Effects of High Velocity Elastic Band Versus Heavy Resistance Training On Ham-String Strength, Activation, and Sprint Running Performance
Effects of High Velocity Elastic Band Versus Heavy Resistance Training On Ham-String Strength, Activation, and Sprint Running Performance
Effects of High Velocity Elastic Band Versus Heavy Resistance Training On Ham-String Strength, Activation, and Sprint Running Performance
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` Research article
Effects of High Velocity Elastic Band versus Heavy Resistance Training on Ham-
string Strength, Activation, and Sprint Running Performance
Donatas Janusevicius 1, Audrius Snieckus 1, Albertas Skurvydas 1, Viktoras Silinskas 1, Eugenijus
Trinkunas 1, Joan Aureli Cadefau 2 and Sigitas Kamandulis 1
1
Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
2
Institut Nacional d’Educació Física, Barselona, Spain
Received: 15 January 2017 / Accepted: 22 March 2017 / Published (online): 01 June 2017
240 Two types of hamstring training
hamstrings-concentric quadriceps ratios were calculated Knee flexion and extension frequency
using peak torque values. Each of the angular velocities We used a Sony 25 Hz digital camera to record the knee
and the concentric and eccentric measurements were flexion and extension movement frequency. Each partici-
separated by a rest of at least 2 min to prevent the devel- pant in the HVT group was laid in a prone position on a
opment of fatigue. The best trial of three for each test was mattress with the legs straight. Then knee flexions and
used for further analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficient extensions at the full range of motion were performed
for peak torque varied from 0.81 to 0.95 depending on alternating the legs as in freestyle swimming action as
exercise mode and velocity. quickly as possible for 4 s. The frequency of movements
was counted from footage as number of repetitions per
Electromyography time. Intraclass correlation coefficient of knee flex-
Electromyographic activity was assessed in the rectus ion/extension frequency was 0.84.
femoris and the long head of the biceps femoris muscles
(Hermens et al., 2000). An MP150 system (Biopac Sys- Training program
tems, Inc.) was used to record the electromyogram The training program comprised 5 weeks of resistance
(EMG). Two self-adhesive disposable Ag–AgCl elec- training using concentric and eccentric actions (RT
trodes (10-mm diameter, Ceracarta, Forlì (FC), Italy) group), concentric-only actions (RTC group), or high-
were placed over the hamstring and quadriceps muscles velocity elastic band training (HVT group). The warm-up
with a 20-mm interelectrode distance, and the ground procedure was the same for all groups: 15 min of slow
electrode was positioned on the knee. The skin at the jogging, 10 min of dynamic stretching, and 5 min of run-
electrode sites was shaved and cleaned with alcohol ning drills at intensities of 70%, 80%, and 90% of maxi-
wipes. After securing the electrodes, a quality check was mum. Participants performed a total of 15 sessions over 5
performed to ensure EMG signal validity. A raw EMG weeks, three times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays,
was acquired with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz and and Fridays, with ≥48 h between each session. Each sin-
was filtered using analogue high-pass (10 Hz) and low- gle training session lasted for 1 h.
pass (500 Hz) filters. The EMG signals were analyzed The content of each session was the same in terms
using Acknowledge software (Biopac Systems, Inc.). of exercise intensity, duration, and rest intervals for a
Coactivation of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris was given training group (RT, RTC, and HVT). The RT and
assessed using the root mean square (RMS) of the EMG RTC training programs involved the same exercise: lying
signal. The analyzed EMG signal was around 200 ms for hamstring curl exercise with full range of motion pro-
the peak for isometric actions and 60°/s concentric ac- gressing over the 5 weeks of training from four to six sets,
tions, 100 ms for 240°/s concentric and 60°/s eccentric from three to one repetition at 95–100% intensity. The RT
actions, and 20 ms for 450°/s concentric and 240°/s ec- group raised and lowered the weight, and the RTC group
centric actions. The values are expressed as a percentage only raised the weight, which was then lowered by the
of the EMG activity during maximal activity of the mus- researcher. The HVT program involved the lying prone
cle (Kellis and Baltzopoulos, 1996). The antagonist EMG hamstring curl exercise performed with TheraBand™
is expressed as a percentage of the EMG of the antagonist silver rubber bands at maximum velocity for 4 s with a
muscle during maximal isometric and concentric muscle full range of motion. The hamstring curl movements were
actions. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the root filmed with a Sony 25 Hz Digital camera, and the number
mean square of the EMG signal varied from 0.66 to 0.84 of movements was calculated. The subjects all started
depending on exercise mode and velocity. with a 1-m length. When the subject had increased the
frequency by two movements, resistance was added by
Running time registration increasing the band length by 1 m (100% elongation) each
To record the sprint times over 30 m, a Brower Timing time, and the subjects were required to reach the previous
System (Draper, UT, USA) was used with photo gates frequency. The subjects performed 4–6 sets with a 5-min
placed at 0 m, 10 m, and 30 m. Two trials were performed rest interval between sets. TheraBand™ silver rubber
from the starting position, which was 70 cm from the first provides 4.6 kg resistance at 100% elongation. Most sub-
photo-sensing element, and two additional trials were jects were able to reach 300% elongation during the train-
performed from 25-m run up, all completed at maximum ing program.
efforts. A recovery of about 5 min was allowed between
each trial. The best result was used for analysis. Running Statistical analyses
time was measured with an accuracy of ± 1 ms according The data are presented as the arithmetic mean ± SD. Be-
to the instrument’s manual. High reliability was observed fore the analyses, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used
for these tests with the intraclass correlation coefficients to check the normality of the data distribution. The effects
above 0.95. of group (RT vs RTC vs HVT) and time (pretraining vs
posttraining) on the measured variables were compared
Hamstring muscle strength using a two-way general linear model repeated-measures
One repetition maximum (RM) was measured for both ANOVA with appropriate Greenhouse–Geisser correction
legs simultaneously on the leg-curl machine (Atletas, for sphericity as required. If a significant effect was
Siauliai, Lithuania). The 1-RM values were obtained for found, a Tukey post hoc test was performed to locate the
concentric hamstring muscle action only. Intraclass corre- differences between means. Additionally, paired t-test
lation coefficient of hamstring muscle strength was 0.94. was used to compare posttraining vs pretraining values of
242 Two types of hamstring training
muscle strength at leg-curl machine and flexion/extension remained unchanged after training period. The concentric
frequency in each group separately. For all statistical peak torque for the knee flexors at 60°/s and 240°/s in-
tests, differences were regarded as significant when p < creased significantly for all three groups (p < 0.05, time
0.05. All of the analyses were performed using IBM SPSS effect).
Statistics (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The main effect of time was significant for eccen-
tric knee flexion peak torque at 60°/s with most improve-
Results ment in RT group (from 199 ± 41 to 218 ± 27 N·m, p <
0.05) as well as at 240°/s with major increase in HVT
Hamstring muscle strength on the leg curl machine in- group (from 182 ± 46 to 220 ± 22 N·m, p < 0.05). No
creased by 21.1 ± 8.1% in the RTC group and by 16.2 ± significant interactions or main effects were found for
4.2% in the RT group (p < 0.05 for both groups). Knee ratios of concentric hamstrings-concentric quadriceps or
flexion and extension frequency in a prone position test eccentric hamstrings-concentric quadriceps peak torques
increased by 17.8 ± 8.2% in the HVT group (p < 0.05). (p > 0.05).
Group by time interaction effect was found in The larger decrease in HVT than RT and RTC for
sprint times over 10 to 30 m from starting position and the knee extensors coactivation at 450°/s was indicated by
30-m from a flying start (improved 1.8 and 2.1%, respec- group and time interaction effect (p < 0.05, Table 2).
tively, in the HVT, p < 0.05, Figure 1). Sprint running Similarly, there was a group by time interaction effect in
speed did not increase after the training period in any of coactivation of the knee flexors at 450°/s with the HVT
the heavy resistance intervention groups (p > 0.05). increasing significantly over the RT and RTC (p < 0.05).
The results demonstrated a significant group by Coactivation during knee extension at 60 and 240°/s de-
time interaction effect for concentric knee flexion peak creased after training in all groups (p < 0.05, time effect).
torque at 450°/s with a larger increase in HVT group A significant time by group interaction effect was
compared with RTC group (increased by 31.0 in HVT, demonstrated for knee flexion optimal angle at 450 °/s,
declined by 6.1% in RTC, p < 0.05, Table 1). At the same with a larger increase in HVT group than RT or RTC
velocity, group by time interaction was found in concen- group (p < 0.05, Table 3). The main effect of time was
tric knee extension peak torque (increased by 22.1% in observed for knee flexion optimal angle at 60 and 240°/s
HVT, p < 0.05). Time window at 450°/s velocity for the (p < 0.05). However, knee extension optimal angle did
knee flexion and extension was between 30 to 80 ms, and not change significantly in any group (p > 0.05).
Figure 1. Sprint running performance at 0-10 m (A), 10-30 m (B), 30 m (C) and 30 meter flying start (D) after high load and
low velocity concentric - eccentric (RT), high load and low velocity concentric (RTC) and low load and high velocity elastic
band (HVT) hamstring training (mean ± SD). * p < 0.05 compared with baseline.
Table 1. Concentric peak torque (Nm) for knee flexion and knee extension. Data are average (±SD).
Knee flexion Knee extension
60°/s 240°/s 450°/s 60°/s 240°/s 450°/s
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
RT 161 (31) 170 (32) 133 (36) 150 (28) 86 (27) 81 (20) 298 (36) 291 (46) 173 (23) 176 (23) 131 (19) 123 (18)
RTC 135 (29) 147 (27) 104 (32) 114 (18) 58 (27) 63 (25) 252 (39) 259 (33) 153 (31) 158 (28) 106 (22) 113 (23)
HVR 146 (23) 168 (33) 122 (24) 142 (27) 58 (37) 84 (34) 251 (35) 262 (17) 150 (37) 164 (20) 92 (25) 118 (26)
P <.04 * <.004 * <.035 *; <.014 # None None .025 *; .004 #
RT, resistance training group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric–eccentric hamstring actions; RTC, resistance training concentric
group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric-only hamstring actions; and HVT, high-velocity elastic band training. * Time, # Interaction
Janusevicius et al. 243
Table 2. Co-activation index (%) for knee flexion and knee extension. Data are average (±SD).
Knee flexion Knee extension
60°/s 240°/s 450°/s 60°/s 240°/s 450°/s
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
RT 6.7 (7.4) 4.8 (1.0) 6.0 (3.1) 4.9 (1.5) 8.1 (5.0) 13.0 (8.3) 19.0 (9.7) 12.0 (3.4) 31.4 (12.8) 19.6 (5.2) 28.5 (21.2) 31.8 (7.8)
RTC 9.4 (8.8) 6.1 (2.8) 9.4 (6.6) 7.0 (2.5) 17.9 (11.6) 14.0 (5.9) 19.3 (14.9) 13.3 (8.2) 26.2 (12.5) 23.5 (14.9) 28.6 (19.1) 25.8 (15.2)
HVR 8.5 (5.9) 4.5 (1.2) 10.8 (9.1) 4.8 (1.5) 15.1 (13.8) 5.2 (1.9) 19.7 (5.5) 15.0 (7.6) 26.5 (13.3) 16.2 (6.0) 28.0 (15.2) 13.4 (3.4)
P <.019 * <.002 *; < .048# <.006 *; <.018 # < .045 * < .27 * .035 *; .001 #
RT, resistance training group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric–eccentric hamstring actions; RTC, resistance training concentric
group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric-only hamstring actions; and HVT, high-velocity elastic band training. * Time, # Interaction
Table 3. Optimal angle (degree, 0° – full knee extension) for knee flexion and knee extension. Data are average (±SD).
Knee flexion Knee extension
60°/s 240°/s 450°/s 60°/s 240°/s 450°/s
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
RT 46 (5) 44 (4) 61 (3) 57 (4) 74 (2) 73 (2) 63 (2) 66 (4) 65 (5) 70 (7) 59 (4) 59 (4)
RTC 54 (4) 51 (6) 55 (6) 53 (4) 80 (3) 83 (8) 65 (6) 64 (6) 75 (9) 76 (10) 59 (5) 59 (4)
HVR 52 (9) 50 (7) 60 (12) 55 (9) 80 (8) 76 (8) 67 (6) 66 (7) 77 (9) 77 (11) 62 (6) 61 (5)
P <.029 * <.004 * <.011 # None None None
RT, resistance training group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric–eccentric hamstring actions; RTC, resistance training concentric
group, which performed high-load, low-velocity concentric-only hamstring actions; and HVT, high-velocity elastic band training. * Time, # Interaction
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Acknowledgment Medicine 47(5), 917-941.
No financial assistance was provided for this study. Conflict of interests: Ekstrand, J., Waldén, M. and Hägglund, M. (2016) Hamstring injuries
none declared. have increased by 4% annually in men’s professional football,
since 2001: a 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA Elite
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Audrius Snieckus
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports
Donatas JANUSEVICIUS University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Employment
PHD Student
Degree
MSc
Research interest
Exercise physiology, hamstring muscle injuries, strength and
power training
E-mail: [email protected]
Audrius SNIECKUS
Employment
Researcher, Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lith-
uanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Degree
PhD
Research interest
Exercise induced muscle damage, Athletic training
E-mail: [email protected]
Albertas SKURVYDAS
Employment
Professor, Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithua-
nian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Degree
Prof.
Research interest
Complex and dynamic adaptation in human motor system
E-mail: albertas.skurvydas @lsu.lt
Viktoras SILINSKAS
Employment
Researcher, Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lith-
uanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Degree
PhD
Research interest
Athletic training
E-mail: [email protected]