IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA)

e-ISSN: 2394-0050, P-ISSN: 2394-0042.Volume 3, Issue 1. (Jan. - Feb. 2016), PP 15-22

www.iosrjournals.org

Enhancing Attendance Management in Firms and Industries

Using Fingerprint Biometric Recognition Technique.
Chinedu Innocent Nwoye
Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Abstract: The biometric verification technique has come to stay in the authentication and authorization of
access in automated systems. Traditional way of handling attendance in firms and organizations by using hand
written signatures on attendance sheets or booklets has proven to be very inefficient due to its challenging
instances of falsifications, impersonations and miscalculations. This paper focused on studying the use of
unique human biological anatomy or physiological feature, fingerprints, in recognizing, managing and
monitoring the attendance of employees in firms and industries. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies
were adopted in the research whereas Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology (OOADM) was used
in the development of a platform for a fingerprint enabled attendance management system using cross platform
development technologies. The result of this research formed a backbone to the development of a generic system
that saves time, eliminates the crude manual method of signing in/out each day at work and also eliminates the
problem of impersonations and falsifications in the management of employee attendance to work.
Keyword: fingerprint, attendance management, employee attendance, biometric verification, authentication.

I. Introduction
Over the years, research has been taken into the industries for the purpose of enhancing productivity. A
lot of factors has been highlighted as the cankerworm to efficient and increase productivity of various industries.
These factors were classified as human, technological, economic, administrative and environmental factors [1].
The major cause of the human factors has been detected as fraud and laziness. An important aspect of this lapse
is the records of attendance in terms of punctuality, regularity to duty and useful hours put to work. Many staff
have been over or under paid due to inaccurate record keeping of their inputs (in terms of time and labour) to the
industries. By this regards, attendance in virtually all organizations is a very important factor. According to [2],
attendance is second to throughput as one of the most important criteria for the measurement and evaluation of
the performance of employee in an organization. In time past, attendance recording has been done manually
with employees having to sign in and out daily, providing details like name, employee ID, date, time, signature,
etc., especially where enumeration of staff is based on number of days and hours put to work. This manual
system takes little or no considerations on impersonation, falsification and the risk of loss of information in
event of misplacement of attendance records, theft or disasters such as fire outbreak or flood [2], [3]. Another
weakness of the manual system is error in the computation of the appropriate bonuses and deductions in the
salary of employees [3]. Also to maintain the attendance records in this manual approach is a very inconvenient
task [4].
This research main target is to provide a solution to firm’s attendance problems through the use of
attendance management software that is interfaced with a finger print device. The employee bio data and finger
print is first enrolled to the database and then the fingerprint would be captured using a fingerprint device or
scanner. The design will give room for the interfacing of any automated system in the collection and collation of
attendance information which can be used to monitor the attendance of employees in an organization.
The significance of this research and development is to make personnel management in an organization easier
and this is achieved through the automation of the process. This positively affects the economy of the
organization and also the smooth running of the organizations daily operations. Also, findings and research from
this work would assist future researches on fingerprint biometrics. The system would reduce administrative
workload and increase staff productivity, and also serve as a means to promote computer literacy as it would
expose staff, skilled and unskilled, to the computer systems.

II. Review Of Related Literature

The campaign for the increase in industrial productivity has invited, over the years, institutional researchers for
efficient research-development partnership. In the course of this research, lots of factors have been identified as
the hindrances to productivity and were broadly classified as human, technological, economic, administrative
and environmental factors [1]. Sidelining this work to the human factor, fraud and laziness has major role in
limiting the performance of labour.
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The most recommended means of checking this problem is by attendance and monitoring mechanisms.
Attendance will help to check punctuality and regularity to duty while monitoring will supervise the amount of
useful hours put to work. In many institution and organization, the attendance is a very important factor for
various purposes particularly as an important criterion for checking the performance of employee [4].
Attendance taking started with the manual approach of using paper called register [5]. In queuing and delaying
systems, this paper-based attendance management according to [4] is such an inconvenient task especially in the
event of large population, whereas [5] sees it as a very lengthy process and time consuming task. Recording
attendance using paper register is done with employees having to sign in and out daily, providing details like
name, employee ID, date, time, signature etc., especially where enumeration of staff is based on the number of
hours put to work. Some organizations also keep detailed records of attendance issues such as who calls in sick,
who comes in late or who took permission [4], [7]. Unfortunately, the traditional manual paper based system
takes little or no considerations on impersonation, falsification and the risk of loss of information in event of
misplacement of attendance records, theft or disasters such as fire outbreak or flood [2], [4]. Another weakness
of the manual system is error in the computation of the appropriate bonuses and deductions in the employees’
salary[2].
An electronic attendance management system provides a secure and easy way of monitoring the
attendance of employees in an organization, minimizing or even eliminating impersonation and falsification of
days and time of reporting to duties by employees. Attendance management has also been carried out using
attendance software that uses passwords for authentication too. In [4] an attendance management system was
implemented to authenticates the user based on passwords, this type of system allows impersonation since the
passwords can be shared or tampered with or even forgotten at times thereby preventing the user from accessing
the system. There were also some other attendance solutions such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)-
based student attendance system and GSM-GPRS based student systems which are all device-based solutions.
While GSM-GPRS based systems use position of the class for attendance marking which is not dynamic and if
schedule or location of the classes changes, wrong attendance might be marked. in [5] the major problem with
RFID based systems is that the students would be required to carry RFID cards and also RFID detectors are
needed to be installed on the system.
In [7] another technique for attendance management was proposed which enables each user logs into
the system and has to mark his/her attendance manually. The user selects the particular date and courses
attended on that particular day and it is automatically saved to the database. In this event of developing a
comprehensive attendance management system, [11] developed a simple payroll calculator. The software was
developed using Visual Basic and runs on computers with installed .NET framework. It accepts employee
number of hours worked, computes net pay and records all payroll data for subsequent processing then prepares
pay-cheques and payroll ledgers and maintains data on a sequential payroll file. OOP was used in its
development and the system was divided into five modules: employee data, payroll records, rates, ledgers and
help. Just like our proposed system this was also aimed at automating daily operations in an organization and
minimizing human prone errors.
In 2013, an attendance system which can take attendance using Bluetooth was proposed [6]. Here,
attendance is being taken using the instructor’s mobile phone. Application software which is installed on the
instructor’s mobile telephone enables it to query student’s mobile telephone via Bluetooth connection and
through transfer of student’s mobile telephone Media Access Control (MAC) addresses to the instructor’s
mobile telephone, presence of the student can be confirmed. The problem of this system is that the student’s
phone is required for attendance. In case of a students’ absence, if his mobile is given to his friend then he/she is
still seen as been present. So the presence of a student is not necessary but only the phone should be in coverage
area for an attendance to be recorded.
In [2] an embedded computer based lecture attendance management system was proposed. The system
provides an improved electronic card and card reader serially interfaced to the digital computer system. In
another work [9], a web base attendance management system was developed still hinged on the many problems
associated with the manual system. The PIID methodology which is a combination of Prototyping model and
Iterative and Incremental Development was used. The system has three modules namely; the Student
Attendance Module which the admin uses to manage the attendance of the students, the Repot Module which is
used to generate the attendance report of students and the Discipline Module which sends SMS messages to
parents of students who are absent from school and a notification to the disciplining officer of the institution. A
web base leave management system which was aimed at solving the many problems associated with the manual
leave system was also proposed in [10]. The system developed with certain constraints using web technologies
after an in-depth analysis of the existing system and identification of the underlying problems hence providing
better data reliability, more automation and less effort, efficient real time data and up-to-date report generation
among others.

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Another researcher [3] used a wireless attendance management system that authenticates using the iris
of the individual. The system was an off-line iris recognition management system that can finish all process
including capturing the image of the iris, extracting minutiae, sorting and matching.
Finally in [8] an attendance management system using fingerprint biometric was proposed. The
standalone system comprising of an enrollment and identification phase was developed because of the need to
move from the traditional manual way of marking attendance to an automated way. According to [1] biometrics
identify people by measuring some aspect of individual anatomy or physiology (such as your hand geometry or
fingerprint), some deeply ingrained skills or other behavioral characteristics (such as hand written signatures) or
something that comprises of both (such as voice). In [1] a biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition
system that operates by acquiring biometric data from an individual, extracting a feature set from the acquired
data and comparing the feature set against the template set in the database. A fingerprint is comprised of ridges
which are the dark area of the fingerprint and valleys which are the white area that exists between the ridges. It
is unique to each individual and cannot be shared. When a fingerprint pattern is captured with a fingerprint
device, the captured fingerprint is enrolled into the database through the process of registration. Subsequently,
prints captured by the fingerprint device at every point of signing in/out are being compared with those already
enrolled into the database to validate that particular users was registered ab-initio, verify the owner of the prints
through features extractions and pattern matching as against the stored prints in the database then allow access
to a system. At the point, date and time are being captured as parameters for attendance management.

III. Fingerprint Biometric Computational Science

There are a lot of bio-information that can be generated from individuals using fingerprint biometrics
data. The act of deriving such information is known as fingerprint biometric computations. The input data
extracted from the fingerprint are known as features extracted and they include:
i. Ridges
ii. Ridge endings
iii. Dots
iv. Minutia
v. Bifurcations,
vi. Patterns and textures
vii. Fast seen symbols
viii. Intersections or crossovers
ix. spurs
x. islands and lakes
Below is a sketch of how finger features are extracted and processed in a fingerprint biometric system.

Figure 1: Sketch of the Conceptual Model of the Fingerprint Recognition Approach

The sketch diagram (figure 1) for fingerprint recognition technology consists of four phases. The first
phase is the Fingerprint Detection, the second phase is feature extraction, and the third phase has the
distinguishing elements for first time enrollment and time to time verification. While the enrollment exercise
needs the Feature Processing block to process the minutia and bifurcations before transferring the final result

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 Enhancing Attendance Management In Firms And Industries Using Fingerprint Biometr…
(pattern templates) to the Database in the last phase, the verification exercise employs Fingerprint Recognition
by comparing patterns from the second phase with the retrieved patterns from database.
The fingerprint system can extract and compute the following information from a particular fingerprint:
i. unique patterns
ii. binary digits
iii. stretchable angles
iv. non-stretchable angles
v. eigenvalues
vi. eigenvectors

The fingerprint biometric computation can then be use in analysis, derivation and processing in realizing the
following information about a particular user:
i. Authenticated user
ii. Date and time
iii. Pressure or mood
iv. Status
v. Cleanliness

These information, especially (i) and (ii) above are most essential in the attendance registration of a
user and they are the most needed derivatives in the design and implementation of any attendance management
system that works on the principle of fingerprint biometrics. When a finger impression is made on a scanner, the
fingerprint features are extracted, analyzed and processed. The unique patterns are compared with the existing
templates of the registered users in the database in a process known as pattern matching. If the pattern matching
algorithm returns true meaning a user is authenticated and ascertained to be the real representation of the
intended user, the date and time of the finger impression activity is recorded against the user's information in the
database as attendance. Pressure or mood are useful for crime detection and access regulation systems. The
status detection are useful in detecting level of activeness in some mechanical systems where the blood
circulation in the veins and ridge ending are analyzed too. The cleanliness parameter can also serve same
purpose but more useful in tasks that change the neatness of the fingers when carried out. It is also a factor in
acceptance or rejection of many finger impressions in the exercise of fingerprint recognition.

IV. Research Objectives

The major objectives of the research is to:
1. Find out the level of incompetence in non-biometric attendance identification
2. Find out the need for a biometric attendance system which forms the motivating factor.
3. Find out the areas that biometric recognition will be needed in firms and industries.
4. Evaluate the enhancing power of fingerprint biometrics in the effective and efficient attendance management.
5. To extract the important aspect of attendance for effective throughput.
6. To recommend the right techniques in attendance management system development.

V. Research Methodology
In order to back up the set of findings from the data collection in one method underpinned by different
methodologies, quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were used together in analyzing the effect of
fingerprint recognition in the attendance management of a firm. Questionnaires was constructed and distributed
to target audience, the employee and employer. From the responses, the questionnaires were fine tuned and
redistributed. The corresponding responses call for smaller group of the target audience to be reached out in
interviews and field observations. The result of this direct observations were analyzed and following the
research objectives, a larger number of employee were targeted online with mass distribution of the
questionnaires on social networks and as website polls.

Research Findings and Derivatives

Facts emerged from the quantitative data measure variables and verifying theories and hypothesis. The
statistics of the final results was sufficient enough for drawing conclusions on the research findings.

-Problems: The inherent problem in the current manual system were analyzed from the research data as
presented in table 1 below:

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High rate of falsification: It is evidence from the research findings that falsification which has no better means
of validation is inherent in the manual staff attendance and nominal rolls. The falsified parameters are always
the date and time. From the research findings in table 1 below, it can be deducted that more than 65% of the
employee falsify their arrival time and up to 11% reported present even when they were actually absent to duty.
Owing to the facts that certain amount are surcharged for lateness and irregularity to duty, the attendance roll is
always compromised with such faked and over hyped data for favourable payment from the employee point of
interest. This goes a long way to invalidate the use of such documentaries for research purpose.
High rate of impersonation: The result of the research shows that there is 28% possibility of an employee who
is absent to duty being recorded as being present due to decaying favour from fellow employee in the name of
impersonation.
Inaccurate calculation: In economics; land, capital, labour, entrepreneur and information are the factors of
production. Days, time and number of available labour are the essential parameter of labour which is the direct
interfacing factor of production. If as high as 65%, 11% and 28% levels of inaccuracy are experienced in the
factors of time, days and labour respectively, the estimation and decision making of firms and industries will be
badly affected. This can lead to purchase of excessive machines and extension of working days and hours and
thereby increasing industrial expenditure and decreasing the life span of the sincere labour force.

Table 1: Research data for the staff attendance roll

NO YES Total
Moderate Good
Questions Very Poor Fair (21-30%) Excellent
(41-60%) (61-80%)
(0-20%) (81-100%)
How often do you report the exact
961 20.01% 2160 44.97% 1202 25.03% 384 8.00% 96 2.00% 4803
time you came to work?
How often do you report only the
144 3.00% 432 8.99% 482 10.04% 1344 27.98% 2401 49.99% 4803
exact days you came to work?
How often do you sign attendance for
480 9.99% 864 17.99% 1056 21.99% 1920 39.98% 483 10.06% 4803
another person absent to work?
How offten do you think your
employer miscalculated total number 482 10.04% 576 11.99% 1344 27.98% 960 19.99% 1441 30.00% 4803
of days and hours you put to work?
Do you think a fingerprint attendance
system will limit employee from
0 0.00% 192 4.00% 243 5.06% 528 10.99% 3840 79.95% 4803
signing in/out for wrong date and
time?
Do you think that a fingerprint
attendance system will limit employee 0 0.00% 1 0.02% 77 1.60% 506 10.54% 4219 87.84% 4803
from signing for their colleagues?
Do you think that a fingerprint
attendance system will make your
96 2.00% 192 4.00% 864 17.99% 962 20.03% 2689 55.99% 4803
colleagues to come to work daily and
early?
Do you think that a fingerprint
attendance system will reduce the rate 576 11.99% 480 9.99% 964 20.07% 1536 31.98% 1247 25.96% 4803
of miscalculation of worker's salary?
Do you think that a fingerprint
attendance system will improve the
483 10.06% 336 7.00% 624 12.99% 1440 29.98% 1920 39.98% 4803
knowledge of the use of computer
system in workplaces?
With fingerprint attendance system,
do you think wrong persons can still 4656 96.94% 93 1.94% 48 1.00% 6 0.12% 0 0.00% 4803
sign attendance?
With fingerprint attendance system,
do you think wrong date and time can 4411 91.84% 242 5.04% 145 3.02% 3 0.06% 2 0.04% 4803
still be signed in attendance?
With fingerprint attendance system,
do you think wrong calculations can
2422 50.43% 912 18.99% 961 20.01% 432 8.99% 76 1.58% 4803
still be made in terms of hours
worked?
If wrong data is gotten from the
system, how much can we hold the 477 9.93% 579 12.05% 1344 27.98% 1445 30.09% 958 19.95% 4803
device responsible?
If wrong data is gotten from the
system, how much can we hold the 2883 60.02% 1008 20.99% 387 8.06% 432 8.99% 93 1.94% 4803
operators responsible?
If wrong data is gotten from the
system, how much can we hold the 381 7.93% 576 11.99% 528 10.99% 1157 24.09% 2161 44.99% 4803
instructors responsible?
How well do you think the system can 96 2.00% 0 0.00% 484 10.08% 575 11.97% 3648 75.95% 4803

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perform in firms?
How much do you think the system
should be used in other sectors of 306 6.37% 566 11.78% 432 8.99% 1573 32.75% 1926 40.10% 4803
economy?

Low throughput: The result of these irregularities in the attendance roll can affect the amount of useful work in
a given time which can cause the firm and industries to work with wrong data in their analysis and decision
making since the amount of useful work done will be a quotient of wrong time put to work.
Wrong use of payment parameters: Labour is rewarded as wages, salaries, bonus, surcharge and overtime.
The payment parameters are the amount of time and number of days put to work for each employee. For the
industries, it is a compliment of the number of available labour. From the analysis of the irregularities in the
attendance management, most staff are overpaid. From the statistical report in table 1 below, 22% of
respondents believed that their work pay were occasionally miscalculated. This is due to the use of manual
system which an automated system design should put into considerations.
Inconsistency: This factor would have been the best parameter for tracing the irregularities in the system.
Inconsistent paper signatures were meant to be a validating parameter against impersonations. The question is,
what are the validating parameters against falsification of days and time to duty?. What is the efficiency of the
manual signature validation technique? A fingerprint biometric recognition is hence the most appropriate
technology in this regard.
Wrong industrial reports: An Industrial report cannot be comprehensive if it does not cover the financial
report of the industrial operations. This financial reports is majorly divided along the income and expenditure.
The total expenditure is a compendium of the fixed and recurrent expenditure. The amount spent on workers'
wages and salary is the base aspect of the recurrent expenditure. From the discussion so far, it is inherent to
produced inaccurate industrial reports owing to the fact that the parameters of determining the salaries and
wages of worker are widely falsified..
Increase level of computer illiteracy: This is an adherent effect of the continual use of paper based staff
attendance roll. The use of automated system natural improve the staff level of computer literacy.

VI. Analysis And Design Methodology

The Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology (OOADM) was used in requirement
specification and conceptual solution definition. The Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) emphasizes on the
findings and describing the objects (concepts) in the problem domain, Object Oriented Design (OOD)
emphasizes on defining software objects and how they collaborate to fulfill the requirements dealing basically
with objects, classes, relationships and instances. A prototype application formed from the framework was used
to experiment the output of the work.

Design and Implementation Platforms

The design of the framework is presented in the use case diagram in figure 1 below and this represents
the actors and actions performed by the actors. The use case diagram is a UML tool used in the identification of
the main functionality or the processes in the system and the actors participating in the use of the system. It
describes the system's functional requirements. In the use case diagram the admin as an actor enrolls the
employee, submit feedback to the system and backup attendance records. He also uses the system to compute
the staff payment which includes the computation of attendance statistics as compulsory action that must comes
before the main computation is completed. There are other optional actions that can follow the computation
tasks such as generate pay slip, email payment, etc. He can also generate industrial reports which includes
attendance reports, payment reports, etc. Another actor of interest is the staff. The staff takes attendance by
scanning the fingerprint impression on a fingerprint biometric scanner for the system to automatically on the
staff based on the uniqueness of the print. He also submits feedback to the system and can view and print his/her
pay slips.
The framework so developed is a cross platform framework which can use the technologies of
Xamarin, Phonegap, or any other cross platform IDE, utilizing the technologies of develop-one-deploy-many, to
actualize its ability to work in iOS, Android, Windows and Linux platforms. It can be used as a mobile, desktop
and web based applications. Its screen resolution can fit in small to large screen size devices such as laptops,
desktops, tablet PCs, PDAs, iPhones, iPad and mobile smart phones. It does not need a large database to
function as it only stores an employee fingerprint pattern once and matches with subsequent patterns for
authorizations, validations and processes. It does not need to store the staff records but can interface the firm's or
organization's database or simply uses a staff identification number (staff_ID) as a foreign key to relate each
staff fingerprints to their records in other database tables. Its technicalities and functionalities can work in

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devices with or without built-in fingerprint recognition components. It can recognize a removable peripheral
fingerprint device attached to a system. With all these functionalities, the platform proposed can effectively
serve any firm and industry interested in the upgrade of its attendance management system to this recommended
biometric technology.

Figure 2: UML Use case diagram of the attendance management system

VII. Result Evaluations

The research carried out in this paper revealed the level of incompetence in non-biometric attendance
management systems in terms the rate and possibilities of work days and hours falsification, labour
impersonation, work pay miscalculation and insincerity. The result of the research also spelt out the need for a
biometric attendance system in firms and industries in order to utilize the real value of the number of working
hours truly put to work, curb corruption, enhance computer literacy among employees and improve balance of
payment. The research and development also evaluated the enhancing power of fingerprint biometrics in the
effective and efficient attendance management in ensuring that only the right persons, right date and time, right
payments circulate around the labour factor of production in industries. Finally, the resultant development
recommended the right interfacing techniques to be used in attendance management and the need for accurate
directives constraints (scope and shortfalls) to be put in place to improve output.

VIII. Conclusion And Recommendation

This work has succeeded in providing a guide to a fingerprint biometric attendance management
system framework which will go a long way to assist in development of any attendance monitoring and
management application that can promote hard work, integrity, punctuality and regularity to duty among the
employee owing to its efficient and non compromising capabilities in deciding the daily numerations. The
system will also has the tendency of increasing computer literacy amongst its users as the knowledge of the use
of computer is needed to effectively use the system. The research findings can be used in further evaluation of
industrial activities for efficient economy. The limitation is that with the research carried out and findings made,
an automated attendance system can only record the right time a right employee signed in and out to daily work
but cannot monitor the idle time and the hours put to work except a human supervisor is delegate with such task.
It is therefore important to recommend that similar technologies should be employ in devising a means of
supervising actual job activities of employee/labour in firms and industries.

Acknowledgment

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 Enhancing Attendance Management In Firms And Industries Using Fingerprint Biometr…
I wish to appreciate the assistance of Daw Ayebaboumobara G. in helping in the application
development process.

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