Some similes

= As Artful as a monkey
= As black as Coal
= As Black as a Crow
= As Blind as a bat
= As Bold as a lion
= As bright as silver
= As busy as bee
= As Clear as a crystal
= As clear as day
= As Cold as ice
= As Cunning as a Fox
= As Dark as midnight
= As Dry as Dust
= As Dumb as a Statue
= As Easy as AbC
= As Fair as a rose
= As Fast as a hare
= As firm as a Rock
= As Graceful as a Swan
= As Greedy as a pig
= As Green as Grass
= As Heavy as lead
= As Innocent as Dove
An autological word (also called homological word) is a word that expresses a property that it also
possesses (e.g., "word" is a word, "noun" is a noun, "English" is English, "pentasyllabic" has five
syllables). The opposite is a heterological word, one that does not apply to itself (e.g. the word "long"
is not long, "monosyllabic" does not have just one syllable, “dactyl” is not a dactyl).
Unlike more general concepts of autology and self-reference, this particular distinction and
opposition of "autological" and "heterological words" is uncommon in linguistics for describing
linguistic phenomena or classes of words, but is current in logic and philosophy where it was
introduced by Kurt Grelling and Leonard Nelson for describing a semantic paradox, later known as
Grelling's paradox or the Grelling–Nelson paradox.
A word's status as autological may change over time. For example, neologism was once an
autological word but no longer is; similarly, protologism (a word invented recently by literary
theorist Mikhail Epstein) may or may not lose its autological status depending on whether or not it
gains wider usage.
The COMMA
Rule
Does your sentence contain a quotation?
If so, set the quotation off with a comma, whether the quotation is at the beginning or at the end.
Exception: If the quotation is at the beginning of the sentence, and it ends with a question mark
or exclamation point, omit the mark (,).
Example
* “Jane is coming with us,” she told me.
* She said, “Jane is coming with us.”
BUT
* “Is it okay if Jane comes with us?” she asked.
* “Don’t let Jane come with us!” I shouted.
Please pay close attention to these sentences and the placement of commas. Correct placement
of commas in sentences containing direct quotes can be confusing.

Has or Have with Distributive Pronoun?

Distributive Pronoun refers to one person, animal, or thing at a time. These pronouns include each,
neither, and either, which should be paired with plural nouns and singular verbs.
Here’s one example: each of the dogs had a bath today. Or: neither of the packages arrived on time.
Each of the dogs has gone home. For bath HAD is necessary as it must finish in past.
Usually EACH takes HAS everywhere but it can take have too sometimes as per Pragmatics.
If things just don’t work out, each firm and agency has/have a way to exit the relationship.
On one
One is an English language, gender-neutral, indefinite pronoun that means, roughly, "a person". For
purposes of verb agreement it is a third-person singular pronoun, though it sometimes appears with
first- or second-person reference. It is sometimes called an impersonal pronoun.
The Uses of One
As a determiner, the word one is sometimes used before a proper noun to designate, particularly, this
person: "He delivered the package to one Ronald Pepin of Colchester." The article "a" will also
function in that position for the same purpose.
Sometimes we use the word one as an adjective, as in "I'll have just one scoop of ice-cream," and we
seldom have trouble with that usage. But we also use one as a pronoun, and this is where one
becomes surprisingly complex.
Sometimes the pronoun one functions as a numerical expression:
Those are lovely scarves. I think I'll buy one.
One is hardly enough.
One is purple, the other green.
The three brothers get along quite well; in fact they adore one another.
One of the senators will lead the group to the front of the capitol.
The yellow car is fast, but I think the blue one will win.
As a pronoun, one can also function in an impersonal, objective manner, standing for the writer or for
all people who are like the writer or for the average person or for all people who belong to a class. In
the United States, one sometimes has a literary or highfalutin feel to it; the more it is used, the more
pretentious it feels. In British English, the use of the impersonal or generic one is more commonplace
and has no such stigma. In the U.S., one is often replaced by you.
One would think the airlines would have to close down.
One would [You'd] think the inner dome of heaven had fallen.
The young comedian was awful; one felt embarrased for him.
If one fails, then one must try harder next time.
When the pronoun one is used in the numerical sense, a different pronoun can be used in a
subsequent reference.
We watched as one [of the ospreys] dried its feathers in the sun.
One [driver] pulled her car over to the side.
However, it is generally regarded as a bad idea to mix the impersonal or generic pronoun one with
another pronoun, especially in the same sentence, as in "If one fails, then he/you must simply try
harder."
One's Reflexive and Possessive Forms
In the United States, the possessive and reflexive forms of one — one's and oneself — are often
replaced by other pronoun forms. In British English, they are commonplace:
One must be conscientious about one's dental hygiene.
In the U.S. that one's is apt to be replaced by a third-person "his" or (more informally) a second-
person "your":
One must learn from one's [or his] mistakes.
One must be conscientious about one's [or his] dental hygiene.
One must be conscientious about your dental hygiene.
In formal writing, the use of your in that last sentence — in either American or British English —
would be regarded as too casual or even sub-standard. On the other hand, the problem with using
"his" is obvious: it runs counter to the tendency to remove gender bias from one's language as much
as possible. Thus, even in American English, this mixture of "one" with "he/his/him" is slowly
disappearing.*
Oneself is used in formal writing and speech as the proper reflexive form of one:
If one slipped on this icy walk, one could hurt oneself badly.
Notice there is usually no apostrophe used in the spelling of oneself. The construction one's self is
used to refer to the concept of self (in psychology, for instance): "One's self, according to Freud, is
defined by the interactions of the id, the ego, and the super-ego."
The Plural of One
As a singular numerical pronoun, we don't have trouble with one: "Those donuts look delicious; I
think I'll pick this one." But what if I want two donuts? It is possible, sometimes, to pluralize one:
I really like the chocolate ones.
The ones with chocolate frosting have cream fillings.
Are these the ones you want?
Do you want these ones?
When the word ones is preceded by a plural determiner (like these), we usually drop the ones and the
determiner turns into a demonstrative pronoun: "Do you want these?"
The phrases "one in [plural number]" and "more than one" always take a singular verb:
One in four dentists recommends this toothpaste.
One out of every five instructors gets this question wrong.
There is more than one reason for this.
More than one lad has lost his heart to this lass.
The "one" in the phrase "more than one" apparently controls the number of the verb. It is probably
wise not to attempt to divine some of the mysteries of the English language.
One of those [plural noun] that is/are …
"One is one and all alone and ever more shall be so," goes the old Christmas song, but the fact that
the singular one needs a singular verb can lead to confusion. In a recently published collection of
language columns by William Safire, No Uncertain Terms, he wrote the following sentence (page
336):
"Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" is one of those phrases that sounds as if it comes
out of Kipling.
The sentence caused considerable stir (as such things go), for the verb "sounds" should really relate
to the plural "phrases," not the singular "one." The sentence should probably read (underlining things
for our purpose):
"Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" is one of those phrases that sound as if they came
out of Kipling.
The rare device for figuring out which verb to use in this construction is as follows: turn the sentence
inside out:
Of those phrases that sound as if they came out of Kipling, "conduct unbecoming an officer and a
gentleman" is one.
In this situation, the subject of the subordinate clause — usually a who or a that — will refer to the
plural noun in the preceding prepositional phrase (not the one before it) and require a plural verb to
follow.
There is a possible exception, however. In Burchfield's New Fowlers*, we find this example:
"Don't you think," said Bernard, "that Hawaii is one of those places that was always better in the
past." (from David Lodge, 1991; my underline)
Burchfield adds, "A plural verb in the subordinate clause is recommended unless particular attention
is being drawn to the uniqueness, individuality, etc., of the one in the opening clause." In an earlier
note, Burchfield writes: "Exceptions [to the rule that we use the plural verb] occur when the writer or
speaker presumably regards one as governing the verb in the subordinate clause," and he gives
another two or three examples, including "I am one of those people who wants others to do what I
think they should."
Sino-pak bilateral relatioships:
Pakistan's relationship with China is usually descirbed in the prism of national interests instigated
largely by regional security architecture and economic imperatives. Arguably this narrative is
justifiable in the backdrop of the emergence of Pakistan as a nascent state in search of security. Since
its inception in 1947, Pakistan has a very bitter relationship with India, as both the nations went to
war over the disputed territory of Kashmir in 1948, and later another two wars were fought in 1965
and 1971 which resulted in disintegeration of Pakistan. But all over this Kashmir issue was not
solved and caused other low intensity skirmishes of Kargil in 1999. This bitterness caused Pakistan
to take good relations with China by developing a deep strategic relationship which also has
experienced bitter and troubled relationship with India on demarcated border disputes since 1947 and
also has gone to war over it in 1962. The Indian history and strategic rivalry is a potential future
threat. In 2018 Indian foreign minister has straightforwardly rejecected CPEC route via Gilgit
Baltistan which India claims as part of the disputed territory of Kashmir.
To understand the mutually significant Pakistan-China relations, a glimpse of history is necessary.
With the creations of the People's Republic of China on 1 october 1949, Pakistan became the first
Muslim country to recognise China. On 21 May 1951 formal diplomatic relationships between
Pakistan and China were established.The emerging geopolitical realities in South Asia and East
Asian region were a harbinger of close relations between the two countries. With Chinese
participation in the Korean war, Pakistan's response by not taking any position againsy China proved
to be a rational decision.
During 1950s, the Cold war politics did not make any watershed in the Sino-pak bilateral relations,
despite Pakistan's joining western-led SEATO and CENTO based anti communisit alliance.In the
later years, both countries continue moving slowly towards improved relations.The 1960s was
arguably the milestone decade elevating Pakistan and China relationship to another level.In a series
of agreements, both countries widened their bilateral relations in the economic and political sphere.In
1963 both the countries concluded their territory demarcation by a peaceful negotiation. China was
also favoured in 1965 war of Pakistan with India. In a visit soon after the war, Zhou Enlai declared
that Chinese people and leadership are fully commited to helping Pakistan's national independence,
sovereignty, and national integrity.
The 1980s and 1990s saw burgeoning Pakistan- China relations in the areas of economic, trade,
technology and defence cooperation including a surge in Chinese assistance in Pakistan's nuclear
programme. If we take a glimpse on Economic and trade relations with China, these are as old as the
diplomatic and political relations. Till 1950, India was the largest trading partener of Pakistan. India
exportred coal to Pakistan in exchange for jute and cotton. Coal was imperative for nascent Pakistani
industries wheras jute and cotton comprised the vital source of foreign revenue.In september 1949,
Great Britain devalued pound and India followed suit. Pakistan did not follow India by devaluing its
own rupee showing independance in its monetary policy and demonstrating economic considerations.
Pakistan's decision led India to halr trading with Pakistan as India did not accept the new value of
Pakistani currency. During this critical moment , China offered Pakistan to purchase jute and cotton
in exchange of exporting coal to Pakistan. Then in 2010, agreements of worth US$30 billion were
signed.In 2013,management of Gawadr Port was handed over to China and the CPEC was also
approved which opened new avenues of cooperation between China and Pakistan.
Another area that reflects mutual cooperation is chinese aid to Pakistan which started during the
1960s, and between 1965 and 1971 Pakistan recieved the US$445 million foreign aid. From 2004 to
2009, around US$217 million Chinese cumulative bilateral assistance has reached. In recent year Of
Covid-19, Pakistan was the first country to recieve the donations of a Covid-19 vaccine , reflecting
the countries' warm bilateral relationship.
In a nut shell, Pakistan has recieved all type of cooperation from China whether it is military
assistance or foreign aid or economic partnerships or free trade.China has been proving itself as a
Fair weather friend of Pakistan, no matter what the situation is.
Assure Ensure Insure
To assure someone is to remove someone's doubts. To ensure something is to make sure it happens—
to guarantee it. To insure something or someone is to cover it with an insurance policy.

Abstract nouns
AUGUST 23, 2014 - 

An abstract noun is the name of a quality, action or state. Abstract nouns refer to ideas
that we cannot see or touch.

Examples are given below.

Quality – goodness, kindness, beauty, intelligence, generosity, cleverness, obedience,

honesty, brightness, wisdom, bravery, courage, hardness, softness

Action – laughter, theft, movement, judgment

State – childhood, boyhood, manhood, youth, slavery, sickness, poverty, death, sleep

The names of the arts and science are also abstract nouns. Examples are: physics,
chemistry, grammar, music

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives, verbs and common nouns.

From adjectives

Kindness from kind

Bravery from brave
Illness from ill

Honesty from honest

From verbs

Obedience from obey

Growth from grow

Pleasure from please

From common nouns

Childhood from child

Slavery from slave

Exercise

Form abstract nouns from the following adjectives.

1. Long           ————————–

2. Strong        ————————–

3. Wide          ————————–

4. Young         ————————–

5. Humble      ————————–

6. Decent             ————————–

7. Cruel          ————————–

8. Bitter          ————————–

9. Prudent      ————————–
10. Dark         ————————–

11. Wise         ————————–

12. Good        ————————–

13. Vacant     ————————–

14. Sweet       ————————–

15. Human     ————————–

16. Free          ————————–

17. Proud       ————————–

18. Brave       ————————–

19. Novel       ————————–

20. Poor         ————————–

21. Just           ————————–

22. Vain          ————————–

23. Sane         ————————–

24. Ignorant  ————————–

Answers

1. Long -> length

2. Strong -> strength

3. Wide -> width

4. Young -> youth

5. Humble -> humility

6. Decent -> decency

7. Cruel -> cruelty

8. Bitter -> bitterness

9. Prudent -> prudence

10. Dark -> darkness

11. Wise -> wisdom

12. Good -> goodness

13. Vacant -> vacancy

14. Sweet -> sweetness

15. Human -> humanity

16. Free -> freedom

17. Proud -> pride

18. Brave -> bravery

19. Novel -> novelty

20. Poor -> poverty

21. Just -> justice

22. Vain -> vanity

23. Sane -> sanity

24. Ignorant -> ignorance

English Grammar, Vocabulary and Composition weekly Exam
Attempt all the 5 questions in 1 hour. Each question carries 20 marks. All your answers must be at
one place by replying to your first comment.
1. Prove the following rules with examples
A. A personal pronoun AGREES with the noun it replaces.
B.DO NOT place an adjective before a personal pronoun.
C.Pronouns NEVER have an apostrophe (').
D.My is NOT a pronoun.
E.DON'T put yourself first! It is good manners to put the other person before you. (This is not a
question of grammar - just manners.)
F.Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They will follow to be verbs, such as is,
are, was, were, am, will be, had been, etc.
G.This rule surprises even language watchers: when who refers to a personal pronoun (I, you, he,
she, we, they), it takes the verb that agrees with that pronoun.
H.Pronouns that are singular (I, he, she, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody,
someone, somebody, each, either, neither, etc.) require singular verbs.
I.Pronouns that end in -self or -selves are called reflexive pronouns. There are nine reflexive
pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
Reflexive pronouns are used when both the subject and the object of a verb are the same person or
thing.
J.The use of they and their with singular pronouns is frowned upon by many traditionalists.
2. Write names of all the 11types of pronouns, their definitions and examples of one sentence for
each type.
3. Write meanings of any 10 of the following words and use them in sentences.
cogent
concomitant
conflagration
expiate
expunge
extant
garrulous
gregarious
hackneyed
hapless
harangue
hegemony
impassive
imperious
mawkish
mendacious
mercurial
pertinacious
pithy
platitude
plethora
portent
precocious
primeval
proclivity
promulgate
propensity
propitious
prosaic
proscribe
protean
prurient
puerile
pulchritude
punctilious
quagmire
querulous
ruse
sacrosanct
sagacity
salient
sanctimonious
sanguine
scurrilous
serendipity
servile
solicitous
somnolent
transmute
trenchant
truculent
turgid
turpitude
ubiquitous
unctuous
upbraid
usurp
4. Correct the following sentences
A.I hate it when a customer doesn’t know what they want.
B.A.good doctor will always listen to his patients.
C.know a woman that can type 80 words per minute.
D.Each of these boys play cricket well.
E.Each of these three roads lead to the railway station.
F.Both didn’t go.
G.We all did not go.
H.Have you got a pen? I haven’t got.
I.My all books are lost.
J.Your problem is bigger than me.
K.Whoever does best he will get a prize.
5. Write a letter to Sir Naeem Khan and tell him your level of satisfaction in SAF Online classrooms
with further suggestions on improvement but you have to use 20 new words you learnt in SAF.