicosis diagnosed? Demonstration of toxin in feed; kidney

Term Definition

How is ochratoxicosis controlled? Test feed for toxin; Remove affected feed
Term Definition

How is ergotism prevented? Ergots should be removed mechanically or by

floatation methods
Term Definition

Give an example of a feed that can have ergots. Rye grass

Term Definition

What are some symptoms of cows w/ ergotism?

Swollen leg w/ line of separation & terminal
gangrene; tail gangrene
Term Definition

Where is facial eczema an economically Australia, SA, US

important dz?
Term Definition

What organism causes facial eczema? Pithomyces chartarum

Term Definition

How is facial eczema diagnosed? Jaundice, history, sporidesmin detection in blood

by ELISA
Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of facial eczema.

Pithomyces chartarum --> Sporidesmin --> Liver
 damage --> buildup of phylloerithrin -->
photodynamic activity --> necrosis, sloughing of
skin
Term Definition

How is facial eczema controlled? fungicide spray on pastures, zinc salts in feed to
reduce liver toxicity
Term Definition

What is the toxin produced by Pithomyces sporidesmin

chartarum?
Term Definition

Lesions are caused by _____ in sheep w/ facial Photosensitization

eczema.
Term Definition

What is seen on the udders of animals w/ facial Moist dermatitis & hyperemia
eczema?
Term Definition

Extensive ____ is seen in facial eczema. Skin slough

Term Definition

What is seen in calves infected w/ facial eczema?Extensive photodermatitis on chest wall

Term Definition

Is Staphylococcus Gr + or -? Gr +
Term Definition

Describe the morphology of Staphylococcus. Grape-like clusters

Term Definition

Is Staphylococcus Catalase + or -? +
Term Definition

Is Streptococcus Catalase + or -? -
Term Definition

How many species of Staphylococcus are there? >30

Term Definition

What are most species of Staphylococcus? Commensals of skin, mucus membranes

Term Definition

What does Staphylococcus inf cause? Purulent lesions

Term Definition
 Where do Staphylococcus multiply? Milk, Cheese, etc.
Term Definition

Where does Staphylococcus survive? Hospital environment

Term Definition

What is done to differentiate Staphylococcus

Catalase test; Add drop of 3% H2O2; Bubbling =
from Streptococcus? Describe the procedure. Staph
Term Definition

What is the most important virulence factor of Coagulase; clots plasma

Staphylococcus? What does it do?
Term Definition

What type of pathogen is Staphylococcus? Opportunistic (injuries, lowered defense)

Term Definition

What are 2 spp. of Staph w/ coagulase? auerus, intermedius

Term Definition

What is a 2nd toxin of Staph? Which species have Hemolysins; aureus, intermedius
it?
Term Definition

What are some tissue-destroying enzymes/toxins

Lipase, Hyaluronidase, Exfoliative toxins,
of Staphylococcus? Leukocidin
Term Definition

What does Staphylococcus enterotoxin cause? Diarrhea in humans

Term Definition

What do Staphylococcus Beta-lactamases do? Destroy penicillins, cephalosporins

Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in all

Skin inf; Suppurative wound inf; Abscesses; Jt.
animal spp? inf
Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions cattle, Mastitis; Tick pyemia in lambs

sheep, & goats?
Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in swine?

Exudative dermatitis/Greasy pig dz (young pigs);
Mastitis
Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in dogs? Otitis externa; UTI; Skin; Vaginal inf
Term Definition
 What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in cats? Secondary skin inf
Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in horses? Botryomycosis (spermatic cord)

Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in Bumble foot; Arthritis

poultry?
Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in pet Diarrhea

birds?
Term Definition

What are dz conditions of Staphylococcus Otitis externa

intermedius in dogs?
Term Definition

What is responsible for Staphylococcus Virulence factors (aureus, intermedius):

pathogenesis? Coagulase, Leukocidin, Hemolysin
Term Definition

What is typical of Staphylococcal pyoderma in Erythematous papular rash

dogs?
Term Definition

What is associated w/ Staphylococcus intermedius

Deep bacterial pyoderma; Erythematous
inf in dogs? alopecia; interdigital sinus
Term Definition

In horses w/ Staphylococcus inf, what may beFolliculitis; Very painful lesions w/ exudate
seen in the saddle area?
Term Definition

What can Staphylococcus cause in chinchillas? Septicemia

Term Definition

Bovine mastitis due to S. aureus can be ____ & Acute; Gangrenous

____.
Term Definition

What may be involved w/ human impetigo? Staph or Strep

Term Definition

What is a characteristic of both S. aureus & Double zone hemolysis

intermedius?
Term Definition
 What is S. aureus important in? Bovine mastitis
Term Definition

What is S. intermedius associated w/?Dogs (skin commensal) Pyoderma, otitis, UTI, eye
inf
Term Definition

What are 2 spp of non-hemolytic Staph? epidermidis & hyicus

Term Definition

S. aureus are mostly ____ strains. Virulent

Term Definition

What are 2 other species of Staph? S. felis (cats); S. schlieferi (dogs)

Term Definition

What is a non-pathogenic skin commensal Staph? S. epidermidis; Cats

In what animals does it occasionally cause inf?
Term Definition

What is S. hyicus associated w/? Pigs Exudative Dermatitis ("Greasy pig" dz)
Term Definition

What does S. epidermidis form on BA? Non-hemolytic colonies

Term Definition

How is Staphylococcus diagnosed? Smear (grape-like clusters); Culture for antibiotic

sensitivity; Catalase; Coagulase; ID (AGI-Staph
ID)
Term Definition

What has limited use in chronic Staph inf? Bacterins

Term Definition

How is Staph inf prevented? Hygiene; Aseptic Sx (Chlorhexidine); Iodine

based teat dips
Term Definition

What drugs are used to treat Staph? Penicillin; Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid;

Cephalosporins; For mastitis: Cloxacillin,
Methicillin, Vancomycin
Term Definition

Describe Peracute bovine mastitis. (gangrenous) fever, depression, anorexia,

recumbency, rapid heart rate
Term Definition

What are the forms of bovine mastitis?Peracute; Acute; Subacute; Chronic; Subclinical
Term Definition

How is S. aureus diagnosed? Culture; Somatic Cell Count; California Mastitis

Test
Term Definition

Treatment & Prevention of S. aureus: Antimicro suscept test req'd; Intra mamm
infusion (& IM or IV for acute); hygienic
precautions; Dry cow therapy; SCC monitoring
program; Culling
Term Definition

What is the predominant type of coagulase + S. intermedius

Staph on normal canine skin?
Term Definition

What does S. intermedius show on BA? Double zone hemolysis

Term Definition

What is the causative agent of pyoderma & otitis S. intermedius

externa in dogs?
Term Definition

What is req'd for effective Tx of S. intermedius? Antibiotic sensitivity testing

Term Definition

What drugs can be used to treat S. intermedius?

Clavamox; Cephalosporins; Enrofloxacin;
Penicillin (R common)
Term Definition

Greasy Pig Dz Exudative Epidermitis caused by S. hyicus

Term Definition

What is S. hyicus a commensal of? Skin, Vagina, Prepuce

Term Definition

In what age pigs does S. hyicus cause dz? 1-6 wk

Term Definition

S. hyicus enters via ____. Abrasions; Bite wounds

Term Definition

Describe greasy pig dz. Excessive sebacious secretion; Exfoliation;

Greasy exudation on skin surface --> Non-
pruritic dermatitis --> Anorexia, Dehydration -->
Death of severely affected
Term Definition

Tx & Prevention of S. hyicus: TMS systemic + topical antiseptics (cetrimide);

 Fluid replacement; Autogenous bacterins
(exfoliative toxin+) in sows
Term Definition

Bacterin Vacc made from bact. from lesion

Term Definition

Describe Streptococcus. Gr + cocci in pairs or chains

Term Definition

Describe BA hemolysis of Strep. Variable; alpha, beta, gamma; complete, partial,

none
Term Definition

How is Strep serologically classified? Latex aggln. kit into Lancefield groups
Term Definition

What are Lancefield groups of Strep? A, B, C, D, F, G

Term Definition

What group are S. equi & S. canis? C

Term Definition

What type of Strep is S. equi? (BA) Beta hemolytic

Term Definition

What type of Strep are S. uberis & pneumoniae?

alpha hemolytic; greening/incomplete hemolysis
(BA)
Term Definition

What is the habitat of Strep? Commensal or obligate pathogen of skin, mucus

membranes
Term Definition

Describe long-term survival of Strep off host. Poor

Term Definition

What type of inf does Strep cause? Endogenous or Exogenous; Pyogenic, often
localized
Term Definition

What does Strep cause in young animals? Septicemia, meningitis

Term Definition

What are some virulence factors of Strep? Anti-phagocytic capsule; Hemolysins;

Hyaluronidase; Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)
Term Definition
 What is an important virulence factor of Strep? M protein
Term Definition

What does hemolysin do? Lyses RBCs

Term Definition

What does streptokinase do? Indirectly digests fibrin clots

Term Definition

What does hyaluronidase do? Digests ground substance of CT

Term Definition

S. canis: spp _____; type ____ Dogs, Cats; Pyogenic Septicemic

Term Definition

S. equi subsp. equi: spp _____; type ____ Horse; Strangles

Term Definition

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus: spp _____; type Horse; Endometritis, pneumonia

____
Term Definition

S. Suis: spp _____; type ____ Pig (commensal); Septicemia in young

Term Definition

S. porcinus: spp _____; type ____ Pigs; Jowl abscesses

Term Definition

S. agalactiae: spp _____; type ____ Cattle; Mastitis (Chronic)

Term Definition

S. dysgalactiae: spp _____; type ____ Cattle; Mastitis (Acute)

Term Definition

S. uberis: spp _____; type ____ Cattle; Mastitis (Acute)

Term Definition

Is S. equi zooepidemicus commensal or Commensal; Exogenous

exogenous? S. equi equi?
Term Definition

What is S. canis a commensal of? Anal & Vaginal mucosa

Term Definition

What does S. canis cause? Suppurative conditions; puppy strangles;

Juvenile pyoderma/lymphadenitis; TSS; Neonatal
septicemia in kittens; Necrotizing
fasciitis/Myositis
Term Definition

What type of pathogen is S. equi equi? Obligate Pathogen

Term Definition

What type of colonies does S. equi equi form on Mucoid beta hemolytic
BA?
Term Definition

What are symptoms of equine strangles? Purulent pharyngitis; Lymphadenitis;

occasionally Inhalation Pneumonia
Term Definition

What is characteristic of S. equi equi? Long chain in pus; Mucoid hemolytic colonies on
BA
Term Definition

How is S. equi equi transmitted? Horse to Horse, via fomites

Term Definition

Describe S. equi equi pathogenesis. Entry oral, nasal --> Attachment to tonsillar
crypt mucosa --> lnn. (mandibular,
retropharyngeal, cervical) --> Swelling, pus -->
Occlusion of respiratory p'way ("strangles")
Term Definition

What happens in equine strangles if the Discharge of highly infectious material

submandibular ln ruptures?
Term Definition

How long is S. equi equi shed? Up to 6 wk

Term Definition

What are the symptoms of equine strangles?

Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, swallowing
difficulty, swollen lnn of head & neck
Term Definition

What rare, chronic form of equine strangles may

Bastard Strangles; Abscesses in many organs,
occur? What does it cause? Weight loss, Dyspnea
Term Definition

How is S. equi equi diagnosed? CS; Culture discharges/pus --> mucoid Beta
hemolytic colonies, Gr C; Sugar fermentation
tests
Term Definition

What is the Tx for equine strangles? Penicillin to infected & in contact horses
Term Definition
 How is equine strangles controlled? Isolation, quarantine of new horses
Term Definition

What are Vaccines for equine strangles? Bacterin, M protein extract, modified live
intranasal vacc (all partially effective)
Term Definition

How is S. equi zooepidemicus differentiated?

Sugar Fermentation rxns; Smear from cervical
exudate
Term Definition

Is S. suis zoonotic? What does it cause in Yes; Meningitis, purpura & gangrene
humans?
Term Definition

How are Strep classified? b/o capsular Ag's

Term Definition

What group is S. suis? D

Term Definition

Where does S. suis infect? Tonsils, Nasal secretion, Feces, Reproductive

tracts
Term Definition

What type of S. suis is virulent? 2

Term Definition

What predisposes S. suis inf? Stress

Term Definition

What are CS of S. suis inf? Meningitis, arthritis, septicemia in young pigs,

pneumonia, endocarditis, abortion
Term Definition

How is S. suis diagnosed? Smear; Culture; Typing

Term Definition

Tx for S. suis: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tiamulin

Term Definition

Prevention & Control of S. suis: Reduce Stress factors, repeated vacc. w/ bacterins
Term Definition

What Strep causes chronic bovine mastitis? S. agalactiae

Term Definition

What does S. agalactiae show on BA? beta Hemolyisis (mostly)

Term Definition

Is S. agalactiae CAMP + or -? +
Term Definition

S. agalactiae is exclusively associated w/ ____. Mammary gland

Term Definition

CAMP + bacteria show ______. Arrow-head pattern hemolysis

Term Definition

What Strep causes acute bovine mastitis? S. dysgalactiae & uberis

Term Definition

What is S. dysgalactiae a commensal of? Buccal cavity, Genitalia, Skin of udder

Term Definition

Is S. dysgalactiae CAMP + or -? -
Term Definition

What does S. dysgalactiae show on BA? alpha hemolysis

Term Definition

Is S. uberis CAMP + or -? -
Term Definition

What does S. uberis show on BA? alpha hemolysis

Term Definition

Where is S. uberis found? Skin, Tonsils, Vagina, Feces

Term Definition

What does S. uberis cause? Acute environmental bovine mastitis, associated

w/ bedding/straw
Term Definition

What is the Tx for bovine mastitis? Penicillin or cloxacillin intramammary

Term Definition

What is the multipoint mastitis control program?

Maintain dry clean environment, Establish
regular sanitizing & maintenance for milking
equip, Individual wash/dry towels, teat dip, Dry-
cow therapy, Somatic cell count monitoring,
culling
Term Definition

What is Hog Strangles? Streptococcal lymphadenitis; abscesses in

mandibular, pharyngeal, other lnn.
Term Definition
 Is hog strangles a common dz? No
Term Definition

Where do S. porcinus carriers have the bact? Tonsils, Intestine

Term Definition

How is S. porcinus diagnosed? Clin findings, Exudate culture, Typing

Term Definition

How is S. porcinus controlled? Tetracyclines in feed @ weaning time, Early

weaning reduces clin cases; Tx vacc not effective
Term Definition

Tx for S. suis: Penicillin, Ampicillin

Term Definition

What is seen w/ dermatophilosis in dogs? Crusty lesions

Term Definition

What Corynebacterium causes human C. diphtheriae

diphtheria?
Term Definition

What Corynebacterium causes UTI in cattle? C. renale

Term Definition

What Corynebacterium causes caseous C. pseudotuberculosis

lymphadenitis in sheep & goats?
Term Definition

What Corynebacterium causes human C. ulcerans

pharyngitis, & rarely bovine mastitis?
Term Definition

What Corynebacterium causes abscesses in mice C. kutscheri; Rare

& rats? Is it common or rare?
Term Definition

Describe the morphology of Corynebacterium. Pleiomorphic Gr+ rods

Term Definition

What type of inf do Corynebacterium cause? Pyogenic

Term Definition

What is the present name of C. pyogenes? Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Term Definition

What is the present name of C. equi? Rhodococcus equi

Term Definition

What is the present name of C. suis? Eubacterium/Actinobacterium suis

Term Definition

What are the members of Corynebacterium C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis

renale group?
Term Definition

What does C. renale cause in cattle? What are the Pyelonephritis; Healthy bulls
carriers?
Term Definition

How is C. renale transmitted? Venereal or via urine splash

Term Definition

Describe C. renale pathogenesis. Adhere w/ pili --> ascending inf --> bladder -->
ureters --> kidneys (pyelonephritis) (urease -->
ammonia --> inflammation) --> purulent blood-
stained urine w/ mucus
Term Definition

What is the pigmentation of a C. renale smear? Yellow

Term Definition

Does Corynebacterium grow on MacConkey No

agar?
Term Definition

How is C. renale diagnosed? Examine urine sediment (Gram's, culture)

Term Definition

C. renale Tx: Penicillin 10 days; isolate cow; destroy

contaminated bedding
Term Definition

Is antibiotic sensitivity testing necessary for No

Corynebacterium?
Term Definition

What does C. renale cause in sheep & goats? Posthitis (pizzle rot, sheath rot)/Ulcerative
balanoposthitis
Term Definition

How is Posthitis controlled? Reduce protein in diet (switch from legume hay to
grassy or mixed hay); Sx; Antiseptic infusion
Term Definition

What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause? Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats; Thin
 Ewe Syndrome; Rarely, ulcerative lymphagitis in
horse (chest abscesses)
Term Definition

Describe C. pseudotuberculosis pathogenesis.

Skin commensal - Injury --> Inf & Abscessation
of lnn --> spread via lymphatics --> greenish
caseous pus (later, onion-like concentric layers)
Term Definition

Where does caseous lymphadenitis cause lnn. & lungs

abscesses?
Term Definition

How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed? Smear, culture, ELISA

Term Definition

How is caseous lymphadenitis controlled?

Improve management (culling, improve shearing,
clean dip; Pre-importation ELISA (detects Ab's
in serum)
Term Definition

What is the morphology of R. equi? Gr+ coccoid or short/pleiomorphic rods

Term Definition

What does R. equi look like on BA? Mucoid pale pink (salmon-pink) colonies
Term Definition

What is the habitat of R. equi? Intestine of horses, Soil, stables contaminated w/

horse manure
Term Definition

Does R. equi grow on MacConkey agar? No

Term Definition

How is R. equi diagnosed? Radiography, culture (transtracheal aspirate)

Term Definition

What animals are most susceptible to R. equi? Foals ~6 wks old

Term Definition

What does R. equi cause in foals? Suppurative bronchopneumonia

Term Definition

In what animals does R. equi cause dz? Young horses, rarely pigs, humans, cats
Term Definition

What does R. equi inf cause in cats? Lesions on leg

Term Definition
 What do cats w/ R. equi respond well to? Lincomycin
Term Definition

Describe R. equi pathogenesis. Org. inhaled via contaminated dust; Facultative

intracellular parasite; Destruction of mac's;
Destruction of lung parenchyma, suppurative
bronchopneumonia, abscesses in lung & lnn
Term Definition

What are the symptoms of R. equi? Dyspnea, Fever, Later Emaciation

Term Definition

How is R. equi controlled? Hygiene to reduce environmental load; Remove

foal manure from pasture frequently; Dust
control in holding pens; Admin of hyperimmune
serum (from dam or other source) to foal 2-3 wks
old
Term Definition

R equi Tx: Clin cases w/ Erythromycin + Rifampin >/= 4

wks; During outbreak, prophylactic Tx Penicillin
G inj into newborn foals
Term Definition

Are there vacc's for R. equi? No

Term Definition

What organism causes Actinomycetes? Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Term Definition

What animals are susceptible to Cattle, Sheep, Pigs

Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
Term Definition

What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium Gr+ pleomorphic rods (no filaments)

pyogenes?
Term Definition

What is the habitat of ArcanobacteriumMucus membranes; Skin (of cattle, sheep, goats,
pyogenes? pigs; rarely rabbits)
Term Definition

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes look likeTiny colonies w/ narrow zone hemolysis
on BA?
Term Definition

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in

Endometritis; purulent discharge w/ blood;
cows? Infertility
Term Definition

What type of pathogen is Arcanobacterium

Opportunistic (wound, injury, parturition, navel
pyogenes? inf)
Term Definition

Is Fusobacterium aerobic or anaerobic? Anaerobic

Term Definition

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in Neck abscesses

goats?
Term Definition

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in

Tail biting; Paravertebral abscesses; Lung
pigs? abscesses
Term Definition

Describe the dz conditions associated w/Abscesses, Pneumonic inf (secondary), Mastitis,

Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Pyometritis, Arthritis, Liver abscesses (w/
Fusobacterium), Role in foot-rot lesions in sheep,
SC abscesses
Term Definition

What is evident in smears from milk w/ Pleomorphism

Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
Term Definition

How is Arcanobacterium pyogenes diagnosed? Gr stain of pus, jt. fluid; Culture on BA

Term Definition

Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tx: Penicillin effective; Poor response when abscess

encapsulated, Sx drainage req'd
Term Definition

Actinomycetes are ______, _____-like bacteria. Higher, Fungus-like

Term Definition

What are some Actinomycetes? Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum,

Nocardia, Dermatophilus
Term Definition

Are Actinomycetes Gr + or -? Gr + showing tenacious colonies

Term Definition

Some actinomycetes have ______. branching filaments

Term Definition

What type of lesions do actinomycetes cause? Pyogranulomatous

Term Definition
 Dz prevalence from Actinomycetes is ______. Low/sporadic
Term Definition

Is Actinomyces bovis aerobic or anaerobic? Anaerobic

Term Definition

What does Actinomyces bovis require? Anaerobic atmosphere + CO2

Term Definition

What is Actinomyces bovis a commensal of? Oral cavity of cattle

Term Definition

Describe pathogenesis of Actinomyces bovis Trauma of oral mucosa --> Localized

osteomyelitis (Lumpy Jaw), pyogranuloma w/
fistulous tracts & swelling
Term Definition

What organism causes "Lumpy Jaw" in cattle? Actinomyces bovis

Term Definition

How is Actinomyces bovis diagnosed? Smear

Term Definition

Morphology of Actinomyces bovis: Gr + branching filaments; Crushed granules +

for clubs/rosettes
Term Definition

Actinomyces bovis Tx: early cases: Penicillin; advanced cases: Sx +

iodine dressing, Sodium iodide IV
Term Definition

What does Actinomycetes viscosus cause?Granulomatous abscesses of skin/SQ in dogs &

cats
Term Definition

How is Actinomycetes viscosus treated? Surgical drainage, Penicillin, Tetracycline

Term Definition

What does Actinomycetes hordeovulneris cause?

Localized abscesses or rarely pleuritis, peritonitis,
arthritis; associated w/ grass (Hordeum) awns in
dogs
Term Definition

What do unclassified Actinomycetes spp cause? Pyogranulomatous mastitis (pig); Poll

evil/fistulous withers (horse)
Term Definition

What is a morphological characteristic of Branching

 Actinomycetes hordeovulneris?
Term Definition

What is the current name of Eubacterium suis? Actinobaculum suis

Term Definition

What is the environment of Actinobaculum suis?Anaerobic; Healthy boars are carriers

Term Definition

What does Actinobaculum suis cause? Cystitis & pyelonephritis in pigs

Term Definition

What are symptoms of Actinobaculum suis?

Anorexia, arching of back, dysuria, hematuria
Term Definition

Drug of choice for Actinobaculum suis: Penicillin

Term Definition

What is the morphology of Nocardia? Gr+ branching

Term Definition

What is the most common Nocardia sp? N. asteroides

Term Definition

What is the environment of Nocardia? Saprophytic

Term Definition

What does Nocardia grow on? BA (yellow adherent colonies), SAB

Term Definition

Describe Nocardia asteroides on BA after 5 days Vivid white, adherent colonies

incubation.
Term Definition

What is seen in a Nocardia abscess smear? Branching filaments

Term Definition

What is used to treat Canine nocardiosis? TMS (Trimethoprimsulfa) or Tetracycline;

(Penicillin-Resistant)
Term Definition

What does Nocardia cause in cattle? Bovine mastitis

Term Definition

Describe Nocardia bovine mastitis pathogenesis.

Entry via contaminated infusion equipment;
Nocardia multiplies in devitalized tissue; fibrosis;
discrete hard nodules
Term Definition
 How is Nocardia controlled? Prevention; Culling
Term Definition

What is used to treat Nocardia mastitis in cattle? No Tx; Cull

Term Definition

What does Nocardia cause in dogs? Canine Nocardiosis

Term Definition

Describe the cutaneous form of canine Indolent ulcer or granulomatous swelling w/

nocardiosis. discharging fistulous tracts
Term Definition

What is seen in pus w/ canine nocardiosis? Granules; branching filaments

Term Definition

How is respiratory canine nocardiosis acquired?

Inhalation; Fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity;
What does it lead to? fever, respiratory distress
Term Definition

What occurs in the disseminated form of canine Abscesses in various organs, brain
nocardiosis?
Term Definition

Is Dermatophilus congolensis systemic? no

Term Definition

Describe the morphology of Dermatophilus Gr + branching; RR track; Zoospores

congolensis.
Term Definition

What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause?Dermatophilosis/Streptothricosis: skin inf of

cattle, horses, sheep, goats (occasionally dogs,
cats, humans); Rain scald/Rain Rot; Lumpy wool
dz; Strawberry foot rot
Term Definition

What animals are most affected by Horses in N Am

Dermatophilus congolensis?
Term Definition

Why does Dermatophilus congolensis have RR- development cycle

like appearance?
Term Definition

What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in Lumpy Wool Dz; face lesions
sheep & goats?
Term Definition
 Describe the pathogenesis of Dermatophilus
Motile zoospore (ineffective form) released in wet
congolensis. conditions from infected skin --> transmission by
flies, contact --> Germination --> Hyphal
branches penetrate epidermis (injury) -->
Exudation --> Neutrophils collect beneath
epidermis --> Epidermal cells die --> Scab
Term Definition

What can predispose an animal to Dermatophilus Skin trauma, Tick infestation

congolensis?
Term Definition

What is used to stain Dermatophilus congolensis? Giemsa; Branching filaments

What is seen?
Term Definition

What is seen in Strawberry foot rot? Leg lesions; Reddish discoloration

Term Definition

How is Dermatophilus congolensis diagnosed?

Make smear from scab undersurface; stain w/ Gr
or Giemsa (+ if RR-track hyphae); Culture only if
smear inconclusive
Term Definition

What is Tx for Dermatophilus congolensis? Penicillin + Streptomycin or long acting

Tetracyclines; Mild cases: remove scabs w/ mild
soap, apply iodine comds or chlorhexidine
Term Definition

How is Dermatophilus congolensis controlled? Reduce skin trauma, control ticks

Term Definition

What is the drug of choice for Dermatophilus Penicillin

congolensis?
Term Definition

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in Swine erysipelas/Diamond dz

pigs?
Term Definition

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in Septicemia; Erysipelas

turkeys?
Term Definition

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in Arthritis

sheep?
Term Definition
 What is swine erysipelas? Septicemia/Skin form/Arthritis/Endocarditis
Term Definition

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in Erysipeloid (localized cellulitis)

humans?
Term Definition

What is the current name of E. rhusiopathiae in E. tonsillarum

dogs?
Term Definition

What does E. tonsillarum cause in dogs? Endocarditis

Term Definition

What does culture of Erysipelothrix Chronic=Rough/Acute=Smooth colonies, &

rhusiopathiae look like? accompanying forms (Chronic=Long;
Acute=Short)
Term Definition

What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix

Nonmotile, Gr+ rods (filamentous in chronic inf,
rhusiopathiae? & when smooth colonies change to rough form)
Term Definition

What is the habitat of Erysipelothrix Tonsils, Mucus membranes of carrier pigs, Soil
rhusiopathiae? inhabited by pigs, Fish body slime layer
Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix Inf of non-immune pigs orally via fish meal,
rhusiopathiae? contaminated feed, water; Skin wounds, insect
bites
Term Definition

How many serotypes of Erysipelothrix Many; varies

rhusiopathiae are there? How virulent are they?
Term Definition

What are the symptoms of septicemic form ofacute in young pigs: fever, red/purple skin
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? patches, death if untreated
Term Definition

What are symptoms of the skin form of less acute, diamond shaped red, raised areas -->
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? necrosis --> scabs (thrombi --> lesions)
Term Definition

What is seen in arthritis caused by Erysipelothrix Chronic changes

rhusiopathiae?
Term Definition
 What are symptoms of the cardiac form ofValvular endocarditis; dyspnea; sudden death
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? may occur (strains adhere to valves)
Term Definition

What is the #1 cause of jt inf/arthritis in pigs in N Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Am?
Term Definition

What % of arthritis in hogs is caused by 45%; 16%

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? S. suis?
Term Definition

What is the Tx for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Penicillin or Ampicillin; Cull chronic cases; good
vacc's - single market for pigs, annual for
breeding pigs
Term Definition

What is the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine Modified Live; Multivalent (Sowvac)

for pigs?
Term Definition

How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae diagnosed?

CS; Quick response to Penicillin; Culture blood,
organs (septicemic cases); Colony, Gr
morphology: smooth colonies: short rods, Rough
colonies: filaments; Motility (-)
Term Definition

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause?

Listeriosis in sheep, cattle, goats, humans; Head
tilt, Facial paralysis in sheep
Term Definition

Is Listeriosis contagious? No
Term Definition

What is the morphology of Listeria small Gr + coccobacilli/rods

monocytogenes?
Term Definition

At what temperature does Listeria 5-45C

monocytogenes grow?
Term Definition

At what temperature does Listeria 25-30C

monocytogenes display tumbling motility?
Term Definition

What stain is used for Listeria monocytogenes? Giemsa

Term Definition
 What does Listeria monocytogenes look likeHemolytic
on colonies & cocco-bacilli & small rods
BA?
Term Definition

What is the habitat of Listeria monocytogenes?

Saprophyte, found in poor quality silage (pH
>4.5), decomposing vegetation, sewage, wild
rodent feces
Term Definition

What is another name for Listeriosis? Silage dz

Term Definition

What are the virulence factors of Listeria Enzymes, mainly Listeriolysin O

monocytogenes? Pathogenesis? (hemolysin/cytolysin) disrupt phagosomal
membrane --> invasion of cytoplasm -->
intracellular growth; A glyceride factor -->
monocytosis in non-rum monocytes
Term Definition

To avoid Listeriosis, silage should be _____. Acidic (pH <4.5)

Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria Oral entry --> epithelial invasion --> migrate via
monocytogenes. trigeminal n. --> microabscesses of BS -->
meningoencephalitis --> circling dz; Intestinal
mucosa --> Blood --> Placental damage --> Fetal
inf --> Abortion, stillbirth
Term Definition

What organism causes circling dz? Listeria monocytogenes

Term Definition

What is seen w/ listeriosis in chinchillas? Multi-focal liver abscesses

Term Definition

What are some dz manifestations of Listeria

Neural form; Abortion; Septicemic form; Iritis,
monocytogenes? keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine)
Term Definition

What is implicated in iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, Silage

mastitis (bovine) from Listeria monocytogenes?
Term Definition

What is the neural form of Listeria Meningoencephalitis/Circling dz (rum), Complete

monocytogenes? paralysis, Death in 2-3 days in sheep
Term Definition

In what animals does Listeria monocytogenes Sheep, cattle

 cause abortion?
Term Definition

What is the septicemic form of Listeria Chinchillas, Poultry (feed contamination from
monocytogenes? rodents); Young rum: multifocal necrosis of liver
& spleen
Term Definition

What does routine culture of Listeria BA

monocytogenes include?
Term Definition

What are some ways to diagnose ListeriaCulture on BA; Cold enrichment in liquid media
monocytogenes? --> Plate on BA or selective media; FAT on
tissues, exudates; Serological: many false +'s;
PCR
Term Definition

What is seen in BA of Listeria monocytogenes? Colonies w/ Complete hemolysis

Term Definition

Control of Listeriosis: Eliminate bad silage, keep animals off pasture

identified for silage; Prevent abrasions in eyes
from silage
Term Definition

Is there a vacc for Listeriosis? No

Term Definition

Human listeriosis is a ______ dz that causes ___ Food-borne; Meningitis, Abortion

& ___.
Term Definition

What humans are more susceptible to listeriosis? Pregnant women

Term Definition

What is Tx for Listeriosis? Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline in early stages

- high doses
Term Definition

Bacillus is mostly ____, except ____. Nonpathogenic; B. anthracis

Term Definition

Where is Bacillus found? Environment; Soil

Term Definition

What is the morphology of Bacillus? Gr+ large spore-forming rods

Term Definition
 Bacillus rods may be arranged as _____ Chains or Threads
Term Definition

What does Bacillus colonize? Ground glass surface & irregular edges
Term Definition

Is Bacillus anthracis contagious? Yes

Term Definition

Is Bacillus cereus pathogenic? No

Term Definition

What is the morphology of Bacillus cereus?

Hemolytic large flat colonies w/ irregular edges
Term Definition

What is the morphology of Bacillus subtilis? rough, irregular colonies on BA

Term Definition

Is Bacillus subtilis pathogenic? No

Term Definition

Is B. anthracis capsulated? Are other Bacillus Yes; No

spp?
Term Definition

What does B. anthracis cause? Septicemia, death esp in cattle

Term Definition

What does B. anthracis cause in calves? Exudation of tarry blood from rectum
Term Definition

What does B. anthracis cause in horses? Edematous swelling of neck, throat; dyspnea;
high fever
Term Definition

How S are rum's to B. anthracis? ++++

Term Definition

How S are pigs to B. anthracis? ++

Term Definition

How S are horses to B. anthracis? ++/+++

Term Definition

How S are humans to B. anthracis? +++

Term Definition

How S are birds to B. anthracis? Not S

Term Definition

What animals are most S to B. anthracis? Rum's

Term Definition

Why are birds not S to B. anthracis? High body temp

Term Definition

What are virulence factors of B. anthracis?

Antiphagocytic capsule; Tripartite toxin (edema
factor, protective Ag, Lethal factor)
Term Definition

What is required for full activity of tripartite All 3 components

toxin of B. anthracis?
Term Definition

What does tripartite toxin cause? Edema, extensive necrosis, damage of blood
clotting
Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of anthrax? Germination in enterocytes, local edema, necrosis

--> Spores formed --> Phagocytosis, germination
of spores --> regional ln --> hemorrhagic
lymphadenitis
Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of B. anthracis afterBacteremia --> Toxemia --> Tripartite toxin
invasion of the spleen? increases capillary permeability --> fluid leak -->
fall in BP; blood clotting damaged -->
Hemorrhages, Death
Term Definition

What condition does B. anthracis cause in the Splenomegaly

spleen?
Term Definition

______ may be contaminated w/ B. anthracis Meat & Bone meal

spores.
Term Definition

Where do outbreaks of anthrax occasionally Africa

occur in wild animals?
Term Definition

What is seen in wild animals who have died Exudation

from of tarry blood from rectum; Bleeding
Anthrax? from nose; Lack of rigor mortis
Term Definition

What happened in Zambia in 1987? >500 hippos died of anthrax in Luangua Valley
 River
Term Definition

Describe Anthrax pathogenesis in Africa. Spores survive in soil; germinate in organic

matter after flooding; Vultures in anthrax
endemic area (birds don't get anthrax)
Term Definition

Anthrax in wildlife: What can spread inf? Flies & Carnivorous animals
Term Definition

What is an abiotic source of anthrax? Waterhole

Term Definition

How can humans contract anthrax from animals?

Skin form from abrasions while handling infected
animals
Term Definition

What is seen in cutaneous anthrax in humans? Facial lesions

Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of B. anthracis in Entry via ingestion --> Multiplication in

ruminants. throat/local lnn. --> Invasion of blood, spleen;
Tripartite toxin --> fall in BP, shock; Damaged
blood clotting --> Hemorrhages --> Exudation of
tarry blood from body orifices --> Death
Term Definition

How is anthrax diagnosed? Blood smears from ear (cattle): heat fix,
methylene blue stain; *No PM
Term Definition

What is done w/ carcasses of anthrax victims? Incineration; Premises disinfection

Term Definition

What is done in cases of anthrax? Report to authorities; Incinerate carcass or bury

deep in calcium oxide; 10% formalin for 10 min
for disinfection; vacc animals at risk w/ spore
vacc
Term Definition

What is used in humans infected w/ anthrax? Penicillin or ciprofloxacin

Term Definition

How is anthrax controlled in wildlife? Burn contaminated fecal matter, vegetation;

Close infected waterholes; Dispose all carcasses
properly; Keep vultures & coyotes away; Remove
healthy animals from affected area
Term Definition

Should Penicillin be given w/ anthrax spore vacc? No (No antibiotics w/ live vacc)
Term Definition

What is the morphology of Clostridium?

Large Gr + spore-forming rods; Older cells often
Gr -
Term Definition

What is the habitat of Clostridium? Anaerobic/Saprophytic; Soil, digestive tracts

Term Definition

Clostridium causes dz via ______ Toxins, Enzymes

Term Definition

What are toxin forming (neurotoxic) non-invasive C. tetani & botulinum

Clostridia?
Term Definition

What are histotoxic Clostridia? C. chauvoei, septicum, & novyi; C. hemolyticum,

C. perfringens
Term Definition

What are enterotoxemic Clostridia? C. perfringens

Term Definition

What does C. perfringens cause? Hemorrhagic diarrhea

Term Definition

What is the morphology of C. tetani? What is its Terminal spores/drumstick-like; Soil

habitat?
Term Definition

What does C. tetani cause in animals & humans? Tetanus/Lockjaw

Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of C. tetani? Entry via wound - incubation (days-months) -->
spore germination --> multiplication in necrotic
tissue (tetanolysin, a hemolysin helps further
tissue necrosis); neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) -->
CNS --> spastic paralysis (prevents m. relaxation)
(glycine, GABA inhibited) --> resp
impairment/death
Term Definition

In what animal is tetanus common? Horses (subsequent to deep wound inf)

Term Definition

What is the hemolysin of C. tetani? What is the Tetanolysin; Tetanospasmin

 neurotoxin?
Term Definition

How is tetanus diagnosed? [What should not be

CS: Lock jaw, stiff ears, limb, back, tail, 3rd
examined?] eyelid paralysis (horse); Hx, wound smear;
Culture necrotic tissue(if smear -) [Blood]
Term Definition

What animals are more S to tetanus? Farm animals

Term Definition

How is tetanus prevented? Vacc. w/ tetanus toxoid

Term Definition

How is tetanus treated? Antitoxin, Penicillin; Protect affected animal

from light & noise
Term Definition

Should wounds be bandaged in cases of tetanus? No; aerate

Term Definition

1 cause of SIDS is _____. Botulism

Term Definition

Is C. botulinum aerobic or anaerobic? Anaerobic

Term Definition

What can cause botulism? Bad hay w/ decomposing rat; fly maggots (hghly
toxigenic) on decomposing duck carcass
Term Definition

What are the toxigenic types of botulism? A-G

Term Definition

What is the source of C. botulinum? Feed, Abattoir offal; Dead fish; Maggots; Honey
w/ spores --> infant botulism
Term Definition

What is C. botulinum toxin encoded by? Bacteriophages

Term Definition

What does botulism cause in mice? Respiratory paralysis (diaphragm paralyzed)

Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of botulism? Toxin --> Intestine --> Blood --> Binding to
peripheral nn. (neuromuscular junction) -->
interferes w/ release of ACh --> Flaccid paralysis
of mm. (inability to contract) --> Resp paralysis
 --> Death
Term Definition

What does recovery from botulism d/o? Dose

Term Definition

What are CS of botulism? Straddled posture; Profuse Salivation (cattle);

Paralyzed tongue; Wing paralysis & neck
paralysis in birds
Term Definition

What is seen in birds w/ botulism? Limberneck; wing & leg paralysis, paralysis of
eyelids; Death by drowning
Term Definition

Is there a botulism/tetanus vacc? Yes; For horses in US (BotVax B) (Tetanus

toxoid)
Term Definition

Should m. relaxants be given to animals w/ No

botulism?
Term Definition

How is botulism confirmed? Toxin demonstration using ELISA or mice inoc

Term Definition

Dx of botulism: CS; Hx; Examine food, crop contents (birds),

serum/blood for toxin (mice inoc, ELISA)
Term Definition

Prevention/Control of Botulism Vacc for mink, pheasants, cattle; Admin of

antitoxin; Remove birds from H2O; Oral fluids,
activated charcoal to bind toxin; Prevent
exposure to potential toxin sources
Term Definition

Should antibiotics be given for botulism? No

Term Definition

Where is avian botulism endemic? Utah

Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of histotoxic clostridia?

Toxigenic clostridia in wound/traumatized tissue
--> local lesions (cellulitis, gas gangrene) --> toxin
absorbed systemically --> Toxemia
Term Definition

Cellulitis Inflam. of SQ tissue

Term Definition

What dz is caused by C. chauvoei? Black Leg in rum's, esp young, thriving cattle
Term Definition

Describe Black Leg. Sudden onset; acute; Lesions usually in PL m.

mass
Term Definition

What organism causes Black Leg? C. chauvoei

Term Definition

What does m. look like in black leg? Dark, crepitus

Term Definition

C. chauvoei pathogenesis: Spores in damaged m --> germinate, multiply -->

toxin (hemolytic, necrotizing, DNAse, etc) -->
necrotizing myositis, emphysematous gangrene
--> dark crepitant mm. (lysis of RBCs, gas, rancid
odor from butyric acid) --> systemic toxemia,
death
Term Definition

Myositis Muscle Inflam

Term Definition

What are symptoms of black leg? Fever, lameness, crepitus m.; Mostly fatal
Term Definition

How is black leg diagnosed? CS; m. smears - Gram stain, FAT

Term Definition

How is Black Leg prevented? Vaccinate cattle in endemic areas (Covexin 8)

Term Definition

Does Covexin 8 vacc against C. botulinum? No

Term Definition

How is Black Leg treated? Penicillin

Term Definition

What animals are infected by C. septicum? Dogs; Humans

Term Definition

What is caused by C. septicum? Malignant Wound edema; Abpmasitis (braxy) in

sheep; Gas Gangrene
Term Definition

Is wound exudate from C. septicum FA + or -? FA +

Term Definition

What is req'd to confirm C. novyi? FAT

Term Definition

C. septicum is a common ___ invader. pm

Term Definition

____ wounds can be infected w/ C. septicum. Deep, Dirty

Term Definition

How do sheep get braxy? Acute abomastitis after eating frozen grass
Term Definition

What does C. novyi cause in rams? Big head (following fighting)

Term Definition

What does C. novyi cause in sheep? What

Black Dz (generalized blood stained sc edema -->
predisposes? black color); Liver Fluke inf
Term Definition

What predisposes C. septicum? Trauma, Sx, Parturition

Term Definition

What is caused by type D C. novyi? Bacillary hemoglobinuria

Term Definition

Do Clostridial vacc contain C. novyi? C. Yes (both)

septicum?
Term Definition

What common dz's are caused by C. perfringens?

Necrotic enteritis in piglets, chickens; Classical
enterotoxemia in sheep (fatal, wound inf);
Diarrhea/Hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs
Term Definition

What less common dz's are caused by C. Yellow lamb dz; Gangrenous mastitis in cows;
perfringens? Struck in sheep; Hemorrhagic diarrhea in foals
Term Definition

What is "Struck" in sheep? (Org responsible)

Sudden death, fluid internally (C. perfringens)
Term Definition

What predisposes dogs to C. perfringens? Stay in hospital/shelter/kennel; ingestion of

spoiled meat
Term Definition

What is seen in C. perfringens inf. in dogs? Soft to watery feces w/wo blood, mucus
Term Definition
 How is C. perfringens diagnosed? Wound inf: smear, cluture; Lg # of clostridia,
spores in fecal smear
Term Definition

How is C. perfringens confirmed? Enterotoxin test on feces (ELISA or latex aggln

test)
Term Definition

How is C. perfringens treated? Tylosin or Metronidazole; High fiber diet

Term Definition

What is usually needed for horses w/ clostridial Hospitalization & supportive therapy
myositis?
Term Definition

What is seen w/ C. perfringens on BA? Double zone hemolysis

Term Definition

What is the only anaerobic bact to cause double C. perfringens

zone hemolysis?
Term Definition

What does C. perfringens cause in sheep? How

Enterotoxemia;
is ligated intestine in ice to lab -
it tested? toxin tests
Term Definition

What does C. perfringens cause in pigs in N Necrotic

Am? enteritis; Gr smear of mucosal scraping
How is in tested?
Term Definition

What animals can be vaccinated for C. Pigs; Sheep

perfringens?
Term Definition

What is used for necrotic enteritis from C. Penicillin or Bacitracin in feed; Prev/Treat
perfringens? parasitic inf
Term Definition

What is used to treat dogs w/ C. perfringens? Tylosin or Metronidazole

Term Definition

What is used to treat clostridial myositis in Penicillin or Metronidazole

horses?
Term Definition

What does C. difficile cause in humans? Pseudomembranous colitis

Term Definition
 What does C. difficile cause in dogs? Chronic diarrhea
Term Definition

What does C. difficile cause in piglets? Diarrhea, Mesocolonic edema

Term Definition

How is C. difficile diagnosed? Toxin detection; Kits for humans

Term Definition

How is C. difficile in dogs treated? Horses? Tylosin; Metronidazole (not if pregnant)

Term Definition

What is the morphology of Mycobacteria?

Gr + rods, but classic species don't stain w/ Gr -
Acid Fast +
Term Definition

What are Classic Mycobacterium spp? M. tb & M. bovis

Term Definition

Is mycobacterium aerobic or anaerobic? Strictly aerobic

Term Definition

What is the isolation time for M. tb & bovis? 4-8 wks

Term Definition

What is used to culture M. tb & bovis? Tubes rather than petri dishes
Term Definition

M. tb & bovis grow in _____ media Egg-based

Term Definition

In what spp. does M. bovis cause Tb? Cattle, humans, monkeys

Term Definition

In what spp. does M. tb cause Tb? Humans, parrots (psittacine birds), monkeys,
elephants
Term Definition

In what spp. does M. avium cause Tb? Birds (poultry), Pigs

Term Definition

What does M. avium paratuberculosis cause? In Johne's dz; Cattle

what animals?
Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis? Entry (oral, resp) --> mac's --> local lnn. -->
lymphatic vessels --> blood --> lungs, liver, spleen
--> nodules (tubercles) (granulomatous response)
 --> necrosis, caseation --> calcification
Term Definition

What are virulence factors of TB? Glycolipids; Wax D

Term Definition

Wax D + Mycobacterial proteins --> ____ DTH

Term Definition

Is CAN M. bovis free? USA? Yes; Mostly

Term Definition

What does M. bovis cause in cattle? TB; nodules in lung, intercostal space, lnn.
Term Definition

Where are lesions from M tb? d/o route of inf; any organ can be affected
Term Definition

What is the habitat of M. avium? Saprophytic; Soil

Term Definition

How is TB diagnosed? TB Test (DTH); Aggln test; ELISA (detects Abs);

PM @ slaughterhouse, lesions, histo; Gamma
interferon test (detects sensitization to
mycobacterial Ags); Culture of aspirates, trunk
washing
Term Definition

Are Ab's protective against TB? No

Term Definition

What is another name for the TB test? Mantou Test

Term Definition

Mycobacteria stain ____ w/ acid fast stain; Red; Blue

other/host cells stain ____.
Term Definition

Where do Mycobacteria multiply? Intracellularly

Term Definition

What is an anti-TB drug? Rifampin; Isoniazid (Use together 3-6 mo)

Term Definition

What is the TB vacc? What is the Dx agent? BCG; Tuberculin

Term Definition

How is TB controlled? TB testing & elimination of +'s; Aggln test in case

 of birds w/o wattle; Quarantine new additions 60-
90 days; Disinfect contaminated premises w/
cresylic compounds (not alcohol); Food animals
not treated (destroyed)
Term Definition

What is used to treat elephants & exotic birds w/ Rifampin + Isoniazid

TB?
Term Definition

What animals is BCG vacc used in? Calves; Children (not in US & CAN)
Term Definition

What animals are infected w/ Johne's dz? Cattle, Goats, Sheep

Term Definition

What organism causes Johne's dz? M. avium paratuberculosis

Term Definition

Where is Johne's dz prevalent? Throughout world (incl US, CAN)

Term Definition

What does Johne's dz cause? Chronic, Debilitating diarrhea; Emaciation,

Decreased milk production; submandibular
swelling
Term Definition

Does Johne's dz cause lung tubercles? No

Term Definition

What is the incubation period of Johne's dz? 2 yrs

Term Definition

What is the analog of Johne's dz in humans? Chron's dz

Term Definition

What is the epidemiology of Johne's dz?Calves ingest infective fecal matter --> CS appear
after 2 yrs
Term Definition

What are the cattle in herds infected w/ Johne's

Clinically ill; Asymptomatic shedders; Infected,
dz? but neither ill nor shedding
Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of Johne's dz? Ingestion --> organism penetrates mucosa of
ileum, colon --> phagocytosed --> multiply in
intrepithelial mac's --> granulomatous rxn -->
chronic inflammatory response --> thickening,
 corrugation of intestinal mucosa --> impaired
intestinal function, leakage of PP --> wasting,
diarrhea
Term Definition

How is Johne's dz diagnosed? Microscopy of rectal sample from microspatula

(acid fast stain) --> Clumps of pink bacilli
indicate intracellular growth; Fecal smear &
culture followed by PCR; Immunological tests
(detect Abs, eg ELISA); [Culture + ELISA]
Term Definition

In Johne's dz, Ab's, although not ____ are ____. Protective; Diagnostic
Term Definition

Johne's dz is endemic to _____ N Am

Term Definition

How is Johne's dz controlled? Remove all clinical cases; regularly test herds (6-
12 mo) by fecal culture + ELISA; Cull + animals;
Prevent inf via feces (app of calcium oxide/lime to
pasture may help); Separate newborn calves;
Thoroughly test replacement animals
Term Definition

What is the Tx for Johne's dz? No Tx; Antibiotics NOT used

Term Definition

Is there a vacc for Johne's dz? Why/why not? No; Interference w/ testing
Term Definition

Is M. lepramurium zoonotic? Does it cause dz in No

humans?
Term Definition

What organism causes human leprosy? M. leprae

Term Definition

What is another name for leprosy? Hansen's dz

Term Definition

Describe leprosy. Chronic, affects skin & peripheral nn.

Term Definition

What animals are S to M. leprae? Is it zoonotic? Armadillos in S US; Yes

Term Definition

Are domestic animals affected by M. leprae? No; Monkeys rarely

Term Definition

How is M. leprae diagnosed? Not cultured; grown in mouse foot pads;

Lepromin test (for DTH); ELISA
Term Definition

What drug is used for M. leprae? Dapsone (sulfonamide-like compound)

Term Definition

What organism causes feline leprosy? M. lepraemurium

Term Definition

Feline leprosy is a _____. syndrome

Term Definition

What is the transmission of M lepraemurium?

Infected rats --> Cats --> Cutaneous nodules
Term Definition

What is M lepraemurium Tx? Sx removal of nodules; antitubercular drug used

in combo w/ 2nd antibiotic
Term Definition

Isolated, sporadic cases of M lepraemurium occur US & CAN

in _____
Term Definition

What drug can be used to treat M Clarythromycin

lepraemurium?